Статті в журналах: "Water quality Victoria"

1

Hall, Katrina, and Scott Chidgey. "Assessing the environmental impact of water discharge in a sensitive near-shore marine environment." APPEA Journal 53, no. 1 (2013): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj12026.

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Esso’s Long Island Point facility has been operating for more than 40 years beside Western Port in Victoria, and has discharged treated wastewater and storm water to the bay for most of these years. The 2001 State Environment Protection Policy Schedule F8 for Waters of Western Port is part of Victoria’s Environment Protection Authority’s (EPA) legal framework for licensing discharges to the waters of Victoria, and requires that discharges ‘cause no detrimental change in the environmental quality of the receiving waters, as determined by an environmental monitoring program’. As part of Esso’s ongoing commitment to continuous improvement, a major upgrade to the water treatment facility was completed to further improve the quality of waters discharged to Western Port. In conjunction with this upgrade, Esso is undertaking a study on the effects of the discharge on the environmental quality of Western Port. This peer-reviewed paper presents an example of the practical application of managing discharges to ensure that the stated environmental values of a receiving environment are protected. The environmental study focuses on four key aspects of marine-environment quality relevant to key Western Port ecosystem values in the vicinity of the facility’s effluent discharge, which are: ambient water quality; seagrass biomass; jetty pile epibiota; and, ecological risk through toxicity testing. The study demonstrates the implications of basing regulatory requirements on the quality of the site-specific environmental characteristics, rather than merely effluent quality and generalised water quality objectives. Furthermore, it validates the need for sound science to underpin regulatory limits and industry practices when operating in sensitive environments.

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2

Orina, Paul S., David M. Onyango, Henry Lungayia, Andrew Oduor, Anthony W. Sifuna, Petronila Otuya, Rosemary A. Owigar, Chrispin B. Kowenje, and Sheban M. Hinzano. "Water Quality of Selected Fishing Beaches of Lake Victoria Kenyan Gulf." Open Journal of Ecology 10, no. 01 (2020): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oje.2020.101002.

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3

Walter, Susan M. "Victorian Bluestone: a proposed Global Heritage Stone Province from Australia." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 486, no. 1 (September 20, 2018): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp486.1.

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AbstractVictorian Bluestone is proposed as a Global Heritage Stone Province from Australia. Numerous heritage stones occur within this province and of these Malmsbury Bluestone is suggested as a Global Heritage Stone Resource. Bluestone, an iconic basalt dimension stone from Victoria, is used domestically and internationally with a recognized heritage value. Sources are located in urban and country areas of Victoria some of which are still utilized for dimension stone. In many instances bluestone has superior technical characteristics, including durability, that surpass high-quality commercial sandstones, despite an architectural preference for lighter-coloured stones. These characteristics are matched by the diversity of significant uses for domestic, commercial and infrastructure purposes especially in Victoria. Notable examples include the Spotswood Pumping Station, Malmsbury Viaduct, the Graving Dock (Williamstown), Malmsbury Reservoir, St Patrick's Cathedral (Melbourne), Kyneton Railway Station and Ararat Gaol. If the bluestone used in pavements and drains is also considered, Victorian Bluestone could be described as Australia's most prominent infrastructure heritage stone. Bluestone use in Melbourne dates from the 1840s, in the other states of Australia and in New Zealand from 1873, with international interest from Asia between 1860 and 1880. The stone continues to be utilized widely around Australia and is also exported.

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4

Jovanelly, Tamie J., Julie Johnson-Pynn, James Okot-Okumu, Richard Nyenje, and Emily Namaganda. "Pioneering water quality data on the Lake Victoria watershed: effects on human health." Journal of Water and Health 13, no. 3 (June 8, 2015): 920–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2015.001.

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Four forest reserves within 50 km of Kampala in Uganda act as a critical buffer to the Lake Victoria watershed and habitat for local populations. Over a 9-month period we capture a pioneering water quality data set that illustrates ecosystem health through the implementation of a water quality index (WQI). The WQI was calculated using field and laboratory data that reflect measured physical and chemical parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen on demand, nitrates, phosphates, fecal coliform, and temperature turbidity). Overall, the WQI for the four forest reserves reflect poor to medium water quality. Results compared with US Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization drinking water standards indicate varying levels of contamination at most sites and all designated drinking water sources, with signatures of elevated nitrates, phosphates, and/or fecal coliforms. As critical health problems are known to arise with elevated exposure to contaminants in drinking water, this data set can be used to communicate necessary improvements within the watershed.

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5

Loehr, Lincoln. "Municipal waste discharge policies in Washington State and recent discharge issues between the State and British Columbia." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 11 (December 1, 1998): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0422.

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Federal and state laws mandated secondary sewage treatment for all municipal dischargers in the state of Washington regardless of need. Evidence supported the suitability of lesser amounts of treatment and the use of industrial source controls as protective of water quality, but could not be considered. The full implementation to secondary treatment is now complete. In the 1990's, the media, environmental activists and various local, state and federal politicians from Washington State became upset with Victoria, British Columbia when they realized that most of the sewage from the greater Victoria area was only screened prior to discharge to the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The perception was tainted by a lack of understanding of the benefits and power of rapid dilution, and also the mistaken impression that the excessive treatment requirements in Washington were actually needed for water quality reasons. A British Columbia/Washington State Marine Science Panel was established by the political leaders of the province and state to examine issues of the shared marine waters. The Panel concluded Victoria's discharges were not a problem. The media in Washington State did not report this, and the director of the state's environmental agency expressed disappointment rather than relief with the finding.

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6

Zhou, Jian, Yuanyuan Wang, Fu Xiao, Yunyun Wang, and Lijuan Sun. "Water Quality Prediction Method Based on IGRA and LSTM." Water 10, no. 9 (August 27, 2018): 1148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10091148.

