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1
ARAMINI, J. J., C. STEPHEN, J. P. DUBEY, C. ENGELSTOFT, H. SCHWANTJE, and C. S. RIBBLE. "Potential contamination of drinking water with Toxoplasma gondii oocysts." Epidemiology and Infection 122, no. 2 (April 1999): 305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268899002113.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The world's first documented toxoplasmosis outbreak associated with a municipal water supply was recognized in 1995 in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. It was hypothesized that domestic cat (Felis catus) or cougar (Felis concolor) faeces contaminated a surface water reservoir with Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. An extensive investigation of the Victoria watershed 1 year following the outbreak documented the presence of an endemic T. gondii cycle involving the animals inhabiting the area. Cats and cougars were observed throughout the watershed. Serological evidence of T. gondii infection was demonstrated among domestic cats living in the Victoria area. Cougars were found to shed T. gondii oocysts. Serological evidence of T. gondii infection in deer mice living in the riparian environments of the watershed suggested that T. gondii oocysts were being shed near the water edge. Contamination of Victoria's water supply with T. gondii oocysts potentially occurred during the study period and future waterborne toxoplasmosis outbreaks in this and other communities are possible.
2
Harper, B. C. S. "The 1862 gold fields water supply scheme: Victoria, Australia." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering History and Heritage 163, no. 3 (August 2010): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/ehah.2010.163.3.169.
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Lennon, Jane, and Katie Davis. "Cultural landscape protection at Lake Victoria, a managed water supply." Landscape Research 45, no. 3 (June 11, 2019): 265–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2019.1626356.
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Paterson, John. "Water Management and Recreational Values; Some Cases in Victoria, Australia." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The growing recognition of recreational and amenity demands on water systems introduces a multitude of issues, many of them complex, to the established tasks of water quality management and water management generally. Victorian case studies are presented. They (1) illustrate the range and diversity of situations that can arise in managing competition and enhancing compatibility between traditional water supply objectives and recreational demands. (2) Fluctuation of storage levels, essential to storage operations, detract from recreational value. Recreational and tourism demands upon Lake Hume have grown to threaten traditional operating flexibility. (3) Mokoan is another such instance, but with its supply function in a state of flux, Lake Mokoan provides more scope for a shift in the balance. (4) Salinity management has become an issue in the management of lakes and wetlands when water supply interests and environmental/recreation interests respectively have different perspectives on salt disposal. (5) Recreational use of town supply sources has long been a vexed issue, although marked shifts in the attitudues of many supply authorities have occurred in recent years. (6) Eutrophication of lakes and estuaries raises difficult issues of responsibility and scientific uncertainty, and the water management connection may be tenuous but will attract public attention. (7) The water body attributes valued by specialised recreational interests require definition in terms that water managers can deal with using routine techniques of systems analysis and evaluation. (8) The demands of the fish population and anglers introduce a new perspective in river management and perceptions of instream values are changing markedly. (9) Direct costs of recreational services supplied by water authorities are not fully accounted: allocation choices and fiscal incidence will emerge as issues of significance. (10) These case studies raise only a fraction of the total range of matters that will, in the years to come, tax the technology and political skills of governments and management.
5
Charles, Stephen P., Francis H. S. Chiew, Nicholas J. Potter, Hongxing Zheng, Guobin Fu, and Lu Zhang. "Impact of downscaled rainfall biases on projected runoff changes." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 6 (June 8, 2020): 2981–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2981-2020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Realistic projections of changes to daily rainfall frequency and magnitude, at catchment scales, are required to assess the potential impacts of climate change on regional water supply. We show that quantile–quantile mapping (QQM) bias-corrected daily rainfall from dynamically downscaled WRF simulations of current climate produce biased hydrological simulations, in a case study for the state of Victoria, Australia (237 629 km2). While the QQM bias correction can remove bias in daily rainfall distributions at each 10 km × 10 km grid point across Victoria, the GR4J rainfall–runoff model underestimates runoff when driven with QQM bias-corrected daily rainfall. We compare simulated runoff differences using bias-corrected and empirically scaled rainfall for several key water supply catchments across Victoria and discuss the implications for confidence in the magnitude of projected changes for mid-century. Our results highlight the imperative for methods that can correct for temporal and spatial biases in dynamically downscaled daily rainfall if they are to be suitable for hydrological projection.
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Graymore, Michelle, Anne Wallis, and Kevin O'Toole. "Understanding drivers and barriers: the key to water use behaviour change." Water Supply 10, no. 5 (December 1, 2010): 679–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.125.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In southwest Victoria, like many other regions in Australia, drought, climate change and population growth have exposed gaps in water supply. To develop effective demand management strategies for rural and regional areas, this paper investigates the drivers and barriers to water saving in southwest Victoria. Although the majority of people felt water saving was important, the drivers for water saving differed between different groups. Residential users were saving water for altruistic reasons, while for farmers the drivers were farm viability and productivity. Although the barriers differed between property types, common barriers included lack of understanding of the impact their water use has on supplies, lack of knowledge, the pricing system and distrust of the water authority. The findings provide information for effective demand management strategies for the region.
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Hurlimann, Anna C. "Water supply in regional Victoria Australia: A review of the water cartage industry and willingness to pay for recycled water." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 53, no. 5 (March 2009): 262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2008.12.005.
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Sene, Kevin, Helen Houghton Carr, and Wlodek Tych. "Reflections on almost a century of hydrological studies on Africa's largest lake." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 384 (November 16, 2021): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-384-141-2021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa and its outflows strongly influence flows in the White Nile, including the availability of water for hydropower generation, irrigation and water supply. Understanding the water balance is a major challenge since the lake is large enough to influence the local climate and its catchment spans several countries. Hydrometeorological monitoring networks are also sparse in some parts of the basin. In this paper, we consider the history of water balance estimates for the lake and how the science has developed as new information and techniques have become available, including in areas such as seasonal flow forecasting and estimating the potential impacts of dam operations and climate change. These findings are placed into a wider context including the challenges arising from a changing climate and evolving ideas from international research programmes, which lead to some suggestions for future research priorities for Lake Victoria and other sub-Saharan/Rift Valley lakes.
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Campbell, Lachlan. "Wimmera River (Victoria, Australia) – Increasing Use of a Diminishing Resource." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0058.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Wimmera River is central western Victoria's most important river, rising in the Grampians National Park, filling storages that supply the major water supply to the vast Wimmera and Mallee regions. It passes through the Little Desert National Park, an area of significant scenic, recreation, historical and conservation value and terminates in Victoria's largest inland freshwater lakes (Lakes Hindmarsh and Albacutya). The brittleness of the whole closed Wimmera River system, and the over committal of the water resources was brought to the public's attention when appeals were lodged against the proposal to licence a discharge of high standard secondary effluent from an extended aeration oxidation ditch and lagoon treatment facility at Horsham. Residents, user and community groups, Municipal Councils and Government Departments, aware of the deterioration of the Wimmera River had somewhere to focus their attention. Victoria's and possibly Australia's longest environmental appeal, lasting twenty-five days, and a State Environment Protection Policy, determined that all major point sources of nutrients should be removed from the River. More resources for clearing of unwanted emergent weeds, more facilities for protection of Crown Land and catchments generally, and the implementation of environmental summer flows as piping of the Wimmera-Mallee Stock and Domestic System proceeds, are all required. A River Management Board with strength, wealth, good public relations and a dedication to the task could make the Wimmera River an example for all Australia and a tourist attraction of immense value to the region.
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Zhang, Shihao, Junhe Tan, Junhang Liu, Jiaqi Wang, and Ata Tara. "Suitability Prediction and Enhancement of Future Water Supply Systems in Barwon Region in Victoria, Australia." Land 11, no. 5 (April 23, 2022): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11050621.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Intensive agricultural production accompanied by the climate change impacts in post-Colonial rural landscapes have continuously increased the demand for water resources and coastal areas, showing an unprecedented water supply crisis. By taking extreme weather conditions and rainfall events for future trends, a resilient water storage facility for the landscape requires the collaborative approach of natural systems and simulation modelling techniques to develop sustainable future scenarios. In this study, an ecological suitability model is used to identify potential sites for the construction of multi-purpose dams. As part of the model structure, multi factors are classified using the patterns of changing landscapes, and then weighted overlay analysis is conducted on a Geographic Information System (GIS) platform. Compared to previous studies, this paper derives its principal impact parameters and projections based on historical land cover information. The suitability maps that are generated visually guide the geographical location of the multi-purpose dams and indicate the areas from highly suitable to least suitable, clarifying the possibility of building blue infrastructure alongside the waterways in west-central Barwon. The workflow proposes a resilient water system based on existing land characteristics and measures that future water storage capacity will be a valid increase of approximately 1.5 times. This strategy alleviates water scarcity during the dry season to benefit traditional agricultural activities. Digital calculations are utilized to demonstrate the feasibility of the experimental results, providing a methodology for regulating the distribution and supply of river flows throughout the year while retaining runoff in a hierarchical pattern at precipitation periods.
