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Дисертації з теми "Water re-use Use studies"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 30 січня 2023

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1

Shukri, Ibrahim M. "Municipal water use: an Oregon case study." PDXScholar, 1985. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/523.

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There are two approaches to estimating the quantity of water required in an urban area: the requirements approach and the economic approach. The requirements approach extrapolates from past growth trends of the urban area. Water consumption and population are extrapolated into the future using a trend line based on prior years; the future requirements of the area are determined according to past experience. This approach served well when water was essentially a free good. But now that it is an economic good that requires production, the requirements approach tends to overestimate water requirements. The alternative is the economic approach which takes into account different characteristics of an urban area. Among these characteristics are economic, demographic, geographic and climatic. This approach leads to better use of information to estimate future water consumption. This dissertation is a cross-sectional analysis of municipal water districts in Oregon. It is based on the economic approach. Data on specified variables were collected by sampling and surveying more than 1,000 water districts in Oregon. The data were analyzed using Multiple Linear Regression. The general hypothesis of the study is that municipal water use in Oregon can be estimated by using independent variables other than size. Weather, per capita income, average price of water, marginal cost of water, the amount of fixed charge for basic water use, allowed quantity of basic water use, and non-residential connections were regressed on the per capita per day water consumption for residential, commercial, industrial and total users. The hypothesis was confirmed; price was a significant variable in the different uses of water. Climate was found to be significant in estimating the residential use. Variable charge as well as climate were found to be significant in commercial use. Fixed charge and sewage charge were somewhat significant in estimating the industrial use. The results of the study are consistent with the theory and the findings of previous studies. Three models were developed; a general model, a residential model and a non-residential model. These models helped to identify climate and price as effective variables in estimating water demand in the study area within the context of the economic approach.

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2

Dordio, Ana Vitória Martins Neves Barrocas. "Studies on pharmaceuticals removal from water potential use of constructed wetlands systems." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/11104.

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Pharmaceutical residues in the environment and their potential toxic effects have been recognized as one of the emerging research areas in environmental chemistry. Many reports are available in the literature about the detection of several of the most consumed pharmaceuticals, their metabolites and transformation products in effluents of domestic wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as well as surface and ground waters and even, in drinking waters worldwide. This situation can be attributed to the general inadequacy of conventional treatment processes used. in WWTPs in dealing with trace pollutants. An option for removal of organic xenobiotics from WWTPs effluents is the implementation of constructed wetlands systems (CWS). In comparison with other tertiary or advanced treatment technologies, CWS present the advantage of being an essentially low-cost and low-maintenance technology. CWS have been already applied with success for the treatment of other organic xenobiotics, but their use for pharmaceuticals removal has been only scarcely tested. Moreover, these systems have been approached primarily as a "black-box", without a thorough understanding of the processes involved. The efficiency of CWS in the removal of pollutants can be significantly enhanced by using adequate support matrices with a greater capacity to retain contaminants by sorption phenomena, ionic exchange or other physico-chemical processes and plant species with high capacity to tolerate and remove pollutants froco contaminated waters. The main goal, of this work was to evaluate the ability of a microcosm CWS to remove selected pharmaceuticals from domestic wastewater that has received secondary treatment. The selection of the pharmaceuticals to be studied was based on the following criteria: data on consumption and presence in the environment, behavior in. WWTPs, and characteristics such as biodegradability, acid-base character, hydrophobicity and water solubility. Four pharmaceuticals were selected, in particular two acidic substances (ibuprofen, IB, and clofibric acid, CA), a neutral one (carbamazepine, CB) and another with an alkaline character (atenolol, AT). These are moderately lipophilic compounds, with the exception of AT, which is a somewhat hydrophilic substance. Among these, one of the compounds is biodegradable (IB), another one is only moderately biodegradable (AT), whereas the other two (CA and CB) are hardly biodegradable. /RESUMO - A qualidade da água é uma das grandes preocupações actuais em química analítica ambiental. Em particular, a ocorrência e destino de fármacos no ambiente aquático tem vindo a ser reconhecido como um dos problemas emergentes nesta área. De facto, a frequente detecção de fármacos utilizados em medicina humana, seus metabolitos e produtos de transformação em efluentes de estações de tratamento de águas residuais urbanas (ETARs) bem como em águas naturais, superficiais e subterrâneas, e até mesmo em águas para consumo, tem demonstrado a existência de um problema real devido à crescente quantidade e diversidade de substâncias deste tipo que são excretadas e libertadas nos sistemas de recolha de efluentes líquidos urbanos. Como consequência da geralmente baixa eficiência de remoção destes contaminantes pelos processos de tratamento convencionais utilizados na maioria das ETARs, resulta que muitas destas substâncias acabam por ser descarregadas com os efluentes nos meios receptores hídricos e disseminadas pelos meios aquáticos. As implicações resultantes desta descarga de fármacos no ambiente aquático sugerem a urgente necessidade de encontrar processos complementares ou alternativos para a sua remoção dos efluentes antes de alcançarem os cursos de água. A utilização de processos de tratamento terciário ou de afinação nas ETARs, como por exemplo a utilização de processos de membranas ou oxidação química, podem permitir o aumento das eficiências de remoção obtidas. No entanto, a implementação e manutenção deste tipo de processos têm custos elevados e são dificeis de adaptar para uma utilização em larga escala em ETARs. Os leitos construídos de macrófitas (LCMs) têm surgido ultimamente como sistemas complementares ou, nalguns casos, alternativos de tratamento de águas residuais urbanas. Os LCMs, ou zonas húmidas construídas, são sistemas artificiais projectados e construidos para tirar partido do mesmo tipo de processos que ocorrem nas zonas húmidas naturais, utilizando vegetação, solos e colónias de microorganismos típicas destes sistemas, mas actuando de uma forma controlada e optimizada com o propósito de aplicação para tratamento de efluentes. Os mecanismos de tratamento nos LCMs são extremamente diversificados, caracterizados por uma interacção complexa de processos fisicos, químicos e biológicos, que ocorrem ao nível das plantas, da matriz de suporte e dos microrganismos adaptados à toxicidade do efluente.

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3

Smith, Kimberly C. (Kimberly Carolyn). "Evaluating PC-based water quality models as tools for land use planning." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70200.

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4

Reiner, Stephanie L. "Evaluating the use of Flow-Through Larval Culture for the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica." W&M ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539617900.

