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Статті в журналах з теми "Water Stress Indices"
Wang, P., F. Huang, and X. N. Liu. "A SIMPLE INTERPRETATION OF THE RICE SPECTRAL INDICES SPACE FOR ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METAL STRESS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B7 (June 20, 2016): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b7-129-2016.
Повний текст джерелаWang, P., F. Huang, and X. N. Liu. "A SIMPLE INTERPRETATION OF THE RICE SPECTRAL INDICES SPACE FOR ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METAL STRESS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B7 (June 20, 2016): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b7-129-2016.
Повний текст джерелаBRAN, SUBHASH CRANDER, O. P. BISHNOI, and V. U. M. RAO. "Influence of water stress in wheat crop yield." MAUSAM 41, no. 4 (February 24, 2022): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v41i4.2790.
Повний текст джерелаZuffo, Alan Mario, Fábio Steiner, Jorge González Aguilera, Rafael Felippe Ratke, Leandra Matos Barrozo, Ricardo Mezzomo, Adaniel Sousa dos Santos, Hebert Hernán Soto Gonzales, Pedro Arias Cubillas, and Sheda Méndez Ancca. "Selected Indices to Identify Water-Stress-Tolerant Tropical Forage Grasses." Plants 11, no. 18 (September 19, 2022): 2444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11182444.
Повний текст джерелаIerna, Anita, and Giovanni Mauromicale. "How Moderate Water Stress Can Affect Water Use Efficiency Indices in Potato." Agronomy 10, no. 7 (July 17, 2020): 1034. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10071034.
Повний текст джерелаSultan, M. A. R. F., L. Hui, L. J. Yang, and Z. H. Xian. "Assessment of drought tolerance of some Triticum L. species through physiological indices." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 48, No. 4 (October 31, 2012): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/21/2012-cjgpb.
Повний текст джерелаAlordzinu, Kelvin Edom, Jiuhao Li, Yubin Lan, Sadick Amoakohene Appiah, Alaa AL Aasmi, Hao Wang, Juan Liao, Livingstone Kobina Sam-Amoah, and Songyang Qiao. "Ground-Based Hyperspectral Remote Sensing for Estimating Water Stress in Tomato Growth in Sandy Loam and Silty Loam Soils." Sensors 21, no. 17 (August 24, 2021): 5705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21175705.
Повний текст джерелаDeJonge, Kendall C., Saleh Taghvaeian, Thomas J. Trout, and Louise H. Comas. "Comparison of canopy temperature-based water stress indices for maize." Agricultural Water Management 156 (July 2015): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.03.023.
Повний текст джерелаGholinezhad, Esmaeil. "Impact of drought stress and stress modifiers on water use efficiency, membrane lipidation indices, and water relationship indices of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.)." Brazilian Journal of Botany 43, no. 4 (September 23, 2020): 747–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40415-020-00651-2.
Повний текст джерелаBrunini, Rodrigo G., and José E. P. Turco. "Water stress indices for the sugarcane crop on different irrigated surfaces." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 20, no. 10 (October 2016): 925–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v20n10p925-929.
Повний текст джерелаДисертації з теми "Water Stress Indices"
Teowolde, Haile, Robert L. Voigt, Mahamoud Osman, and Albert K. Dobrenz. "Water Stress Indices for Research and Irrigation Scheduling in Pearl Millet." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204250.
Повний текст джерелаCarroll, David A. "Drought and Nitrogen Effects on Maize Canopy Temperature and Stress Indices." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5932.
Повний текст джерелаToczydlowski, David G. "Aquatic microbial community responses to stress: comparison of nontaxonomic and taxonomic indices." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45672.
Повний текст джерелаSignificant differences in responses were discernible in 3 d when communities were transferred from reference to polluted sites. Chla/Pheo decreased more rapidly than other measurements. The predictive capability of laboratory flowâ through microcosm tests was examined by simultaneously transferring communities from upstream reference sites to downstream field sites and to various dilutions of field effluent in the laboratory.
Master of Science
Amazirh, Abdelhakim. "Monitoring crops water needs at high spatio-temporal resolution by synergy of optical/thermal and radar observations." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30101.