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Atazadeh, Ehsan, Andrew Barton, and Jafar Razeghi. "Importance of environmental flows in the Wimmera catchment, Southeast Australia." Limnological Review 20, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/limre-2020-0018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract In this paper the environment, climate, vegetation, indigenous and European settlement history, stream flow patterns, water quality and water resources development in western Victoria, Australia are studied. The last part of the paper focuses on the MacKenzie River, a tributary of the Wimmera River located on the northern slopes of the Grampians Ranges in western Victoria, Australia. Water release along the MacKenzie River was regulated to improve water quality, stream condition and river health especially in the downstream reaches. The upstream section tends to receive water most days of the year due to releases to secure the requirements of water supply for the city of Horsham and its recreational and conservation values, which is diverted into Mt Zero Channel. Below this the middle and downstream sections receive a more intermittent supply. Annually, a total of 10,000 dam3 of water is released from Wartook Reservoir into the MacKenzie River. Of this volume, only about 4,000 dam3 was released explicitly for environmental purposes. The remaining 6,000 dam3 was released to meet consumptive demands and to transfer water to downstream reservoirs. The empirical data and models showed the lower reaches of the river to be in poor condition under low flows, but this condition improved under flows of 35 dam3 per day, as indicated. The results are presented to tailor discharge and duration of the river flows by amalgamation of consumptive and environmental flows to improve the condition of the stream, thereby supplementing the flows dedicated to environmental outcomes. Ultimately the findings can be used by management to configure consumptive flows that would enhance the ecological condition of the MacKenzie River.
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McLean, R., and P. McManamon. "An innovative approach to small town water quality improvements." Water Supply 3, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0028.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Innovative solutions are required to meet the conflicting criteria of service level, community need, community desire, cost and risk to the supply authority in the delivery of water quality improvements to small regional communities. Grampians Region Water Authority services 74 towns in North-Western Victoria, an area of generally low rainfall, sparse settlement and few natural waterways. Town populations range from 10 to 13,000, with 56 towns having less than 500 people. A Water Quality Improvement Plan was recently developed by Grampians Water to address these natural difficulties. The plan examined a broad range of alternatives beyond the single-pipe reticulated supply system, including dual-pipe reticulation, rainwater sources and household water treatment systems for achieving target quality levels. The key findings were:• regional treatment plants are not economical if towns are more than 25 km apart• salinity is a major influence on strategy• for low salinity supplies, conventional treatment is most economical• for marginal salinity supplies, a two stage process involving conventional treatment and desalination is appropriate• desalination provides a total solution for high salinity groundwater supplies• drinking quality can only be economically achieved in very small towns by using household treatment of rainwater in a dual supply system. The resultant strategies and implementation issues outlined reveal some significant variations to the conventional approach.
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O'Leary, G. J., and D. J. Connor. "A simulation study of wheat crop response to water supply, nitrogen nutrition, stubble retention, and tillage." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, no. 1 (1998): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a97020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A series of simulations was made with a fallow{wheat crop simulation model to examine the effects of stubble retention and tillage on yield for 2 semi-arid environments in north-western Victoria over a 100-200-year period. The fallow treatments comprised 4 combinations of stubble management and tillage in 18-month-long fallows of a fallow{wheat rotation. The 2 sites are representative of the major soil types of the region: a chromic vertisol at Dooen and a calcic xerosol at Walpeup. Stubble retention had the greatest effect on yield, providing a median increase of 0·8 and 0·6 t/ha at Dooen and Walpeup, respectively. Zero tillage had an importantbut small advantage in the presence of stubble at Dooen (0·2 t/ha) and no significant advantage under any system at Walpeup. Yield response was primarily caused through increased fallow-stored water of approximately 89 and 25 mm at Dooen and Walpeup, respectively. The accumulation of soil mineral nitrogen (SMN) at sowing in fallows did not show the same treatment differences as with water or yield. There was a significant interaction between soil type and fallow method. At Dooen, stubble depressed SMN by about 24 kg N/ha (163{185 kg N/ha) below those without stubble (188-207 kg N/ha). Tillage reduced SMN with or without stubble by about 20 kg N/ha. At Walpeup, on the other hand, the highest SMN was associated with tillage and was enhanced by stubble, but the differences were small (<10 kg N/ha). Nitrogen fertiliser produced a small increase in yield (median 0·2 t/ha) at Dooen, increasing to about 0·4 t/ha in wetter years when stubble was retained and fallows were maintained with zero tillage. Over a 100-year period, nitrogen fertiliser reduced the rate of yield decline. The use of nitrogen fertiliser with stubble retention and zero tillage offers an opportunity for arresting declining yield and quality in intensive cropping systems in the Wimmera region of Victoria.
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Stevens, Craig, Won Sang Lee, Giannetta Fusco, Sukyoung Yun, Brett Grant, Natalie Robinson, and Chung Yeon Hwang. "The influence of the Drygalski Ice Tongue on the local ocean." Annals of Glaciology 58, no. 74 (April 2017): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aog.2017.4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT The Drygalski Ice Tongue presents an ~80 km long floating obstacle to alongshore flows in the Victoria Land coastal ocean region of the Western Ross Sea. Here we use oceanographic data from near to the tongue to explore the interplay between the floating glacier and the local currents and stratification. A vessel-based circuit of the glacier, recording ocean temperature and salinity profiles, reveals the southwest corner to be the coldest and most complex in terms of vertical structure. The southwest corner structure beneath the surface warm, salty layer sustains a block of very cold water extending to 200 m depth. In this same location there was a distinct layer at 370 m not seen anywhere else of water at ~−1.93°C. The new observations broadly, but not directly, support the presence of a coherent Victoria Land Coastal Current. The data suggest the northward moving coastal current turns against the Coriolis force and works its way anticlockwise around the glacier, but with leakage beneath the glacier through the highly ‘rippled’ underside, resulting in a spatially heterogeneous supply to the Terra Nova Bay Polynya region – an important location for the formation of high-salinity shelf water.
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Gamage, Nirdosha, Sujeeva Setunge, and Kasuni Liyanage. "An Investigation of Usability of Brown Coal Fly Ash for Building Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 438-439 (October 2013): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.438-439.30.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Victoria State of Australia has the second largest reserves of brown coal on earth, representing approximately 20% of the worlds reserves, and at current use, could supply Victoria with its energy for over 500 years. Its combustion, annually, yields up to 1.3 million tonnes of fly ash, which is largely use for land-fills. Disposal of fly ash in open dumps cause massive environmental problems such as ground water contamination that may create various health problems. This study focuses on the usability of brown coal fly ash to develop a sustainable building material. A series of laboratory investigations was conducted using brown coal fly ash combined with cement and aggregate to prepare cold pressed samples aiming to test their properties. Initial results indicate that compressive strength satisfies minimum standard compressive strength required for bricks or mortar.
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Vardon, Michael, Heather Keith, and David Lindenmayer. "Accounting and valuing the ecosystem services related to water supply in the Central Highlands of Victoria, Australia." Ecosystem Services 39 (October 2019): 101004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2019.101004.
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Blaikie, SJ, FM Martin, WK Mason, and DJ Connor. "A basis for improved soil and water management for irrigated pastures in northern Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 3 (1988): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9880315.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The water relations of white clover and paspalum as monocultures and components of a mixed pasture were studied on a normal and a modified soil profile during the interval between 2 successive irrigations. Responses of individual species were similar in monocultures and mixed pastures. On the normal profile white clover was the first species to react to soil water deficit when the rate of leaf elongation fell by 33% to about 10 mm/day after 30 mm of cumulative evaporation minus rainfall (E - R). This was followed by a reduction in dawn and midday leaf water potential at around 50 mm E - R. After 65 mm E - R, leaf elongation had ceased. In contrast, paspalum showed no signs of water shortage until 70-80 mm E - R. At this stage both the rate of leaf elongation and midday leaf water potential fell. After 90 mm E - R the dawn leaf water potential fell and by 120 mm E - R leaf elongation was negligible. Modification of the profile increased soil water availability by allowing more extraction of water at depth in the profile. This delayed the onset of water stress by about 40 mm E - R in both species. These observations show that the common irrigation interval of 60-90 mm E - R in northern Victoria is likely to restrict pasture yields because it causes a period of soil water deficit stress, especially for white clover, and the development of leaf area is impeded, increasing the time taken for canopies to recover maximum productivity after grazing. To overcome these limitations farmers will have to water more frequently or modify the soil profile to provide pastures with a better water supply.
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Schlafrig, J., J. Sturman, G. Ho, and K. Mathew. "Water auditing: the case for statutory requirements." Water Supply 8, no. 6 (December 1, 2008): 597–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2008.112.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Drought across swathes of Australia, highlights our need for water conservation in addition to seeking new sources of water (demand and supply-side resource options). Water conservation or efficiency improvement is currently a non-systematic process along the lines of ‘if we do such and such then we will save so much water’. Such an approach is ad-hoc and only has the appearance of being ‘quantitative’. We would class it as qualitative, or maybe advanced qualitative water conservation. True quantitative or structured water auditing of non-domestic water consumption is an iterative, systematic and documented process of obtaining reliable use data, validated by a closure approach. Opportunities are identified for water use reduction, water reuse, recycling and for water resource substitution. Financial assessment of savings in cost against cost of measures will provide a payback period. A water management strategy or Water Management Plan (WMP) as it is known in Victoria, Australia, is devised which is consistent with legal requirements, the enterprise's environmental policy and its movement towards sustainable development. Regulators have legislated for mandatory WMPs and audits in Victoria, but this is the only state so far to do this. Mandatory water auditing should be an uncontested choice as it can only provide a win:win situation regulation to the private sector. We argue that only the systematic process provided by structural water auditing constitutes quantitative water conservation. Further, statutory obligation for water users to engage in the water auditing process will give the broad, systematic quantitative information, and based upon which optimal water management strategies or WMPs can be devised. This will ensure a rational approach to our future water needs and the needs of our environment. It is anticipated that voluntary auditing in the arenas not mandated will increase in the long term if this is done.
