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Статті в журналах з теми "WATER SPRAY INTERACTION"
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Fthenakis, V. M., K. W. Schatz, U. S. Rohatgi, and V. Zakkay. "Computation of Flow Fields Induced by Water Spraying of an Unconfined Gaseous Plume." Journal of Fluids Engineering 115, no. 4 (December 1, 1993): 742–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910207.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Flow fields induced by the interaction of water sprays and a gaseous plume have been studied in the context of absorbing and dispersing an accidental release of toxic gas in the air. The effectiveness of water sprays in absorbing highly water soluble gases was recently demonstrated in extended laboratory and field tests. In this paper, computer simulations are presented of the Hawk, Nevada Test Site, series of water spray/HF mitigation field tests. The model used, HFSPRAY, is a Eulerean/Lagrangian model which simulates the momentum, mass and energy interactions between a water spray and a turbulent plume of HF in air; the model can predict the flow velocities, temperature, water vapor, and HF concentration fields in two-dimensional large-geometries for spraying in any direction, (i.e., down-flow, inclined-down-flow, up-flow, and co-current horizontal flow). The model was validated against recent data on spraying of water on large releases of HF. It can provide a direct input to the design of water spray systems for HF mitigation.
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Gordon, B. "Water spray interaction with air-steam mixture." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 4, no. 6 (November 1991): 698–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0894-1777(91)90077-5.
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Kniss, Andrew R., and Dennis C. Odero. "Interaction between Preemergence Ethofumesate and Postemergence Glyphosate." Weed Technology 27, no. 1 (March 2013): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-12-00050.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to determine whether PRE-applied ethofumesate increased POST spray retention and weed control with glyphosate. In greenhouse studies, ethofumesate was applied PRE at rates from 0 to 224 g ai ha−1followed by POST treatment with either water or glyphosate (840 g ae ha−1) to which a red dye had been added. Plants were immediately washed and spray retention determined spectrophotometrically. Common lambsquarters retained more glyphosate solution compared to water, regardless of PRE ethofumesate rate. Increasing the rate of PRE ethofumesate increased the POST spray retention of both water and glyphosate. PRE application of ethofumesate increased POST spray retention of water by 114% and glyphosate solution by 18% compared to no ethofumesate treatment as determined by nonlinear regression. Ethofumesate rates of 90 g ha−1increased POST spray retention to at least 95% of the total observed response. In field studies, common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, and hairy nightshade densities were all reduced by ethofumesate, although the duration of ethofumesate effect varied by species and ethofumesate application timing. PRE ethofumesate had no significant effect on hairy nightshade density until after POST glyphosate was applied, whereas common lambsquarters densities were most affected by PRE ethofumesate early in the season. Late-season redroot pigweed density was reduced by ethofumesate regardless of application timing.
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Hardalupas, Y., and J. H. Whitelaw. "Interaction Between Sprays From Multiple Coaxial Airblast Atomizers." Journal of Fluids Engineering 118, no. 4 (December 1, 1996): 762–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2835507.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Phase Doppler measurements of size, velocity, liquid flux, and average mass fractions were obtained in sprays produced by three identical coaxial airblast atomizers, with their axes placed in a triangular arrangement at distances of two air jet diameters from each other; the arrangement simulates the spray interaction in the preburner of the space shuttle main engine with water and air respectively replacing the liquid oxygen and hydrogen of the preburner sprays. Each nozzle comprised a liquid jet with exit diameter of 2.3 mm centred in a 8.95 mm diameter air stream. Two liquid flowrates were examined, while the air flowrate was kept constant, resulting in Weber number at the exit of the nozzle around 1100, air-to-liquid momentum ratio 8.6 and 38, velocity ratio 24 and 51, mass flowrate ratio 0.35 and 0.75, liquid jet Reynolds number 10,000 and 21,000 and air jet Reynolds number around 108,000. The air flow characteristics were compared to the flow without liquid injection. Up to 10 air jet diameters from the nozzle exit, individual spray characteristics dominated and maximum Sauter mean diameters, typically around 150 μm, and liquid flux were observed on the geometrical axes of the nozzles. Spray merging was strong in the region between the nozzle axes, where the Sauter mean diameter reduced and the liquid flux and the mean and rms of the fluctuations of the axial velocity of the droplets and the air flow increased relative to the single spray. Downstream of 25 air jet diameters from the nozzle exit, the multiple sprays merged to a single spray-like flow produced by a nozzle located at the centre of the triangular region between the nozzle axes. Reduction of the liquid flowrate by 50 percent, improved atomization by 25 percent, shortened the axial distance from the nozzles where the individual spray characteristics disappeared by 30 percent and increased the air flow turbulence by 20 percent. Droplet coalescence was negligible for high liquid flowrates, but for reduced liquid flowrates coalescence became important and the Sauter mean diameter increased with the axial distance from the exit by around 15 percent. Spray merging increased the air flow turbulence and the local mass fraction distribution of the air in the region between the nozzle axes by around 50 and 40 percent respectively relative to the single sprays, resulting in a fuel rich region with increased gas flow turbulence which may influence the ignition process in the preburner of the space shuttle main engine.
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Chow, W. K., and Anderson C. Tang. "Experimental Studies on Sprinkler Water Spray—Smoke Layer Interaction." Journal of Applied Fire Science 4, no. 3 (January 1, 1994): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/54b4-5aul-mncv-f825.