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Water quality prediction has great significance for water environment protection. A water quality prediction method based on the Improved Grey Relational Analysis (IGRA) algorithm and a Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) neural network is proposed in this paper. Firstly, considering the multivariate correlation of water quality information, IGRA, in terms of similarity and proximity, is proposed to make feature selection for water quality information. Secondly, considering the time sequence of water quality information, the water quality prediction model based on LSTM, whose inputs are the features obtained by IGRA, is established. Finally, the proposed method is applied in two actual water quality datasets: Tai Lake and Victoria Bay. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can take full advantage of the multivariate correlations and time sequence of water quality information to achieve better performance on water quality prediction compared with the single feature or non-sequential prediction methods.

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7

Nicholson, E., J. Ryan, and D. Hodgkins. "Community data - where does the value lie? Assessing confidence limits of community collected water quality data." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 11 (June 1, 2002): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0395.

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Waterwatch is a national community-based monitoring network that aims to involve community groups and individuals in the protection and management of waterways. Waterwatch Victoria has the dual objectives of catchment education and water quality monitoring. The educational outcomes are evident, with the Waterwatch programme facilitating over 9,000 students to monitor more than 2,000 sites in waterways in 2000. This paper aims to assess the scientific value of community-collected data, through examining differences between Waterwatch data and professionally collected data. The study looked at all aspects of volunteer data collection, including data confidence protocols, equipment, and data analysis. All professional data was collated by the Victorian Water Quality Monitoring Network (VWQMN). The parameters examined in this study were turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), pH and total phosphorus. The level of agreement between community-collected data and professional data varied temporally and spatially. Waterwatch data for EC and pH appeared to be very similar to professionally collected data. Equipment used by Waterwatch volunteers for turbidity and total phosphorus appeared to be limited in accuracy to moderate ranges. Overall the VWQMN professionally collected data showed less variance, suggesting greater variability, potentially due to inaccuracies, in volunteer collected data.

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8

Faustine, Anthony, and Aloys N. Mvuma. "Ubiquitous Mobile Sensing for Water Quality Monitoring and Reporting within Lake Victoria Basin." Wireless Sensor Network 06, no. 12 (2014): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wsn.2014.612025.

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9

Martin, Narelle. "CORPORATIZATION AS A MEANS OF IMPROVING WATER QUALITY: THE EXPERIENCE IN VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA." Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 67, no. 20-22 (October 2004): 1889–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15287390490492368.

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10

Chessman, BC. "Artificial-substratum periphyton and water quality in the lower La Trobe River, Victoria." Marine and Freshwater Research 36, no. 6 (1985): 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9850855.

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Between February 1975 and March 1977, periphyton from artificial substrata (glass microscope slides) and water samples for physicochemical analysis were obtained from eight sites on the lowland section of the La Trobe River, which flows through agricultural, urban and industrial areas. Total organic matter on the slides, estimated as weight loss on ignition, was usually highest in summer or autumn when river flows were low. However, chlorophyll a densities generally peaked in late winter and spring when nitrate concentrations were high, except at a site upstream of major urban and industrial areas, where a summer-autumn increase occurred. Thermal discharges from major power stations had no obvious effect on chlorophyll abundance, but did appear to substantially influence diatom assemblage composition from late summer to early winter, when river temperatures were highest. Downstream of the Morwell River confluence, diatom assemblages were influenced by a sharp increase in dissolved solids concentration and probably also by the grazing activities of snails (Ferrissia petterdi and Physastra gibbosa). The diatom flora at the most downstream site showed some evidence of recovery from thermal effects.

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11

Chessman, BC. "Impact of the 1983 wildfires on river water quality in East Gippsland, Victoria." Marine and Freshwater Research 37, no. 3 (1986): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9860399.

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Eleven stream stations within the basins of the Bemm, Cann, Thurra, Wingan and Genoa Rivers were sampled during a 3-month interval following a prolonged drought and intense and extensive forest fires. Emphasis was placed on flows resulting from three major storms that occurred during this period. Water-quality impacts of the fires were intermingled with those of the preceding drought, and flow- related comparisons with pre-drought data showed appreciable increases in colour, turbidity, suspended solids, potassium and nitrogen levels in the Bemm River, which was only marginally affected by the fires. In the Cann and Genoa Rivers, with much larger proportions of catchment burnt, electrical conductivity and phosphorus concentrations also rose substantially. Marked depletion of dissolved oxygen (to <6 mg I-1) was unique to streams with burnt catchments, but resulted from stagnant conditions at the end of the drought as well as from changes occurring at the time of the first post-fire storm. The fires had little obvious effect on temperature and pH regimes. Peak turbidities and concentrations of suspended solids and phosphorus were much greater in the Cann and Genoa river systems than elsewhere. Maximum values for these indicators were 130 NTU, 2300 mg I-1 and over 0.8 mg I-1, respectively. In the Thurra and Wingan basins, which were also burnt, stream suspended-solids levels were lower (<200 mg I-1), but solutes sometimes reached very high maxima (indicated by peak electrical conductivities of up to 110 mS m-1). Variations in catchment topography and soils and the relative importance of surface and subsurface flow probably account for these differences. The first post-fire storm produced the highest measured levels of many indicators in most streams, although the greatest flows were associated with the third storm. Nitrite and ammonia were notable exceptions to this generalization. Estimates of catchment exports indicated high sediment yields and moderate to high phosphorus yields from the Cann and Genoa catchments, by comparison with other Australian data.

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12

Okullo, W., B. Hamre, Ø. Frette, J. J. Stamnes, K. Sørensen, T. Ssenyonga, J. Høkedal, K. Stamnes, and A. Steigen. "Validation of MERIS water quality products in Murchison Bay, Lake Victoria – Preliminary results." International Journal of Remote Sensing 32, no. 19 (July 12, 2011): 5541–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2010.506895.

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13

Dobes, Leo, Mason Crane, Tim Higgins, Albert I. J. M. Van Dijk, and David B. Lindenmayer. "Increased livestock weight gain from improved water quality in farm dams: A cost-benefit analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 16, 2021): e0256089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256089.