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Cadwallader, PL, and J. Douglas. "Changing food habits of Macquarie perch, Macquaria australasica Cuvier (Pisces : Percichthyidae), during the initial filling phase of Lake Dartmouth, Victoria." Marine and Freshwater Research 37, no. 5 (1986): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9860647.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The composition of the diet of Macquarie perch changed markedly during the various stages of rising and falling water-level during the initial filling phase of Lake Dartmouth, an impoundment formed by the construction of Dartmouth Dam on the Mitta Mitta River in north-eastern Victoria. Macquarie perch fed on typical river-dwelling organisms from inflowing rivers, on terrestrial organisms that became displaced as the water-level rose, and on typical still-water or sluggish-water organisms, which were extremely abundant in the newly created lake. The relative proportions of several of these food types in the diet varied depending on whether the water-level was rising or falling. Macquarie perch appear to have adapted well to the changing food supply in the lake, and have included in their diet several food types that they would not normally have encountered in their natural riverine habitat.
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Forouzangohar, Mohsen, Neville D. Crossman, Richard J. MacEwan, D. Dugal Wallace, and Lauren T. Bennett. "Ecosystem Services in Agricultural Landscapes: A Spatially Explicit Approach to Support Sustainable Soil Management." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/483298.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Soil degradation has been associated with a lack of adequate consideration of soil ecosystem services. We demonstrate a broadly applicable method for mapping changes in the supply of two priority soil ecosystem services to support decisions about sustainable land-use configurations. We used a landscape-scale study area of 302 km2in northern Victoria, south-eastern Australia, which has been cleared for intensive agriculture. Indicators representing priority soil services (soil carbon sequestration and soil water storage) were quantified and mapped under both a current and a future 25-year land-use scenario (the latter including a greater diversity of land uses and increased perennial crops and irrigation). We combined diverse methods, including soil analysis using mid-infrared spectroscopy, soil biophysical modelling, and geostatistical interpolation. Our analysis suggests that the future land-use scenario would increase the landscape-level supply of both services over 25 years. Soil organic carbon content and water storage to 30 cm depth were predicted to increase by about 11% and 22%, respectively. Our service maps revealed the locations of hotspots, as well as potential trade-offs in service supply under new land-use configurations. The study highlights the need to consider diverse land uses in sustainable management of soil services in changing agricultural landscapes.
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Rogers, M. E., A. R. Lawson, and K. B. Kelly. "Lucerne yield, water productivity and persistence under variable and restricted irrigation strategies." Crop and Pasture Science 67, no. 5 (2016): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp15159.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) has the potential to be grown widely under water-limiting conditions in the dairy region of northern Victoria and southern New South Wales, Australia, possibly because of its greater water productivity and because irrigation management of lucerne can be more flexible compared with other forage species. A large-scale field experiment was conducted at Tatura in northern Victoria, over 5 years to determine the effects of limiting (deficit) and non-limiting irrigation management on the dry matter (DM) production, water productivity (irrigation and total water productivity) and stand density (or persistence) of lucerne. Nine irrigation treatments were imposed that included full irrigation, partial irrigation and no irrigation in either a single, or over consecutive, irrigation seasons. In the fifth year of the experiment, all plots received the full irrigation treatment to examine plant recovery from the previous irrigation treatments. In any one year, there was a linear relationship between DM production and total water supply (irrigation plus rainfall plus changes in soil water) such that DM production decreased as the total water supply – due to deficit irrigation – decreased. Over the 5 years, annual DM production ranged from 1.4 to 17.7 t DM ha–1 with the highest production occurring in plots that received full irrigation. Irrigation water productivity was inversely related to the amount of water used and was higher in the treatments that had only been partially irrigated for that year compared with the treatments that had been fully watered for that year. Total water productivity values were significantly lower only in the treatments that had not been irrigated for that year, and there was little difference between the treatments that were only partially watered during the year and the fully watered treatments (range 9.1–12.2 kg DM ha–1 mm–1 for Year 4). There was no significant reduction in plant density or plant persistence in those plots where deficit irrigation had been imposed. However, the high irrigation regime and poor drainage in the fully irrigated border-check plots significantly reduced plant density and allowed weed infestation in the fifth year of the experiment. These results suggest that, although lucerne DM production is directly related to total water use and may be significantly reduced in the irrigation regions of south-eastern Australia in seasons when water is restricted, the lucerne stand is able to fully recover once a full irrigation regime is resumed. This makes lucerne an ideal forage species for situations when water is limiting.
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Redmond, Helen. "Impact of energy generation on health: unconventional gas." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 126, no. 2 (2014): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs14038.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this age of human-induced climate change, drilling for unconventional gas is expanding rapidly. In the United States hundreds of thousands of wells tap into shale gas, tight sands gas and coal seam gas (CSG). In Australia we have large CSG fields containing thousands of wells in Queensland, and several smaller fields in New South Wales and Victoria. The scale of proposed development of shale gas in South Australia, Western Australia and the Northern Territory will eclipse CSG in the eastern states. Yet unconventional gas extraction has the potential to undermine every single one of the environmental determinants of health: clean air, clean water, a safe food supply and a stable climate.1 To ensure health, water has to be sufficient in quality and quantity. The unconventional gas industry impacts both in a number of ways. Water quality can be threatened both by chemicals in drilling and fracking fluids, and by chemicals mobilised from deep underground in the process.
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Wabwire, Evans Odhiambo, Stellah Mukhovi, and Isaiah Ang’iro Nyandega. "The Perception of Rural Households on Climate Change Effect on Rural Livelihoods in Lake Victoria Basin." Ghana Journal of Geography 12, no. 2 (December 17, 2020): 62–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjg.v12i2.3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
While the science of climate change is well investigated across most disciplines, people’s perception of climate change effects has not been well addressed. This paper sought to address the question of climate change perception and the effect of climate change on rural household livelihoods within the Lake Victoria Basin of Kenya. The study relied on households’ perception on the effect of climate change on the areas of agriculture, and food security, water, and energy supply. Multistage sampling was applied to select 539 households from four eco-ecological zones. The study revealed that most households presented localized explanations of climate change, which included: frequent and prolonged droughts, variations in rainfall onset and cessation, increased temperatures, an increased strong wind episode. Some households perceived climate changes effects resulted into a decrease in crop yield, resulting in increased household food insecurity, while some perceived water stress at household level, but mainly for those who relied on surface water, well water, borehole, and the natural spring. In addition, some of the households perceived shortage in energy sources, particularly hydroelectric power was said to be sensitive to the changes in climate. These perceptions were based on households’ experiences, and partially the results were found to be consistent with physical science of climate change. The paper therefore recommends the need to harmonise household perception with the climate change policy in order to address emerging challenges of climate change at the local level, create more climate change awareness supported through a comprehensive climate change action plan on country’s preparedness of extreme climate events at household level.
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Harris, R. H., M. C. Crawford, W. D. Bellotti, M. B. Peoples, and S. Norng. "Companion crop performance in relation to annual biomass production, resource supply, and subsoil drying." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, no. 1 (2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar07135.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A field experiment located in NE Victoria compared the productivity of cereals sown into mature lucerne (companion crop) with cereals and lucerne grown as monocultures. Additional nitrogen (N) and water was applied to investigate if increased resource supply could alleviate competition and improve cereal performance in the presence of lucerne. Cereal plant populations, lucerne and cereal biomass, and cereal grain yields and protein were measured throughout the experiment. Soil water content was also monitored over time to determine whether companion cropping compromised the ability of lucerne to extract deep soil water. While companion cropping depressed both lucerne and cereal production, the combined annual biomass production was greater than cereal and lucerne when grown alone. Averaged over the three seasons, companion cropping resulted in a 31% increase (P < 0.05) in total annual biomass compared with the lucerne monoculture, and an 18% increase compared with the cereal monoculture in the 2004–05 and 2005–06 seasons. Cereals growing with lucerne produced fewer tillers, spikes and consequently cereal biomass compared with cereals growing as a monoculture. Therefore, companion crops yielded 25% less (P < 0.05) grain compared with the cereal monoculture over the 3-year study. Competition for N and light in the pre-cereal stem elongation period, were likely causes. Increasing the supply of N and water did not result in a main treatment (monoculture v. companion crop) by additional resource interaction, indicating that cereal responses were the same irrespective of lucerne’s presence. The application of N, water and these combined inputs, resulted in a 13–40%, 35% and 49% increase (P < 0.05) in cereal grain yields, respectively. While companion cropping compromised lucerne’s capacity to extract water from deep soil layers to a degree, this practice was still able to maintain drier subsoil in comparison to the cereal monoculture.