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Naz, M. Y., S. A. Sulaiman, B. Ariwahjoedi, and Ku Zilati Ku Shaari. "Investigation of Vortex Clouds and Droplet Sizes in Heated Water Spray Patterns Generated by Axisymmetric Full Cone Nozzles." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/796081.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The hot water sprays are an important part of many industrial processes, where the detailed knowledge of physical phenomena involved in jet transportation, interaction, secondary breakup, evaporation, and coalescence of droplets is important to reach more efficient processes. The objective of the work was to study the water spray jet breakup dynamics, vortex cloud formation, and droplet size distribution under varying temperature and load pressure. Using a high speed camera, the spray patterns generated by axisymmetric full cone nozzles were visualized as a function water temperature and load pressure. The image analysis confirmed that the spray cone angle and width do not vary significantly with increasing Reynolds and Weber numbers at early injection phases leading to increased macroscopic spray propagation. The formation and decay of semitorus like vortex clouds were also noticed in spray structures generated at near water boiling point temperature. For the nozzle with smallest orifice diameter (1.19 mm), these vortex clouds were very clear at 90°C heating temperature and 1 bar water load pressure. In addition, the sauter mean diameter (SMD) of the spray droplets was also measured by using Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) at different locations downstream of the nozzle exit. It was noticed that SMD varies slightly w.r.t. position when measured at room temperature whereas at higher temperature values, it became almost constant at distance of 55 mm downstream of the nozzle exit.
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Sivakumar, D., and B. N. Raghunandan. "Jet Interaction in Liquid-Liquid Coaxial Injectors." Journal of Fluids Engineering 118, no. 2 (June 1, 1996): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2817381.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Interaction between two conical sheets of liquid formed by a coaxial swirl injector has been studied using water in the annular orifice and potassium permanganate solution in the inner orifice. Experiments using photographic techniques have been conducted to study the influence of the inner jet on outer conical sheet spray characteristics such as spray cone angle and break-up length. The core spray has a strong influence on the outer sheet when the pressure drop in the latter is low. This is attributed to the pressure variations caused by ejector effects. This paper also discusses the merging and separation behavior of the liquid sheets which exhibits hysteresis effect while injector pressure drop is varied.
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Meroney, Robert N. "CFD modeling of water spray interaction with dense gas plumes." Atmospheric Environment 54 (July 2012): 706–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.01.038.
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Alsaggaf, Wejdan T. "The Chemistry of Paper in Paper Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry." International Journal of Chemistry 12, no. 1 (October 10, 2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v12n1p16.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There are many rapidly evolving technologies that use simple papers as a surface for chemical reactions and detection of molecules. One example of this application is the use of paper as a surface for ionization and introduction of compounds into mass spectrometry. The current work was designed to investigate mechanisms of interaction between the paper and analytes using mass spectrometry as the detection instrument. Standard compounds with different sizes were used in this study. Factors investigated include the effects of the paper geometry (5 mm) and position (tp=90º) were found to be optimal. The role of atmospheric water and the effects of paper porosity were affected the signals of the tested compounds. Investigations of the interaction of standard solutions with the paper surface indicated that atmospheric water is required for ionization. Up to three water molecules were detected in association with the analytes indicating that the presence of some water is required. In addition, this study showed the potential of silicon dioxide nanoparticles for eluting the standards compound from the paper surface. The impact of trace elements in the commercial papers and the interactions between the paper cellulose with different classes of analytes was investigated.
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GÓRKA, Krzysztof, Bartosz KAŹMIERSKI, and Łukasz KAPUSTA. "Numerical analysis of the flow rig for UWS spray examination in exhaust system-relevant conditions." Combustion Engines 186, no. 3 (September 13, 2021): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-141182.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the present study, a flow rig with optical access intended for spray investigations in exhaust system-relevant conditions was analysed in terms of flow and temperature in the spray area using numerical simulations. The operation of the rig was examined for a wide range of exhaust mass flow rates, temperatures and various forms of UWS (urea-water solution) spray plumes. The locations of the injector and thermocouple were verified. Both conventional and flash-boiling injections were considered to assess the effect of the interaction of sprays with a gas flow. The results showed a highly uniform flow in the visualisation area, with only minor fluctuations near the walls. A similar observation was carried out for the temperature distribution. It was found that the extreme operating conditions caused substantial deformations of the spray plumes. However, the selected injector location allowed us to properly observe the spray formation regardless of the flow conditions. The study showed that the examined test rig enabled reliable spray investigations for a wide range of operating points.
Дисертації з теми "WATER SPRAY INTERACTION"
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Jones, Alwyn. "The interaction of flames with water sprays." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338152.
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Jones, Stephen Huw Meredith. "Interaction of detonation waves with foils and water sprays." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.255842.
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Börnhorst, Marion [Verfasser]. "Urea-Water Sprays in NOx Emission Control Systems: Interaction with Solid Walls and Deposit Formation / Marion Börnhorst." Düren : Shaker, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1215461917/34.
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ZUNAID, MOHAMMAD. "ANALYSIS OF AIR AND WATER SPRAY INTERACTION." Thesis, 2017. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/16156.
