Статті в журналах: "Water re-use Use studies"

1

A.A.Deshmukh, A. A. Deshmukh, N. N. Bandela N.N. Bandela, J. R. Chavan J.R.Chavan, and P. M. Nalawade P.M.Nalawade. "Studies on Potential Use of Water Hyacinth, Pistia and Azolla for Municipal Waste Water Treatment." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 11 (October 1, 2011): 226–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/nov2013/72.

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2

Savulescu, Luciana, Jin-Kuk Kim, and Robin Smith. "Studies on simultaneous energy and water minimisation—Part I: Systems with no water re-use." Chemical Engineering Science 60, no. 12 (June 2005): 3279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2004.12.037.

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3

Savulescu, Luciana, Jin-Kuk Kim, and Robin Smith. "Studies on simultaneous energy and water minimisation—Part II: Systems with maximum re-use of water." Chemical Engineering Science 60, no. 12 (June 2005): 3291–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2004.12.036.

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4

Miskevich, I. V., O. P. Netsvetaeva, and E. A. Kuznetsov. "USING THE RATIO OF CHEMICAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION TO SUSPENDED MATTER CONCENTRATIONS (COD/BB PARAMETER) IN GEOECOLOGICAL STUDIES OF WATER BODIES THE EUROPEAN NORTH." Успехи современного естествознания (Advances in Current Natural Sciences), no. 12 2022 (2022): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17513/use.37953.

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Knežević, Violeta, Vladimir Filipović, Biljana Lončar, Milica Nićetin, Tatjana Kuljanin, Ljubinko Lević, and Lato Pezo. "Re-use of Osmotic Solution OF OSMOTIC SOLUTION." Analecta Technica Szegedinensia 8, no. 1 (January 11, 2014): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/analecta.2014.1.72-76.

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In this paper the re-use of osmotic solution after osmotic treatment has been studied. A large amount of used osmotic solution remaining after the process is one of the major unsolved problems of osmotic treatment process. This problem has both ecological and economic aspects that should be concerned.Pork meat cubes were treated in three different osmotic solutions diluted with distilled water (R1 -sugar beet molasses, R2 – solution of salt and sucrose and R3 - combination of R1 and R2 solutions in a 1:1 mass ratio). Osmotic process has been observed during 5 hours, at temperature of 35oC and atmospheric pressure. Osmotic treatment has been performed simultaneously in concentrated solutions and diluted solutions (dilutions were obtained by mixing the solution and water in the mass ratio of 7:1 and 3:1). Parameters monitored during osmotic treatment were: dry mater content (DMC), water loss (WL), solid gain (SG) and osmotic dehydration efficiency index (DEI).Maximum values of these parameters were obtained in the dehydration with concentrated solutions, while recorded values in diluted solutions were much lower.The results show that the least effect on the osmotic process efficiency, when the osmotic concentration is lowered, has been observed for solution R3. This conclusion indicates that molasses is good osmotic solution with the possibility of re-using in successive processes of osmotic dehydration, with minimal treatment of reconstitution to original values of concentration.

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6

Rodríguez, L., J. Villaseñor, I. M. Buendía, and F. J. Fernández. "Re-use of winery wastewaters for biological nutrient removal." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 2 (July 1, 2007): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.477.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of the re-use of the winery wastewater to enhance the biological nutrient removal (BNR) process. In batch experiments it was observed that the addition of winery wastewater mainly enhanced the nitrogen removal process because of the high denitrification potential (DNP), of about 130 mg N/g COD, of the contained substrates. This value is very similar to that obtained by using pure organic substrates such as acetate. The addition of winery wastewater did not significantly affect either phosphorus or COD removal processes. Based on the experimental results obtained, the optimum dosage to remove each mg of N–NO3 was determined, being a value of 6.7 mg COD/mg N–NO3. Because of the good properties of the winery wastewater to enhance the nitrogen removal, the viability of its continuous addition in an activated sludge pilot-scale plant for BNR was studied. Dosing the winery wastewater to the pilot plant a significant increase in the nitrogen removal was detected, from 58 to 75%. The COD removal was slightly increased, from 89 to 95%, and the phosphorus removal remained constant.

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7

Wilson, Nicole J., Leila M. Harris, Joanne Nelson, and Sameer H. Shah. "Re-Theorizing Politics in Water Governance." Water 11, no. 7 (July 16, 2019): 1470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071470.

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This Special Issue on water governance features a series of articles that highlight recent and emerging concepts, approaches, and case studies to re-center and re-theorize “the political” in relation to decision-making, use, and management—collectively, the governance of water. Key themes that emerged from the contributions include the politics of water infrastructure and insecurity; participatory politics and multi-scalar governance dynamics; politics related to emergent technologies of water (bottled or packaged water, and water desalination); and Indigenous water governance. Further reflected is a focus on diverse ontologies, epistemologies, meanings and values of water, related contestations concerning its use, and water’s importance for livelihoods, identity, and place-making. Taken together, the articles in this Special Issue challenge the ways that water governance remains too often depoliticized and evacuated of political content or meaning. By re-centering the political, and by developing analytics that enable and support this endeavor, the contributions throughout highlight the varied, contested, and important ways that water governance needs to be recalibrated and enlivened with keen attention to politics—broadly understood.