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Анотація:

One system used for bivalve mollusc culture is flowthrough larval culture, which provides a continuous flow of food and seawater to the tank. Flowthrough culture enables larvae to be reared at stocking densities up to 100 larvae/mL, a characteristic that should recommend it as the culture system of choice for the East coast; however, Eastern oyster larvae have never been tested in flowthrough culture, discouraging implementation of the system. The thesis objectives are designed to address questions regarding the survival, growth, competent period, cell consumption, growth efficiency, and cell selection of oyster larvae reared in flowthrough culture. The objectives are: to describe larval tolerance to metabolic waste products, to determine how stocking densities influence clogging of the banjo screen and how those stocking densities coupled with exchange rate influence survival, growth, duration of the competent period, cell consumption, and cell selectivity, and to examine replication of flowthrough culture and establish data for the variables measured. To obtain a basic understanding of larval tolerance to their metabolic waste, twelve static tanks were set up at the Aquaculture Genetics and Breeding Technology Center’s hatchery at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science. Larvae were exposed to a range of concentrations of ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate and their survival and growth were monitored. Ammonia was the only metabolic waste that caused detrimental effects to larvae at a concentration of 10 mg/L. To address the remaining objectives, six 400 L conical flowthrough tanks were set up at Oyster Seed Holdings, a commercial hatchery. To determine if banjo screen clogging (the cause of tank overflow) was affected by the day and density at which larvae were introduced to flowthrough culture, larvae were introduced at two days old at three different stocking densities. The banjo screen, a circular plastic band with mesh screen on both sides, retains larvae in flowthrough culture while allowing water to exit. The banjo screen was monitored for clogging every 12 hours for 60 hours. Larvae can be introduced to flowthrough culture at two days old at densities as high as 50 larvae/mL without risking banjo clogging. To examine the effects of different flowthrough culture parameters on larval development, larvae were stocked in flowthrough cultures at 10, 20, and 50 larvae/mL and reared at five and ten exchanges of water/day. Five exchanges of water/day and a stocking density between 10 – 20 larvae/mL resulted in the highest survival, fastest growth, and greatest amount of competent larvae harvested. Variation among flowthrough cultures stocked with 10 larvae/mL and reared at five and ten exchanges of water/day was examined. Five exchanges of water/day generally had lower variation, with the smallest being survival and length. The results for survival, length, cell consumption, duration of the competent period, and growth efficiency were characterized as the established values for the thesis’s flowthrough system and were compared with data obtained from the controls in Chapter Three to distinguish anomalous data.

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5

Demir, Ayhan. "NMR-the basic principles and its use in studies of water/ethanol/mixture." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-57881.

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6

Sauer, Robert Eugene Jr. "Development and use of saltmarsh mesocosms in studies of sedimentary mercury transformation." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19608.

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7

Tellez, Sanchez Sarita Lucia. "Household Water Filter Use Characterization in Rural Rwanda: Signal Interpretation, Development and Validation." PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3026.

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Анотація:

Access to safe drinking water is an important health factor in many developing countries. Studies have shown that unsafe drinking water and poor sanitation practices leads to diarrheal disease, which is one of the leading causes of death of children under five in developing countries. Provision and proper use of household water filters have been shown to effectively improve health. This thesis is focused on the refinement and validation of algorithms for data collected from pressure transducer sensors that are used in household water filters (the Vestergaard Frandsen LifeStraw Family 2.0) deployed in Rwanda by the social enterprise DelAgua Health. Statistical and signal processing techniques were used to detect the use of the LifeStraw water filters and to estimate the amount of water filtered at the time of usage. An algorithm developed by Dr. Carson Wick at Georgia Institute of Technology was the baseline for the analysis of the data. The algorithm was then refined based on data collected in the SweetLab at Portland State University, which was then applied to field data. Laboratory results indicated that the mean error of the improved algorithm is 11.5% as compared with the baseline algorithm mean error of 39%. The validation of the algorithm with field data yielded a mean error of 5%. Errors may be attributed to real-world behavior of the water filter, electronic noise, ambient temperature, and variations in the approximation made to the field data. This work also presents some consideration of the algorithm applied to soft-sided water backpacks.

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8

Kimbrough, Kimani L. "Effects of urbanization and land use on PAH accumulation in wetland sediments." W&M ScholarWorks, 2002. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539616718.

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The relationship between wetland polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations and adjacent land use was assessed using surface sediments, sediment cores and global information systems (GIS) in the Elizabeth River, Virginia, an urbanized subestuary of the Chesapeake Bay. Wetlands adjacent to parking lots and petroleum industrial sites exhibited the highest PAH concentrations of all land uses in surfaces sediment and historically. Automobile and coal are the dominant sources of PAHs in wetland sediments historically as determined by relative concentration, fingerprinting and source specific compounds. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) test used to compare sixteen surface sediment sites based on land use revealed significant differences in wetland surface sediment PAH concentration. Multi-family and single-family residential, rural, undeveloped, commercial, petroleum industrial and non-petroleum industrial most accurately identified distinct land use categories in the watershed. Source assessments revealed little variability between sites, which is indicative of one atmospheric source of PAHs to wetland surface sediments. Concentration magnitude and source similarities implicate percent impervious surface and proximity to sources as having a major influences on PAH input to wetlands. GIS and surfaces sediment PAH concentrations were used to assess wetland area, adjacent land use in addition to PAH storage, distribution and input at the micro (site) and macro (watershed) scales. Despite urban wetlands having the largest concentration of PAHs a disproportionately low number of associated wetlands resulted in lower PAH storage at the macro scale. Residential, urban and rural wetlands contained the largest amounts of PAHs respectively. Wetland migration and erosion make wetlands dynamic sinks that constantly release and accumulate contaminants as they migrate shoreward to keep pace with sea level rise. In the urban Elizabeth River over 75% of wetlands are not able to migrate as a result of upland development. A conceptual model depicting wetland migration with developed and undeveloped uplands, and variable PAH source in sediments indicate wetlands can act as sources or sinks of slowly degrading contaminants. PAH flux measurement determined from wetland surface sediment concentrations and accretion rates showed PAH flux to all wetlands were exponentially higher than atmospheric deposition.

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9

Duncan, Patricia Lynn. "The use of Crab Meal as a Supplemental Food for Juvenile Hard Clams (Mercenaria mercenaria)." W&M ScholarWorks, 1986. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539617572.

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10

Mountz, Elizabeth M. "Use of Remote Sensing to Identify Essential Habitat for Aeschynomene virginica (L) BSP, a Threatened Tidal Freshwater Wetland Plant." W&M ScholarWorks, 2002. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539617789.

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11

Addison, Vicki. "Water allocation and the sustainability of dairying in the upper Waitaki river basin : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Environmental Studies /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1021.

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12

Boshoven, Judith L. (Judith Lynn). "A case for a "watershed protection approach" to water resources use and allocation : the Merrimack River watershed." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/64513.

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Анотація:

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1992.
Title as it appears in the June 1990 MIT Graduate List: A case for a "watershed approach" to water resources management.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 157-161).
by Judith L. Boshoven.
M.C.P.

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13

Pickering, Evelyn. "The social construction of water in Dominica and how it has influenced use and exportation." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1571772.

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Dominica has been recognized for its landscape containing hundreds of rivers and receiving high rainfall, and "our water belongs to the world," or so says many Dominican citizens, and their government. A schism exists in the understanding of the water resources of Dominica. Local perceptions are in conflict with regional climate change data. Where climate change research has found Dominica to be high risk for water quality and quantity, locals maintain the mindset that there is an overabundance of the resource. Local epistemologies influence governmental water management practices, which presently focus on exportation of the resource. In efforts of economic development, while trusting that there is a surplus of water, Dominica leases billions of gallons of water each year to foreign companies. A popular conception on the island is that there is an abundance of water, and therefore, it should be shared globally. This unique social construction of Dominican water has been a foundation leading to the sale of billions of gallons of fresh water to international corporations. However, the bulk exportation of water is occurring in the context of climate change, and thus, the availability of water will be impacted by changes in annual rainfall, sea level rise, increased temperatures, and more severe hurricanes. The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of how the social understanding of water in Dominica was constructed, and what this means in relation to resource exportation and climate change. This research-based paper explores Dominican perceptions of water abundance and sustainability.