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In this study, we present energy and exergy analysis of mono and multi
droplets shower cooling tower (SCT) for two-dimension (2-D) MATLAB
mathematical model and three dimensional (3-D) Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD) model for parallel flow and counter flow arrangements. SCT operated without
fill because salt decomposition on the fill performance of conventional cooling tower
leads to deteriorate. In MATLAB model mass, momentum, energy, exergy and
droplet trajectory equations are solved simultaneously for predicting the exit
conditions of water and air. 3-D CFD model has also been used for predicting the exit
condition of water and air. The low temperature exit water is required for industrial
application to cool condenser in industries, and low temperature exit air can be used
for air cooling application for producing comfortable atmosphere indoors in India and
other parts of the world. Mono and multi droplet diameters model were used to study
2-D MATLAB model and 3-D CFD model. Experimental data obtained from SCT are
used to validate mono and multi droplets MATLAB and CFD models. Mono droplet
model has uniform Sauter mean diameter (SMD), and multi droplet model has ten
different diameters water droplets for the study. Rosin Rammler distribution is used to
distribute ten different diameter droplets in multi droplet model.
Parametric study of industrial and air cooling application of SCT are based on
the variation of Inlet droplet diameters, water temperature, air DBT, air relative
humidity, and water to air mass flow ratio (RLG). The variation in inlet parameters
shows significant changes in exit air DBT, air specific humidity, water temperature, thermal efficiency, air convective exergy, evaporative air exergy, total exergy of air,
water exergy, total exergy of the system, exergy destruction and second law efficiency
(SLE). The results show the thermal efficiency of parallel and counter flow mono and
multi droplet SCT decreases with increase in the inlet droplet diameters and RLG, and
SCT thermal efficiency increases with increase in the inlet air DBT and air relative
humidity. The results also show the model of cooling tower system produces the
entropy. Therefore the amount of total exergy absorbed by air is less than exergy
supplied by water. SLE of parallel and counter flow mono and multi droplet SCT
decreases with increase in the inlet water temperature and air relative humidity, and
SLE of SCT increases with increase in the inlet droplet diameter, air DBT and RLG.
Parameters of air and water become asymptotic up to 0.5 m height of the parallel flow
SCT, so the optimum height of tower should be 0.5 m for same operating conditions.
Thus by reducing tower height investment cost can also be reduced.
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Lin, Chien-Hsun, and 林建勳. "Study on the Interactive Characteristics of Smoke Exhaust and Water Spray Equipments." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53262911603940103663.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國立雲林科技大學
機械工程系碩士班
91
In the modern fire engineering design technology, the sprinkler spray systems are very important facilities for suppression the fire. The smoke venting systems are able to prevent the smoke-logging of a building. Usually, the operation time of sprinkler spray systems is expected. The offsetting effect may be observed within those systems. For example, the smoke venting systems might cause the delay of operation of sprinkler spray systems and results in severely damage of fire or the smoke has the effect of downdraught due to the sprinkler spray which causes the people suffered the smoke-logging in fire site. Thus, this research project investigates the interaction between sprinkler spray and smoke exhaust systems in a building. The goal of this project is to provide a design technology which can complement sprinkler spray and smoke exhaust systems each other. In theories model-analyzing use NIST/BFEL developed computation fluid dynamic fire simulation software to simulate. The results of simulation will be compared with the sprinkler experiment data. To understand the accuracy and rationality of the analysis of the theories mode, and wish it can apply the theories model to the actual building design. The results obtained from the numerical simulations and experiments appeared to be reasonable. Although it shows that the predicted temperatures and sprinkler active time are different from experiment data, the whole variety trend still contain good estimate result.
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Ferreira, Diogo Alexandre Arede. "Estudo do impacto de um spray de alta pressão." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/86088.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Mecânica apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaUma das consequências do desenvolvimento tecnológico atual na indústria é a geração indesejada de calor decorrente do trabalho produzido pelos sistemas mecânicos, tornando-se necessária a utilização de sistemas de arrefecimento individuais. Um exemplo será o funcionamento de um motor de combustão interna, onde devido ao volume variável e reação de combustão se atingem elevadas pressões e temperaturas, conduzindo ao aumento da geração de calor. Assim, a evolução destes motores está associada à capacidade de dissipar o excesso de energia de forma a manter as temperaturas em valores que permitam otimizar a eficiência do motor. Neste estudo pretende-se avaliar uma estratégia de arrefecimento por spray de água, método descrito na literatura como comprovadamente eficaz na dissipação de elevados fluxos de calor.O estudo experimental desenvolvido neste trabalho consiste na injeção de um spray de água sobre uma superfície aquecida em ambiente pressurizado, com o objetivo de analisar o seu comportamento térmico em várias condições de trabalho, e correlacioná-lo com as estruturas do escoamento bifásico obtidas por meio de visualização de alta-velocidade. De forma a simular o fenómeno no interior de um motor de combustão interna, as condições de ensaio que fizemos variar foram a pressão ambiente e a temperatura da superfície. Foram calculados os fluxos de calor a partir dos valores adquiridos para a temperatura da superfície com termopares de resposta rápida ($\sim 10\mu s$), radialmente espaçados na superfície de estudo. Seguidamente procedemos à observação macroscópica do impacto do spray, de forma a perceber e explicar quaisquer particularidades ou irregularidades registadas na análise dos fluxos de calor. Este tipo de trabalho contribuirá para desenvolver conhecimento sobre o efeito de um ambiente pressurizado do desempenho térmico da estratégia de arrefecimento com sprays, para que no futuro consigamos aplicar e otimiza-lo na indústria.A partir das medidas de temperaturas, adquiridas com uma elevada taxa de aquisição, e recorrendo ao cálculo dos fluxos de calor, verificamos a reprodutibilidade dos resultados obtidos nesta dissertação, em relação a trabalhos anteriores na mesma instalação. Confirmou-se que o valor máximo de fluxo de calor ocorre a uma pressão ambiente de 10~bar, diminuindo para valores de