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8

AKIYAMA, Michio. "A Review of Water-Use Studies in Japan." Japanese Journal of Human Geography 40, no. 5 (1988): 424–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4200/jjhg1948.40.424.

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9

Gill, B. P., P. H. Brooks, and J. L. Carpenter. "Water use by lactating sows." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1988 (March 1988): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600017591.

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There have been few published studies on the water needs of lactating sows under contemporary systems of feeding, housing and management. The literature available indicates that lactating sows provided with an unrestricted water supply show considerable individual variations in daily water consumption. Although ARC (1981) suggest that lactating sows should have access to an unrestricted water supply, an allowance of between 15 and 20 l/day has been recommended to meet the requirements for water. This study investigated the water demands of lactating sows provided with an unrestricted supply of water and to determine the stage of lactation on daily water use.

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10

S. F. Shih. "Evapotranspiration, Water-Use Efficiency, and Water Table Studies of Sweet Sorghum." Transactions of the ASAE 29, no. 3 (1986): 0767–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.30227.

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11

Zhao, Lin, Jing Zhang, and Zhao Hui Zhang. "Technique Analysis of Renovation and Re-Use Design of Berlin Neukölln District Water Pumping Station Building." Applied Mechanics and Materials 99-100 (September 2011): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.99-100.10.

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This document studies Berlin Neukölln district pumping station, explains and demonstrates the background, habilitation, overview and renovation of the project. Based on that, analysis the spatial design methods it has been used as well as explore the renovation of its structure and material. Moreover, China remains many water plant buildings after the Reform, and can lend lots of good method to make good use of our own renovation of old industrial buildings. Thus, draw the final conclusion that showing the possibility of the latter as well as bringing back life to the former one can achieve a truly successful transformation.

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12

ITSUBO, Norihiro. "The Present Status of LCA Studies on Water Use." Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan 6, no. 3 (2010): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3370/lca.6.193.

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13

Farkhod, Yusupov, Nuriddinova Dilfuza, Yakhsheva Yulduz, Yusupov Sukhrob, and Mamanazarov Murodali. "Import-mixing Sorbents for Purification of Waste Production Water of Gas Processing Industry for re-use." International Journal of Mechanics 15 (June 29, 2021): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/9104.2021.15.10.

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Currently, there are a variety of methods and technologies for water purification. One of them is the adsorption method. Today the adsorption method is widely used in the water treatment industry. The aim of the research is to create an effective multifunctional filtering composition suitable for complex physical and chemical water purification. For this, a cation exchanger developed on the basis of local raw materials, activated alumina and other local materials was used. The adsorption properties of the cation exchanger and aluminum oxide in the composition of this filter have been studied. Also, the parameters of the filter for water purification are determined.

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14

Copeland, Rebecca L. "Women, Wells, and Springs: Water Rights and Hagar’s Tribulations." Biblical Theology Bulletin: Journal of Bible and Culture 50, no. 4 (November 2020): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146107920958986.

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The theological problem underlying environmental and gender injustice is the pathological assumption that “the rest of” creation is available for use and commodification by a select group of privileged image bearers. An adequate response to this assumption requires re-examining appropriate relationships between creatures. The story of Hagar’s relationship to water provides the foundation for such a response. An ecomimetic interpretation of Genesis 16:1–16 and 21:8–21, focused on the character of water in these passages, uncovers the basis for an appropriate human relationship to water that challenges the ways in which both water and women have been commodified.

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15

Arner, Peter. "Microdialysis: use in human exercise studies." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58, no. 4 (November 1999): 913–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665199001214.

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Microdialysis has been used for 25 years to study brain function in vivo. Recently, it has been developed for investigations on peripheral tissues. A microdialysis catheter is an artificial blood vessel system which can be placed in the extracellular space of various tissues such as adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in order to examine these tissues in situ. Molecules are collected from the tissue by the device and their true interstitial concentration can be estimated. Metabolically-active molecules can be delivered to the interstitial space through the microdialysis probe and their action on the tissue can be investigated locally without producing generalized effects. It is also possible to study local tissue blood flow with microdialysis by adding a flow marker (usually ethanol) to the microdialysis solvent. The microdialysis technique is particularly useful for studies of small and water-soluble molecules. A number of important observations on the in vivo regulation of lipolysis, carbohydrate metabolism and blood flow in human skeletal muscle and adipose tissue have been made recently using microdialysis.

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16

Pacheco, Fernando A. L. "Sustainable Use of Soils and Water: The Role of Environmental Land Use Conflicts." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (February 6, 2020): 1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031163.

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Sustainability is a utopia of societies, that could be achieved by a harmonious balance between socio-economic development and environmental protection, including the sustainable exploitation of natural resources. The present Special Issue addresses a multiplicity of realities that confirm a deviation from this utopia in the real world, as well as the concerns of researchers. These scholars point to measures that could help lead the damaged environment to a better status. The studies were focused on sustainable use of soils and water, as well as on land use or occupation changes that can negatively affect the quality of those resources. Some other studies attempt to assess (un)sustainability in specific regions through holistic approaches, like the land carrying capacity, the green gross domestic product or the eco-security models. Overall, the special issue provides a panoramic view of competing interests for land and the consequences for the environment derived therefrom.