Повний текст джерелаOptimizing water management in agriculture is essential over semi-arid areas in order to preserve water resources which are already low and erratic due to human actions and climate change. This thesis aims to use the synergy of multispectral remote sensing observations (radar, optical and thermal data) for high spatio-temporal resolution monitoring of crops water needs. In this context, different approaches using various sensors (Landsat-7/8, Sentinel-1 and MODIS) have been developed to provide information on the crop Soil Moisture (SM) and water stress at a spatio-temporal scale relevant to irrigation management. This work fits well the REC "Root zone soil moisture Estimates at the daily and agricultural parcel scales for Crop irrigation management and water use impact: a multi-sensor remote sensing approach" (http://rec.isardsat.com/) project objectives, which aim to estimate the Root Zone Soil Moisture (RZSM) for optimizing the management of irrigation water. Innovative and promising approaches are set up to estimate evapotranspiration (ET), RZSM, land surface temperature (LST) and vegetation water stress through SM indices derived from multispectral observations with high spatio-temporal resolution. The proposed methodologies rely on image-based methods, radiative transfer modelling and water and energy balance modelling and are applied in a semi-arid climate region (central Morocco). In the frame of my PhD thesis, three axes have been investigated. In the first axis, a Landsat LST-derived RZSM index is used to estimate the ET over wheat parcels and bare soil. The ET modelling estimation is explored using a modified Penman-Monteith equation obtained by introducing a simple empirical relationship between surface resistance (rc) and a RZSM index. The later is estimated from Landsat-derived land surface temperature (LST) combined with the LST endmembers (in wet and dry conditions) simulated by a surface energy balance model driven by meteorological forcing and Landsat-derived fractional vegetation cover. The investigated method is calibrated and validated over two wheat parcels located in the same area near Marrakech City in Morocco. In the next axis, a method to retrieve near surface (0-5 cm) SM at high spatial and temporal resolution is developed from a synergy between radar (Sentinel-1) and thermal (Landsat) data and by using a soil energy balance model. The developed approach is validated over bare soil agricultural fields and gives an accurate estimates of near surface SM with a root mean square difference compared to in situ SM equal to 0.03 m3 m-3. In the final axis a new method is developed to disaggregate the 1 km resolution MODIS LST at 100 m resolution by integrating the near surface SM derived from Sentinel-1 radar data and the optical-vegetation index derived from Landsat observations. The new algorithm including the S-1 backscatter as input to the disaggregation, produces more stable and robust results during the selected year. Where, 3.35 °C and 0.75 were the lowest RMSE and the highest correlation coefficient assessed using the new algorithm
Vander, Laan Jacob J. "Environmental Assessment of Streams: Linking Land Use, Instream Stressors, and Biological Indices to Infer Likely Causes of Ecological Impairment." DigitalCommons@USU, 2012. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1340.
Повний текст джерелаMARTINS, Marcio de Oliveira. "Aspectos fisiológicos do nim indiano sob déficit hídrico em condições de casa de vegetação." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2008. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/4881.
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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The work was performed aiming to evaluate the effect of water deficit on growth of neem seedlings and water relations. The experimental design was entirely randomized, with seven treatments (100, 80, 60, 40, 20% of pot capacity, without water and re-watering). The height, number of leaves and stem diameter were analyzed weekly. At the end of the experiment, dry matter of the leaves,shoots, roots, root to shoot ratio and biomass allocation were determined. Leaf area, leaf area ratio and specific leaf area were also calculated. Leaf water potential (predawn and noon), relative water content and contents of compatible solutes were evaluated at the same day. Water stress reduced the height, number of leaves and shoot diameter in the plants of the severe treatments. Water stress reduced leaf, stem and root dry matter. Biomass allocation was sufficient to reduce only in case of leaves. Leaf area was also reduced; however, there were no significant differences in leaf area ratio and specific leaf area. The recovery of the re-watering plants was evident by emitting new leaves. Leaf water potential was reduced by the water deficit in the treatments with 20% of pot capacity and without. The same behavior was verified for the relative water content. On the re-watering plants, though was verified rehabilitation of plants but at the end of experiment, these plants showed reductions in the leaf water potential and relative water content. Carbohydrates, proteins and proline contents increased with the water deficit. This elevation was possible because of reduction in relative water content. The results indicate that neem seedlings reduced leaf water potential because of the reduction on the relative water content and this specie can be cultivated, at the initial phase of development, under 80% of pot capacity, with highest production.
A pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a influência do déficit hídrico no crescimento e nas relações hídricas de plantas jovens de nim indiano. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com sete tratamentos hídricos (100, 80, 60, 40 e 20% da capacidade de pote (CP), suspensão de rega e Reirrigado). Foram avaliados semanalmente altura, número de folhas e diâmetro do caule. Ao final do experimento, as plantas foram levadas à estufa para obtenção da matéria seca das folhas, caule, raízes e total. De posse destes dados, foram calculadas a alocação de biomassa das folhas, caule e raízes. Também foram calculadas a área foliar, a razão de área foliar e a área foliar específica. O potencial hídrico foliar foi avaliado em três épocas (30, 45 e 60 dias após a diferenciação dos tratamentos hídricos) em dois horários de avaliação (pré-dawn e meio-dia). O teor relativo de água também foi avaliado em três épocas (30, 45 e 60 dias após a diferenciação dos tratamentos hídricos) utilizando-se as folhas da análise do potencial hídrico de meio-dia. O déficit hídrico reduziu a altura, número de folhas e diâmetro do caule das plantas nos tratamentos mais severos. Os efeitos do estresse também foram observados na redução da matéria seca das folhas, caule, raízes e total. Na alocação de biomassa, houve redução apenas na alocação para as folhas. Também ocorreram reduções significativas na área foliar, mas a razão de área foliar e a área foliar específica não diferiram entre os tratamentos. As plantas reirrigadas mostraram recuperação, evidenciada principalmente, pela emissão de novas folhas. Em todas as épocas e horários de avaliação, as plantas reduziram o potencial hídrico foliar nos tratamentos com 20% da CP, suspensão de rega e reirrigado. Nestes mesmos tratamentos, o teor relativo de água mostrou alteração semelhante, com reduções significativas nas três épocas de avaliação. Nas plantas do tratamento reirrigado, nas avaliações às 24h e 15 dias após essa reposição, foram verificadas recuperações significativas, mas, à medida que a umidade do solo decrescia, foram verificadas novas reduções no potencial hídrico foliar e teor relativo de água. Com relação às quantificações de carboidratos solúveis, proteínas solúveis e prolina livre, foram verificados aumentos significativos de acordo com a severidade dos tratamentos. Correlacionando esses dados com o teor relativo de água, verificou-se que o aumento na concentração de solutos se deu principalmente em função da redução na quantidade de água da célula.Deste modo, sugere-se que o nim indiano reduz o potencial hídrico foliar em função da queda no conteúdo relativo de água e, conclui-se também, que esta espécie pode ser cultivada na fase inicial de desenvolvimento com 80% da capacidade de pote, obtendo-se o máximo de produção.
Dissanayake, I. A. J. K. "The impact of water deficit on the growth and yield performance of sesame (Sesamum indicum l.): Analysis through mathematical modelling." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/112360/1/Jinendra%20Kumari%20Dissanayake_Imaduwa%20Arachchige_Thesis.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаOliveira, Fernando Sarmento de. "Ecofisiologia da interação entre feijão-caupi e plantas daninhas sob déficit hídrico." Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2017. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/762.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The cultivation of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) in Brazil has been frequently carried out without irrigation, with frequent occurrence of dry periods during the crop cycle. The negative effects of water deficit on plant production can be intensified by weed infestations and result in lower crop performance. Therefore, the objective of the work was to evaluate the effects of temporary water deficits on the soil and of competition in the growth and dry matter partition, macronutrient accumulation and efficiency, and physiological characteristics of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. cv BRS Guariba) and two weeds Commelina benghalensis L. and Waltheria indica L. For that, an experiment was carried out in a greenhouse of the Department of Plant Sciences of the Federal University Rural Semi-Arid. The experimental unit corresponded to a plastic vessel with a volumetric capacity of 10 dm-3. The experimental design for the randomized blocks, with four replications. The treatments were arranged in a 5x2 factorial, with the first factor corresponding to the types of interaction between the species (V. unguiculata + C. benghalensis; V. unguiculata + W. indica; V. unguiculata, C. benghalensis and W. indica in monoculture), and the second, of water regimes (Irrigated and Water deficit). The water deficit was simulated when the the cowpea plants were with the second definite trefoil (stage V4), being maintained for eleven days, until the photosynthetic rate of the culture, at 9:00 am, reached values close to zero, when irrigation was resumed. From the date of the suspension of irrigation, the plants were submitted to the following evaluations: water potential at pre-dawn and at noon; stomatal conductance; transpiration; and net photosynthetic rate; until the CO2 assimilation rates of the plants submitted to the water deficit were similar to those of the irrigated ones. At the end of the experiment, we evaluated: the number of leaves per plant; the leaf area; the dry mass of leaves, stems, roots, and total; the dry mass partitioning; and macronutrient accumulation and partition. The water deficit reduced the water potential and the gas exchange of the plant species, cultivated