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Access to water is a critical aspect of livestock production, although the relationship between livestock weight gain and water quality remains poorly understood. Previous work has shown that water quality of poorly managed farm dams can be improved by fencing and constructing hardened watering points to limit stock access to the dam, and revegetation to filter contaminant inflow. Here we use cattle weight gain data from three North American studies to develop a cost-benefit analysis for the renovation of farm dams to improve water quality and, in turn, promote cattle weight gain on farms in south-eastern Australia. Our analysis indicated a strong likelihood of positive results and suggested there may be substantial net economic benefit from renovating dams in poor condition to improve water quality. The average per-farm Benefit-Cost Ratios based on deterministic assumptions was 1.5 for New South Wales (NSW) and 3.0 for Victoria in areas where rainfall exceeds 600mm annually. Our analyses suggested that cattle on farms in NSW and Victoria would need to experience additional weight gain from switching to clean water of at least 6.5% and 1.8% per annum respectively, to break even in present value terms. Monte Carlo simulation based on conservative assumptions indicated that the probability of per-farm benefits exceeding costs was greater than 70%. We recommend localised experiments to assess the impact of improved water quality on livestock weight gain in Australian conditions to confirm these expectations empirically.

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14

GAVRILESCU, Elena, and Gilda Diana BUZATU. "Water Quality of Some Lakes in Dolj County." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture 70, no. 2 (November 25, 2013): 370–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:9679.

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In Dolj County there are a number of lakes that are particularly important, because they have a large quantity of water, some of them originating from hydrotechnical accumulations, and other from natural waters. In the present study, it was performed the monitoring of the water quality of the lakes in Dolj County, in the year of 2012, namely: Victoria - Geormane, BistreÅ£ and Caraula. The ecological conditions of the natural and artificial lakes was established based on the state of acidification, of the oxygen regime (dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand), the degree of eutrophication (biogenic substances, phytoplankton biomass and chlorophyll â€œaâ€) and also based on transparency. The water samples were taken from three points: tail, middle and upstream of the lake and were analyzed using high performance equipment, namely: pH-meter, spectrophotometer DR 2010, Sechi disc, BOD5 system. In terms of the degree of eutrophication, the water from the studied lakes belongs to the third category of water quality. Geormane is a natural lake which has a very good ecological status, except regarding the eutrophication, which is considerably visible. Bistret lake has a good environmental status and is visible eutrophic. Caraula lakeâ€™s water belongs to the third category of water quality, being heavily eutrophic.

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15

Makaka, R. R., Shepherd Misi, Mhosisi Masocha, and Richard Kimwaga. "Spatial and Temporal Variation of Selected Water Quality Parameters in the Tanzanian Side of Lake Victoria." Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology 40, no. 2 (February 20, 2022): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.52339/tjet.v40i2.729.

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Lake Victoria’s water quality is increasingly becoming under heavy pressure mainly due to land based activities and aerial inputs which are taking place within the basin. This study was carried out to assess the spatial, including vertical and temporal, variation of the water quality of Lake Victoria on the Tanzanian side. Historical water quality data for the period from 2000 to 2016 was collected. Temperature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Turbidity were selected for study since they are the mostly measured and monitored water quality parameters. Land use-land cover changes were analysed using ArcGIS. ILWIS 3.7 software was used to classify the land use and land cover for the years 2000, 2010 and 2014. MERIS was used to analyse the spatial variation. One-way ANOVA was employed to test the significant variation between different parameters. The results showed that, for the pelagic zone, the range of temperature, pH, DO, and turbidity were 22.8 oC-28.68 oC, 6.3-10.52, 3.42-10.21 mg/l, 1.0 NTU-15.8 NTU respectively. The corresponding values for the littoral zones were 22.3 oC-26.8 oC, 6.47-10.16, 3.99-8.6 mg/l, 1.3-347 NTU respectively. The ANOVA analysis results show that there was a significant variation of NO3(p<0.01). Temperature, pH and DO decreased with the lake depth to the bottom for both zones. For the littoral zone, a strong correlation was observed between temperature and depth, temperature and DO, and between temperature and pH with R2=0.6, p<0.03, R2=-0.78, p<0.01 and R2=0.96, p<0.01, respectively. The bare soil, urban settlements and farm land increased by 38.9%, 8.4% and 10.7% respectively from the year 2000 to 2014 on the Tanzanian side. This could have led to water quality changes. Water quality parameters varied significantly between pelagic and littoral zones. Littoral zones are mostly polluted and thus should be the priority pollution control intervention areas.

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16

Spinks, Jean, Suzanne Phillips, Priscilla Robinson, and Paul Van Buynder. "Bushfires and tank rainwater quality: A cause for concern?" Journal of Water and Health 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2006.0001.

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In early 2003, after a prolonged drought period, extensive bushfires occurred in the east of Victoria affecting 1.5 million hectares of land. At the time, smoke and ash from bushfires, settling on roofs, contained pollutants that could potentially contaminate rainwater collected and stored in tanks for domestic use. The major concerns include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from incomplete combustion of organic matter and arsenic from burnt copper chrome arsenate (CCA) treated wood. An increase in microbial contamination through altered nutrient levels was also hypothesised. A pilot study of 49 rainwater tank owners was undertaken in north-east Victoria. A rainwater tank sample was taken and analysed for a variety of parameters including organic compounds, microbiological indicators, metals, nutrients and physico-chemical parameters. A survey was administered concurrently. A number of results were outside the Australian Drinking Water Guideline (ADWG) values for metals and microbiological indicator organisms, but not for any tested organic compounds. PAHs and arsenic are unlikely to be elevated in rainwater tanks as a result of bushfires, but cadmium may be of concern.

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17

Simiyu, Benard Mucholwa, Harold Sabula Amukhuma, Lewis Sitoki, William Okello, and Rainer Kurmayer. "Interannual variability of water quality conditions in the Nyanza Gulf of Lake Victoria, Kenya." Journal of Great Lakes Research 48, no. 1 (February 2022): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2021.10.017.