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Ho, C. K. M., B. Malcolm, and P. T. Doyle. "Supplementary feeding options to alleviate the impacts of decreased water availability on dairy-farm economic performance in northern Victoria." Animal Production Science 55, no. 2 (2015): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14287.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The anticipated effects of climate change, competing demands from the environment, industry and urban users, and changes in water policy are likely to reduce the amount and increase the variability of water allocations to dairy farmers in northern Victoria. The way two irrigated dairy farms that differed in feedbase characteristics, herd size and farm area, would operate and perform with reduced and more variable water allocations was examined over 10 years. Strategies to manage the impact of changed water availability were tested; namely, increasing milk production by feeding more supplementary feed, changing the feed system to present supplements in a partial mixed ration (PMR), and increasing milk production by using a PMR. Neither farm was profitable under medium climate change, or if the conditions that generated the low inflows of water into irrigation supply dams between 1996–97 and 2006–07 prevailed, unless changes were made to the farm system. Feeding supplements in a well formulated mixed ration have the potential to increase the efficiency of metabolisable energy use and offers the opportunity to increase feed intake and milk production. A PMR system enabled one of the farms to maintain and increase profit under medium climate change conditions; however, risk, measured as variability in profit, also increased. Under more severe reductions in water availability, neither of the farms examined was profitable over the run of years. Changes to the farm system other than feeding additional supplementary feed to increase milk production and/or using a PMR system, would be needed to counteract the effects of reduced and more variable water availability and maintain profit.
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FRANKLIN, L. J., J. E. FIELDING, J. GREGORY, L. GULLAN, D. LIGHTFOOT, S. Y. POZNANSKI, and H. VALLY. "An outbreak ofSalmonellaTyphimurium 9 at a school camp linked to contamination of rainwater tanks." Epidemiology and Infection 137, no. 3 (August 8, 2008): 434–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026880800109x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SUMMARYIn March 2007, an outbreak of gastroenteritis was identified at a school camp in rural Victoria, Australia, affecting about half of a group of 55 students. A comprehensive investigation was initiated to identify the source. Twenty-seven attendees were found to have abdominal pain, diarrhoea and nausea (attack rate 49%). Of 11 faecal specimens tested all were positive forSalmonellaTyphimurium definitive phage type 9 (DT9). Of four samples taken from the untreated private water supply, two were positive for DT9. Drinking water from containers filled from rainwater tanks [relative risk (RR) 3·2,P=0·039] and participation in two recreational activities – flying fox (RR 5·3,P=0·011), and beam-balance (RR 3·9,P=0·050) – were indicative of a link with illness. Environmental and epidemiological investigations suggested rainwater collection tanks contaminated with DT9 as being the cause of the outbreak. Increased use of rainwater tanks may heighten the risk of waterborne disease outbreaks unless appropriate preventative measures are undertaken.
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Rogers, M. E., A. R. Lawson, S. Chandra, and K. B. Kelly. "Limited application of irrigation water does not affect the nutritive characteristics of lucerne." Animal Production Science 54, no. 10 (2014): 1635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14195.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Lucerne (Medicago sativa) has not been a significant part of the feedbase of the Murray-Dairy Region of Australia. However, under future climate regimes, which are indicating an overall decline in rainfall as well as water available for irrigation of pastures, lucerne is emerging as a potential forage species because of its adaptability, productivity and resilience. A large-scale field experiment was conducted at Tatura, Victoria, Australia, over four years to determine the dry matter (DM) production and nutritive characteristics of lucerne under a range of limiting and non-limiting irrigation management practices. Nine irrigation treatments were imposed that ranged from full irrigation to no irrigation in either a single, or over consecutive, irrigation seasons. Plots were harvested using plant-based criteria over the irrigation season and DM production and nutritive characteristics were determined. DM production generally increased as the total water supply (irrigation plus rainfall plus changes in soil water) increased, with the fully irrigated treatments producing significantly more DM than the treatments where the irrigation water had been restricted. Mean annual DM digestibility concentration was 66% of DM and was not affected by treatment. Similarly, mean crude protein concentration, which was 22% of DM, was also not affected by treatment. There was no consistent effect of restricted irrigation on the neutral detergent fibre concentration of the lucerne plants. These results suggest that in seasons where irrigation is restricted because of limited water supply, the reduction in lucerne productivity is not associated with a penalty in forage nutritive characteristics, with lucerne able to provide sufficient nutrients to form a large proportion of the total diet for a high-producing dairy cow.
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Zou, Qian, Ruiqiang Ding, Jianping Li, Yu-heng Tseng, Zhaolu Hou, Tao Wen, and Kai Ji. "Is the North Pacific Victoria Mode a Predictor of Winter Rainfall over South China?" Journal of Climate 33, no. 20 (October 15, 2020): 8833–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0789.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThis study investigates the connection between the North Pacific Victoria mode (VM) during the boreal spring [February–April (FMA)] and the following boreal winter [January–March (JFM)] rainfall over South China (SC). The VM is defined as the second empirical orthogonal function mode (EOF2) of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies (SSTAs) in the North Pacific poleward of 20°N. It is found that the boreal spring VM has a significant positive correlation with the following winter rainfall over SC. Analyses indicate that a strong positive VM during spring can induce El Niño during the following winter via an air–sea interaction, resulting in the generation of an anomalous anticyclone over the western North Pacific (WNPAC). The anomalous southwesterlies along the southeast coast of East Asia associated with the WNPAC favor an abundant supply of water vapor and anomalous ascending motion over SC. As a result, winter rainfall over SC increases. A linear regression model based on the VM shows that the VM can act as an effective predictor of winter rainfall over SC about 1 year in advance. It also has a higher prediction skill than ENSO in predicting winter rainfall over SC.
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Al-Dhumri, Sami, Firew H. Beshah, Nichola A. Porter, Barry Meehan, and Roger Wrigley. "An assessment of the guidelines in Victoria, Australia, for land application of biosolids based on plant-available nitrogen." Soil Research 51, no. 6 (2013): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr13191.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the application of biosolids to land for agricultural purposes, the supply of plant-available nitrogen (PAN) should match the crop requirements. This ensures that the crop yield is maximised while minimising the environmental risk from over-application. In Victoria, the amount to be applied is usually calculated according to the State EPA guidelines using the nitrogen limited biosolids application rates (NLBAR). These guidelines specify the mineralisation rates to be used in the NLBAR calculation for different types of biosolids. However, these rates have not been validated for Victorian soils and agricultural production systems. To test the veracity of these rates, this study quantified the amount of PAN for two different biosolids (anaerobically digested biosolids, ANDB; and aerobically digested biosolids, ADB) added to two types of soils, a sandy loam at Lara and a clay loam at the Melton Recycled Water Plant, Surbiton Park, Melton. The PAN was calculated by determining the N fertiliser equivalence of the biosolids. To achieve this, two field calibration plots were prepared, one for the biosolids and one for urea as the N fertiliser. Biosolids were applied based on total N at six rates (0, 68, 136, 204, 340 and 510 kg N ha–1); urea was applied at six rates (0, 60, 120, 180, 240 and 280 kg N ha–1). Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was planted 1 day after the application of biosolids and harvested after 120 days. The calculated amount of mineralisable organic N in ANDB was estimated to be 41% and 39% when applied to the clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively; for ADB, it was 12% and 9%, respectively. These values indicate that the organic N mineralisation rates provided in the EPA Victoria guidelines (15% for ANDB and 25% for ADB) might not always be applicable. Also of note is that the values obtained for the each of the biosolids appear to be independent of the soil type.
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McCaskill, M. R., M. C. Raeside, S. G. Clark, C. MacDonald, B. Clark, and D. L. Partington. "Pasture mixes with lucerne (Medicago sativa) increase yields and water-use efficiencies over traditional pastures based on subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum)." Crop and Pasture Science 67, no. 1 (2016): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14179.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pastures sown to lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) with a perennial non-legume could increase feed supply relative to traditional pastures based on subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Such mixtures might also be preferable to pure lucerne pastures, which are prone to weed invasion. Yield and water-use efficiency (harvested dry matter per unit evapotranspiration) of mixtures with lucerne or subterranean clover were compared a field experiment established under rainfed conditions at Hamilton, Victoria. Soil moisture and dry matter production were measured over 2 years. Treatments included chicory (Cichorium intybus L.), cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Shreb.) with either lucerne or subterranean clover; pure lucerne; and phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) with only subterranean clover. In the second year, dry matter production from lucerne mixtures exceeded that of equivalent mixtures with subterranean clover in spring, summer and winter. In spring, the lucerne component continued producing for longer than the clover component through its use of deeper stored soil water, and in summer, lucerne continued to grow slowly after the grass component had entered a drought-induced dormancy. In winter, the contribution from the lucerne component complemented, rather than competed with, that from the non-legume component. Water-use efficiencies during winter–spring ranged from 4 kg ha–1 mm–1 for chicory–clover to 27 kg ha–1 mm–1 for a fescue–lucerne mixture, and during summer–autumn from nil for cocksfoot–clover to 13 kg ha–1 mm–1 for a fescue–lucerne mixture. This study demonstrates that lucerne-based mixtures can increase forage supply per unit water use relative to traditional pastures based on subterranean clover.