alone or in interaction. Cowpea and C. benghalensis tolerated the water deficit in the soil through the strict control of the stomatal opening, being categorized as more water conservative species. Competition among plants anticipated the negative effects of soil water deficit. Waltheria indica presented greater competition capacity for water, having delayed the recovery of cowpea. The soil water deficit reduced nutrient content in the following decreasing order: cowpea - Ca (stem), K (root), Mg (leaf) and N (root); C. benghalensis - N, P and K (stem); and W. indica – K, N, P, Ca and Mg (leaf). The water deficit reduced the N and P utilization efficiency of cowpea, and of Mg of C. benghalensis. The competition provided variable effect on the accumulation and efficiency of macronutrients utilization of cowpea and weeds C. benghalensis and W. indica. The cowpea suffered greater interference with the W. indica weed when cultivated on soil not irrigated. C. benghalensis presented high potential for macronutrient cycling in the two water regimes. The water deficit reduced the growth of cowpea plants, C. benghalensis and W. indica. The competition between plants increased the effects of temporary water deficit in the soil. The W. indica leaf was the organ most affected by the water deficit. W. indica has greater capacity competition for water with V. unguiculata than C. benghalensis
O cultivo de feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) no Brasil tem sido frequentemente realizado em condições de sequeiro, o que aumenta a possibilidade de ocorrência de veranicos durante o ciclo da cultura. Os efeitos negativos do déficit hídrico podem ser intensificados por infestações de plantas daninhas e resultar em menor desenvolvimento da cultura. Diante disso, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de déficit hídrico temporário no solo e da competição no crescimento e partição de massa seca, acúmulo e eficiência de macronutrientes, e nas características fisiológicas de feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata L. cv BRS Guariba) e das plantas daninhas trapoeraba (Commelina benghalensis L.) e malva-branca (Waltheria indica L.). Para tanto, foi realizado experimento em casa de vegetação do Departamento de Ciências Vegetais da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido. A unidade experimental correspondeu a um vaso plástico com capacidade volumétrica de 10 dm-3. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 5x2, com o primeiro fator correspondente aos tipos de interação entre as espécies (feijão-caupi + trapoeraba; feijão + malva-branca; feijão-caupi, trapoeraba e malva-branca em monocultivo), e o segundo dos regimes hídricos (Irrigado e Déficit hídrico). O déficit hídrico foi simulado quando as plantas de feijão-caupi estavam com o segundo trifólio definitivo (estádio V4), sendo mantida por onze dias, até a taxa fotossintética da cultura, às 09h00min da manhã, alcançar valores próximos de zero, momento em que foi retomada a irrigação. A partir da data da suspensão da irrigação, as plantas foram submetidas às seguintes avaliações: potencial hídrico ao préamanhecer e ao meio-dia; condutância estomática; transpiração e a taxa fotossintética líquida; até que as taxas de assimilação de CO2 das plantas submetidas ao déficit hídrico fossem semelhantes às das irrigadas. Ao final do experimento, foram avaliados: o número de folhas por planta; a área foliar; a massa seca de folhas, caules, raízes, e total; a partição de massa seca; o acúmulo e partição de macronutrientes. O déficit hídrico reduziu o potencial hídrico e as trocas gasosas das espécies, cultivadas isoladamente ou em interação. O feijão-caupi e C. benghalensis toleraram o déficit hídrico no solo por meio do rígido controle da abertura estomática, sendo espécies mais conservadoras. A competição entre plantas antecipou os efeitos negativos do déficit hídrico no solo. Waltheria indica apresentou maior capacidade de competição por água, tendo atrasado a recuperação do feijão-caupi. O déficit hídrico no solo reduziu o conteúdo dos nutrientes na seguinte ordem decrescente: feijão-caupi - Ca (caule), K (raiz), Mg (folha) e N (raiz); C. benghalensis - N, P e K (caule); e W. indica – K, N, P, Ca e Mg (folha). O déficit hídrico reduziu a eficiência de utilização de N e P do feijão-caupi, e de Mg da C. benghalensis. A competição proporcionou efeito variável sobre o acúmulo e eficiência de utilização de macronutrientes de feijão-caupi e das plantas daninhas C. benghalensis e W. indica. O feijão-caupi sofreu maior interferência com a planta daninha W. indica quando cultivado em solo não irrigado. C. benghalensis apresentou elevado potencial para ciclagem de macronutrientes nos dois regimes hídricos. O déficit hídrico reduziu o crescimento das plantas de feijão-caupi, C. benghalensis e W. indica. A competição entre plantas aumentou os efeitos do déficit hídrico temporário no solo. A folha de W. indica foi o órgão mais afetado pelo déficit hídrico. A W. indica tem maior capacidade de competição por água com o feijão-caupi do que a C. benghalensis.
2017-07-13
Gutierrez-Rodriguez, Mario. "Spectral reflectance indices for estimating yield and water content in spring wheat genotypes under well irrigated, water stress, and high temperature conditions." 2009. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/etd/GutierrezRodriguez_okstate_0664D_10347.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаGovender, Marilyn. "Assessing groundwater access by trees growing above contaminated groundwater plumes originating from gold tailings storage facilities." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/11221.