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18

Gidudu, A., R. Mugo, L. Letaru, J. Wanjohi, R. Nakibule, E. Adams, A. Flores, B. Page, and W. Okello. "Evaluation of satellite retrievals of water quality parameters for Lake Victoria in East Africa." African Journal of Aquatic Science 43, no. 2 (June 21, 2018): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2018.1446899.

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19

Jones Muyodi, Fredrick. "Beach Community-Designed System To Ameliorate Water Quality Deterioration in Catchments of Lake Victoria." Open Environmental Engineering Journal 5, no. 1 (July 13, 2012): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874829501205010084.

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20

McLean, R., and P. McManamon. "An innovative approach to small town water quality improvements." Water Supply 3, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0028.

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Innovative solutions are required to meet the conflicting criteria of service level, community need, community desire, cost and risk to the supply authority in the delivery of water quality improvements to small regional communities. Grampians Region Water Authority services 74 towns in North-Western Victoria, an area of generally low rainfall, sparse settlement and few natural waterways. Town populations range from 10 to 13,000, with 56 towns having less than 500 people. A Water Quality Improvement Plan was recently developed by Grampians Water to address these natural difficulties. The plan examined a broad range of alternatives beyond the single-pipe reticulated supply system, including dual-pipe reticulation, rainwater sources and household water treatment systems for achieving target quality levels. The key findings were:• regional treatment plants are not economical if towns are more than 25 km apart• salinity is a major influence on strategy• for low salinity supplies, conventional treatment is most economical• for marginal salinity supplies, a two stage process involving conventional treatment and desalination is appropriate• desalination provides a total solution for high salinity groundwater supplies• drinking quality can only be economically achieved in very small towns by using household treatment of rainwater in a dual supply system. The resultant strategies and implementation issues outlined reveal some significant variations to the conventional approach.

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21

Opere, Wasonga Michael, Maingi John, and Omwoyo Ombori. "Occurrence of Enteric Viruses in Surface Water and the Relationship with Changes in Season and Physical Water Quality Dynamics." Advances in Virology 2020 (July 3, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9062041.

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Environmental water quality issues have dominated global discourse and studies over the past five decades. Significant parameters of environmental water quality include changes in biological and physical parameters. Some of the biological parameters of significance include occurrence of enteric viruses. Enteric viruses can affect both human and animal’s health by causing diseases such as gastrointestinal and respiratory infections. In this study, the relationship between the occurrence of enteric viruses with reference to adenoviruses and enteroviruses and the physical water quality characteristics was assessed from water samples collected from Lake Victoria (LV) in Kenya. In order to understand the dynamics of season driven enteric viruses’ contamination of the lake waters, we additionally analysed seasonal behavior of the lake’s catchment area in terms of rainfall effects. Physical quality parameters were measured on-site while viral analysis was carried out by molecular methods using the nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR). From 216 samples that were analysed for viral contamination, enteric viral genomes were discovered in 18 (8.3%) of the samples. Out of half of the samples (108) collected during the rainy season, enteric viral genomes were detected in 9.26% (10) while 8 (7.41%) samples tested positive from the other half of the samples (108) collected during the dry season. There was, however, no significant correlation noted between the physical water quality characteristics and the enteric viruses’ occurrence. Neither wet season nor dry season was significantly associated with the prevalence of the viruses. In Lake Victoria waters, most of the samples had an average of physical water quality parameters that were within the range accepted by the World Health Organization (WHO) for surface waters with exemption of turbidity which was above the recommended 5 NTU as recorded from some sampling sites. Continuous and long-term surveillance of the lake water to accurately monitor the contaminants and possible correlation between chemical, physical, and biological characteristics is recommended. This would be important in continuous understanding of the hydrological characteristics changes of the lake for proper management of its quality with reference to the WHO standards. A multiple varied-sampling approach in different geographical regions during different seasons is recommended to establish the geographical distribution and relatedness to seasonal distribution patterns of the viruses. The data generated from this study will be useful in providing a basis for assessment of seasonally driven fecal pollution load of the lake and enteric virus contamination for proper management of the sanitary situation around the lake.

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22

Paterson, John. "Water Management and Recreational Values; Some Cases in Victoria, Australia." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0021.

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The growing recognition of recreational and amenity demands on water systems introduces a multitude of issues, many of them complex, to the established tasks of water quality management and water management generally. Victorian case studies are presented. They (1) illustrate the range and diversity of situations that can arise in managing competition and enhancing compatibility between traditional water supply objectives and recreational demands. (2) Fluctuation of storage levels, essential to storage operations, detract from recreational value. Recreational and tourism demands upon Lake Hume have grown to threaten traditional operating flexibility. (3) Mokoan is another such instance, but with its supply function in a state of flux, Lake Mokoan provides more scope for a shift in the balance. (4) Salinity management has become an issue in the management of lakes and wetlands when water supply interests and environmental/recreation interests respectively have different perspectives on salt disposal. (5) Recreational use of town supply sources has long been a vexed issue, although marked shifts in the attitudues of many supply authorities have occurred in recent years. (6) Eutrophication of lakes and estuaries raises difficult issues of responsibility and scientific uncertainty, and the water management connection may be tenuous but will attract public attention. (7) The water body attributes valued by specialised recreational interests require definition in terms that water managers can deal with using routine techniques of systems analysis and evaluation. (8) The demands of the fish population and anglers introduce a new perspective in river management and perceptions of instream values are changing markedly. (9) Direct costs of recreational services supplied by water authorities are not fully accounted: allocation choices and fiscal incidence will emerge as issues of significance. (10) These case studies raise only a fraction of the total range of matters that will, in the years to come, tax the technology and political skills of governments and management.