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Falk, Joern, Björn Globisch, Martin Angelmahr, Wolfgang Schade, and Heike Schenk-Mathes. "Drinking Water Supply in Rural Africa Based on a Mini-Grid Energy System—A Socio-Economic Case Study for Rural Development." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (August 2, 2022): 9458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159458.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Water is an essential resource required for various human activities such as drinking, cooking, growing food, and personal hygiene. As a key infrastructure of public services, access to clean and safe drinking water is an essential factor for local socio-economic development. Despite various national and international efforts, water supply is often not guaranteed, especially in rural areas of Africa. Although many water resources are theoretically available in these areas, bodies of water are often contaminated with dangerous pathogens and pollutants. As a result, people, often women and children, have to travel long distances to collect water from taps and are exposed to dangers such as physical violence and accidents on their way. In this article, we present a socio-economic case study for rural development. We describe a drinking water treatment plant with an annual capacity of 10,950 m3 on Kibumba Island in Lake Victoria (Tanzania). The plant is operated by a photovoltaic mini-grid system with second-life lithium-ion battery storage. We describe the planning, the installation, and the start of operation of the water treatment system. In addition, we estimate the water prices achievable with the proposed system and compare it to existing sources of drinking water on Kibumba Island. Assuming a useful life of 15 years, the installed drinking water system is cost-neutral for the community at a cost price of 0.70 EUR/m3, 22% less than any other source of clean water on Kibumba Island. Access to safe and clean drinking water is a major step forward for the local population. We investigate the socio-economic added value using social and economic key indicators like health, education, and income. Hence, this approach may serve as a role model for community-owned drinking water systems in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Blaikie, SJ, FM Martin, WK Mason, and DJ Connor. "Effects of soil water supply and temperature on the photosynthesis of white clover and paspalum in irrigated pastures." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 3 (1988): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9880321.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Field canopy chambers were used to measure the effect of a range of soil water contents from surface ponding to very dry soil and the effect of high summer temperatures on the photosynthesis of irrigated white clover and paspalum pastures. Water was ponded for 5-12 days on swards of white clover and paspalum at full cover and on others that had been defoliated to a height of 50 mm. Photosynthetic rate was monitored each day and compared with a non-ponded control. In all cases there was little response in photosynthetic rate to ponding either with or without supplemental nitrogen fertiliser. Photosynthesis of full swards of white clover and paspalum was monitored during a drying cycle following irrigation and compared with the photosynthesis of a well-watered control. Soil water deficit was expressed in terms of cumulative evaporation minus rainfall (mm E - R) after irrigation. Water deficit stress reduced the maximum photosynthetic rate of white clover by 50% (from 0.8 mg CO2/m2.s at 25 mm E - R to 0.4 mg CO2/m2.s at 75 mm E - R), but the photosynthetic rate of paspalum did not decline until 70 mm E - R. At high irradiance, temperatures between 24 and 33�C had little effect on the photosynthetic rate of well-watered white clover, whereas the rate in paspalum was higher at temperatures between 29 and 38�C than at temperatures of 24-29�C. The slow surface drainage and subsequent rapid drying of the root-zone of flood irrigated soils, combined with the high temperatures experienced in northern Victoria during summer, favour paspalum and severely limit the productivity of white clover.
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Chapman, D. F., B. R. Cullen, I. R. Johnson, and D. Beca. "Interannual variation in pasture growth rate in Australian and New Zealand dairy regions and its consequences for system management." Animal Production Science 49, no. 12 (2009): 1071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an09054.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The profitability of dairy farms in Australia and New Zealand is closely related to the amount of pasture dry matter consumed per hectare per year. There is variability in the pasture growth curve within years (seasonal variation) and between years (interannual variation) in all dairy regions in both countries. Therefore, the biological efficiency of production systems depends on the accuracy and timeliness of the many strategic and tactical decisions that influence the balance between feed supply and demand over an annual cycle. In the case of interannual variation, decisions are made with only limited quantitative information on the range of possible pasture growth outcomes. To address this limitation, we used the biophysical simulation model ‘DairyMod’ to estimate mean monthly herbage accumulation rates of annual or perennial ryegrass-based pastures in 100 years (1907–2006) for five Australian sites (Kyabram in northern Victoria, Terang in south-west Victoria, Ellinbank in Gippsland, Elliott in north-west Tasmania and Vasse in south-west Western Australia) and in 35 years (1972–2006) for three sites in New Zealand (Hamilton in the Waikato, Palmerston North in the Manawatu and Winchmore in Canterbury). The aim was to evaluate whether or not a probabilistic approach to the analysis of pasture growth could provide useful information to support decision making. For the one site where annual ryegrass was simulated, Vasse, the difference between the 25th and 75th percentile years was 20 kg DM/ha.day or less in all months when pasture growth occurred. Irrigation at Kyabram and Winchmore also resulted in a narrow range of growth rates in most months. For non-irrigated sites, the 25th–75th percentile range was narrow (10–15 kg DM/ha.day) from May or June through to September or October, because plant available soil water was adequate to support perennial ryegrass growth, and the main source of interannual variability was variation in temperature. Outside of these months, however, variability in growth was large. There was a positive relationship between total annual herbage accumulation rate and mean stocking for four southern Australian regions (northern Victoria, south-west Victoria, Gippsland and Tasmania), but there was evidence of a negative relationship between the co-efficient of variation in pasture growth and stocking rate. The latter suggests that farmers do account for risk in pasture supply in their stocking rate decisions. However, for the one New Zealand region included in this analysis, Waikato, stocking rate was much higher than would be expected based on the variability in pasture growth, indicating that farmers in this region have well defined decision rules for coping with feed deficits or surpluses. Model predictions such as those presented here are one source of information that can support farm management decision making, but should always be coupled with published data, direct experience, and other relevant information to analyse risk for individual farm businesses.
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Zhao, Lei, and Greg You. "Brown Coal in Victoria, Australia and Maddingley Brown Coal Open Cut Mine Batter Stability." Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction 9, no. 3 (August 15, 2020): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32732/jcec.2020.9.3.109.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Brown coal is young, shallowly deposited, and widely distributed in the world. It is a fuel commonly used to generate electricity. This paper first reviews the resources and characteristics of brown coal in Victoria, Australia, and its exploitation and contribution to the economy or power supply in Victoria. Due to the shallow depth of the brown coal seam, e.g. very favorable stripping ratio, open pit mining is the only mining method used to extract the coal at low cost for power generators. With the large-scale mining operations, cases of batter failure were not rare in the area. From the comprehensive review of past failures, overburden batter tends to fail by circular sliding, coal batter tends to fail by block sliding after the overburden is stripped due to a weak water-bearing layer underneath the coal seam and tension cracks developed at the rear of the batter, and batter failure is typically coincided with peak raining seasons. Secondly, the paper reviews the case study of Maddingley Brown Coal (MBC) Open Cut Mine batter stability, including geology, hydrogeology, and hydro-mechanically coupled numerical modelling. The modelling employs three-dimensional finite element method to simulate the MBC northern batter where cracks were observed in November 2013. The comprehensive simulation covers an overburden batter, a brown coal batter, two rainfall models, and a buttressed batter. The simulated results agree well with observed data, and it is found that the rainfall at the intensity of 21mm substantially lowered the factor of safety of the coal batter.
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Carter, MR, and GR Steed. "The effects of direct drilling and stubble retention on hydraulic properties at the surface of duplex soils in north-eastern Victoria." Soil Research 30, no. 4 (1992): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9920505.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Soil hydraulic properties in the sandy clay loam surface horizon of duplex soils were assessed under cultivated, stubble burnt (CCB); direct drilling, stubble burnt (DDB); and direct drilling, stubble retained (DDR) systems for three wheat-lupin rotations, established from 7 to 10 years, in north-eastern Victoria. Disc permeameters were used to determine sorptivity and steady state infiltration in each rotation. A rainfall simulator was used on the 10 year rotation to characterize saturated infiltration and surface soil stability. Cultivation caused an increase in soil bulk density and decreased organic C at the soil surface. Application of a -40 mm water supply potential removed macropore flow from the infiltration process and mainly characterized water flow in the soil matrix. Differences in sorptivity among tillage treatments at this potential mainly reflected initial soil moisture, rather than soil structure. Sorptivity measured on soil cores was related (T = 0.74, P = 0.01)= to sorptivity measured in the field. Under Rainfall simulation , DDR increased sorptivity, wetting depth and time to runoff, and decreased runoff rate and sediment loss, compared with DDB and CCB. Overall, steady state infiltration rate was controlled over time by the permeability of lower soil horizons. The combination of disc permeameter and rainfall simulation measurements provided a useful description of unsaturated and saturated infiltration under field conditions. The DDR system improved the potential for saturated infiltration, maximized rainfall storage in the surface horizon, and increased the stability of macroporous infiltration.