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17

Rummukainen, M., J. Räisänen, D. Bjørge, J. H. Christensen, O. B. Christensen, T. Iversen, K. Jylhä, H. Ólafsson, and H. Tuomenvirta. "Regional Climate Scenarios for use in Nordic Water Resources Studies." Hydrology Research 34, no. 5 (October 1, 2003): 399–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2003.0014.

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According to global climate projections, a substantial global climate change will occur during the next decades, under the assumption of continuous anthropogenic climate forcing. Global models, although fundamental in simulating the response of the climate system to anthropogenic forcing are typically geographically too coarse to well represent many regional or local features. In the Nordic region, climate studies are conducted in each of the Nordic countries to prepare regional climate projections with more detail than in global ones. Results so far indicate larger temperature changes in the Nordic region than in the global mean, regional increases and decreases in net precipitation, longer growing season, shorter snow season etc. These in turn affect runoff, snowpack, groundwater, soil frost and moisture, and thus hydropower production potential, flooding risks etc. Regional climate models do not yet fully incorporate hydrology. Water resources studies are carried out off-line using hydrological models. This requires archived meteorological output from climate models. This paper discusses Nordic regional climate scenarios for use in regional water resources studies. Potential end-users of water resources scenarios are the hydropower industry, dam safety instances and planners of other lasting infrastructure exposed to precipitation, river flows and flooding.

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18

Young, M. H., P. J. Wierenga, and C. F. Mancino. "LARGE WEIGHING LYSIMETERS FOR WATER USE AND DEEP PERCOLATION STUDIES." Soil Science 161, no. 8 (August 1996): 491–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199608000-00004.

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19

Wullschleger, S. D., F. C. Meinzer, and R. A. Vertessy. "A review of whole-plant water use studies in tree." Tree Physiology 18, no. 8-9 (August 1, 1998): 499–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/18.8-9.499.

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20

SURRAO, JOSEPH, ANA L. SAWAYA, GERARD E. DALLAL, RITA TSAY, and SUSAN B. ROBERTS. "Use of Food Quotients in Human Doubly Labeled Water Studies." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 98, no. 9 (September 1998): 1015–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(98)00232-6.

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21

Ottlé, C., Y. Sucksdorff, and M. Ben Mehrez. "Use of thermal infrared remote sensing for water budget studies." Advances in Space Research 11, no. 3 (January 1991): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(91)90416-h.

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22

Ryu, Yong Uk, and Tae Hwa Jung. "Use of Fiber Optics for Bubble Studies." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 3284–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.3284.

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Air-water flows are of importance for all the areas related to fluid mechanics. Especially, although kinematic investigations of the multi-phase flows have been conducted for a long time, velocity measurements are still considered as a very challenging part. This study introduces an imaging technique applying shadowgraphy and coupled fiber optic probes for velocity measurements of air bubbles. The fiber optic probes apply optical fibers to the well-known intrusive phase detection probe with a shape to reduce flow disturbance. The present method is used for bubble plume measurements and obtained velocity result is discussed. Finally, the velocities are compared to examine the reliability of the methods.

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23

Vreča, Polona, and Zoltán Kern. "Use of Water Isotopes in Hydrological Processes." Water 12, no. 8 (August 7, 2020): 2227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082227.

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Stable (16O, 17O, 18O, 1H, 2H) and radioactive (3H) isotopes in water are powerful tools in the tracking of the path of water molecules in the whole water cycle. In the last decade, a considerable number of studies have been published on the use of water isotopes, and the number continues to grow due to the development of new measurement techniques (i.e., laser absorption spectroscopy) that allow measurements of stable isotope ratios at ever-higher resolutions. Therefore, this Special Issue (SI) has been compiled to address current state-of-the-art water isotope methods, applications, and hydrological process interpretations and to contribute to the rapidly growing repository of isotope data important for future water resource management. We are pleased to present here a compilation of 14 papers reporting the use of water isotopes in the study of hydrological processes worldwide, including studies on the local and regional scales related either to precipitation dynamics or to different applications of water isotopes in combination with other hydrochemical parameters in investigations of surface water, snowmelt, soil water, groundwater, and xylem water to identify the hydrological and geochemical processes.

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24

Zellner, Moira L. "Generating Policies for Sustainable Water Use in Complex Scenarios: An Integrated Land-Use and Water-Use Model of Monroe County, Michigan." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 34, no. 4 (August 2007): 664–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b32152.

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Rapidly declining groundwater levels since the early 1990s have raised serious concern in Monroe County, Michigan. Hydrological studies suggest that land-use changes have caused this decline. The mechanisms linking land-use and groundwater dynamics are not clear, however. In this paper I present WULUM, the Water-Use and Land-Use Model, an agent-based model that serves as an analytical framework to understand how these processes interact to create the observed patterns of resource depletion, and to suggest policies to reverse the process. The land-use component includes the main groundwater extractors in the county—stone quarries, golf courses, farms, and households. The groundwater component includes the glacial deposits and the underlying bedrock acquifer. The behavior of water users is defined by simple rules that determine their location and consumption. The dynamics of groundwater are represented through infiltration and diffusion rules between each cell and its immediate neighbors. Initial explorations with the model showed that land-use patterns contributed significantly to groundwater declines, while eliminating quarry dewatering did not entirely solve the problem. Both low-density and high-density zoning restrictions improved aquifer conditions over medium-density development, suggesting a nonlinear relationship between intensity of residential use and groundwater levels. Moreover, of all the natural and policy variables, zoning had the greatest influence on urban settlement and therefore on resource consumption.