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23

Romanescu, Gheorghe, Madalina Pascal, Alin Mihu Pintilie, Cristian Constantin Stoleriu, Ion Sandu, and Madalina Moisii. "Water Quality Analysis in Wetlands Freshwater: Common Floodplain of Jijia-Prut Rivers." Revista de Chimie 68, no. 3 (April 15, 2017): 553–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.3.5500.

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Water resources in the Jijia catchment basin are limited and often polluted. The catchment basin of Jijia is situated in northeastern Romania and it crosses the Moldavian Plain on the north-west-south-east direction. The purpose of the present study is to analyze 26 physico-chemical parameters providing the annual and multiannual water quality index. Two water-sampling points were selected: Jijia-Victoria [S.1] and Jijia-Opriseni [S.2]. The high values of nitrates are caused by the use of nitrogen-based chemical fertilizers and of manure. Contamination with nitrites (N-NO2-) and nitrates (N-NO3-) of wetlands and deepwater habitats in the floodplain of Jijia is still high because of agricultural and zootechnical activities. The phosphorus within freshwater habitats is a consequence of anthropogenic pressure: improper storage of animal waste and/or use of phosphates-based fertilizers. Global water quality index (WQi) shows that both monitoring stations are included in the Medium high class.

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24

Faustine, Anthony, Aloys N. Mvuma, Hector J. Mongi, Maria C. Gabriel, Albino J. Tenge, and Samuel B. Kucel. "Wireless Sensor Networks for Water Quality Monitoring and Control within Lake Victoria Basin: Prototype Development." Wireless Sensor Network 06, no. 12 (2014): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wsn.2014.612027.

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25

Machiwa, Praxeda K. "Water quality management and sustainability: the experience of Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project (LVEMP)––Tanzania." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 28, no. 20-27 (January 2003): 1111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.032.

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26

Cózar, Andrés, Nadia Bergamino, Stefania Mazzuoli, Nicholas Azza, Luca Bracchini, Arduino M. Dattilo, and Steven A. Loiselle. "Relationships between wetland ecotones and inshore water quality in the Ugandan coast of Lake Victoria." Wetlands Ecology and Management 15, no. 6 (June 12, 2007): 499–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11273-007-9046-6.

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27

Simonit, Silvio, and Charles Perrings. "Sustainability and the value of the ‘regulating’ services: Wetlands and water quality in Lake Victoria." Ecological Economics 70, no. 6 (April 2011): 1189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.01.017.

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28

Makalila, Shadrack. "Community Initiatives in Water Quality Management in Simiyu Wetland in the Lake Victoria Basin, Tanzania." JOURNAL OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL ASSOCIATION OF TANZANIA 34 (July 10, 2021): 114–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/jgat.v34i.87.

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29

Banadda, E. N., F. Kansiime, M. Kigobe, M. Kizza, and I. Nhapi. "Landuse-based nonpoint source pollution: a threat to water quality in Murchison Bay, Uganda." Water Policy 11, S1 (March 1, 2009): 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.106.

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Murchison Bay in Lake Victoria is the main water source for Kampala City (Uganda) but is also the recipient for the wastewater discharged from the city. The objective of this paper is to trace the main landuse-based pollution sources within Kampala City borders and around Murchison Bay as a means to develop methods and systems to protect and preserve the aquatic environment and, from the lessons learned, to highlight what is considered to be an appropriate and sustainable approach for Uganda. This paper shows that Uganda needs to set realistic local standards, offer affordable services, set time frameworks, streamline politics, nurture and develop institutions, divide institutional responsibilities, educate her people and learn from the success stories to reverse the negative impacts on the water quality in Murchison Bay.

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30

Nuttall, P. M., B. J. Richardson, and P. Condina. "Effects of Saline Flushing to a Polluted Estuary to Enhance Water Quality Standards." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0045.

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Kananook Creek, a polluted estuary in urban Victoria,was monitored for water quality data over a seven year period. Prior to saline flushing, low species diversity dominated by high numbers of organic pollution-tolerant macroinvertebrates, phytoplankton blooms and cyanobacterial mats occurred throughout the estuary in clearly defined zones. Low dissolved oxygen levels restricted fish movement. Sand and silt deposition in the estuary prevented submergent aquatic plant colonisation, primarily as a result of the unstable, shifting nature of the substratum. Subsequent saline flushing at a maximum continuous rate of 150 ML/day saltwater from a coastal waterway improved quality within the water column of the polluted estuary. Although flushing reduced the incidence of fresh-water species, estuarine fauna and flora rapidly colonised much of Kananook Creek. The incidence of phytoplankton blooms, water discolouration and odour was reduced to the benefit of recreation demands placed upon the creek. Polluted and unstable sediments continued to restrict macroinvertebrate establishment and occasional cessation in flushing for pump maintenance caused a rapid deterioration in water quality.

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31

Nyawacha, S. O., V. Meta, and A. Osio. "SPATIAL TEMPORAL MAPPING OF SPREAD OF WATER HYACINTH IN WINUM GULF, LAKE VICTORIA." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2021 (June 28, 2021): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2021-341-2021.

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Abstract. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is an invasive hydro plant that invaded the waters of Lake Victoria and has since been spreading rapidly affecting the socio-economic livelihood of the community around the Lake. The weed's rapid spread is due to various anthropogenic activities in the surrounding environment among them being the eutrophication of the lake waters.This study aims at using remote sensing applications and presenting the results of the analysis of the water hyacinth Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), water extent, and analysis of correlation with the water quality over time from Sentinel 2 satellite imagery in January 2017 to January of 2021. The analysis aims at understanding the vegetation growth coverage in the five years and sets the basis of monthly predictive modelling of the behavior of water hyacinth. Predictive modelling applies historical statistical data while trying to use trend analysis in predicting the future behavior of a phenomenon. This study also seeks to answer the research question of the role of suspended sediments and dissolved minerals in abating the spread of and growth of water hyacinth.