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Tonkovic, Z., and S. Jeffcoat. "Wastewater reclamation for use in snow-making within an alpine resort in Australia - resource rather than waste." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 6-7 (September 1, 2002): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0692.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Mt Buller Alpine Resort is located approximately 200 km north of Melbourne, in Victoria, Australia. A wastewater treatment plant services the resort and currently treats to advanced nutrient removal standards. The treated effluent is presently discharged into the Howqua River. Most Australian ski resorts are not blessed with abundant snow cover on a regular basis. Artificial snow allows most of the popular ski runs to operate for the whole of the season. At the Mt Buller resort, snow-making is presently limited by lack of water supply in the catchment. The conditions at Mt Buller resort present a unique opportunity to utilise reclaimed wastewater to allow increased snow-making capacity. It is one of the unique opportunities where the wastewater is valued as a resource rather than merely viewed as a waste problem. Wastewater reclamation for snow-making will require additional treatment for pathogen removal. It is proposed that following advanced nutrient removal, the effluent will require further treatment, including membrane ultrafiltration, so as to ensure a minimum of four barriers for pathogen removal. Pilot plant operation of a membrane ultrafiltration system commenced in June 2000 and will continue until the end of 2001, to primarily demonstrate the extent of pathogen removal.
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Склярова, Е. К. "LIVERPOOL IN VICTORIAN DOMESTIC POLITICS." Британские исследования, no. VII(VII) (June 1, 2022): 227–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2022.vii.vii.001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
В статье рассматриваются особенности социального развития Ливерпуля в контексте его роли во внутренней политике Великобритании в эпоху королевы Виктории. Крупнейший город и порт Соединённого Королевства Великобритании и Ирландии одним из первых ощутил на себе все негативные последствия промышленного переворота, урбанизации и миграции населения. Как и многие другие города Великобритании, Ливерпуль фигурировал в прессе, медицинских, статистических и парламентских отчётах, как город подвалов, центр массовой миграции, трущоб, высокой смертности населения, отсутствия санитарно-технических норм и антисанитарии. Парламентские расследования и пресса указали на Ливерпуль, а также Вулверхемптон, Глазго, Дублин, Лидс, Лондон, Манчестер, Шеффилд, как города, где необходимо первоочередное проведение социальных реформ. В середине XIX в. в эпоху королевы Виктории Ливерпуль израсходовал значительные суммы денег на решение проблемы антисанитарии, уборки и мощения города, водоснабжения и освещения, жилищную реформу, организацию прачечных, общественных бань, библиотек, парков. Пионерами муниципализации и здравоохранения Ливерпуля стали — доктор Уильям Данкен, С. Хольм, Дж. Тинн. До введения общегосударственного Закона об обеспечении общественного здравоохранения 1848 г., Ливерпуль инициировал институт инспекции и санитарных врачей, жилищную реформу, систематическое вмешательство государства в решение социальных проблем. The article examines the features of Liverpool's social development in the context of its role in the domestic politics of Great Britain in the era of Queen Victoria. The largest city and port of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was one of the first to feel all the negative consequences of the industrial revolution, urbanization and population migration. Like many other cities in the UK, Liverpool appeared in the press, medical, statistical and parliamentary reports as a city of basements, a center of mass migration, slums, high mortality, lack of sanitary standards and unsanitary conditions. Parliamentary investigations and the press have pointed to Liverpool, as well as WolverHampton, Glasgow, Dublin, Leeds, London, Manchester, Sheffield, as cities where social reforms are needed as a priority. In the middle of the XIX century in the era of Queen Victoria, Liverpool spent significant amounts of money on solving the problem of unsanitary conditions, cleaning and paving the city, water supply and lighting, housing reform, the organization of laundries, public baths, libraries, and parks. The pioneers of municipalization and health care in Liverpool were Dr. William Duncan, S. Holm, J. Thinn. Prior to the introduction of the National Public Health Law of 1848, Liverpool initiated the Institute of inspection and sanitary doctors, housing reform, and systematic state intervention in solving social problems.
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Wiedemann, S. G., M. J. Yan, and C. M. Murphy. "Resource use and environmental impacts from Australian export lamb production: a life cycle assessment." Animal Production Science 56, no. 7 (2016): 1070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14647.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA) investigating energy, land occupation, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, fresh water consumption and stress-weighted water use from production of export lamb in the major production regions of New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia. The study used data from regional datasets and case study farms, and applied new methods for assessing water use using detailed farm water balances and water stress weighting. Land occupation was assessed with reference to the proportion of arable and non-arable land and allocation of liveweight (LW) and greasy wool was handled using a protein mass method. Fossil fuel energy demand ranged from 2.5 to 7.0 MJ/kg LW, fresh water consumption from 58.1 to 238.9 L/kg LW, stress-weighted water use from 2.9 to 137.8 L H2O-e/kg LW and crop land occupation from 0.2 to 2.0 m2/kg LW. Fossil fuel energy demand was dominated by on-farm energy demand, and differed between regions and datasets in response to production intensity and the use of purchased inputs such as fertiliser. Regional fresh water consumption was dominated by irrigation water use and losses from farm water supply, with smaller contributions from livestock drinking water. GHG emissions ranged from 6.1 to 7.3 kg CO2-e/kg LW and additional removals or emissions from land use (due to cultivation and fertilisation) and direct land-use change (due to deforestation over previous 20 years) were found to be modest, contributing between –1.6 and 0.3 kg CO2-e/kg LW for different scenarios assessing soil carbon flux. Excluding land use and direct land-use change, enteric CH4 contributed 83–89% of emissions, suggesting that emissions intensity can be reduced by focussing on flock production efficiency. Resource use and emissions were similar for export lamb production in the major production states of Australia, and GHG emissions were similar to other major global lamb producers. The results show impacts from lamb production on competitive resources to be low, as lamb production systems predominantly utilised non-arable land unsuited to alternative food production systems that rely on crop production, and water from regions with low water stress.
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Yilmaz, Abdullah Gokhan, Serter Atabay, Kimia Haji Amou Assar, and Monzur Alam Imteaz. "Climate Change Impacts on Inflows into Lake Eppalock Reservoir from Upper Campaspe Catchment." Hydrology 8, no. 3 (July 24, 2021): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8030108.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Climate change has significant effects on societies and ecosystems. Due to the strong link between climate and the hydrological cycle, water resources is one of the most affected fields by climate change. It is of great importance to investigate climate change effects on streamflows by producing future streamflow projections under different scenarios to create adaptation measures and mitigate potential impacts of climate change. The Upper Campaspe Catchment (UCC), located at North Central Victoria in Australia, is a significant catchment as it provides a large portion of total inflow to the Lake Eppalock Reservoir, which supplies irrigation to the Campaspe Irrigation district and urban water to Bendigo, Heathcote, and Ballarat cities. In this study, climate change effects on monthly streamflows in the UCC was investigated using high resolution future climate data from CSIRO and MIROC climate models in calibrated IHACRES hydrological model. The IHACRES model was found to be very successful to simulate monthly streamflow in UCC. Remarkable streamflow reductions were projected based on the climate input from both models (CSIRO and MIROC). According to the most optimistic scenario (with the highest projected streamflows) by the MIROC-RCP4.5 model in near future (2035–2064), the Upper Campaspe River will completely dry out from January to May. The worst scenario (with the lowest streamflow projection) by the CSIRO-RCP8.5 model in the far future (2075–2104) showed that streamflows will be produced only for three months (July, August, and September) throughout the year. Findings from this study indicated that climate change will have significant adverse impacts on reservoir inflow, operation, water supply, and allocation in the study area.
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Bargagli, R., R. I. L. Smith, L. Martella, F. Monaci, J. C. Sanchez-Hernandez, and F. C. Ugolini. "Solution geochemistry and behaviour of major and trace elements during summer in a moss community at Edmonson Point, Victoria Land, Antarctica." Antarctic Science 11, no. 1 (March 1999): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102099000024.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Physical and chemical characteristics and solution geochemistry of major and trace elements were investigated in an area of volcanic soil colonized by mosses at Edmonson Point (central Victoria Land) during the international BIOTAS (Biological Investigations of Terrestrial Antarctic Systems) expedition (BIOTEX) in the 1995–96 summer. The broad objective was to study the environmental factors involved in plant colonisation and survival in terrestrial continental Antarctic ecosystems. The results showed that moss distribution and survival throughout the summer was closely dependent on water supply. In Antarctic coastal ecosystems the environmental biogeochemistry is largely dominated by ions of marine origin. At the drier end of a hydrological gradient the dry cushions of Hennediella heimii were encrusted with salts and showed much higher concentrations of soluble ions (Na+, Cl−, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42−, NO3−) than those in adhering soil particles or in other moss species from wetter parts of the transect. Although salt encrustations may partly derive from sublimation of surface snow, comparisons between concentrations of soluble ions in the dry moss and those in the < 2 mm fraction of surface and deep soil showed an upward migration along the soil profile of soluble ions as the substratum dried out, between December and January, and their accumulation mostly on mosses. At the wet end of the transect messes were less affected by salt encrustations and there was evidence of Ca2+ uptake and an active cycling of nutrients.