Повний текст джерелаDeep-level gold mining in the Witwatersrand Basin Goldfields (WBG) of central South Africa is characterised by the production of extensive unlined tailings storage facilities (TSFs) comprising large quantities of pulverised rock and water contaminated with salts and a wide range of other inorganic pollutants (Weiersbye et al., 2006). There are more than 200 such TSFs covering a total area of more than 400 km2 (Rosner et al., 2001), and significant contaminated “footprint” areas occur after removal and reprocessing of the original TSFs (Chevrel et al., 2003). It is estimated that the Witwatersrand Basin contains six billion tons of gold and uranium tailings (Chevrel et al., 2003), 430 000 tons of uranium (Council of Geoscience, 1998; Winde, 2004a; b; c) and approximately 30 million tons of sulphur (Witkowski and Weiersbye, 1998a). An estimated 105 million tons of waste per annum is generated by the gold mining industry within the WBG (Department of Tourism, Economic and Environmental Affairs, 2002; Chamber of Mines of South Africa, 2004). A major environmental problem resulting from deep level mining in the WBG is the contaminated water that seeps from TSFs into adjacent lands and groundwater. Van As (1992) reported on the significant environmental hazards resulting from the storage of highly pulverised pyrite rock waste in TSFs (Straker et al., 2007). Adjacent lands become polluted through near-surface seepage, and this is enhanced by the movement of polluted groundwater in shallow aquifers that are commonly 1-30 m below ground (Funke, 1990; Hodgson et al., 2001; Rosner et al., 2001; Naicker et al., 2003). The impact of the mines and the TSFs extends far beyond their localities (Cogho et al., 1990). The Vaal River catchment receives a large proportion of the pollutants from WBG mining activities, with consequent acidification and salinisation of surface and ground waters. Salt discharges to the Vaal River were estimated to be 170 000 t/annum (Best, 1985), whereas discharges from the Free State gold mines south of the Vaal catchment were estimated at 350 000 t/annum of salts (Cogho et al., 1990). Concern also exists over the spread of dangerous contaminants such as uranium, chromium and mercury (Coetzee et al., 2006; Winde, 2009). Engineering solutions to these problems are hindered by the large sizes and great extent of TSFs, the high and indefinite costs involved, and the typically low hydraulic conductivity in affected aquifers, which makes the “pump and treat” option impractical. An alternative phytoremediation strategy is to establish belts or blocks of trees in strategic areas surrounding the TSFs in order to reduce the seepage of contaminated water into adjacent lands and groundwater bodies. The major reasons why trees are likely to have a greater impact on seepage water than the existing grasslands that characterise the area around most TSFs in the WBG, are that some tree species have the potential to develop very deep root systems and to continue transpiring water throughout the year. This is in contrast to seasonally dormant grasslands. In addition, some tree species are known to be tolerant to salts and other pollutants. Trees are thus potentially able to reach deep water tables, take up large quantities of water, and remove some of the pollutants in this water. It is crucial for a successful implementation of this strategy to know on what sites trees are able to access mine seepage water, and consequently maintain a high year-round rate of water use. If this access is limited, then growth and water use will be curtailed during the long winter dry season, and control of seepage will be considerably below potential. A primary aim of this study was to develop methodologies to discriminate between water-stressed and non-water-stressed trees currently growing in three gold mining districts (Welkom, Vaal River, West Wits) within the WBG. This information was required to assess what site types are likely to support adequate tree growth and permit high rates of water use and seepage control. The tree species selected were those most widely occurring in these areas, and include the non-native species Eucalyptus sideroxylon A. Cunningham ex Woolls and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnhardt, as well as the indigenous species Searsia lancea L.f. Various remote sensing technologies including leaf-level spectroscopy, satellite and airborne remote sensing images were evaluated for their usefulness in detecting levels of winter-time water stress. Four commonly used ground-truthing techniques (predawn leaf water potential, leaf chlorophyll fluorescence, leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid pigment content, and leaf water content) were used for localised measurements of plant water stress and for ground-truthing of remotely sensed data on 75 sample sites and 15 sample sites. This study provided a unique opportunity to test and compare the use of stress reflectance models derived from different remote sensing data acquired at different spatial and spectral resolutions (i.e. multispectral and hyperspectral) for the same geographical location. The use of remote sensing to examine the spectral responses of vegetation to plant stress has been widely described in the scientific literature. A collation of published spectral reflectance indices provided the basis for investigating the use of hand-held remote sensing technology to detect plant water stress, and was used as a stepping stone to further develop spectral plant water stress relationships for specific tree species in this study. Seventy seven spectral reflectance indices and specific individual spectral wavelengths useful for detecting plant water stress, plant pigment content, the presence of stress related pigments in vegetation, and changes in leaf cellular structure, were investigated using hand-held spectroscopy. Ground-based measurements of plant water stress were taken on 75 sample trees. In this study, the measurement of predawn leaf water potential has been identified as a key methodology for linking remotely sensed assessments of plant water stress to actual plant water stress; a reading of -0.8 MPa was used to separate stressed trees from unstressed trees in the landscape (Cleary and Zaerr, 