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32

Juma, Dauglas Wafula, Hongtao Wang, and Fengting Li. "Impacts of population growth and economic development on water quality of a lake: case study of Lake Victoria Kenya water." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 21, no. 8 (January 18, 2014): 5737–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2524-5.

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33

Haynes, David, Kerrie Lee, and Louisa Oswald. "Macroinvertebrate community structure and water quality variation in an effluent impacted wetlands (Lake Coleman), Victoria, Australia." Wetlands Australia 17, no. 1 (January 23, 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31646/wa.182.

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34

Atazadeh, Ehsan, Andrew Barton, and Jafar Razeghi. "Importance of environmental flows in the Wimmera catchment, Southeast Australia." Limnological Review 20, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/limre-2020-0018.

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Abstract In this paper the environment, climate, vegetation, indigenous and European settlement history, stream flow patterns, water quality and water resources development in western Victoria, Australia are studied. The last part of the paper focuses on the MacKenzie River, a tributary of the Wimmera River located on the northern slopes of the Grampians Ranges in western Victoria, Australia. Water release along the MacKenzie River was regulated to improve water quality, stream condition and river health especially in the downstream reaches. The upstream section tends to receive water most days of the year due to releases to secure the requirements of water supply for the city of Horsham and its recreational and conservation values, which is diverted into Mt Zero Channel. Below this the middle and downstream sections receive a more intermittent supply. Annually, a total of 10,000 dam3 of water is released from Wartook Reservoir into the MacKenzie River. Of this volume, only about 4,000 dam3 was released explicitly for environmental purposes. The remaining 6,000 dam3 was released to meet consumptive demands and to transfer water to downstream reservoirs. The empirical data and models showed the lower reaches of the river to be in poor condition under low flows, but this condition improved under flows of 35 dam3 per day, as indicated. The results are presented to tailor discharge and duration of the river flows by amalgamation of consumptive and environmental flows to improve the condition of the stream, thereby supplementing the flows dedicated to environmental outcomes. Ultimately the findings can be used by management to configure consumptive flows that would enhance the ecological condition of the MacKenzie River.

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35

Sheridan, G. J., and C. J. Rosewell. "An improved Victorian erosivity map." Soil Research 41, no. 1 (2003): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02030.

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The impact of raindrops on the soil surface and surface water runoff are two of the agents of soil detachment and sediment transport. The magnitude of these erosion processes is a function of the erosive potential, or erosivity of a rainstorm. The erosivity of rainfall is commonly quantified using the R factor developed for the universal soil loss equation. R is the average of the annual sum of the individual storm erosivity values and can be estimated from published relationships between the storm energy and the rainfall intensity. Currently the most likely source of R-values in Victoria is a hand-drawn contour map produced more than 20 years ago by an expert panel and published in an out-of-print handbook. A new R-value contour map for Victoria is presented, developed from current empirical relationships between rainfall intensity–frequency–duration and R. The R contours vary in value across the state by about a factor of 4, from <800 MJ.mm/ha.h.year in the north-west, to >2700 MJ.mm/ha.h.year in the eastern ranges. The new map improves the resolution and accuracy of erosivity values for Victoria, especially in steeper, forested areas, and will assist in the prediction and modelling of erosion and water quality.

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36

I. Z., Mukasa-Tebandeke, Karume I., Wasajja H. Z., and Nankinga R. "Improving Quality of Water from Murchison bay Using Clay from Chelel, Kapchorwa District, Uganda." Academic Journal of Chemistry, no. 411 (November 10, 2019): 102–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ajc.411.102.117.

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Pollution resulting from increased human activities is threatening Lake Victoria, its effects are characterized by eutrophication, high turbidity, pH, iron(II) concentration and chemical oxygen demand (COD). In this study we have investigated the effect of Fe-montmorillonite clay from Chelel on turbidity, pH, concentration of iron, total suspended soils, total nutrients and COD of water sampled from Murchison bay watershed of Nakivubo channel south of Kampala. Varying amounts of clay powder was vigorously stirred with water samples for 5 minutes, filtered using Whatman paper at ambient temperatures. The optimum concentration of clay of 0.4 gL-1 was found to produce 73.5+2% fall in COD indicating elimination of microbes and organic waste. The pH of water became 6.3+ 0.2 showing that impurities had been bound to clay. The TSS and nutrients in MB water also decreased greatly when clay was stirred with water at ambient temperatures. The available data can be relied on to recommend use of this clay in treatment of waste water and/or sewage from Kampala. Further studies on combined use of clays with alums, zeolites and/or lime need to be carried out.

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37

Bhanuprakash, M., and S. L. Belagali. "Study of Adsorption Phenomena by Using Almond Husk for Removal of Aqueous Dyes." Current World Environment 12, no. 1 (April 25, 2017): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.12.1.10.

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Among air and soil, water pollution is considered as an important one. Deterioration of water resources by the addition of various pollutants leads to the major threat to water quality and use of water for domestic purpose which leads to unaesthetic. For the plants, animals and human beings dyes are considered as most hazardous among various water pollutants. The present paper describes the adsorption behaviour of adsorbent almond husk with respect to dyes of Crystal violet, Bromocresol green, Pararosaniline and Victoria blue was investigated. The batch method was used and parameters like pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time and initial and final concentration of dyes were studied. Adsorbent used to be effective, with total removal of all dyes of 90%, with higher percentage removal from bromocresol green 97.5%, Crystal violet 96.9%, Pararosaniline 95.6% and Victoria blue 95%. Almond husk was an effective adsorbent with maximum percentage removal of 97.5% bromocresol green. Adsorbent was analysed by the instrument of scanning electron microscopy and Fourier infrared spectroscopy. In the present study almond husk almond husk was studied as a very good adsorbent for the removal of dyes from the aqueous media. Isotherm model of Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich were considered to be favourable.

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38

Steve, Omari Ngodhe, Okoth Raburu Phillip, and Achieng Alfred. "The impact of water quality on species diversity and richness of macroinvertebrates in small water bodies in Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya." Journal of Ecology and The Natural Environment 6, no. 1 (January 31, 2014): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jene2013.0403.