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25

Odling, Gylen, Zhi Yi Pong, Gavin Gilfillan, Colin R. Pulham, and Neil Robertson. "Bismuth titanate modified and immobilized TiO2 photocatalysts for water purification: broad pollutant scope, ease of re-use and mechanistic studies." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 4, no. 12 (2018): 2170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ew00568k.

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26

Kalisvaart, B. F. "Re-use of wastewater: preventing the recovery of pathogens by using medium-pressure UV lamp technology." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 6 (September 1, 2004): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0393.

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Ultraviolet (UV) light has become widely accepted as an alternative to chlorination or ozonation for wastewater disinfection. There are now over 2,000 wastewater treatment plants worldwide using either low- or medium-pressure UV technology. Recent studies investigating UV lamp technology, configuration, cleaning requirements and ageing, as well as long-term performance tests, have demonstrated beyond any doubt the effectiveness of UV in inactivating pathogens in wastewater. Research has also shown that, to ensure permanent inactivation and prevent the recovery of microorganisms following exposure to UV, a broad, “polychromatic” spectrum of UV wavelengths is necessary. These wavelengths inflict irreparable damage not only on cellular DNA, but on other molecules, such as enzymes, as well. Only medium-pressure UV lamps produce the necessary broad range of wavelengths; low-pressure lamps emit a single wavelength peak which only affects DNA. Polychromatic medium-pressure UV light is so effective because of the lampÕs exceptionally high UV energy output at specific wavelengths across the UV spectrum. It has been shown, for example, that pathogenic E. coli O175:H7 was able to repair the damage caused by low-pressure UV, but no repair was detected following exposure to UV from medium-pressure lamps.

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27

Fatone, F., P. Battistoni, P. Pavan, and F. Cecchi. "Application of a membrane bioreactor for the treatment of low loaded domestic wastewater for water re-use." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 9 (April 1, 2006): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.280.

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This paper describes the demonstrative scale application of a membrane biological reactor (MBR) for low loaded domestic wastewater with low attitude to biological treatment (carbon/nitrogen ∼ 5). The biological process was managed by the automatically controlled alternate cycles allowing for re-use purposes with a remarkable reduction of the operational costs. The global process evaluation revealed the system capability of obtaining high nitrogen removal (effective nitrogen removal of 69%) thanks to its high flexibility related to the hourly loading fluctuation. Moreover, high removal of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) was obtained due to the perfect retention capability of the membranes. In-depth studies were conducted to determine the process behaviour for activated sludge over aeration and with addition of exogenous carbon. Limitation of sludge over aeration and energy savings were observed with a gradient air supplying method. The addition of exogenous carbon (acetic acid up to carbon/nitrogen ∼ 9) led to complete nitrogen removal (Ed = 96%) and permitted biological phosphorus uptake. In conclusion, it was been found that the coupled process alternated cycles-MBR had the capacity to remove COD, BOD, N, P and suspended solids, as well as heavy metals and organic micropollutants, resulting in high quality effluent suitable for re-use purposes.

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28

Albaugh, Janine M., Peter J. Dye, and John S. King. "Eucalyptusand Water Use in South Africa." International Journal of Forestry Research 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/852540.

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TheEucalyptusgenus yields high rates of productivity and can be grown across a wide range of site types and climates for products such as pulp, fuelwood, or construction lumber. In addition, many eucalypts have the ability to coppice, making this genus an ideal candidate for use as a biofuel feedstock. However, the water use ofEucalyptusis a controversial issue, and the impacts of these fast-growing trees on water resources are well documented. Regardless, the demand for wood products and water continues to rise, providing a challenge to increase the productivity of forest plantations within water constraints. This is of particular relevance for water-limited countries such as South Africa which relies on exotic plantations to meet its timber needs. Research results from water use studies in South Africa are well documented and legislation restrictions limit further afforestation. This paper outlines techniques used to quantify the water use of eucalypt plantations and provides recommendations on where to focus future research efforts. Greater insights into the water use efficiency of clonal material are needed, as certain eucalypt clones show fast growth and low water use. To better understand water use efficiency, estimates should be combined with monitoring of stand canopy structure and measurements of physiological processes.

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Kuribayashi, S. "Experimental Studies on Advanced Treatment of Wastewater for Amenity Use." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 9-11 (November 1, 1992): 2401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0747.

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At Kawasaki City, the “Kawasaki Aqua-promenade Project” is being set up for amenity use of treated sewage in artificial “Seseragi” streams. From fiscal year 1987, an experimental study has been done in order to determine the advanced treatment process to be introduced in the Todoroki Sewage Works (planned water flow 395, 500 m3/d by pure oxygen activated sludge process) required for the implementation of the above project. In this study, a pilot scale experimental system was used on various advanced treatment processes required to achieve the water quality standards for amenity use (for their performance comparison). The results obtained indicate that the biological aerated filter (BAF) combined with ozonation is the optimum process to be introduced to achieve the water quality standards effectively and economically.