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14

Watson, Eric Craig. "Use of Distance Weighted Metrics to Investigate Landscape-Stream Temperature Relationships Across Different Temporal Scales." PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3117.

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Stream ecosystems have experienced significant negative impacts from land use, resource exploitation, and urban development. Statistical models allow researchers to explore the relationships between these landscape variables and stream conditions. Weighting the relevant landscape variables based on hydrologically defined distances offers a potential method of increasing the predictive capacity of statistical models. Using observations from three grouped watersheds in the Portland Metro Area (n=66), I have explored the use of three different weighting schemes against the standard method of taking an areal average. These four different model groups were applied to four stream temperature metrics: mean seven-day moving average maximum daily temperature (Mean7dTmax), number of days exceeding 17.8 °C (Tmax7d>17.8), mean daily range in stream temperature (Range_DTR), and the coefficient of variation in maximum daily temperature (CV_Tmax). These metrics were quantified for the 2011 dry season. The strength of these model groups were also examined at a monthly basis for each of the four months within the dry season. The results demonstrate mixed effectiveness of the weighting schemes, dependent on both the stream temperature metric being predicted as well as the time scale under investigation. Models for Mean7dTmax showed no benefit from the inclusion of distance weighted metrics, while models for Range_DTR consistently improved using distance weighted explanatory variables. Trends in the models for 7dTmax>17.8 and CV_Tmax varied based on temporal scale. Additionally, all model groups demonstrated greater explanatory power in early summer months than in late summer months.

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15

Mohamed, Farzana S. 1977. "Household-level point-of-use water filtration system in Haiti : strategies for program management and sustainability." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39400.

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Анотація:

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning; and, (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 30-33).
The traditional approach of providing safe drinking water supplies through centralized large-scale systems has proven ineffective, costly, and elusive, particularly in serving the needs of rural populations in developing countries. The focus of safe water provision in developing countries is steadily shifting to the use of a body of smaller-scale point-of-use technologies, in which water is treated by its end user, that are cheaper, more appropriate for such contexts, and locally controlled. Oift of Water, Inc., (OWl), is a Florida-based non-profit organization that has been developing and implementing point-of-use household-level water purification projects in Haiti since its inception six years ago. In addition to providing seven Haitian communities with inexpensive point-of-use treatment systems for use in individual homes, OWl trains and actively supports a network of community technicians who are responsible for monitoring and troubleshooting filter programs, and for educating community members in the use of OWl's systems. This thesis reviews the development of OWl's programs in Haiti, recommends strategies for program management, and suggests mechanisms for ensuring program sustainability.
by Farzana S. Mohamed.
M.Eng.
M.C.P.

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16

Bhatt, Jigar D. (Jigar Dinker). "The strategic use of small scale water providers : an analysis of private-sector participation in peri-urban Maputo." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37461.

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Анотація:

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 127-134).
During Portuguese colonial rule biased service provision throughout the 20th century resulted in a city that today has spatially segregated water services distinguishable along racial lines. In 1975, a newly independent Mozambique lacked the financial and human resources necessary to extend its utility network to peri-urban residents. Water coverage rates and service levels could not keep up with population growth. Donor agencies and policymakers gave a great deal of attention to large scale-private sector participation but it was unable to overcome Maputo's infrastructure challenges. Today, less than 40 percent of Maputo residents have access to the utility network. Maputo's 'other private sector' - small, informal private-sector providers (SPSP) - serve over 150,000 residents with reliable standpipes and private connections and have contributed significantly to coverage goals. Sector planners knew less, however, about how they could contribute to future sector goals. This study aims to answer that question through a detailed analysis of their cost and price structures, investment profiles, and operating environment.
(cont.) We find that Maputo's SPSPs already contribute significantly to the sector's coverage, service, and financial sustainability goals. They should be viewed as an integral part of Maputo's water delivery system and not 'a problem' like much of the literature brands them. Their operations can be made more efficient, affordable, and environmentally sustainable with the appropriate policy and business interventions. We recommend actively promoting larger SPSPs, universal metering, improved electricity supply, reducing costs associated with water pumps, and taxation and regulatory measures so ISNOs can contribute to all sector goals as planning moves forward.
by Jigar D. Bhatt.
M.C.P.

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17

Horne, Christopher (Christopher John). "Mixed-use at the landscape scale : integrating agriculture and water management as a case study for interdisciplinary planning." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59576.

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Анотація:

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2010.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-61).
Mixed-use planning is now a standard practice in city design and development. It is believed to support diverse and mutually reinforcing elements within a neighborhood. Agricultural landscapes present an analogous opportunity for mixed-use planning in order to capitalize on the synergies between food production, economic development, water management, biodiversity, energy production, and cultural preservation. This thesis develops a model specifically for integrating agriculture and water management in the United States context. The model is derived from an in-depth case study of a payment for ecosystem services program being tested in central Florida and a review of background literature from a variety of disciplines. The case study is the Florida Ranchlands for Environmental Services Project, currently in its pilot phase, which aims to design a program in which ranchers are paid to retain water on their pastures and reduce phosphorous levels in the Everglades. The thesis begins with a discussion of the challenges and prior attempts to integrate agriculture and water management as well as a summary of the case study's context. Next, it presents the model for integrated management, supported by findings from the case study and contextualized within current literature on payment for ecosystem services. It also investigates the financial feasibility and regional benefits of a scaled-up program. A future research agenda is then suggested, followed by a summary of key findings and implications for planning practice.
by Christopher Horne.
M.C.P.

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18

Sato, Takahiro. "Ecophysiological studies on timing of supplemental irrigation for effective water use in wheat production in northern Syria." Kyoto University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/144110.

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Анотація:

Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第12377号
農博第1558号
新制||農||926(附属図書館)
学位論文||H18||N4135(農学部図書室)
24213
UT51-2006-J369
京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻
(主査)教授櫻谷哲夫, 教授三野徹, 教授堀江武
学位規則第4条第1項該当

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19

Tulipani, Diane C. "Foraging ecology and habitat use of the northern diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin terrapin) in southern Chesapeake Bay." W&M ScholarWorks, 2013. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539616884.