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39

Welsh, DR, and DB Stewart. "Applications of intervention analysis to model the impact of drought and bushfires of Water Quality." Marine and Freshwater Research 40, no. 3 (1989): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9890241.

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Intervention analysis is a rigorous statistical modelling technique used to measure the effect of a shift in the mean level of a time series, caused by an intervention. A general formulation of an intervention model is applied to water-quality data for two streams in north-eastern Victoria, measuring the effect of drought on the electrical conductivity of one stream, and the effect of bushfires on the flow and turbidity of the other. The nature of the intervention is revealed using exploratory data-analysis techniques, such as smoothing and boxplots, on the time-series data. Intervention analysis is then used to confirm the identified changes and estimate their magnitude. The increased level of electrical conductivity due to drought is determined by three techniques of estimation and the results compared. The best of these techniques is then used to model changes in stream flow and turbidity following bushfires in the catchment.

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40

Ford, John R., and Paul Hamer. "The forgotten shellfish reefs of coastal Victoria: documenting the loss of a marine ecosystem over 200 years since European settlement." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 128, no. 1 (2016): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs16008.

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Victoria has lost vast areas (>95%) of native flat oyster (Ostrea angasi, Sowerby 1871) and blue mussel (Mytilus edulis galloprovinicialis, Lamarck 1819) reefs from estuarine and coastal waters since European settlement. We document the decline of these reefs by examining indigenous use of shellfish, the decimation of oyster reefs by dredge fishing in early colonial days (1840s–1860s) and later removal of mussel reefs by the mussel and scallop dredging industry (1960s‒1990s). Review of current scientific information reveals no notable areas of continuous oyster reef in Victoria and we consider this habitat to be functionally extinct. While the large-scale removal and destructive fishing practices that drove the rapid declines have not occurred since the mid-1990s, a natural recovery has not occurred. Recovery has likely been hampered historically by a host of factors, including water quality and sedimentation, lack of shell substrate for settlement, chemical pollution impacts, disease of native flat oysters (Bonamia), and more recently introduced species that compete with or prey on shellfish. However, research in the United States has demonstrated that, by strategic selection of appropriate sites and provision of suitable settlement substrates, outplanting of aquaculture-reared oysters and mussels can re-establish shellfish reefs. While a long-term sustained and structured approach is required, there is potential to re-establish shellfish reefs as a functioning ecological community in Victoria’s coastal environment.

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41

Fernando, Jayantha. "Effect of Water Quality on the Dispersive Characteristics of Soils Found in the Morwell Area, Victoria, Australia." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 28, no. 6 (August 31, 2010): 835–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10706-010-9345-1.

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42

Twesigye, Charles K. "The Impact of Land Use Activities on Vegetation Cover and Water Quality in the Lake Victoria Watershed." Open Environmental Engineering Journal 4, no. 1 (September 9, 2011): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874829501104010066.

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43

Vincent, Kiggundu, L. Mwebaza-Ndawula, B. Makanga, and Sarah Nachuha. "Variations in zooplankton community structure and water quality conditions in three habitat types in northern Lake Victoria." Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management 17, no. 2 (June 2012): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1770.2012.00504.x.

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44

Allinson, Mayumi, Fujio Shiraishi, Ryo Kamata, Shiho Kageyama, Daisuke Nakajima, Sumio Goto, and Graeme Allinson. "A Pilot Study of the Water Quality of the Yarra River, Victoria, Australia, Using In Vitro Techniques." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 87, no. 5 (September 6, 2011): 591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-011-0394-9.

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45

Gichuki, John, Reuben Omondi, Priscillar Boera, Tom Okorut, Ally Said Matano, Tsuma Jembe, and Ayub Ofulla. "Water HyacinthEichhornia crassipes(Mart.) Solms-Laubach Dynamics and Succession in the Nyanza Gulf of Lake Victoria (East Africa): Implications for Water Quality and Biodiversity Conservation." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/106429.

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This study, conducted in Nyanza Gulf of Lake Victoria, assessed ecological succession and dynamic status of water hyacinth. Results show that water hyacinth is the genesis of macrophyte succession. On establishment, water hyacinth mats are first invaded by native emergent macrophytes,Ipomoea aquaticaForsk., andEnydra fluctuansLour., during early stages of succession. This is followed by hippo grassVossia cuspidata(Roxb.) Griff. in mid- and late stages whose population peaks during climax stages of succession with concomitant decrease in water hyacinth biomass. Hippo grass depends on water hyacinth for buoyancy, anchorage, and nutrients. The study concludes that macrophyte succession alters aquatic biodiversity and that, since water hyacinth infestation and attendant succession are a symptom of broader watershed management and pollution problems, aquatic macrophyte control should include reduction of nutrient loads and implementing multifaceted approach that incorporates biological agents, mechanical/manual control with utilization of harvested weed for cottage industry by local communities.

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46

Ghofrani, Zahra, Victor Sposito, and Robert Faggian. "Designing a Pond and Evaluating its Impact Upon Storm-Water Quality and Flow: A Case Study in Rural Australia." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 26, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 475–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2019-0036.

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Abstract Storm-water management is a common concern in rural catchments where development-related growth causes increases of storm-water flows. Greater magnitude and frequency of storm-water create greater challenges for mitigating storm-water damage and improving water quality. The concept of Blue-Green Infrastructure (BGI) as a solution incorporates a wide range of applicable components with the aim of minimizing the effect of catchment development on flow regimes without changing the watershed morphology. BGI components manage storm-water by decreasing impermeable cover and expanding natural and semi-natural systems to store water or recharge and filter storm-water into the ground. In this paper, guidelines for designing a pond as a component of BGI are provided and, configuration and size of the pond are determined. Moreover, the impacts of the designed pond on storm-water peak flow and quality are assessed for the Tarwin catchment, State of Victoria, Australia. The results indicate that the introduction of the pond would have reduced outfall inflow by 94 % and would have achieved the reduction of 88.3, 75.5 and 50.7 % for total suspended solids, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen respectively, during the extreme weather event in June 2012.