1984). The results of the predawn leaf water potential measurements ranged from -0.56 to -0.68 MPa at unstressed sites, and from -0.93 to -1.78 MPa at stressed sites. A novel approach of using spectral reflectance indices derived from previous studies was used to identify specific indices which are applicable to South Africa and to the three species investigated in the WGB. Maximal multiple linear regression models were derived for all possible combinations of plant water stress measurements and the 77 spectral reflectance indices extracted from leaf-level spectral reflectance data, and included the interactions of district and species. The results of the multiple linear regression models indicated that the (695/690) index, DATT index (850-710)/(850-680), near infra-red index (710/760) and the water band (900/970) index performed well and accounted for more than 50% of the variance in the data. The stepwise regression model derived between chlorophyll b content and the DATT index was selected as the “best” model, having the highest adjusted R2 of 69.3%. This was shown to be the most robust model in this application, which could be used at different locations for different species to predict chlorophyll content at the leaf-level. Satellite earth observation data were acquired from two data sources for this investigation; the Hyperion hyperspectral sensor (United States Geological Survey Earth Resources Observation Systems) and the Proba Chris pseudo-hyperspectral sensor (European Space Agency). The Hyperion sensor was selected to obtain high spatial and spectral resolution data, whereas the Proba Chris sensor provided high spatial and medium spectral resolution earth observation data. Twelve vegetation indices designed to capture changes in canopy water status, plant pigment content and changes in plant cellular structure, were selected and derived from the satellite remote sensing imagery. Ground-based measurements of plant water stress undertaken during late July 2004 were used for ground-truthing the Hyperion image, while measurements undertaken during July 2005 and August 2005 were used for ground-truthing the Proba Chris images. Predawn leaf water potential measurements undertaken for the three species, ranged from -0.42 to -0.78 MPa at unstressed sites, and -0.95 to -4.66 MPa at stressed sites. Predawn leaf water potentials measured for E. camaldulensis trees sampled in species trials in Vaal River were significantly different between stressed and non stressed trees (t = 3.39, 8df, P = 0.009). In contrast, E. camaldulensis trees sampled near a pan within the Welkom mining district, which had greater access to water but were exposed to higher concentrations of salts and inorganic contaminants, displayed differences in total chlorophyll content (t = -2.20, 8df, P = 0.059), carotenoid content (t = -5.68, 8df, P < 0.001) and predawn leaf water potential (t = 4.25, 8df, P = 0.011) when compared to trees sampled on farmland. E. sideroxylon trees sampled close to a farm dam in the West Wits mining district displayed differences in predawn leaf water potential (t = 69.32, 8df, P < 0.001) and carotenoid content (t = -2.13, 8df, P = 0.066) when compared to stressed trees further upslope away from the water source. Multiple linear regressions revealed that the predawn leaf water potential greenness normalised difference vegetation index model, and the predawn leaf water potential water band index model were the “best” surrogate measures of plant water stress when using broad band multispectral satellite and narrow-band hyperspectral satellite data respectively. It was concluded from these investigations that vegetation indices designed to capture changes in plant water content/plant water status and spectral changes in the red edge region of the spectrum, performed well when applied to high spectral resolution remote sensing data. The greenness normalised difference vegetation index was considered to be a fairly robust index, which was highly correlated to chlorophyll fluorescence and predawn leaf water potential. It is recommended that this index has the potential to be used to map spatial patterns of winter-time plant stress for different genera/species and in different geographical locations. Airborne remote sensing surveys were conducted to investigate the application of high spatial resolution remote sensing data to detect plant water stress. Multispectral airborne imagery was acquired by Land Resource International (PTY) Ltd, South Africa. Ground-based measurements of plant water stress were carried out during July and August 2005.Four individual spectral bands and two vegetation spectral reflectance indices, which are sensitive to changes in plant pigment content, were derived from the processed multispectral images viz. red, green, blue and near-infrared spectral bands and the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and greenness normalised difference vegetation index (GNDVI).The results of the multispectral airborne study revealed that carotenoid content together with the green spectral waveband resulted in the “best” surrogate measure of plant water stress when using broad-band multispectral airborne data. Airborne remote sensing surveys were conducted by Bar-Kal Systems Engineering Ltd, Israel, to investigate the application of hyperspectral airborne imagery to detect plant water stress. Six vegetation spectral reflectance indices designed to capture changes in plant pigment and plant water status/content, were derived from the processed hyperspectral images. When using airborne hyperspectral data, predawn leaf water potential with the normalized difference water index was selected as the most appropriate model. It was concluded, upon evaluation of the multiple linear regression models, that the airborne hyperspectral data produced several more regression models with higher adjusted R2 values (Ra2 range 6.2 - 76.2%) when compared to the airborne multispectral data (Ra2 range 6 - 50.1). Exploration of relationships between vegetation indices derived from leaf-level, satellite and airborne spectral reflectance data and ground-based measurements used as “surrogate” measures of plant water stress, revealed that several prominent and recurring spectral reflectance indices could be applied to identify