pressão superiores, sendo mínimo à pressão atmosférica. Nas imagens adquiridas observamos e confirmamos o aumento da população de gotas e, consequentemente, diminuição do seu tamanho, com o aumento da pressão. A evaporação imediata no contacto com a superfície ou a formação de um filme de líquido é observada tanto nos fluxos de calor calculados, como na visualização realizada das estruturas macroscópicas do escoamento bifásico, decorrendo da diferença entre a temperatura da superfície e a temperatura de saturação da água à pressão de ensaio. Assim, verificou-se o predomínio dos fenómenos de reflexão e \emph{splash} das gotas incidentes na superfície quando a diferença de temperatura é superior a 80$^\circ$C e a formação de um filme de líquido quando a diferença se verifica predominantemente abaixo de 50$^\circ$C.Com o aumento da pressão ambiente observou-se a formação de uma pluma térmica de vapores de água ascendentes desde a superfície após o contacto do spray. Sugere-se que este aspecto esteja relacionado com a variação da humidade relativa em função da pressão ambiente. Foi, também, observado que a densidade de micro-partículas que segue o escoamento da pluma térmica é mais intensa com o aumento da pressão ambiente, podendo ser um ponto de partida pertinente para estudos futuros.
Significant developments in today’s industry increased the generation of heat due to the mechanical system’s work. For that reason, there’s the need to evolve the cooling systems and strategies equally to keep the correct functioning while increasing the efficiency of the overall mechanisms. The example that served as the objective of the work done in this assignment is the internal combustion engine, where most advances in efficiency result in higher temperatures and consequently higher heat fluxes to dissipate. In order to increase the compression rate while avoiding the occurrence of the knocking phenomenon, the need to develop and optimize new cooling systems is increasing drastically.The experimental study under analysis in this assignment consists in the injection of a water spray onto a hot surface while evaluating the heat flux in several different conditions to simulate the interior of an internal combustion engine’s piston. The experiments performed in a laboratory facility considered temperatures ranging from 145 to 280 ºC, and internal environment pressures from 1 to 30 bar. The heat fluxes were calculated from the temperature acquisition of type K thermocouples radially spaced among the heated surface. Followed by the macroscopical observation of the phenomenon to explain and compare results obtained by the heat fluxes. This kind of work will be used in the future to correlate the two-phase flow macroscopic hydrodynamic impact mechanisms, associated with transient heat fluxes, with known ambient pressure and wall temperature. The high frequency of temperature acquisition allowed us to validate the conditions created when compared to the existing literature. We observed the maximum heat flux value on the test at 10 bar, followed by its decrease with the further rising of ambient pressure. The most crucial factor in determining whether the surface-spray interface would be dry or wet was the overheating degree that translates in the temperature difference between the surface and the saturation of the water in the test’s ambient pressure. For overheating degree values above 80ºC the most typical interaction of the water goblets with the heated surface would be of rebound and splash, but for the tests where the value was under 50ºC, there would be a clear tendency to develop a liquid film above the surface.With the pressure increase, there was an unforeseen tendency for the density’s rising of the water vapor’s cloud formed on impact and slowly spreading in all directions. This phenomenon is linked to the variation of local relative humidity and the easier achievement of saturation levels allowing goblets to condensate. Thermal distortion of the air immediately above the heated surface was also found to be more evident with the pressure rising. Both these subjects would be interesting to analyze in future studies.
Книги з теми "WATER SPRAY INTERACTION"
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Börnhorst, Marion. Urea-Water Sprays in NOx Emission Control Systems: Interaction with Solid Walls and Deposit Formation. Shaker Verlag GmbH, 2020.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "WATER SPRAY INTERACTION"
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Sarkar, Sourav, Joydeep Munshi, Santanu Pramanik, Achintya Mukhopadhyay, and Swarnendu Sen. "Interaction of Water Spray with Flame." In Energy for Propulsion, 151–86. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7473-8_7.
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Lorrai, M., and L. Fanfani. "Effect of sea spray on the chemistry of granitoid aquifers in coastal areas." In Water-Rock Interaction. Taylor & Francis, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/noe0415451369.ch227.
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Kraus, Eric B., and Joost A. Businger. "Turbulent Transfer Near the Interface." In Atmosphere-Ocean Interaction. Oxford University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195066180.003.0009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The atmosphere and the ocean are in intimate contact at their interface, where momentum, water substance, heat, and trace constituents are exchanged. This exchange is often modest when a light breeze strokes the surface; sometimes the processes are violent, when gale force winds sweep up ocean spray into the atmosphere and when braking waves engulf air into the ocean. It may even appear that the transition between ocean and atmosphere becomes gradual and indistinct. The transition from ocean to atmosphere is usually an abrupt transition of one fluid to another. The interface may then be considered a continuous material surface. On both sides of the interface the fluids are usually in turbulent motion and properties are transported readily, but upon approaching the interface turbulence is largely suppressed so that on both sides of the interface a very thin layer exists where the molecular diffusion coefficients play a major role in the transport. The interface is consequently a significant barrier to the transport from ocean to atmosphere and vice versa, with little or no turbulent transport of scalar quantities across it. The quantitative determination of the thickness of the molecular sublayers and the strength of the gradients and shear layers within them are discussed in Section 5.1. We also examine the transition from the molecular sublayers to the well-mixed turbulent layers that exist beyond them, and the structure of these turbulent layers on either side of the interface. In Section 5.2 we discuss the effect of stratification on the structure of these surface layers. Some of the nonstationary interactions between the wind and the sea surface are described in Section 5.3. Sections 5.4 and 5.5 deal with practical applications: a formulation of gas transfer across the interface and of the sea surface temperature. Several observational techniques are discussed in Section 5.6.