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The northern diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin ) is the only estuarine turtle residing along western Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts of North America. Through predation, terrapins may be a key species in coastal marine habitats by exerting top-down control on marsh invertebrates, and thereby help to maintain healthy marshes. Despite the terrapin's ecological importance, there has not been a thorough study of terrapin foraging ecology and movements in lower Chesapeake Bay. In this dissertation, the research focused on the foraging habits of diamondback terrapins and their effects within salt marsh and seagrass habitats of lower Chesapeake Bay. I provided detailed analysis of the diet of diamondback terrapins captured from both salt marsh and seagrass habitats that showed preferred foraging in seagrass beds when present, as well as prey differentiation by terrapin size, i.e., small vs. large terrapins. Three general patterns in dietary overlap based on terrapin size were common for M. terrapin. By habitat, there was substantial overlap in prey choice, though further analyses determined selectivity for barnacles Balanus spp. by small terrapins in seagrass beds. Small terrapins from marsh-mudflat habitats consumed more periwinkles than large terrapins from marshes or all terrapins from marsh-SAV habitats. The size of ingested periwinkles was related to terrapin size with snails ingested by mature females presenting a bimodal distribution. Two mesocosm prey choice experiments showed that terrapins had a preference for juvenile blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) over periwinkles and mottled dog whelks (Nassarius vibex). A third revealed terrapins were less successful in finding and consuming blue crabs with increasing percent cover of vegetation. An acoustic telemetry study confirmed that small terrapins, which included all males and juvenile females, had better-defined home ranges than adult females and stayed mostly in shallow near-shore water in seagrass beds of lower York River, whereas large females entered these areas on flood and high tides. A logistic regression model predicted that small terrapins were less likely to move out of an area than large females. Males made infrequent, long distances trips within the study area not associated with mating. Both genders and size classes also frequently moved between non-connected Zostera marina beds in the study area. This research provided the first field evidence that terrapins ingested viable eelgrass seeds incidental to consuming Z. marina epifauna. A second logistic regression model revealed that small terrapins were more likely to consume seeds than large terrapins. The diamondback terrapin is considered a "species of concern" in Virginia, but it has minimal protection with little enforcement. This dissertation provides empirical evidence supporting the diamondback terrapin's ecological importance within Chesapeake Bay that can be incorporated into conservation strategies to promote recovery and protection of the species within Virginia.

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20

Omisca, Erlande. "Environmental Health in the Latin American and Caribbean Region: Use of Water Storage Containers, Water Quality, and Community Perception." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3269.

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Water quality and availability are important issues in many developing countries where portions of populations still lack access to potable water. Throughout the English-speaking Caribbean and parts of Latin America, households and businesses invest in water supply systems even when they are connected to and pay for water services from a private or state owned provider. Inconsistent supplies of water from the water companies have led many people to invest in storage tanks which, if operated correctly, can provide water throughout the day even when the supply from the main is low or zero. While these individual systems help to guarantee a more constant supply of water, they may impact water quality when it does reach the household tap. The tanks could become breeding grounds for vectors of human disease and may also affect the concentrations of bacteria, heavy metals and organics in the water. The goal of this research was to understand how households use water storage tanks and determine the effect of these tanks and the individual practices on water quality. Target plots were used to visualize linkages between water quality parameters and household surveys of localized water practices and perception on water quality. The study focused on three field sites: Siparia, Trinidad and Tobago, Region 4 Subset in Guyana, and Villa Litoral, Bolivia. Convenience sampling was used to administer surveys to households in the rural areas of Siparia (39), Region 4 Subset (40), and Villa Litoral (57). The Region 4 Subset is comprised of two rural areas, Mon Repos and Mocha, and Georgetown, the country's capital. Black, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) tanks and water storage drums are predominantly used in the field sites within Siparia and Region 4 Subset, while cement tanks, drums, and jerry cans are used in Villa Litoral. The average age of household water storage devices was 4-10 years in Siparia and Region 4 Subset, and 0- 3 years in Villa Litoral. These devices were found on various elevations to accommodate piped connection, indoor pumping, and rainwater catchment. Cleaning frequency of tanks in Siparia was every few months, while in Region 4 Subset it varied from weekly to every few months. In Villa Litoral 26.3% of the population surveyed cleaned weekly and 38.6% cleaned annually. Disinfection of water sources was practiced by 30% of residents in Siparia and 60% of residents in the Region 4 Subset. While disinfection was practiced, issues with frequency and correct dosage led to inadequate disinfection. Eighty-four percent of households in Siparia and 50% of households in Region 4 Subset disinfected on a monthly or quarterly basis. Of the households that did disinfect, the bleach and/or disinfectant used was allowed to mix for at least 30 minutes in 50% of households in Siparia and 91.6% of households in the Region 4 Subset. Disinfection was not practiced by the majority of households in Villa Litoral. With regards to health, 15% of households in Region 4 Subset and 40.4% in Villa Litoral reported recent waterborne illnesses among house members. Water samples were taken from households in Siparia (24), Region 4 Subset (40), and Villa Litoral (26). The majority of households in all three communities relied on piped water from their respective main pump. Those who were not connected to piped water relied on rain water. In the Region 4 Subset, 18% of samples tested positive for fecal coliform and 45% for total coliform. In Villa Litoral, 85% of samples tested positive for fecal coliform and 100% for total coliform. The majority of samples from all three communities exceeded the WHO guideline values for lead (0.01 mg/L) and iron (0.3 mg/L). This was most likely due to the material used in the household plumbing and distribution pipe infrastructure as these could leach. Five indicators (chemical and biological water quality, reach of risk, storage device, female involvement, and household belief) were conveniently projected on target plots to link the results from water quality assessments with reported household practices and beliefs. The greatest risk factors seen were poor water quality and household beliefs like the security of water storage containers and safety of stored water, perceived water description and pressure, and access to water safety media.

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Whitaker, Heather Joy. "Exposure assessment of chlorination disinfection by-products for use in epidemiological studies of water quality and birth outcomes." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.399986.

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Mendez, Sagel Adriana (Adriana Raquel). "Water quality studies in Kranji Catchment, Singapore : use of organic tracer and PEDs for identifying potential sewage sources." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/60776.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2010.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
The objective of this study was to identify organic compounds that could serve as indicators of potential human fecal contamination sources to the Kranji Reservoir in Singapore that could be used as confirmation indicators along with bacteria indicators. The compounds chosen as potential tracers were nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxyltes (NPEOs), as these are indicative of sewage and have been found at measurable concentrations in rivers and streams elsewhere in Asia. Polyethylene devices (PEDs) were used as passive samplers to measure NPEOs in stormwater drains in Kranji catchment. Fieldwork was conducted in the month of January 2010. PEDs were deployed in different land use areas in order to obtain an overview of concentration ranges across the Kranji catchment and thus provide an indication of where and why this family of compounds could be found. Storm drains vary in design and since experience with PEDs in storm drains was limited, different types of drains were selected for deployment. The PED deployment design changed depending on the type of drain and the available tools and local conditions that were found. Subsequent chemical analysis of the PEDs was done at MIT. PED deployment times in Kranji were not long enough for mass transfer equilibrium between the water and the PED to be reached, and thus a model for kinetic sampling was used to estimate concentrations in the water. The results of fieldwork done for this study showed that survival of the PEDs was highly dependent on type of drains and flow intensity. The results of the laboratory analysis showed that NPEOs were present in non-residential areas of the catchment. The kinetic sampling model produced results that, although highly uncertain, give an indication of potentially risky concentrations in the water. These analysis lead to the recommendation that PEDs should be deployed pre-loaded with tracers to better model equilibrium in stormwater drains. Deployment should be considered at or near sites where human DNA factors and/or E. coli have been found. More information is needed on household detergent ingredients in Singapore to further evaluate using NPEOs as sewage indicators. Future studies should be done to confirm estimated NPEOs concentrations in Kranji water to verify if there is a risk to the ecosystem's health.
by Adriana Mendez Sagel.
M.Eng.