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30

BEAL, ANDREW. "LOW WATER USE HORTICULTURE—THE LEIGH CREEK EXPERIENCE." Australian Planner 29, no. 3 (September 1991): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07293682.1991.9657517.

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31

Belkayali, Nur. "Effective use of water in the landscape architecture curriculum." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 6 (December 30, 2017): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v4i6.2918.

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Water is an indispensable life source for all living creatures, and such a vital source is being increasingly polluted and running out due to lack of effective use. Aridity is on the rise due to water cycle issues caused by global warming and, as such, water is becoming more and more a limited resource for the future. Necessary measures should be taken immediately to prevent this outcome. Training and awareness raising campaigns for effective use of water play a significant role in this respect. Striving to ensure the sustainable use of natural resources for improving the living quality of humans, landscape architects take various courses on the effective use of water throughout their education from the preservation, planning, design and management aspects of such endeavor. Topics such as xeriscape landscape designs, effective irrigation methods, choice of right vegetation, effective use of water resources and assessment of water resources on ecological level are considered to be significant elements of landscaping studies in tackling water scarcity issues brought on global warming and aridity. The present study aims to emphasise the place and significance of landscape architects and landscape architecture, as an academic study, in tackling the issue of water scarcity, which is an important issue on a global scale. With this aim in mind, the courses and syllabuses concerning the effective use of water included in the landscape architecture programs teach in both Turkey and around the world have been identified. The case studies on the effective use of water resources in Turkey and elsewhere have been studied and the things to be done in this respect have been presented. Keywords: Water, climate change, xeriscape landscaping, landscape architecture programs.

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32

Siddiqui, Mansoor A., and M. Mashkoor Alam. "Further studies on the use of water hyacinth in nematode control." Biological Wastes 33, no. 1 (January 1990): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7483(90)90124-b.

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33

Prior, S. A., G. B. Runion, T. S. Kornecki, and H. H. Rogers. "A Pneumatic Device for Lifting Containers in Plant Water Use Studies." Agronomy Journal 98, no. 1 (January 2006): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2005.0014.

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34

Chiswell, B. "Speciation of manganese in fresh water—I Use of EPR studies." Talanta 34, no. 3 (March 1987): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(87)80037-1.

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35

Shackleton, Charlie M. "Re-examining local and market-orientated use of wild species for the conservation of biodiversity." Environmental Conservation 28, no. 3 (September 2001): 270–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892901000285.

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The hypothesis of attaching and realising market values as one means of conserving biodiversity has gained ground over the last decade. This has been challenged recently after examination of a number of case studies, largely from tropical Amazonia, on high value logging, marketing of non-timber forest products, and bioprospecting. The conclusion was that market-orientated conservation has seldom generated the financial returns envisaged, and as such cannot be used as an incentive to prevent land transformation. This paper reviews the basis of the challenge to market-orientated conservation on a number of grounds, drawing on examples largely from southern Africa. It concludes that generalizations from tropical Amazonia regarding the failure of market-orientated conservation are probably premature, and that it should remain an option, amongst a number of options, for conservation of biodiversity. Additionally, the prerequisite criteria identified as necessary to create an enabling framework for the success of market-orientated conservation are insufficient. Case studies are presented where the prerequisites do not apply, yet current extraction for market purposes is sustainable. Other potential prerequisites are also considered. There is a need for multivariate analysis, based on a large sample size drawn from across a range of environments and resources, of which factors are important prerequisites for successful market-orientated conservation, and under which circumstances.

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36

Rana, Shahid, and T. Viraraghavan. "Use of Peat in Septic Tank Effluent Treatment - Column Studies." Water Quality Research Journal 22, no. 3 (August 1, 1987): 491–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1987.039.

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Abstract Studies were undertaken to examine the performance of peat filters under dynamic operating conditions. Five laboratory columns were used to determine the treatment capacity of peat at varying hydraulic and organic loadings. The columns with 200, 250, 300, 350 and 500 mm of peat compacted to a density of 100 kg/m3 were studied treating septic tank effluent. All the columns were dosed at uniform rates of 64 mm/d, 89 mm/d, 115 mm/d and 140 mm/d of septic tank effluent for periods of 14, 16, 10 and 4 weeks respectively. Results of column studies showed SS removal of 85-99%, BOD, COD removals in the 40 to 80% range, TKN removal of 0 to 90% and phosphorus removal of 0 to 25%. In general, excellent ( > 95%) fecal coliform reduction was obtained.

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37

Horowitz, Arthur J., and Kent A. Elrick. "The use of bed sediments in water quality studies and monitoring programs." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 375 (March 3, 2017): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-375-11-2017.

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Abstract. In most water quality monitoring programs, either filtered water (dissolved) or suspended sediment (either whole water or separated suspended sediment) are the traditional sample media of choice. This results both from regulatory requirements and a desire to maintain consistency with long-standing data collection procedures. Despite the fact that both bed sediments and/or flood plain deposits have been used to identify substantial water quality issues, they rarely are used in traditional water quality monitoring programs. The usual rationale is that bed sediment chemistry does not provide the temporal immediacy that can be obtained using more traditional sample media (e.g., suspended sediment, water). However, despite the issue of temporal immediacy, bed sediments can be used to address/identify certain types of water quality problems and could be employed more frequently for that purpose. Examples where bed sediments could be used include: (1) identifying potential long-term monitoring sites/water quality hot spots, (2) establishing a water quality/geochemical history for a particular site/area, and (3) as a surrogate for establishing mean/median chemical values for suspended sediment.