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47

Borstlap, Sylvia, and Martin H. Entz. "Zero-tillage influence on canola, field pea and wheat in a dry subhumid region: Agronomic and physiological responses." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, no. 3 (July 1, 1994): 411–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-078.

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Field trials were conducted over 4 site-years in southern Manitoba to compare the response of Katepwa wheat, Westar canola and Victoria field pea to zero tillage (ZT). The experimental design was a split plot with tillage system as the mainplot (ZT vs. conventional tillage (CT)) and crop species as the subplot. All crops received protection from insect, weed and disease pests. Tillage system had only a limited impact on crop dry matter accumulation or grain quality. Where differences were observed, crop performance was enhanced under ZT. Seasonal evapotranspiration (ET) was either reduced or unaffected by ZT, while ET efficiency (ETE: kg ha−1 mm−1 ET) was either increased or unchanged by the shift from CT to ZT. Higher ETE under ZT was attributed to less soil water evaporation. Significant tillage system × crop species (T × S) interactions for growth parameters, ET and ETE indicated that field pea often benefitted more than wheat or canola from ZT. A significant T × S interaction at one of the four sites indicated that water extraction between 30 and 90 cm was higher for pea and canola in the ZT compared with CT treatment, while soil water extraction by wheat was reduced under ZT. At a second site, lower ET for all three crops under ZT was attributed to reduced water use between 90 and 130 cm. Despite some effects of ZT on crop growth and water use, no significant tillage, T × S, or site × tillage interactions were observed for grain yield. It was concluded that under the conditions of this study (i.e. precipitation and temperature conditions close to the long-term average), Westar canola, Victoria field pea and Katepwa wheat were, for the most part, equally suited to ZT production. Key words: Soil water extraction, evapotranspiration efficiency, crop quality, grain yield, canopy development

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48

Kanda, Edwin K., Job R. Kosgei, and Emmanuel C. Kipkorir. "Simulation of organic carbon loading using MIKE 11 model: a case of River Nzoia, Kenya." Water Practice and Technology 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 298–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2015.035.

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River Nzoia is the largest river draining into the Kenyan portion of Lake Victoria. This river receives both point sources of pollution from industrial and municipal wastes, and non-point sources from agricultural runoff in the catchment. The objective of this study was to simulate dissolved oxygen (DO) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of the middle section of River Nzoia using MIKE 11 model. The model was calibrated using discharge and water quality data for 2009 and validated with March–April 2013 data. The model performance was good with coefficient of determination (R2) values of between 0.845 and 0.995, Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency values of between 0.748 and 0.993 and percent bias of less than 10 for both calibration and validation of electrical conductivity (EC), DO and BOD. EC and BOD values were lower for April compared to March which could be attributed to dilution during high flows. DO values were above the recommended minimum level of 4 mg/l in all the sections of the river in the wet period but some sections had lower than 4 mg/l during low flow period. The government agencies such as Water Resources Management Authority and National Environment Management Authority should enforce the effluent standards to ensure that industries and wastewater treatment plants adhere to the maximum allowable limit for BOD and also improve their treatment efficiencies of wastewater plants so as to improve the quality of River Nzoia which is important in the overall management of the Lake Victoria basin.

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McIntosh, Madeline, and Victoria Chillscyzn. "Home with Hope: Green Infrastructure EEE 495: Urban Water Projects." Purdue Journal of Service-Learning and International Engagement 9, no. 1 (2022): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317397.

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Urban landscapes have serious impacts on water quality through the disruption of the hydrologic cycle. The Purdue University course, Environmental and Ecological Engineering 49500: Urban Water Projects, seeks to use student-led service-learning projects to improve both water quality and quantity in the Wabash River water-shed. This year, students investigated and implemented strategies to guarantee that previous implementations succeed well into the future. Two students, Victoria Chillscyzn and Madeline McIntosh, were part of a team working with the local nonprofit Home with Hope. Through interviews, a survey, and site visits, the team determined action items to improve the form and function of the installations. A grant was submitted and accepted through Purdue Student Service-Learning Grant Program for Community Service/Service-Learning Projects to fund an additional rain barrel and an edible garden at the nonprofit. Additionally, educational materials and a maintenance schedule were created to bolster care of the site. This course gave the authors the ability to give back to the local community in a meaningful and relevant way.

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50

Silvester, Ewen. "Ionic regulation in an alpine peatland in the Bogong High Plains, Victoria, Australia." Environmental Chemistry 6, no. 5 (2009): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en09062.

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Environmental context. Australian alpine peatlands are thought to have an important role in maintaining water quality in the associated headwater streams. This study has confirmed that these peatlands can significantly modify stream water through a range of mechanisms, including: nutrient uptake, salt sequestering, and the export of organic carbon. While the significance of this chemical regulation to down stream processes is yet to be fully understood, it is clear that these systems have considerable potential to modify water composition. Abstract. Heathy Spur 1 (HS-1) is an intact alpine peatland in the Bogong High Plains, Victoria, Australia, that serves as a reference system for understanding the impacts of historical land use practices (cattle grazing, water diversion) and wildfire. The major ion chemistry in the groundwater feed and drainage water at HS-1 was studied over seasonal timescales during ‘dry weather’ periods; conditions that allow a simple hydrological model to be used, where the groundwater is assumed to partition between evapotranspiration and stream discharge. With this model the acid neutralising capacity (ANC) of stream discharge can be understood in terms of evapotranspiration and proton uptake associated with nitrate and sulfate removal. Stream discharge ANC is strongly partitioned towards exported dissolved organic carbon, shifting the buffering intensity to lower pH compared to the groundwater. Given the extremely low alkalinity of the regional groundwater, these alpine peatlands likely have a critical role in increasing headwater stream buffering capacity.

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