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23

Pile, Adele J. "Effects of the Habitat and Size-Specific Predation on the Ontogenetic Shift in Habitat use by Newly Settled Blue Crabs, Callinectes sapidus." W&M ScholarWorks, 1993. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539617655.

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Strickler, Matthew J. "Assessing the Impacts of Land use Change on Hard Clam Aquaculture in Old Plantation Creek, Northampton County, Virginia." W&M ScholarWorks, 2007. http://www.vims.edu/library/Theses/Strickler07.pdf.

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Li, Enjie. "Land Use Dynamics and Implications for Water Management in the Urbanizing Wasatch Range Metropolitan Area of Utah." DigitalCommons@USU, 2017. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6669.

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Utah is one of the fastest growing states in the USA. Utah’s Wasatch Range Metropolitan Area (WRMA), where 80% of Utah’s population resides, is growing at unprecedented rates and has seen extensive urban landscape transformation in the last half century. Many of Utah’s agricultural lands, grasslands, and wetlands have been transformed into urban areas during this time. Local residents have watched and experienced these changes to their local environment, but without a clear understanding of the processes and impacts of urbanization. It is not until we study these landscapes from a spatial perspective and the time scale of decades that we can begin to measure the changes that have occurred and predict the impact of changes to come if current trajectories continue. In this dissertation research I worked with my research colleagues to provide a comprehensive analysis of the WRMA’s past land use changes and future land use trends. In doing so, we: (1) measured the rate, the magnitude, and the process of past urban growth; (2) compared the changes of irrigated agricultural lands and non-irrigated agricultural lands in relation to urban development; and, (3) predicted how future urban growth could occur under various policy scenarios. We found that several counties at the heart of the WRMA have reached the limits of their capacity for future urban expansion. Thus, increasing urban density and land use efficiency will be key aspects of addressing the WRMA’s future growth. Also, variations of growth trends exist among and within the ten counties located in the WRMA, so it is necessary to develop contextualized and localized growth management plans. Furthermore, past land use dynamics prove that irrigated agricultural lands are more affected by urbanization than non-irrigated agricultural lands, with evidence of increasing agricultural lands fragmentation. Agricultural lands have been and will likely continue to be the major land source for future urban development. Utah’s public has indicated it wants to preserve agricultural lands to maintain open space and preserve cultural heritage, but this will require political attention and actions focused on areas where these lands are particularly vulnerable in the face of urban growth trajectories. The overall dissertation provides quantitative measurement of Utah’s urban landscape transformation and a science-based foundation for crafting successful land use policies to help guide future growth of the WRMA.

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Aragon, Jennifer M. "Spatial and temporal trends in water quality in the Alafia River watershed." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0003163.

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Isaacs, Akeda. "Evaluation of the use of resource kits in professional development in science teaching." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1548.

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Thesis (MEd (Curriculum Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
The research was done in a period of curriculum transformation and reform in South Africa, a period during which teachers attended many interventions by service providers other than the education department to sharpen their skills. In this study, I investigate teacher professional development and professional development programmes using two case studies, MTN-SUNSTEP (Mobile Telecommunications Network – Stellenbosch University Schools Technology in Electronics Programme) and SWAP (Schools Water Project). These INSET programmes were intended to assist with the improvement of science teaching in terms of the new curricula suggested for the country. The study proceeds by way of two case studies within an interpretive paradigm. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the two programmes based on the criteria developed through a literature review and to understand and give meaning to the process of teacher professional development that might have occurred in the programmes. This process is framed by my research question, “can resource kits enable professional development in science teaching”. Data was collected at various stages by way of field notes, questionnaires, interviews and observations at workshops. Teachers generally found the processes useful but do indicate dissatisfaction with certain areas of the programmes. Issues that emerged from the study were that teacher development processes need to be organized over a long period, the development of teacher networks needs to be nurtured, and support at school level was essential to ensure implementation. An important insight was that the research, once again, emphasized a key aspect of effective teacher development programmes. Effective programmes require a team consisting of three agents that bring their own expertise to the process namely, teachers, district officials and university staff. This team has to take into account the factors that ensure effective teacher professional development and should occur within the parameters of accepted professional development practices and learning support materials play an important role in supporting this process.

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Upton, Sally A. "Novel use of a Natural Isotope Signature to Track Recruitment and Evaluate Age Determination Methods for the 2002 Year Class of American Shad in the York River." W&M ScholarWorks, 2008. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539617876.

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29

Bellino, Jason C. "Effects of geomorphic setting on shallow-groundwater exchange and water temperature of salmon-bearing headwater streams of the Lower Kenai Peninsula, Alaska." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0003251.

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30

Kerstetter, David. "Use of Pop-Up Satellite Tag Technology to Estimate Survival of Blue Marlin (Makaira nigricans) Released from Pelagic Longline Gear." W&M ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539617772.

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31

Fouad, Geoffrey George. "Assessing the performance of water bodies in Hillsborough County, Florida using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002824.

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Hager, Christian Harding. "Ichthyofaunal and dietary analysis of sympatric piscivores in a Chesapeake Bay littoral zone: Including bioenergetic models of growth and diel temperature sanctuary use." W&M ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539616682.

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The first section of this dissertation describes the ichthyofaunal community of a mesohaline Chesapeake Bay April--November. Fish assemblages were sampled using two seine gears, a small seine that sampled 352 m 2 and a 914m haul-seine that sampled 144,473 m2. The small seine collected 32 finfish species. The larger gear captured 31 finfish species, including 17 that were not sampled by small gear. Sampled diversity was greater but density estimates were similar to those determined previously by other investigators using flume-net, drop-ring, and otter trawl techniques. Nocturnal abundance of larger fishes far exceeded daylight. Fish abundance and size distribution varied seasonally in both gears. The second section describes the littoral diet composition of striped bass (Morone saxatilis ), bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix), and weakfish (Cynoscion regalis). These species were the most abundant piscivores sampled in the littoral zone. as in previous Chesapeake Bay diet studies the importance of pelagic prey increased with predator size, however, littoral diets evidenced greater dietary diversity and dependence on crustacean prey items. The third section consists of bioenergetic models that predict piscivore growth based on estimated nocturnal consumption and test energetic consequences of diel thermal refugia. Bluefish and weakfish were predicted to achieve better growth rates than those evidenced by field samples of aged fishes collected from across random Chesapeake habitats. Models predict that striped bass experience declining condition during warm water periods due to physiological stresses and poor prey acquisition. Theoretical diel relocation models illustrated how important species and age specific metabolic restrictions due to physical parameters are to fish health. Findings suggest that habitat specific physical dynamics may be as important as prey provision in determination of and spatial assessments of essential fish habitats.

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Young, Kevin Andrew. "The Mucilage of Opuntia Ficus Indica: A Natural, Sustainable, and Viable Water Treatment Technology for Use in Rural Mexico for Reducing Turbidity and Arsenic Contamination in Drinking Water." Scholar Commons, 2006. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3832.