species-specific plant water stress within the Welkom, Vaal River and West Wits mining districts. The models recommended for mapping and detecting spatial patterns of plant water stress when using different sources of remote sensing data are as follows: the chlorophyll b DATT spectral reflectance model when derived from leaf-level spectral reflectance data, can be applied across all three mining districts the predawn leaf water potential GNDVI spectral reflectance model and predawn leaf water potential water band index spectral reflectance model when utilising satellite multispectral and hyperspectral remote sensing data carotenoid content green band spectral reflectance model can be used for airborne multispectral resolution data predawn leaf water potential NDVI spectral reflectance model is best suited for airborne high spatial and hyperspectral resolution data. These results indicate that measurements of predawn leaf water potential and plant pigment content have been identified as key methodologies for ground-truthing of remotely sensed data and can be used as surrogate measures of plant water stress. Some preliminary research was undertaken to evaluate if wood anatomy characteristics could be used as a non-destructive and rapid low-cost survey approach for identifying trees which are experiencing long-term plant stress. Seventy two wood core samples were extracted and analysed. Predawn leaf water potential measurements were used to classify stressed and unstressed trees. Relative differences in radial vessel diameter, vessel frequency and wood density were examined. Comparison of the radial vessel diameter and vessel frequency measurements revealed significant differences in three of the five comparative sampling sites (p <0.05). The results of the density analyses were significantly different for all five comparative sampling sites (p < 0.01). In general, trees experiencing higher plant water stress displayed smaller vessel diameters, compared to less stressed or healthy trees. Sites which were influenced by high levels of contaminated water also displayed smaller vessel diameters, indicating that the uptake of contaminants could affect the wood anatomy of plants. Trees considered to be experiencing higher plant water stress displayed higher vessel frequency. This preliminary study showed that plant stress does influence the wood anatomical characteristics (radial vessel diameter, vessel frequency and wood density) in E. camaldulensis, E. sideroxylon and S. lancea in the three mining districts. Spatial patterns of trees, mapped in the three gold mining districts, Welkom (27º57´S, 26º34´E) in the Free State Province, Vaal River (26º55´S, 26º40´E) located in the North West Province, and West Wits (26º25´S, 27º21´E) located in Gauteng, which were not experiencing winter-time water stress were correlated to site characteristics such as average soil depth, percent clay in the topsoil, groundwater chloride and sulphate concentrations, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity and groundwater water level. The spectral reflectance model derived between predawn leaf water potential and the green normalised difference vegetation index using broad-band multispectral Proba Chris satellite data was used to map spatial patterns of unstressed trees across the three mining districts. Very high resolution (75 cm) multispectral airborne images acquired by LRI in 2005 were used to demarcate and classify vegetation using the maximum likelihood supervised classification technique. Interpolated surfaces of groundwater chloride and sulphate concentrations, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, pH and groundwater table levels were created using the kriging geostatistical interpolation technique for each mining district. Random sample analyses between stressed and unstressed trees were extracted in order to determine whether site characteristics were significantly different (using t-tests). Site characteristic surfaces which were significantly different from stressed areas were spatially linked to trees which were not experiencing winter-time plant water stress for each tree species investigated in each mining district. This spatial correlation was used to make recommendations and prioritise sites for the establishment of future block plantings. Analysis of the site characteristic data and the geophysical surveys undertaken in the three mining districts which provided detailed information on groundwater saturation and an indication of the salinity conditions, confirmed the presence of relatively shallow and saline groundwater sources. This would imply that tree roots could access the relatively shallow groundwater even during the dry winter season and assist in containing contaminated groundwater seeping into surrounding lands. Keywords : airborne imagery, ground-based measurements of plant water stress, hyperspectral, leaf-level spectroscopy, multispectral, satellite imagery, spatial patterns of unstressed trees, spectral reflectance indices
Книги з теми "Water Stress Indices"
Bootsma, A. Stress indices for spring wheat on the Canadian prairies. Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 1992.
Знайти повний текст джерелаReif, Andrew G. Assessment of stream quality using biological indices at selected sites in the Brandywine Creek basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania, 1981-97. [Reston, Va.?: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.
Знайти повний текст джерелаReif, Andrew G. Assessment of stream quality using biological indices at selected sites in the Schuylkill River basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania, 1981-97. [New Cumberland, PA]: U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.
Знайти повний текст джерелаReif, Andrew G. Assessment of stream quality using biological indices at selected sites in the Delaware River basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania, 1981-97. [Reston, Va.?: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.
Знайти повний текст джерелаReif, Andrew G. Assessment of stream quality using biological indices at selected sites in the Big Elk and Octoraro Creek basins, Chester County, Pennsylvania, 1981-97. [Reston, Va.?]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.