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Maun, M. Anwar. "Plant communities." In The Biology of Coastal Sand Dunes. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198570356.003.0016.
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Plant communities of the dune complex are a result of interaction between tolerance of plant species and sandy substrate, high wind velocities, salt spray, sand accretion and environmental heterogeneity. Propagules of many plant species are dispersed by water currents and deposited on the driftline. Most of these species find ideal conditions for germination but seedling establishment, growth and reproduction is denied to all but a few species with ecological amplitude sufficient to withstand the physical stresses associated with sand accretion, erosion and sandblasting in the highly disturbed environment. The distinct differences between habitats from the water´s edge to the inland grass-forest ecotone leads eventually to the establishment of ecologically distinct communities consisting of both plants and animals. The distinction is caused by sharp differences in the physical environment that may create sharp zones with abrupt or gradual blending of the two community types. In some locations these zones are relatively stable for long periods before any visible change occurs in the community depending on the recession of the shoreline, availability of new bare areas and the advance of communities towards the sea coast. The occurrence of plant communities in zones has been documented along sea coasts worldwide. This chapter examines the plant communities of the sand dune complex along seashores of the world. The following information has been assembled from Doing (1985), Dry coastal ecosystems Vol. 2 A, B, C, edited by Eddy van der Maarel (1993), Doody (1991) and Thannheiser (1984). It presents data on plant communities and ecology of each zone from various parts of the world. The species complement in the ´foredune complex´ in tropical, temperate and other regions around the world may be different, but their response to the prevailing environmental stresses of foredunes is convergent. In different world regions the boundaries between vegetation zones of the sand dune complex may not be defined sharply because of climatic variability, geographic location, physiography of the dune system and other factors peculiar to each location. Usually three to six different plant assemblages have been identified on the dune complex along sea coasts and lakeshores. A brief description of vegetation and ecological traits of species in each zone are presented below.
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"Fig. 14 SEM of free film prepared from an aqueous dispersion of LCC. provides high surface energy for interaction with water molecules. As water evaporates during drying, fine particles of LCC are forced together, deformed, interacted, and coalesced into a film. LCC dispersions containing 3% or lower solids are physically unstable, unless stabilized with a secondary soluble polymer. The aqueous dispersions can be converted into a fine powder (LCPC) or a bead form (LCBC) by using conventional dehydration and spray-drying techniques. The crystallinity of LCPC powder versus its hydrated form is compared in Fig. 15. It ap-." In Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, 241–42. CRC Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420000955-30.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "WATER SPRAY INTERACTION"
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Jasper, Sarah, Jeanette Hussong, and Ralph Lindken. "Visualisation and quantitative analysis of the near nozzle formation and structure of a high pressure water jet in air and water." In ILASS2017 - 28th European Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ilass2017.2017.4736.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
High pressure water jets (HPWJ) are frequently used in industrial applications like cleaning, further processing of workpieces or cutting of materials. In a joint research program with the International Geothermal Centre (GZB) the HPWJ process is adapted to the field of rock drilling to develop and enhance an innovative drilling technology for geothermal applications. In this case, the HPWJ is used to cut and destroy rock in deep geothermal reservoirs to make them accessible for energy generation. This transfer requires a broad knowledge of the process and interaction between the HPWJ and the rock surface. The challenges in analysis and characterization of the process are high velocities of the water jet of several hundred meters per second based on the high pump pressure of up to 180 MPa and the very small spatial expansion of the field of interest between the nozzle outlet and the rock surface, which is within a few centimeters. The objective of the present work is the visualization of a HPWJ in diverse fluids as a first step to increase the process knowledge of waterjet cutting of rocks. Tests are performed in air, water and slurry respectively and a parametric study is carried out to examine the influence of different operating parameters on the HPWJ formation and structure. Moreover, the influence of the surrounding fluid on the HPWJ is investigated.Optical measurement techniques are applied to analyze the HPWJ and results will be presented. The high velocities, the very small spatial expansion and the dense liquid jet represent challenges to the application of these measurement techniques. High speed photography in terms of shadow experiments is used for visualization and relevant spray parameters are evaluated with common spray analysis techniques. Adopting the double frame technique, well-known with particle image velocimetry (PIV), an estimation of the fluid velocity on the boundary of the HPWJ is performed. In addition to the shadowgraph analysis, PIV in auto-correlation mode with fluorescent tracers is applied to analyze velocity fields, the dimension of the potential core as well as the interaction with the surrounding fluid.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.4736
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Zhang, C. F., R. Huo, Y. Z. Li, and W. K. Chow. "Stability of Smoke Layer Under Sprinkler Water Spray." In ASME 2005 Summer Heat Transfer Conference collocated with the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2005-72482.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Stability of smoke layer induced by a fire will be studied in this paper. A series of full-scale burning tests were carried out to study the interaction of the hot smoke layer with a sprinkler water spray. A new rig was built to give a smoke layer. The results show that the stability of a smoke layer will be disturbed by the discharged water spray. The operating pressure of the sprinkler system is a key point. When the smoke layer lost its stability, the dragging force acting on the smoke layer was found to be less than the buoyancy.