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The use of natural environmentally benign agents in the treatment of drinking water is rapidly gaining interest due to their inherently renewable character and low toxicity. We show that the common Mexican cactus produces a gum-like substance, cactus mucilage, which shows excellent flocculating abilities and is an economically viable alternative for low-income communities. Cactus mucilage is a neutral mixture of approximately 55 high-molecular weight sugar residues composed basically of arabinose, galactose, rhamnose, xylose, and galacturonic acid. We show how this natural product was characterized for its use as a flocculating agent. Our results show the mucilage efficiency for reducing arsenic and particulates from drinking water as determined by light scattering, Atomic Absorption and Hydride Generation-Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Flocculation studies proved the mucilage to be a much faster flocculating agent when compared to Al2(SO4)3 with the efficiency increasing with mucilage concentration. Jar tests revealed that lower concentrations of mucilage provided the optimal effectiveness for supernatant clarity, an important factor in determining the potability of water. Initial filter results with the mucilage embedded in a silica matrix prove the feasibility of applying this technology as a method for heavy metal removal. This project provides fundamental, quantitative insights into the necessary and minimum requirements for natural flocculating agents that are innovative, environmentally benign, and cost-effective.

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Scheurer, Marco [Verfasser], and Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Ruck. "Artificial sweeteners - Studies of their environmental fate, drinking water relevance, use as anthropogenic markers, and ozonation products / Marco Scheurer. Betreuer: Wolfgang Ruck." Lüneburg : Universitätsbibliothek der Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1034292315/34.

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35

Ortega, Lori A. "Movement and distribution of juvenile bull sharks, Carcharhinus leucas, in response to water quality and quantity modifications in a Florida nursery." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002374.

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36

Madriñan, Max Jacobo Moreno. "Eutrophication Trend of Lakes in the Tampa Bay Watershed and the Role of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation in Buffering Lake Water Phosphorus Concentration." Scholar Commons, 2008. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/373.

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Twentieth century human settlement within the Tampa Bay watershed was linked to a dramatic mid-century decline in bay water quality and loss of seagrass acreage. Decades of direct and indirect nutrient discharges to the bay from phosphorus mining, fertilizer manufacturing, and wastewater treatment, as examples, impaired the estuary. In the past twenty years, regional stakeholders have worked to improve the bay water quality by reducing point and non-point source nutrient loading to the bay. Lakes within the Tampa Bay watershed may play an important role in attenuating the flow of nutrients into the bay. This study hypothesized that between 1990 and 2007 lake water concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll-a, as well as the ratio of total nitrogen to total phosphorus (TN:TP), have changed for selected lakes in the Tampa Bay watershed. During this period, the watershed underwent a rapid shift in land use as groves and farms became shopping malls and new homes. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that for 10 lakes clustered in the northern portion of the Tampa Bay watershed and classified as oligotrophic or mesotrophic, observed increases in water concentrations of TP and chlorophyll-a were statistically significant. For 6 lakes classified as hypereutrophic and scattered across the watershed, observed decreases in water TP concentrations were statistically significant, while chlorophyll-a concentrations did not change. For both groups of lakes, the TN:TP ratio declined significantly; however, oligotrophic and mesotrophic lakes were phosphorus-limited but hypereutrophic lakes were nitrogen-limited, based on this ratio. A second hypothesis of this study was that lake water concentrations of TP, total nitrogen (TN) and chlorophyll-a were lower in lakes that had more coverage of submerged aquatic vegetation, as vegetation suppresses re-suspension of sediments and is a reservoir for nitrogen and phosphorus and a surface for biofilms. The results of a one-way ANOVA showed that for 34 lakes within the Tampa Bay watershed, lakes with a greater than 20 percent volume infested by macrophytes (PVI), water concentrations of TP and chlorophyll-a but not TN were statistically lower than for lakes with a less than 20 PVI.

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Minnis, Rochelle J. "Comparison of the use of single and multiple oxidants on the generation of particulate matter in water distribution systems derived from groundwater sources containing hydrogen sulfide and dissolved organics." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001390.

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Eldredge, Laura F. "Differential Use of Two Warm-Water Effluents by the Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) and Temporal Distributions throughout Broward County, Florida." NSUWorks, 2017. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/452.

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The threatened Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) migrates seasonally to warm-water refugia throughout the state of Florida due to metabolic requirements from low thermal conductance. Broward County’s two power plant refugia, Port Everglades (PEP) and Lauderdale (LPP), are known heavily-utilized aggregation sites for the Atlantic sub-population. Broward County collected relative abundance counts via aerial surveys from 2004–2013 siting 31,418 manatees during 169 surveys within 18 defined waterway zones. Counts during manatee wintering seasons were significantly different from January 2005-March 2008 and November 2008-March 2013, likely related to flight path and frequency standardization. Mean percentage of adults (90.12%) to calves (9.88%) demonstrates a higher usage by cow-calf pairs than other aggregation sites. Counts of manatees traveling south to Miami-Dade County comprised only 0.83% of all aerial counts, contrary to the theory of the extensive usage of Biscayne Bay foraging grounds. The LPP zone had 57.21% of all manatees with Port Everglades Inlet zone accounting for 23.88% and the South Fork New River zone with 5.95%. This study provided a baseline for pre-construction distributions prior to Port Everglades plant reenergization. With PEP construction now finished and LPP planned for reenergization in the next 10 years, monitoring data studies be compared to these baseline data to better assess the impact of the disruption of Broward County’s main refugia sources.

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Sanidad, Wilfredo B. "Comparative studies of the water use characteristics of native tree species growing on a rehabilitated mine site in the wet - dry sub - tropics of Queensland /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17423.pdf.

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Dawson, Emily Kathleen. "A river health assessment of selected South-Western Cape Rivers : index of habitat integrity, water quality and the influence of surrounding land use." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16297.