Знайти повний текст джерелаReif, Andrew G. Assessment of stream quality using biological indices at selected sites in the Red Clay and White Clay Creek basins, Chester County, Pennsylvania, 1981-97. [Reston, Va.?: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.
Знайти повний текст джерелаLiTTscapes: Landscapes of Fiction from Trinidad and Tobago. St Augustine, Trinidad: Kris Rampersad, 2012.
Знайти повний текст джерелаLiTTscapes - Landscapes of Fiction from Trinidad and Tobago. St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago: Kris Rampersad, 2012.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Water Stress Indices"
Nanda, Manoj Kumar, Utpal Giri, and Nimai Bera. "Canopy Temperature-Based Water Stress Indices: Potential and Limitations." In Advances in Crop Environment Interaction, 365–85. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1861-0_14.
Повний текст джерелаMadhura, S., and T. V. Smitha. "Multispectral Imaging for Identification of Water Stress and Chlorophyll Content in Paddy Field Using Vegetation Indices." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 11–19. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5371-1_2.
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Повний текст джерела"Freshwater, Fish and the Future: Proceedings of the Global Cross-Sectoral Conference." In Freshwater, Fish and the Future: Proceedings of the Global Cross-Sectoral Conference, edited by Sedat V. Yerli, Mustafa Korkmaz, and Fatih Mangıt. American Fisheries Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9789251092637.ch9.
Повний текст джерела"Freshwater, Fish and the Future: Proceedings of the Global Cross-Sectoral Conference." In Freshwater, Fish and the Future: Proceedings of the Global Cross-Sectoral Conference, edited by Sedat V. Yerli, Mustafa Korkmaz, and Fatih Mangıt. American Fisheries Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9789251092637.ch9.
Повний текст джерелаKoutsias, Nikos, Iliana Kalogeropoulou, Anastasia Karamitsou, Nikoletta G. Mili, and Magdalini Pleniou. "A rule-based semi-automatic method to map burned areas using Landsat and Sentinel-2 images – incorporating vegetation indices into the mapping algorithm." In Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 55–57. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_7.
Повний текст джерелаArora, Mohit, Kalyan De, Nandini Ray Chaudhury, Mandar Nanajkar, Prakash Chauhan, and Brijendra Pateriya. "Climate Change Induced Thermal Stress Caused Recurrent Coral Bleaching over Gulf of Kachchh and Malvan Marine Sanctuary, West Coast of India." In Climate Issues in Asia and Africa - Examining Climate, Its Flux, the Consequences, and Society's Responses [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96806.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Water Stress Indices"
Mayer, A. S., D. W. Watkins, Jr., A. S. Mirchi, R. Gyawali, and K. A. Watson. "Determination of Water Stress Indices As a Function of Ecological Flows." In World Environmental And Water Resources Congress 2012. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412312.342.
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Повний текст джерелаIbrahim, Zakaria N. "Stress Indices Evaluation of Piping Ratchet Fatigue From Extreme Dynamic Loading." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93010.
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Повний текст джерелаSheldon, Seth, and Ory Zik. "Water Scarcity: An Energy Problem." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88241.
Повний текст джерелаAvrithi, Kleio. "Load and Resistance Factor Design for Nuclear Pipes: Benefits and Challenges." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61636.
Повний текст джерелаXia, Jie, and Purnendu K. Das. "Probabilistic Fatigue Reliability Analysis of Deepwater Steel Catenary Risers." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57178.
Повний текст джерелаAzimi, Shiva, Taranjit Kaur, and Tapan K. Gandhi. "Water Stress Identification in Chickpea Plant Shoot Images using Deep Learning." In 2020 IEEE 17th India Council International Conference (INDICON). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/indicon49873.2020.9342388.
Повний текст джерелаAkpan, U. O., T. S. Koko, P. A. Rushton, A. Tavassoli, and M. Else. "Probabilistic Fatigue Reliability of Large Diameter Steel Catenary Risers (SCR) for Ultra-Deepwater Operations." In ASME 2007 26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2007-29556.
Повний текст джерелаЗвіти організацій з теми "Water Stress Indices"
Cohen, Yafit, Carl Rosen, Victor Alchanatis, David Mulla, Bruria Heuer, and Zion Dar. Fusion of Hyper-Spectral and Thermal Images for Evaluating Nitrogen and Water Status in Potato Fields for Variable Rate Application. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594385.bard.
Повний текст джерелаBlum, Abraham, and Henry T. Nguyen. Molecular Tagging of Drought Resistance in Wheat: Osmotic Adjustment and Plant Productivity. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580672.bard.
Повний текст джерелаDetermination of benthic-invertebrate indices and water-quality trends of selected streams in Chester County, Pennsylvania, 1969-80. US Geological Survey, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri854177.
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