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Selvan, Muthu, Muralidhara Suryanarayana Rao, Indu Kharb, Sundararajan Thirumalachari, Vinod Kumar Vyas, and Sivakumar Neelakandan. "Experimental Analysis of Simplex Atomizer Spray and Swirling Flow Interactions in Unconfined Conditions." In ASME 2015 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2015-1347.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An experimental study has been conducted to investigate the interaction between the conical spray produced by simplex atomizer and the swirling flow from an axial swirler. This work has been carried out in an unconfined ambience at isothermal conditions, using water. Malvern spray analyzer with a three dimensional traverse is used to characterize the swirling flow and spray interactions at various axial and radial locations. Images of spray at different conditions of air and water mass flow rates have been analyzed. Increasing the air mass flow through swirler at constant water flow rate, changes the spray structure significantly. These structural changes are sudden and highly dependent on the initial conditions of the spray. At smaller air flow rates, single-mode droplet size distribution at mid-plane changes into a bi-modal distribution at an air flow rate of about 35 kg/hr, with higher contribution of larger droplets. With further increase in air flow rate (90, 110 and 130 kg/hr), the bi-modal size distribution is maintained but with a larger volumetric fraction of small droplets. At different axial distances, the droplet size distributions are similar (single mode and bimodal distributions depending on air flow rate). But volume percentage of larger droplets is less compared to those of smaller droplets, at larger axial distance. At outer radial locations of the spray, volume percentage of larger droplets reduces and that of smaller droplets increases significantly, due to secondary droplet breakup. The interaction between the swirl and spray causes droplets to move radially outwards, resulting in droplet break-up by impact on the dome. Cases with higher air to water flow ratios exhibit significant changes in drop size distribution due to such swirl-spray interactions.
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Rimbert, Nicolas, M. Hadj-Achour, and M. Gradeck. "Liquid-Liquid Secondary Fragmentation with Solidification." In ILASS2017 - 28th European Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ilass2017.2017.5034.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the event of a hypothetical core disruptive accident in nuclear power plants, the molten core may flow out thereactor vessel and interact with the cold water. The evolution of the accident is strongly affected by the fragmentation of the jet of molten metallic fuel due to its interaction with the water (i.e. this situation is known as fuel coolant interaction, FCI). In order to evaluate and predict the various consequences of a FCI, many researches are conducted with either corium or high melting temperature molten metal, where premixing stage evolves with an important production of steam. This steam production that is unavoidable because the high temperature of corium leads to difficulties for using optical diagnostics. Hence, in our case, we use a eutectic alloy (Field’s metal) with a low melting point (62°C) in order to be able to visualize correctly the droplet fragmentation processes.The present work focuses on the fragmentation of a single Field’s metal liquid droplet with mass equals to 0.27g (±0.01g). The liquid droplet interacts with a water pool whose temperature range between 20°C to 60°C. According to its Weber number, it fragments in different ways. For each experiment, a single droplet has been visualized using a high-speed camera (at 8000 fps). All measurements (drop size, velocity, impact parameter and geometrical properties of the drops after the penetration) into the pool are evaluated using an open source image processing. Solidified fragments can then be sieved and the size PDF determined. Focus of the present work is put on the evolution of the Sauter Mean Diameter with increasing Weber number and varying bath pool temperature. It is shown that using a simple crust model during solidification and defining an effective Weber number which include the crust elasticity all the curves collapse on the same master curve for all the water bathtemperature considered.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.5034
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Yamaguchi, Daisuke, and Kazuaki Inaba. "Fluid-Structure Interaction in the Nozzle of Collunarium Container." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63792.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nasal administration of the vaccine is in the spotlight and the medicine has been developed in recent years. The medication is carried out by spraying the medicine in the nasal cavity by collunarium container. The top nozzle part of a common collunarium container consists of three parts, nozzle tip having an exit, cylindrical nozzle, and stepped center rod which is inserted into the nozzle. We confirmed that the spray of collunarium container consists of two stages phenomena (initial jet and its disintegration, and steady spray stage) by visualization with high-speed video camera. Since we found that the initial jet impacted with larger droplet size than later sprayed droplet, we examined the initial jet and steady spray stage in experiments and numerical simulations to study the effect of material and dimension of the rod. The dimensions of the center rod affected the acceleration of the initial jet front and the spray angle in experiments. In numerical simulations including fluid-structure interaction (FSI), lower density rod moved at faster speed and excited higher flow velocity at the exit in the jet stage. Moreover we confirmed that the acceleration of the jet was initiated by the water hammer wave propagation inside the nozzle.
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Golliher, Eric L., and Shi-chune Yao. "Exploration of Impinging Water Spray Heat Transfer at System Pressures Near the Triple Point." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-66872.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The heat transfer of a water spray impinging upon a surface in a very low pressure environment is of interest to cooling of space vehicles during launch and re-entry, and to industrial processes where flash evaporation occurs. At very low pressure, the process occurs near the triple point of water, and there exists a transient multiphase transport problem of ice, water and water vapor. At the impingement location, there are three heat transfer mechanisms: evaporation, freezing and sublimation. A preliminary heat transfer model was developed to explore the interaction of these mechanisms at the surface and within the spray.