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38

Tortosa, Ignacio, José Mariano Escalona, Ismael Opazo, Cyril Douthe, and Hipólito Medrano. "Genotype Variations in Water Use Efficiency Correspond with Photosynthetic Traits in Tempranillo Grapevine Clones." Agronomy 12, no. 8 (August 9, 2022): 1874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081874.

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Mediterranean viticulture is highly dependent on soil water availability. Moreover, global warming is likely to increase average temperatures and the frequency of heat waves, thus leading to greater water scarcity. To cope with this situation, much research focused on the selection of genotypes with higher water use efficiency (WUE). Several previous studies indicated that WUE varies between genotypes of the Tempranillo cultivar with some showing interesting improvement in the leaf WUE. Here, we assessed the associations between the leaf WUE and physiological parameters in six selected Tempranillo clones. The plants were cultivated in pots and two water conditions were applied sequentially: a well-watered period followed by a moderate water stress and recovery phase. Growth parameters and intrinsic WUE were monitored during both periods. Pressure–volume and AN/Ci curves were measured after the plants were re-watered. At the end of the season, biomass accumulation and total irrigation water were used to calculate whole plant WUE (WUEWP). AN/Ci curves revealed significant differences in several photosynthetic parameters, including mesophyll conductance (gm), maximum velocity of carboxylation (Vcmax) and leaf respiration (R). Clones RJ51 and 1048 both exhibited high WUE, but presented distinct physiological traits: RJ51 had the highest gm, while genotype 1048, had the lowest R. This study confirms that physiological traits generally explain the intracultivar diversity in WUE observed in previous studies.

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39

Ofosu-Asiedu, Kingsley, Demas A. Oteino, John O. Omolo, and Lazare Etiegni. "Sewage re-use for irrigation in Athi River town Kenya: its implications on public health." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 10-11 (May 1, 1999): 343–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0679.

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Occupational environmental health associated with both industrial and domestic sewage reuse for food production in Athi River town Kenya has been studied. The levels of toxic heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, selenium and arsenic in the soil, roof crops, leaf crops and fruits (or seed) were determined using atomic absorption spectoscophy (AAS). In soils the average levels of lead and cadmium were 0.44mg/g and 0.13mg/g respectively. The crops analysed were selected as root crops, leaf crops and fruits (or seed) crops. The levels of lead found in these crops were 0.06 μg/g, 0.01 μg/g and fruit 0.05 μg/g for root, leaf and fruit crops respectively. Similarly, the cadmium in root, leaf and fruit crops was 0.016 μg/g, 0.03 μg/g and 0.02 μg/g respectively. Coliform counts were greater than 300 counts per 100ml in all samples, which gave a positive indication of the presence of Escherichia coli.

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40

Woldeyohanes, Tesfaye, Arnim Kuhn, Thomas Heckelei, and Lalisa Duguma. "Modeling Non-Cooperative Water Use in River Basins." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 8269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158269.

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Conventional water use and management models have mostly emulated purposefully designed water use systems where centralized governance and rule-based cooperation of agents are assumed. However, water use systems, whether actively governed or not, involve multiple, independent decision makers with diverse and often conflicting interests. In the absence of adequate water management institutions to effectively coordinate decision processes on water use, water users’ behaviors are rather likely to be non-cooperative, meaning that actions by individual users generate externalities and lead to sub-optimal water use efficiency. The objective of this review is to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of recently proposed modeling systems dealing with non-cooperative water use regarding their ability to realistically represent the features of complex hydrological and socioeconomic processes and their tractability in terms of modeling tools and computational efficiency. For that purpose, we conducted a systematic review of 47 studies that address non-cooperative water use in decentralized modeling approaches. Even though such a decentralized approach should aim to model decisions by individual water users in non-cooperative water use, we find that most studies assumed the presence of a coordinating agency or market in their model. It also turns out that most of these models employed a solution procedure that sequentially solved independent economic decisions based on pre-defined conditions and heuristics, while only few modeling approaches offered simultaneous solution algorithms. We argue that this approach cannot adequately capture economic trade-offs in resource allocation, in contrast to models with simultaneous solution procedures.

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41

Siddique, KHM, D. Tennant, MW Perry, and RK Belford. "Water use and water use efficiency of old and modern wheat cultivars in a Mediterranean-type environment." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 41, no. 3 (1990): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9900431.