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Brabyn, L., C. Beard, R. D. Seppelt, E. D. Rudolph, R. Türk, and T. G. A. Green. "Quantified vegetation change over 42 years at Cape Hallett, East Antarctica." Antarctic Science 18, no. 4 (November 14, 2006): 561–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102006000605.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper reports on the remapping of a carefully documented vegetation plot at Cape Hallett (72°19′S 170°16′E) to provide an assessment of the rates of vegetation change over decadal time scales. E.D. Rudolph, in 1962, mapped in detail the vegetation of a site approximately 28 m by 120 m at Cape Hallett, Victoria Land, Antarctica. This site was relocated and remapped in January 2004 and changes were assessed using GIS techniques. This appears to be the longest available time period for assessing vegetation change in Antarctica. The analysis indicated that considerable change had occurred in moss and algae distribution patterns and this seems to have been caused by increased water supply, particularly in wetter areas. There was also evidence of some change in lichen distribution. The extent of the change indicates that vegetation cover can be used for monitoring change in areas as extreme as the Ross Sea region. For this analysis to be successful it was important that the mapping techniques used were totally explicit and could easily be replicated. Fortunately, Rudolph had defined his cover classes and the site was also clearly marked. The application of GIS mapping techniques allows the mapping to be more explicitly defined and easily replicated.
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Guinaldo, Thibault, Simon Munier, Patrick Le Moigne, Aaron Boone, Bertrand Decharme, Margarita Choulga, and Delphine J. Leroux. "Parametrization of a lake water dynamics model MLake in the ISBA-CTRIP land surface system (SURFEX v8.1)." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 1309–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1309-2021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Lakes are of fundamental importance in the Earth system as they support essential environmental and economic services, such as freshwater supply. Streamflow variability and temporal evolution are impacted by the presence of lakes in the river network; therefore, any change in the lake state can induce a modification of the regional hydrological regime. Despite the importance of the impact of lakes on hydrological fluxes and the water balance, a representation of the mass budget is generally not included in climate models and global-scale hydrological modeling platforms. The goal of this study is to introduce a new lake mass module, MLake (Mass-Lake model), into the river-routing model CTRIP to resolve the specific mass balance of open-water bodies. Based on the inherent CTRIP parameters, the development of the non-calibrated MLake model was introduced to examine the influence of such hydrological buffer areas on global-scale river-routing performance. In the current study, an offline evaluation was performed for four river networks using a set of state-of-the-art quality atmospheric forcings and a combination of in situ and satellite measurements for river discharge and lake level observations. The results reveal a general improvement in CTRIP-simulated discharge and its variability, while also generating realistic lake level variations. MLake produces more realistic streamflows both in terms of daily and seasonal correlation. Excluding the specific case of Lake Victoria having low performances, the mean skill score of Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE) is 0.41 while the normalized information contribution (NIC) shows a mean improvement of 0.56 (ranging from 0.15 to 0.94). Streamflow results are spatially scale-dependent, with better scores associated with larger lakes and increased sensitivity to the width of the lake outlet. Regarding lake level variations, results indicate a good agreement between observations and simulations with a mean correlation of 0.56 (ranging from 0.07 to 0.92) which is linked to the capability of the model to retrieve seasonal variations. Discrepancies in the results are mainly explained by the anthropization of the selected lakes, which introduces high-frequency variations in both streamflows and lake levels that degraded the scores. Anthropization effects are prevalent in most of the lakes studied, but they are predominant for Lake Victoria and are the main cause for relatively low statistical scores for the Nile River However, results on the Angara and the Neva rivers also depend on the inherent gap of ISBA-CTRIP process representation, which relies on further development such as the partitioned energy budget between the snow and the canopy over a boreal zone. The study is a first step towards a global coupled land system that will help to qualitatively assess the evolution of future global water resources, leading to improvements in flood risk and drought forecasting.
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Taylor, Chris, and David B. Lindenmayer. "The use of spatial data and satellite information in legal compliance and planning in forest management." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (July 27, 2022): e0267959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267959.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A key part of native forest management in designated wood production areas is identifying locations which must be exempt from logging. Forest laws, government regulations, and codes of practice specify where logging is and is not permitted. Assessing compliance with these regulations is critical but can be expensive and time consuming, especially if it entails field measurements. In some cases, spatial data products may help reduce the costs and increase the transparency of assessing compliance. However, different spatial products can vary in their accuracy and resolution, leading to uncertainty in forest management. We present the results of a detailed case study investigating the compliance of logging operations with laws preventing cutting on slopes exceeding 30°. We focused on two designated water catchments in the Australian State of Victoria which supply water to the city of Melbourne. We compared slopes that had been logged on steep terrain using spatial data based on a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) derived from LiDAR, a 1 arc second DEM derived from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, and a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) with a resolution of 10m. While our analyses revealed differences in slope measurements among the different spatial products, all three datasets (and the on-site slope measurements) estimated the occurrence of widespread logging of forests on slopes >30° in both water catchments. We found the lowest resolution Shuttle Radar Topography Mission DEM underestimated the steepness of slopes, whilst the DTM was variable in its estimates. As expected, the LiDAR generated slope calculations provided the best fit with on-site measurements. Our study demonstrates the value of spatial data products in assessing compliance with logging laws and codes of practice. We suggest that LiDAR DEMs, and DTMs also can be useful in proactive forest planning and management by helping better identify which areas should be exempt from cutting before logging operations commence.
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Masso, Cargele, Fredrick Baijukya, Peter Ebanyat, Sifi Bouaziz, John Wendt, Mateete Bekunda, and Bernard Vanlauwe. "Dilemma of nitrogen management for future food security in sub-Saharan Africa – a review." Soil Research 55, no. 6 (2017): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr16332.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Food security entails having sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet dietary needs. The need to optimise nitrogen (N) use for nutrition security while minimising environmental risks in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is overdue. Challenges related to managing N use in SSA can be associated with both insufficient use and excessive loss, and thus the continent must address the ‘too little’ and ‘too much’ paradox. Too little N is used in food production (80% of countries have N deficiencies), which has led to chronic food insecurity and malnutrition. Conversely, too much N load in water bodies due mainly to soil erosion, leaching, limited N recovery from wastewater, and atmospheric deposition contributes to eutrophication (152 Gg N year–1 in Lake Victoria, East Africa). Limited research has been conducted to improve N use for food production and adoption remains low, mainly because farming is generally practiced by resource-poor smallholder farmers. In addition, little has been done to effectively address the ‘too much’ issues, as a consequence of limited research capacity. This research gap must be addressed, and supportive policies operationalised, to maximise N benefits, while also minimising pollution. Innovation platforms involving key stakeholders are required to address N use efficiency along the food supply chain in SSA, as well as other world regions with similar challenges.
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Overton, I. C., I. D. Jolly, P. G. Slavich, M. M. Lewis, and G. R. Walker. "Modelling vegetation health from the interaction of saline groundwater and flooding on the Chowilla floodplain, South Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 54, no. 2 (2006): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt05020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The native riparian vegetation communities on the Chowilla floodplain in the lower River Murray in South Australia are suffering severe declines in health, particularly the Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. (red gum) and Eucalyptus largiflorens F.Muell. (black box) communities. The primary cause of the decline is salinisation of the floodplain soils caused by increased rates of groundwater discharge and hence increased movement of salt up into the plant root zone. The salinity is driven by a lack of flooding and rising saline groundwater tables. Rises in the naturally saline groundwater levels are due to the effects of river regulation from Lock 6 and high inflows from regional groundwater levels increased by Lake Victoria to the east. River regulation has also led to reduced frequency and duration of the floods that leach salt from the plant root zone and supply fresh water for transpiration. The frequency of medium-sized floods occurring on Chowilla has been reduced by a factor of three since locking and water extractions were commenced in the 1920s to provide reliable water for urban and agricultural use. The soil salinisation on the floodplain was modelled by using a spatial and temporal model of salt accumulation from groundwater depth, groundwater salinity, soil type and flooding frequency. The derived soil water availability index (WINDS) is used to infer vegetation health and was calibrated against current extent of vegetation health as assessed from fieldwork and satellite image analysis. The modelling work has shown that there is a severe risk to the floodplain vegetation from current flow regimes. This paper estimates that 65% (5658 ha) of the 8600 ha of floodplain trees are affected by soil salinisation matching a field survey of vegetation health in 2003 (Department of Environment and Heritage 2005a), compared with 40% in 1993 (Taylor et al. 1996). Model results show that the best management option for Chowilla is lowering the groundwater down to 2 m below current levels, which predicts an improvement in the health of the floodplain tree species from 35 to 42%.
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Bluhm, Bodil A., Kristina Brown, Lina Rotermund, William Williams, Seth Danielsen, and Eddy C. Carmack. "New distribution records of kelp in the Kitikmeot Region, Northwest Passage, Canada, fill a pan-Arctic gap." Polar Biology 45, no. 4 (March 1, 2022): 719–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-022-03007-6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractKelps play important roles in ecosystems as they provide structural habitat and protection, and supply food. Given these beneficial roles and observed increases in seaweed biomass and distribution ranges across the Arctic, mapping kelp occurrence around Arctic coasts is both timely and necessary for future conservation. Here, we fill spatial gaps in the knowledge of kelp distribution in the southern Northwest Passage, Canadian Arctic Archipelago; specifically, we report the occurrence of Laminaria solidungula, Saccharina latissima and Alaria esculenta from Victoria and Dease straits and Bathurst Inlet in the Kitikmeot Region at depths mostly from 10 to 30 m (max. 40 m; upper extent vessel-limited). Kelp specimens were found at bottom water temperatures from sub-zero to 1 °C (surface-T to ~ 6 °C) and bottom water salinities of ~ 28 (surface-S < 20) in August–September. Kelp sites were characterized by both strong tidal currents (max. estimates from a tidal model 20–70 cm s−1 in center of passages) and hard substrates, interspersed with finer sediments. Co-occurring identifiable epibenthos was dominated by suspension-feeders preferring currents (sea cucumbers, soft corals, Hiatella clams), potential kelp consumers (sea urchins Strongylocentrotus sp., Margarites snails, limpets) and predatory invertebrates (sea stars, lyre crabs). At the same and some deeper nearby sites, loose kelp fragments were also found at the seabed, suggesting that kelps contribute to the regional detrital food web by supplying carbon to less productive sites. Kelps in the region may expand their ranges and/or growing season with reduced ice cover and warming, although constraints through local turbidity sources, extreme temperatures, low salinity and low nutrient concentrations are also recognized.