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Lellek, Stephan, Christoph Barfuß, and Thomas Sattelmayer. "Experimental Study of the Interaction of Water Sprays With Swirling Premixed Natural Gas Flames." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-56158.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Water injection is often used to control NOx emissions or to increase power output from non-premixed combustion of gaseous and liquid fuels. Since the emission level in premixed natural gas combustion is significantly lower than for non-premixed combustion, water injection for emission reduction is usually not an issue. However, the increasing share of fluctuating power output from renewables motivates research activities on the improvement of the operational flexibility of combined cycle power plants. One aspect in that context is power augmentation by injection of liquid water in premixed combustors without drawbacks regarding emissions and flame stability. For research purposes, water injection technology has therefore recently been transferred to premixed combustors burning natural gas. In order to investigate the influence of water injection on premixed combustion of natural gas, an atmospheric single burner test rig has been set up at Lehrstuhl für Thermodynamik, TU München. The test rig is equipped with a highly flexible water injection system to study the influence of water atomization behavior on flame shape, position and stabilization. Presented investigations are conducted at gas turbine like preheating temperatures (673K) and flame temperatures (1800–1950K) to ensure high technical relevance. In this paper, the interaction between water injection, atomization and macroscopic flame behavior is outlined. Favorable and non-favorable operating conditions of the water injection system are presented in order to clarify the influence of water atomization and vaporization on flame stability and the emission behavior of the test rig. Water spray quality is assessed externally with a Malvern laser diffraction spectrometer whereas spray distribution in the test rig is determined by means of Mie scattering images at reacting conditions. The flame shape is analyzed using time-averaged OH* chemiluminescence images while the efficiency of water injection at various operating points is evaluated using global emission concentration measurements. Finally, the important influence of the water injection system design on the combustor performance will be shown using combined Mie scattering and OH* chemiluminescence images. At constant adiabatic flame temperatures, a stable flame could be established for water-to-fuel ratios of up to 2.25. While only minor changes could be detected for the heat release distribution in the combustion chamber, the water distribution changes significantly while increasing the amount of water. Finaly, changes in NOx emission concentrations can directly be related to water droplet sizes and the global water distribution in the combustion chamber.
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Dhar, Sushmit, Eirik M. Samuelsen, Masoud Naseri, Karl G. Aarsæther, and Kåre Edvardsen. "Spray Icing on ONEGA Vessel- A Comparison of Liquid Water Content Expressions." In ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-79919.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The hazards associated with ice accretion primarily due to impinging freezing sea spray on ship structures are considered among serious safety concerns for ships operating in the colder regions. An accurate sea-spray icing-estimation model to evaluate the ice accumulation during operations in these regions can make marine operations safer. The accuracy of the present icing models for estimating icing on ships is substantially dependent on the incoming spray flux generated by the wave-ship interaction. In order to illustrate this, the vessel icing incident of the fishing vessel ONEGA is considered, which capsized after encountering heavy icing. In this study, the ONEGA vessel is modeled using a stability-calculation program. Then assuming the vessel to maintain minimum stability criteria prior to icing, the minimum likely amount of ice accumulation in the exposed locations that destabilized the vessel is estimated. This estimation is compared against another method used to evaluate ice thickness over the period ONEGA was accreting ice. The latter method utilizes the operational weather forecasting model used by MET Norway — “Marine-Icing model for the Norwegian COast Guard (MINCOG)”. The MINCOG model uses spray-flux estimations based on past empirical observations mainly obtained from fishing trawlers. The spray-flux consists of important elements like the liquid-water content (lwc) and the spray-generation frequency. An analysis is carried out applying different formulations for these two elements proposed by different researchers to see the variation in evaluating the total ice accumulation. After noticing the difference in results in total ice thickness from the stability and the icing-model methods used in this study, it is concluded that more investigation and field measurements are needed concerning the neglecting of the contribution of wind-generated spray in the spray flux formula used in MINCOG. Accordingly, multiple real-time spray measurements to develop a more suitable spray-flux formulation may improve the ice accumulation estimation over a longer time period.
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Zanchetti, Alexandre, Mickael Hassanaly, Hervé Cordier, Antonio Sanna, Namane Mechitoua, and Stéphane Mimouni. "Numerical Two-Phase Flows Simulation and Analysis of the Evolution of the Local Hydrogen Concentration in a PWR Nuclear Containment in the Event of a Severe Accident." In 2016 24th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone24-60844.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Fukushima accident reminded us of the possible consequences in terms of radiological release that can result from a hydrogen explosion in a nuclear power plant, and, specifically, within the containment of a water cooled reactor building. Some mitigation means against hydrogen hazards exist but performance improvements in numerical tools simulating thermal-hydraulic flows and hydrogen combustion are necessary to allow realistic assessments of severe accident consequences in the containment. In this context, EDF works on CFD simulation of hydrogen distribution in penalized conditions. After dealing with cases for which the water spray system was assumed to be unavailable, and so treated with single-phase CFD code [1] [2], the present paper content is now about simulation and analysis of the local hydrogen concentration in the case of a severe accident for which the water spray system is available. Numerical developments of a multi-phase CFD code (Neptune_CFD) and code validation lead to consistent simulations. The numerical simulation performed by EDF confirms the favorable safety impact of water spray on pressure and temperature for a LOCA scenario occurring on a 1300 MWe Pressurized Water Reactor. Nevertheless, CFD results show that the activation of the spray system before hydrogen injection gives greater hydrogen concentration. So, in the future, to better assess hydrogen risk, EDF will perform computations at CFD taking into account the interaction between combustion and water sprays.