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Water use and water use efficiency of old and modern wheat cultivars and one barley cultivar were measured in a Mediterranean environment at Merredin, W.A. Water use efficiency for grain increased substantially from old to modern cultivars, with little difference among modern cultivars. Water use efficiency for dry matter was similar between cultivars. Barley had the highest water use efficiency of both grain and dry matter. Improved water use efficiency for grain in modern cultivars was associated with faster development, earlier flowering, improved canopy structure and higher harvest index. Modern cultivars used slightly less water than old cultivars. The pattern of water use was also different, with late-maturing old cultivars using more water in the pre- than the post-anthesis period. The ratio of pre- to post-anthesis water use was highest with the late-maturing, old cultivar Purple Straw (5.2:1) and lowest with early-maturing, modern cultivar Gutha (3.0:1). Soil evaporation estimates showed that modern cultivars had lower rates of soil evaporation in the early part of the growing season. This was associated with their faster leaf area development and improved light interception. About 40% of the total water use was lost by soil evaporation with very little difference between wheat cultivars. Barley had 15% less soil evaporation than wheat. Water use efficiency for grain based on transpiration (transpiration efficiency) for the four modern cultivars was 15.8 kg ha-1 mm-1, similar to other studies in comparable environments. Some further improvement in water use efficiency appears possible through improvement in crop biomass and harvest index. However, given the frequent and severe limitations of total water supply at low rainfall sites such as Merredin, there appears to be more scope for improvement in yield and water use efficiency in the medium and high rainfall areas of the wheatbelt.

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42

Guhathakurta, Subhrajit, and Patricia Gober. "Residential Land Use, the Urban Heat Island, and Water Use in Phoenix: A Path Analysis." Journal of Planning Education and Research 30, no. 1 (July 8, 2010): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739456x10374187.

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43

Nesbit, Scott P., Daniel E. Bollich, Hassan S. Mashriqui, and Rebecca L. Telesco. "The use of storm water to enhance a coastal swamp." Urban Ecosystems 7, no. 2 (June 2004): 139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:ueco.0000036266.85507.f0.

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44

UPADHYAY, D. S., D. K. MISHRA, A. P. JOHRI, and A. K. SRIVASTAVA. "Use of satellite based information in Snowmelt run-off studies." MAUSAM 42, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v42i2.3112.

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This paper aims at evolving a conceptual technique for the computation of water yield from the basin snow cover. It may serve as a useful information to compute the snowmelt driven run-off particularly in the lean summer season. For this purpose, the measurement of snow cover area in catchment of Satluj river using very high resolution imagery received from the meteorological satellite NOAA-9 was undertaken on selected dates during the periods, (i) October 1985 to May 1986, and (ii) January to June 1987. The computed snowmelt water yield have been compared with the available actual run-off data. The study shows that the satellite derived snow cover data are potentially useful in predicting the snowmelt run-off. The importance of this technique is further enhanced for the large watersheds over Himalayas where ground based measurements are too scanty.

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45

Barra Caracciolo, Anna, Paola Grenni, Livia Mariani, Jasmin Rauseo, Martina Di Lenola, Valerio Muzzini, Enrica Donati, et al. "Mesocosm Experiments at a Tunnelling Construction Site for Assessing Re-Use of Spoil Material as a By-Product." Water 13, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13020161.

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Mechanized excavation of tunnels with Earth Pressure Balance-Tunnel Boring Machines requires the use of foaming agents. The latter contain the anionic surfactant sodium lauryl ether sulphate (SLES) as the main compound. The re-use as a by-product of excavated soil containing foaming agents (spoil material) can pose a risk for soil and particularly for aquatic ecosystems if they are close to the spoil material final destination site. This work reports the chemical results (SLES residual concentrations) and ecotoxicological effects (battery of five tests) of 28 day-mesocosm studies performed at a tunnelling construction site. The soil mesocosms were set up with two different lithologies, which contained four different foaming agent products at the highest amounts used for excavation. The decrease in SLES concentrations and the ecotoxicological tests were performed in soil and its water extract (elutriate) at different times (0, 7, 14, 28 d). Elutriates were prepared in order to simulate a possible SLES leaching from soil to water. The results showed a decrease in SLES over time and different ecotoxicological responses depending not only on the initial amount of each product, but also on the soil lithology and organism tested (aquatic or terrestrial). This study showed how only site-specific ecotoxicological evaluations can ensure a safe management of the spoil material, making possible the re-use of soil and avoiding production of waste.

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46

Smitt, Chris, D. Ife, Joanne Vanderzalm, Peter Dillion, and Shaun Davidge. "Aquifer recharge to assist in the management of produced CSG water." APPEA Journal 52, no. 2 (2012): 692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj11106.

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Santos is producing natural gas and expanding its CSG operations in the Surat and Bowen Basins, Queensland for the Gladstone Liquefied Natural Gas (GLNG) project. During the project, it has been estimated that a total of ∼340 GL of associated water could be produced from gas extraction in three CSG fields. Beneficial re-use of this water is a high priority and one option involves treating the water and re-injecting it into the water supply aquifers in the Great Artesian Basin. In the past 100 years, groundwater pressures in the Gubberamunda Sandstone aquifer, Roma’s main town water supply, have declined more than 80 m and groundwater demand for the town water supply is now more than 5 ML/day. This demand, coupled with forecast droughts in modelled climate change scenarios, provides an impetus for the beneficial re-use of treated produced water. To assess the feasibility of the aquifer for managed aquifer recharge (MAR), a risk-based framework consistent with the Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling: Managed Aquifer Recharge was applied. A series of assessment stages designed to protect human health and the environment were undertaken, each allowing a decision point for investment. To date, a MAR well-field has been developed and numerous hydraulic tests have been undertaken along with laboratory/desktop evaluation of the geochemical compatibility of the injected water with the water and sediment of the target aquifer. An injection trial in Q4 2011 will evaluate the aquifer storage potential and confirm numerical/laboratory studies related to hydraulics and water quality compatibility.