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Harris, Robert H., Roger D. Armstrong, Ashley J. Wallace, and Oxana N. Belyaeva. "Effect of nitrogen fertiliser management on soil mineral nitrogen, nitrous oxide losses, yield and nitrogen uptake of wheat growing in waterlogging-prone soils of south-eastern Australia." Soil Research 54, no. 5 (2016): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr15292.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Some of the highest nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions arising from Australian agriculture have been recorded in the high-rainfall zone (>650mm) of south-western Victoria. Understanding the association between nitrogen (N) management, crop N uptake and gaseous losses is needed to reduce N2O losses. Field experiments studied the effect of N-fertiliser management on N2O emissions, crop N uptake and crop productivity at Hamilton and Tarrington in south-western Victoria. Management included five rates of urea-N fertiliser (0, 25, 50, 100 and 200kgN/ha) topdressed at either mid-tillering or first-node growth stages of wheat development; urea-N deep-banded 10cm below the seed at sowing; and urea coated with the nitrification inhibitor DMPP (3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate) was either topdressed or deep-banded. Pre-sowing soil profile chemical properties were determined before static chambers were installed to measure N2O losses, accompanied by wheat dry matter, crop N uptake and grain yield and quality, to measure treatment differences. N2O losses increased significantly (P≤0.10) where urea-N was deep-banded, resulting in a 2–2.5-fold increase in losses, compared with the nil N control. The high N2O losses from deep-banding N appeared to result from winter waterlogging triggering gaseous or drainage losses before wheat reached peak growth and demand for N in spring. Despite the high losses from deep-banding urea-N, grain yields were largely unaffected by N management, except at Hamilton in 2012, where topdressed wheat growing in a soil with large reserves of NO3–-N, and later experiencing post-anthesis water deficit resulted in a negative grain yield response. All sites had high concentrations of soil organic carbon (>2.8%) and the potential for large amounts of N mineralisation throughout the growing season to supplement low N fertiliser recovery. However, topdressed urea-N resulted in significant enrichment of crop tissue (P≤0.004) and associated positive response in grain protein compared with the deep banded and nil N treatments. 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP)-coated urea provided no additional benefit to crop yield over conventional urea N. Our study highlighted the importance of synchronising N supply with peak crop N demand to encourage greater synthetic N uptake and mitigation of N2O losses.
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Armstrong, R. D., J. Fitzpatrick, M. A. Rab, M. Abuzar, P. D. Fisher, and G. J. O'Leary. "Advances in precision agriculture in south-eastern Australia. III. Interactions between soil properties and water use help explain spatial variability of crop production in the Victorian Mallee." Crop and Pasture Science 60, no. 9 (2009): 870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp08349.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A major barrier to the adoption of precision agriculture in dryland cropping systems is our current inability to reliably predict spatial patterns of grain yield for future crops for a specific paddock. An experiment was undertaken to develop a better understanding of how edaphic and climatic factors interact to influence the spatial variation in the growth, water use, and grain yield of different crops in a single paddock so as to improve predictions of the likely spatial pattern of grain yields in future crops. Changes in a range of crop and soil properties were monitored over 3 consecutive seasons (barley in 2005 and 2007 and lentils in 2006) in the southern section of a 167-ha paddock in the Mallee region of Victoria, which had been classified into 3 different yield (low, moderate, and high) and seasonal variability (stable and variable) zones using normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and historic yield maps. The different management zones reflected marked differences in a range of soil properties including both texture in the topsoil and potential chemical-physical constraints in the subsoil (SSCs) to root growth and water use. Dry matter production, grain yield, and quality differed significantly between the yield zones but the relative difference between zones was reduced when supplementary irrigation was applied to barley in 2005, suggesting that some other factor, e.g. nitrogen (N), may have become limiting in that year. There was a strong relationship between crop growth and the use of soil water and nitrate across the management zones, with most water use by the crop occurring in the pre-anthesis/flowering period, but the nature of this relationship appeared to vary with year and/or crop type. In 2006, lentil yield was strongly related to crop establishment, which varied with soil texture and differences in plant-available water. In 2007 the presence of soil water following a good break to the season permitted root growth into the subsoil where there was evidence that SSCs may have adversely affected crop growth. Because of potential residual effects of one crop on another, e.g. through differential N supply and use, we conclude that the utility of the NDVI methodology for developing zone management maps could be improved by using historical records and data for a range of crop types rather than pooling data from a range of seasons.
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Mollah, Mahabubur, Debra Partington, and Genn Fitzgerald. "Understand distribution of carbon dioxide to interpret crop growth data: Australian grains free-air carbon dioxide enrichment experiment." Crop and Pasture Science 62, no. 10 (2011): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp11178.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most important greenhouse gas, predicted to increase globally from currently 386 to 550 μmol mol–1 by 2050 and cause significant stimulation to plant growth. Consequently, in 2007 and 2008, Australian grains free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (AGFACE) facilities were established at Horsham (36°45′07″S lat., 142°06′52″E long., 127 m elevation) and Walpeup (35°07′20″S lat., 142°00′18″E long., 103 m elevation) in Victoria, Australia to investigate the effects of elevated CO2, water supply and nitrogen fertiliser on crop growth. Understanding the distribution patterns of CO2 inside AGFACE rings is crucial for the interpretation of the crop growth data. In the AGFACE system, the engineering performance goal was set as having at least 80% of the ring area with a CO2 concentration [CO2] at or above 90% of the target concentration at the ring-centre for 80% of the time. The [CO2] was highly variable near the ring-edge where CO2 is emitted and declined non-linearly with the distance downwind and wind speeds. Larger rings maintained the target [CO2] of 550 μmol mol–1 at the ring-centres better than the smaller rings. The spatial variation of [CO2] depended on ring size and the gap between fumigation and canopy heights but not on wind speeds. The variations in the inner 80% of the rings were found to be higher in smaller rings, implying that the larger rings had more areas of relatively uniform [CO2] to conduct experiments.
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Nuttall, J. G., and R. D. Armstrong. "Impact of subsoil physicochemical constraints on crops grown in the Wimmera and Mallee is reduced during dry seasonal conditions." Soil Research 48, no. 2 (2010): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr09075.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Subsoil physicochemical constraints can limit crop production on alkaline soils of south-eastern Australia. Fifteen farmer paddocks sown to a range of crops including canola, lentil, wheat, and barley in the Wimmera and Mallee of Victoria and the mid-north and Eyre Peninsula of South Australia were monitored from 2003 to 2006 to define the relationship between key abiotic/edaphic factors and crop growth. The soils were a combination of Calcarosol and Vertosol profiles, most of which had saline and sodic subsoils. There were significant correlations between ECe and Cl– (r = 0.90), ESP and B (r = 0.82), ESP and ECe (r = 0.79), and ESP and Cl– (r = 0.73). The seasons monitored had dry pre-cropping conditions and large variations in spring rainfall in the period around flowering. At sowing, the available soil water to a depth of 1.2 m (θa) averaged 3 mm for paddocks sown to lentils, 28 mm for barley, 44 mm for wheat, and 92 mm for canola. Subsoil constraints affected canola and lentil crops but not wheat or barley. For lentil crops, yield variation was largely explained by growing season rainfall (GSR) and θa in the shallow subsoil (0.10–0.60 m). Salinity in this soil layer affected lentil crops through reduced water extraction and decreased yields where ECe exceeded 2.2 dS/m. For canola crops, GSR and θa in the shallow (0.10–0.60 m) and deep (0.60–1.20 m) layers were important factors explaining yield variation. Sodicity (measured as ESP) in the deep subsoil (0.80–1.00 m) reduced canola growth where ESP exceeded 16%, corresponding to a 500 kg/ha yield penalty. For cereal crops, rainfall in the month around anthesis was the most important factor explaining grain yield, due to the large variation in rainfall during October combined with the determinant nature of these crops. For wheat, θa in the shallow subsoil (0.10–0.60 m) at sowing was also an important factor explaining yield variation. Subsoil constraints had no impact on cereal yield in this study, which is attributed to the lack of available soil water at depth, and the crops’ tolerance of the physicochemical conditions encountered in the shallow subsoil, where plant-available water was more likely to occur. Continuing dry seasonal conditions may mean that the opportunity to recharge soil water in the deeper subsoil, under continuous cropping systems, is increasingly remote. Constraints in the deep subsoil are therefore likely to have reduced impact on cereals under these conditions, and it is the management of water supply, from GSR and accrued soil water, in the shallow subsoil that will be increasingly critical in determining crop yields in the future.