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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The River Health Programme (RHP) is an assessment tool for monitoring the ecological state of rivers to ensure that they remain fit for use by present and future generations. This study, forming part of a RHP assessment conducted on the south-western Cape Hout Bay, Lourens and Palmiet Rivers, has the aim to (1) zone the rivers for representative site selection, (2) assess their habitat integrity (HI), (3) determine the influence of land use on riverine HI and (4) assess the river water quality at the time of the RHP assessments. (1) The desktop geomorphological zonation method used in RHP assessments has not been sufficiently previously tested on short rivers draining the Western Cape Mountains. The Lowland River Zone of the rivers studied, as well as the Hout Bay River’s Upper Foothill Zone, were found to have steeper gradients than expected, probably due to these rivers being shorter and consequently steeper than any on which the method was previously tested. The notion of one gradient river classification system being applicable throughout South Africa, with its diverse geology and climate, is unlikely. Rather a classification system modified for various physiographic features regions or by a factor based on river length is more realistic. (2) Although there is a general longitudinal decrease in HI downstream along the Hout Bay and Lourens Rivers, coinciding with increased anthropogenic activities, HI improves in the Palmiet River’s lower reaches through the Kogelberg Nature Reserve. Surrounding land use thus seems to be a major determinant of HI. Although the Index of Habitat Integrity (IHI) used appears to achieve its aim, it was found to be subjective. Categorisation of the IHI scoring is suggested. (3) The amount of natural versus disturbed land use occurring upstream of a site at a regional and local scale, is a good predictor of riverine HI. Regional alien forestry and local urbanisation have significantly strong negative effects on instream (r2 = -0.80, r2 = 0.80, p<0.05) and riparian (r2 = -0.81, r2 = -0.83, p<0.05) HI. Different land use types therefore appear to affect riverine HI at differing scales and thus managers must not only think on a local but also a catchment scale. (4) In the Hout Bay River, a filtering system (e.g. wetland) appears to improve the water quality between the middle and lower reaches. Along the Lourens River, high total dissolved salts, conductivity and inorganic nitrogen concentrations in the middle reaches are cause for concern. Along the Palmiet River there appeared to be insufficient oxygen to support most aquatic life forms at Grabouw. Impoundments in the middle reaches act as sinks for nutrients and salts, but the Huis and Krom tributaries downstream then appear to degrade the water quality of the Palmiet River’s lower reaches within the Kogelberg Nature Reserve. Together with the results of simultaneous biotic assessments, these results should be used to develop management actions to improve the ecological health of these rivers. The results have been used in a State-of-Rivers Report for the south-western Cape.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Riviergesondheidsprogram (RGP) is 'n asseseringsinstrument wat die ekologiese stand van riviere monitor om te verseker dat hulle steeds bruikbaar bly vir huidige en toekomstige geslagte. Hierdie studie maak deel uit van 'n RGP-assessering van die Lourens-, Houtbaai- en Palmietrivier in die Suidwes-Kaap en het ten doel om (1) die riviere te soneer vir verteenwoordigende terreinseleksie, (2) die habitat-integriteit (HI) te assesseer, (3) die invloed van grondgebruik op rivier-HI te bepaal en (4) die kwaliteit van rivierwater tydens die RGP-assesserings te bepaal. (1) Die geomorfologiese-soneringsmetode wat in RGP-assesserings gebruik word, is nog nie voorheen genoegsaam vir die kort riviere wat die Wes-Kaapse berge dreineer, getoets nie. Daar is bevind dat die studiegebied riviere in die laagland-sones skerper gradiënte het as verwag, gehad het. Dit kan moontlik toegeskryf word aan die riviere wat korter en dus steiler is as enige van dié wat voorheen met die metode getoets is. Die moontlikheid dat een gradiëntklassifikasiestelsel vir riviere regdeur Suid-Afrika met sy diverse geologie en klimaat toegepas kan word, is onwaarskynlik. 'n Klassifikasiestelsel aangepas vir verskillende fisiografiese streke of met 'n faktor gebaseer op rivierlengte, is meer realisties. (2) Alhoewel HI stroomaf langs die Lourens- en Houtbaairivier in die algemeen longitudinaal saam met die toename in antropogeniese aktiwiteite afneem, verbeter die Palmietrivier se HI waar dit laer af deur die Kogelbergnatuurreservaat vloei. Die gebruike van aanliggende grond blyk dus 'n belangrike bepaler van HI te wees. Die Indeks van Habitatintegriteit (IHI) bereik klaarblyklik die vereiste doel, maar is te subjektief. Kategorisering van die IHI-waardes word voorgestel. (3) 'n Goeie voorspeller van rivier-HI is die hoeveelheid natuurlike teenoor versteurde grondgebruik stroomop van 'n terrein op 'n streeks- en lokale skaal. Die sterk negatiewe effek van uitheemse plantegroei in die omgewing en lokale verstedeliking op stroom- (r² = -0.80, r² = 0.80, p<0.05 ) en oewer-HI (r² = -0.81, r² = -0.83, p<0.05) is beduidend. Verskille in tipe grondgebruik beïnvloed rivier-HI op verskillende vlakke; bestuurders moet dus plaaslik en aan die opvanggebied dink. (4) In die Houtbaairivier lyk dit asof 'n filtreringstelsel (bv. vleigrond) die waterkwaliteit tussen die middel- en lae gedeeltes verbeter. In die loop van die Lourensrivier is hoë totale opgeloste soute, geleidingsvermoë en anorganiese stikstofkonsentrasies in die middelgedeelte 'n rede tot kommer. In die Palmietrivier by Grabouw was die suurstof te min om die meeste akwatiese lewensvorme te onderhou. Opgedamde water in die middel gedeeltes dien as 'n sink vir voedingstowwe en soute, maar dit lyk asof die Huis- en Kromrivier die waterkwaliteit van die Palmietrivier stroomaf in die Kogelbergnatuurreservaat degradeer. Saam met die resultate van gelyktydige biotiese assesserings, kan hierdie resultate gebruik word vir die ontwikkeling van bestuursaksies om die ekologiese toestand van hierdie riviere te verbeter. Die resultate is gebruik in 'n toestand-van-riviere-verslag vir die Suidwes-Kaap.

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James, Tosin. "Changes in Land Use Land Cover (LULC), Surface Water Quality and Modelling Surface Discharge in Beaver Creek Watershed, Northeast Tennessee and Southwest Virginia." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3747.

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Beaver Creek is an impaired streams that is not supporting its designated use for recreation due to Escherichia coli (E.coli), and sediment. To address this problem, this thesis was divided into two studies. The first study explored changes in Land Use Land Cover (LULC), and its impact on surface water quality. Changes in E.coli load between 1997-2001 and 2014-2018 were analyzed. Also, Landsat data of 2001, and 2018 were examined in Terrset 18.31. Mann-Whitney test only showed a significant reduction in E.coli for one site. Negative correlation was established between E.coli load, and Developed LULC, Forest LULC, and Cultivated LULC. The second study modelled discharge for Beaver Creek watershed using HEC-HMS. This study simulated discharge in an upstream sub-watershed of Beaver Creek, and the full Beaver Creek with a Nash-Sutcliffe of 0.007, and R2 0.20. Sub-basins with high discharge were identified for further examination for possible high sediment load.

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42

Hartung, Erik Walter. "Aging bioretention cells: Do they still function to improve water quality?" Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1497480428253195.

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43

Stipinovich, Amalia. "Change in land cover and water abstraction : modelling runoff effects in the Bot River Catchment." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1654.

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44

Cornelisen, Christopher David. "Nutrient Uptake by Seagrass Communities and Associated Organisms: Impact of Hydrodynamic Regime Quantified through Field Measurements and use of an Isotope Label." [Tampa, Fla. : s.n.], 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000079.

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45

Peabody, Duncan. "Field and Laboratory Comparison of the Hydraulic Performance of Two Ceramic Pot Water Filters." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4199.