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Paul, Catherine A., Greg L. Davis, Garald L. Horst, and Steven N. Rodie. "281 Water Use in Herbaceous Landscape Plants." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 490F—491. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.490f.

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Water conservation in a landscape is an important issue because periodic water shortages are common in many regions of the world. This increases the importance of specifying landscape plants that require less water and matching the plant to site microclimates. Our objectives were to establish water-use rates for three herbaceous landscape plants and to determine the level of water reduction these plants can tolerate while maintaining both visual and landscape quality. Water use rates were determined for Schizachyrium scoparium (Little bluestem), Hosta spp. (Hosta) and Festuca cinerea `Dwarf' (Dwarf blue fescue) in studies using pot lysimeters at the Univ. of Nebraska Horticulture Research Greenhouse facility. Each lysimeter was watered to saturation, allowed to drain to field capacity, and weighed. The lysimeters were weighed again 24 h later, and the process was repeated to determine daily evapotranspiration. Results indicated that hosta used less water than dwarf blue fescue and little bluestem. In a subsequent study to compare the relative effects of withholding irrigation among these species, seven groups of five replicates of each species were grown in 1 peat: 0.33 vermiculite: 0.66 soil: 1 sand (by volume) in 7.6-L containers. Each container was watered to saturation, allowed to drain for 24 h to reach field capacity, and allowed to dry down in 10-day increments. Results of the dry-down study indicated that little bluestem maintained the best visual quality for the longest duration of drought, followed by dwarf blue fescue and hosta in decreasing order of visual quality.

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48

Di Carlo, Fabio, Alfonso Giancotti, and Luca Reale. "Re-Inventing Water–Ground Relations in Landscape Architecture Projects." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 11, 2020): 10358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410358.

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In recent decades, the relationship between soil and water has been at the center of many landscape architecture projects and, more in general, of urban transformation. With an ever-increasing recurrence, the interventions reflect on the positive effects of this dialectic, to the point of making it the constitutive element, both in terms of morphologies and of the reciprocal conditions of quality and resilience, combining ecosystem effects and cultural values. This paper thus examines some cases where the use of these elements has assumed the role of “raw material” in those design processes where they are called to specifically question the relationship between nature and human settlements. Three case studies, which with different declinations represent turning points and paradigmatic passages in this context, are here analyzed: the Cultuurpark Westergasfabriek in Amsterdam, the Cheong Gye Cheon canal in Seoul, and the Candlestick Park in the San Francisco Bay.

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Jehangir, Waqar A., Hugh Turral, and Shahbaz Khan. "Net Gains from Conjunctive Use of Surface and Ground Water." Pakistan Development Review 42, no. 4II (December 1, 2003): 823–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v42i4iipp.823-838.

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Pakistan is fortunate enough because its soils, topography and climate are generally suitable for farming but its agriculture sector faces the problem of scarcity of the irrigation water. This paucity of irrigation supplies has forced the farmers to use the ground water to augment their surface supplies. The quality of ground water in Pakistan varies from fit for irrigation to moderately saline to sodic. Thus the tubewell owners in the marginal quality ground water areas are bound to use the tubewell water in conjunction with the surface water on their farms. Currently the farmers are using about 65.75 BCM of ground water in Pakistan [Halcrow (2002)]. The international literature is filled with the studies on conjunctive water management and its impact on crop productivity and related issues [Gangwar and Toorn (1987); Bredehoeft and Young (1983); Gorelick (1988); Lingen (1988); O’Mara (1988); Shah (1988); Brewer and Sharma (2000); Datta and Dayal (2000); Raju and Brewer (2000); Sakhtivadivel and Chawala (2002) and Chaudhary and Shah (2003)]. In Pakistan, the review of literature shows that all of the previous studies conducted in the arena of water management reported the management problems leading to the inefficiencies in irrigation application and reduction in crop productivity, [Kijne and Velde (1991); Mustafa (1991) and Siddiq (1994)]. Few of the studies took into consideration the impact of waterlogging and salinity on productivity at farm level [Meyer, et al. (1996); Prathaper, et al. (1997) and O’Connell and Khan (1999)]. None of these studies have taken into consideration the trade-offs between gross farm income, ground water and salinity at irrigation subdivision level.

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Leite, Christiane Cavalcante, Marcos Heil Costa, and Ranieri Carlos Ferreira de Amorim. "Estimating historical land use patterns in Amazonia for hydrological studies." Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciências Ambientais 8, no. 4 (October 22, 2017): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.6008/spc2179-6858.2017.004.0016.

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The evaluation of the impacts of land-use change on the water resources has been, many times, limited by the knowledge of past land use conditions. Most publications on this field present only a vague description of the past land use, which is usually insufficient for more comprehensive studies. This study presents the first reconstruction of the historical land use patterns in Amazonia, that includes both croplands and pasturelands, for the period 1940-1995. During this period, Amazonia experienced the fastest rates of land use change in the world, growing 4-fold from 193,269 km2 in 1940 to 724,899 km2 in 1995. This reconstruction is based on a merging of satellite imagery and census data, and provides a 5'x5' yearly dataset of land use in three different categories (cropland, natural pastureland and planted pastureland) for Amazonia. This dataset will be an important step towards understanding the impacts of changes in land use on the water resources in Amazonia.

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