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Strasser, Wayne, Duane Brooker, Joshua Earley, and Paul Fanning. "CFD Investigation of Air-Water Test Stand for Three-Stream Airblast Reactor Feed Injector." In ASME 2010 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting collocated with 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-30141.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A large-scale parametric air-water test stand (AWTS) study involving more than 40 evaluations was carried out for the purposes of three-stream airblast reactor feed injector optimization; a subset of seven air stream combinations is discussed here. The role of CFD as a supplement to, or a replacement for, air-water testing is of great industrial interest. To this end a set of CFD experiments was carried out to mimic the AWTS study. A compressible geometric reconstruction Volume of Fluid (VOF) method was used to simulate the three-stream interaction. Pressure responses, spray opening characteristics near the feed injector face, and spray distribution were primary measures for both the AWTS and CFD programs. It was found that, over the range of variables studied, there was a partial match between CFD and AWTS results; some measures matched quantitatively, others qualitatively, and some did neither. A self-exciting, pulsatile spray pattern was achieved in CFD and AWTS, and an interesting transition in spray bursting character occurred at moderate inner air flows. Overall, it is shown that the CFD method contained herein can be used to supplement, but not replace, air-water testing for said injector configuration.
Звіти організацій з теми "WATER SPRAY INTERACTION"
1
Veron, Fabrice. Dynamic Effects of Airborne Water Droplets on Air-Sea Interactions: Sea-Spray and Rain. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada612095.
Повний текст джерела
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Veron, Fabrice. Dynamic Effects of Airborne Water Droplets on Air-Sea Interactions: Sea-Spray and Rain. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada532799.
Повний текст джерела
3
Veron, Fabrice. Dynamic Effects of Airborne Water Droplets on Air-Sea Interactions: Sea-Spray and Rain. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada542432.
Повний текст джерела
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Lichter, Amnon, David Obenland, Nirit Bernstein, Jennifer Hashim, and Joseph Smilanick. The role of potassium in quality of grapes after harvest. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7597914.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objectives: The objectives of the proposal were to study how potassium (K) enters the berry and in what tissues it accumulates, to determine what is the sensitive phenological stage that is responsive to K, to study the influence of K on sugar translocation, to determine if K has effects on expression of genes in source and sink organs and to study applied aspects of the responses to K at the vineyard level. During the research it was realized that K acts externally so a major part of the original objectives had to be deserted and new ones, i.e. the role of K in enhancing water loss from the berry, had to be developed. In addition, the US partners developed practical objectives of understanding the interaction of K application and water deficit as well as application of growth regulators. Background: In our preliminary data we showed that application of K at mid-ripening enhanced sugar accumulation of table grapes. This finding is of major implications to both early and late harvested grapes and it was essential to understand the mode of action of this treatment. Our major hypothesis was that K enters the berry and by that increases sugar translocation into the berry. In addition it was important to cover practical issues of the application which may influence its efficacy and its reproducibility. Conclusions: The major conclusion from the research was that our initial hypothesis was wrong. Mineral analysis of pulp tissue indicated that upon application of K there was a significant increase in most of the major minerals. Subsequently, we developed a new hypothesis that K acts by increasing the water loss from the berry. In vitro studies of K-treated berries corroborated this hypothesis showing greater weight-loss of treated berries. This was not necessarily expressed in the vineyard as in some experiments berry weight remained unchanged, suggesting that the vine compensated for the enhanced water loss. Importantly, we also discovered that the efficacy of different K salts was strongly correlated to the pH of the salt solution: basic K salts had better efficacy than neutral or acidic salts and modifying the pH of the same salt changed its efficacy. It was therefore suggested that K changes the properties of the cuticle making it more susceptible to water loss. Of the practical aspects it was found that application of K to the clusters was sufficient to trigger its affect and that dual application of K had a stronger effect than single application. With regard to timing, it was realized that application of K after veraison was affective and the berries responded also when ripe. While the effect of K application was significant at harvest, it was mostly insignificant one week after application, suggesting that prolonged exposure to K was required. Implications: The scientific implications of the study are that the external mineral composition of the berry may have a significant role in sugar accumulation and that water loss may have an important role in sugar accumulation in grapes. It is not entirely clear how K modulates the cuticle but according to the literature its incorporation into the cuticle may increase its polarity and facilitate generation of "water bridges" between the flesh and the environment. The practical implications of this study are very significant because realizing the mode of action of K can facilitate a much more efficient application strategy. For example, it can be understood that sprays must be directed to the clusters rather than the whole vines and it can be predicted that the length of exposure is important. Also, by increasing the pH of simple K salts, the efficacy of the treatment can be enhanced, saving in the costs of the treatment. Finally, the ability of grape growers to apply K in a safe and knowledgeable way can have significant impact on the length of the season of early grape cultivars and improve the flavor of high grape yields which may otherwise have compromised sugar levels.