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Currently 884 million people worldwide are living without access to an improved source of drinking water (WHO/UNICEF, 2011). Piped-water on premises is the ultimate goal of World Health Organization (WHO) due to the ability to treat all of the water and distribute it safely in pressurized pipes. However, Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage (HWTS) is an option for improving the quality of drinking water where that infrastructure is not yet developed, especially where there is a risk of recontamination between point of collection and point of use (Clasen, 2006). This study analyzed one such HWTS, the ceramic pot water filter. The study compared the hydraulic properties of the FilterPure (FP) and Potters for Peace (PFP) ceramic pot filters through a thirteen-month field study in the Dominican Republic and laboratory studies at the University of South Florida. In the field study 55 filters were tested for first hour flow rate and hydraulic conductivity. Eight first hour flow rate tests were conducted in the field on one month intervals during months 7- 13. FP filters had an average first hour flow rate of 553 ml/hr and PFP Filters had a first hour flow rate of 395 ml/hr. No significant change in first hour flow rate was observed over time in FP filters. PFP experienced an average increase of 31 ml/hr per month during the seven-month testing period. Falling head tests were conducted on four filters in the laboratory and the flow rate was modeled to determine hydraulic conductivity. Hydraulic conductivity values for FP filters ranged from k = 0.0495 - 0.0831 cm/hr and for PFP filters ranged from k = 0.0136 - 0.0389 cm/hr. Eight out of 29 (26%) Potters for Peace filters in the field had first hour flow rates of less than 250 ml/hr by month nine of the study and had to be replaced and removed from the study. In total 24 of 55 (44%) filters (8 FP and 16 PFP) had to be removed from the study due to several reasons discussed in this thesis.

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Blackmore, Debra Sue. "Use of Water Indices Derived from Landsat OLI Imagery and GIS to Estimate the Hydrologic Connectivity of Wetlands in the Tualatin River National Wildlife Refuge." Thesis, Portland State University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10191067.

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This study compared two remote sensing water indices: the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and the Modified NDWI (MNDWI). Both indices were calculated using publically-available data from the Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI). The research goal was to determine whether the indices are effective in locating open water and measuring surface soil moisture. To demonstrate the application of water indices, analysis was conducted for freshwater wetlands in the Tualatin River Basin in northwestern Oregon to estimate hydrologic connectivity and hydrological permanence between these wetlands and nearby water bodies. Remote sensing techniques have been used to study wetlands in recent decades; however, scientific studies have rarely addressed hydrologic connectivity and hydrologic permanence, in spite of the documented importance of these properties. Research steps were designed to be straightforward for easy repeatability: 1) locate sample sites, 2) predict wetness with water indices, 3) estimate wetness with soil samples from the field, 4) validate the index predictions against the soil samples from the field, and 5) in the demonstration step, estimate hydrologic connectivity and hydrological permanence. Results indicate that both indices predicted the presence of large, open water features with clarity; that dry conditions were predicted by MNDWI with more subtle differentiation; and that NDWI results seem more sensitive to sites with vegetation. Use of this low-cost method to discover patterns of surface moisture in the landscape could directly improve the ability to manage wetland environments.

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47

Irevall, Sofia, and Hedvig Petersson. "“But I have always had the greenest lawn in my neighbourhood” – When what is taken for granted becomes rare : A qualitative study of how municipalities communicate sustainable use of drinking water." Thesis, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, Högskolan i Jönköping, HLK, Globala studier, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-44710.

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During the past three years, substantial parts of Sweden have experienced a decrease in the groundwater levels, whereas some geographical areas were more affected than others. Requests from the government, counties and municipalities have been sent out to the citizens, to attract attention, increase awareness and decrease the use of drinking water. The communication strategies have looked different in the municipalities depending on their water situation, prerequisites and resources. This study aims at explaining how five municipalities in Jönköping county communicate with their citizens regarding water resources and use of drinking water. The five participating municipalities are; Jönköping, Mullsjö, Habo, Värnamo and Eksjö. Jönköping county is one of the counties that were affected by the low groundwater levels, if so to varying degrees, which is the reason the study focuses on Jönköping county. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to examine how municipalities communicate in relation to intervention strategies, to create a behavioural change regarding the use of drinking water among citizens. Intervention strategies were analysed in the study to compare the municipalities’ communication work and have been used as an analytical tool during the process. Intervention strategies can be separated into antecedent strategies and consequence strategies to change behaviour. The antecedent strategies consist of commitment, information, goal setting and modelling, and consequence strategies consist of feedback, rewards and prompts. A combination of multiple strategies has been proven to create a more extensive impact, and behavioural change can, in that way, easier be accomplished. A total number of seven interviews were performed for collection of data. Two communication managers from Värnamo and Eksjö municipality participated, and five Water and Sewer Manager from Jönköping, Mullsjö, Habo, Värnamo and Eksjö municipality. An important factor that has been taken in consideration is that the municipalities take their water from different sources and in that way are affected in various extensions of the low groundwater levels. In that way, the municipalities have communicated the question of water differently. The result of the study shows that ongoing communication work regarding the use of drinking water is done, mostly by spreading information. Two municipalities use multiple strategies in their spreading of communication. The result also shows that there is no underlying communication work regarding a decrease in the use of drinking water. Instead, it has been demonstrated that the communicative work takes place when a crisis occurs.

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Vinjili, Shailaja. "Landuse change and organic carbon exports from a peat catchment of the Halladale River in the Flow Country of Sutherland and Caithness, Scotland." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3626.

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Upland peat catchments are usually assumed to function as carbon sinks, however, there have been extensive studies witnessing increasing trends in concentrations and fluxes of organic carbon in UK rivers over the last few decades. A number of controls on dissolved organic carbon (DOC) release from peatlands, such as climatic changes and landuse management, have been proposed. This study examines the effects of land use and management on organic carbon exports in the Dyke catchment of the River Halladale (northern Scotland) with a nested catchment approach. This study provides insight into the processes controlling the DOC dynamics in the Dyke catchment, and the impact of disturbance caused by landuse changes such as afforestation and tree felling for restoration. The results from factor analysis, end-member mixing, absorbance (E4/E6), and hysteresis analyses on stream water chemistry from individual sub-catchments identified the major hydrological pathways during storm events, and based on these results, conceptual models were developed to explain DOC evolution during storm events. At all the sites studied, nearsurface soil water was identified as the major controlling end-member for stream DOC concentrations. The calculated annual flux of DOC from the Dyke catchment, up-scaled from the results of the individual sub-catchments, is 521.6 kg C ha-1 yr-1, which is significantly (~5 times) higher than the previously published value (103.4 kg C ha-1 yr-1) for the River Halladale catchment (Hope et al., 1997). In this study, it is shown that about 57 - 95% of the DOC export occur during 5 - 10% of the high flows, therefore, it is crucial that quantitative records of DOC export are developed using high frequency storm event measurements, as well as lower frequency low flow sampling. Climatic changes related to precipitation, temperature, coupled with water yield capacity of the sub-catchments, are identified as significant controls on DOC fluxes, rather than landuse change, as the intact site releases more organic carbon per unit area compared to the disturbed and re-wetted site undergoing restoration. In addition, the results from this study provide landowners, policy makers and organisations with the evidence they require for initiating future peatland restoration works, as felling of forestry coupled with drain-blocking is shown to be an effective restoration technique that may help a catchment to eventually return to a near-pristine state.

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Farley, Elizabeth Marie. "The use of the wedding feast at Cana, John 2:1-11 by the Latin fathers in the development of Marian doctrine from the second to the eighth century." IMRI - Marian Library / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=udmarian1430385791.

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50

OLAOYE, ISRAEL A. "WATER QUALITY MODELING OF THE OLD WOMAN CREEK WATERSHED, OHIO, UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE TO YEAR 2100." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1605955492844115.

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