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1
Fišák, J., M. Tesař, and D. Fottová. "Pollutant concentrations in rime and fog water." Soil and Water Research 3, Special Issue No. 1 (June 30, 2008): S68—S73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1406-swr.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
: The present study deals with a comparison between the pollutant concentrations in the samples of rime and of fog water (so-called deposited or occult precipitation) collected at the Milešovka Observatory. Although rime can be observed during a limited part of the year, it still has an important share in the total amount of precipitation and can contribute significantly to a local increase in pollutant loads. The total sum of the selected free ions in the rime water represents approximately a half of the total sum of the selected free ions in the fog water. The relative contents of free ions in the mean sample were different in rime and fog water with the exception of K<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup> and F– that did not show any significant variations.
2
Duan, Maoqing, Xia Du, Wenqi Peng, Shijie Zhang, and Liuqing Yan. "Necessity of Acknowledging Background Pollutants in Management and Assessment of Unique Basins." Water 11, no. 5 (May 27, 2019): 1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11051103.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The limitations of water quality management and assessment methods in China can be ascertained by comparison with other countries. However, it is unreasonable to use a uniform standard to evaluate water quality throughout China because one standard cannot fully account for the regional differences in background water quality. This study aimed to provide a basis for environmental water management decision-making. Areas seriously affected by background pollutants were identified by comparing several factors across 31 provinces in China. By coupling an improved export coefficient model (ECM) with a mechanistic model, a suitable pollutant yield coefficient was determined and its rationality was analysed. The export coefficient model was applied to estimate the pollutant (chemical oxygen demand and ammonia nitrogen) output of the basin in 2015. The spatial distribution characteristics of the pollutants were determined by simulating the pollutant outputs of 22 sub-basins and nine water function zones. For the year 2020, the simulation results of pollutant outputs far exceed the sewage discharge limit in water function zones and the pollutant concentration was much higher than the standard. Considering background pollutant outputs, more reasonable sewage discharge limit and water quality evaluation method are proposed.
3
Chu, Peter C., and Kleanthis Kyriakidis. "Chemical Spill Characteristics in the San Diego Bay." Marine Technology Society Journal 45, no. 2 (March 1, 2011): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.45.2.5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractDispersion of ocean pollutants in estuarine environments and bays (such as San Diego Bay) depends on the location of the source of the pollutants relative to the mouth and the tidal excursion, which is the net horizontal distance over which a pollutant particle moves during one tidal cycle of flood and ebb. Pollutant dispersion was investigated using a coupled hydrodynamic and chemical discharge model in this study. The results show the existence of two distinct (northern and southern) spill patterns of pollutant dispersion. The northern spill pattern is characterized by fast reduction of the pollutant concentration in the water column, rapid dispersion of pollutants to the San Diego port and to outside of the San Diego Bay, and slow dispersion of pollutants to the southern bay. The southern spill pattern is characterized by slow reduction of the pollutant concentration in the water column, slow dispersion, and confinement of pollutants in the southern San Diego Bay. The results may be useful for ocean pollution control and management.
4
Cao, Liping, Xinyu Liu, Shuai Zhang, and Mingjie Lyu. "Comparison of Regional Urban Water Pollutants Emission Standards and Determination of Factors Influencing Their Integration—A Case Study of the Biopharmaceutical Industry in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration." Sustainability 14, no. 8 (April 15, 2022): 4741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084741.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Urban pharmaceutical industries are responsible for high intensity emissions of water pollutants. The regional water pollutant emission standards vary greatly throughout the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration (YRDUA) in China, which, to some extent, results in increased risks and hidden dangers to regional water environment safety, especially water quality. Under the national strategy of Yangtze River Delta ecological and green integration development, a unified standard of water pollutant emissions should be integrated into the integration development process, but differences between characteristic items, concentration limits, and conditions among four local standards of water pollutant emission have become a key influencing factor in their integration in industry and in green transformation. When comparing the water pollutant emission standards of the biopharmaceutical industry in three provinces and one municipality of the YRDUA, the factors influencing integration were determined and caused by the main differences in local water pollutant emission standards, namely, the race to the bottom of the biopharmaceutical industry, the inconsistency of environmental protection regulation law, and transboundary water pollution risks. From the perspective of urban water quality safety, we propose the following strategies for promoting the integration of water pollutant emission standards in the YRDUA: (1) increasing government funding for local water pollution governance and encouraging industries to adopt the third-party governance model for pollution control in the YRDUA; (2) unifying water pollutant emission standards and environmental law enforcement standards in the YRDUA with a mechanism involving shared economic responsibility; and (3) establishing a platform for sharing data and governance performance for the emission of water pollutants in the YRDUA.
5
Sagar bhandari, Prem. "An Analytical Model for Concentration of Water Pollutant." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 9, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v9i01.m02.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper, an advection- dispersion equation for the pollutant concentration is solved assuming zero initial rate of pollutant. To solve the dispersion equation in unsteady state condition, the transformation technique has been used. .It is obtained that the concentration of the pollutants in a small river decreases continuously with increasing distance.
6
Liu, Rui. "Research on Control Method of Pollutant Total Amount of Water Quality based on Fuzzy Mathematics." Earth Sciences Research Journal 24, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v24n2.87248.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the increase of pollutants discharged into the water, it is difficult to control the water environment pollution via reducing part of pollutant discharge. Therefore, the control method of pollutant total amount of water quality based on fuzzy mathematics is proposed. Firstly, a control framework and process of the pollutant total amount was built. The total amount of pollutant discharged into this region was controlled within a certain amount to achieve the predetermined environmental objective. Then, water pollution of different regions was evaluated via water quality model based on the fuzzy mathematics in the region or key protection domain with severe pollution and a concentrated pollution source, which makes the comprehensive evaluation of the water quality pollution more scientific. Finally, the control of pollutant total amount was completed via the optimized combination of point source control and unit control of total amount. Experimental results show that the method is scientific, objective and reasonable during controlling the pollutant discharge. It controls the pollutant total amount excellently.
7
Zhang, Hongbo, Tianqi Ao, Maksym Gusyev, Hiroshi Ishidaira, Jun Magome, and Kuniyoshi Takeuchi. "Distributed source pollutant transport module based on BTOPMC: a case study of the Laixi River basin in the Sichuan province of southwest China." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 379 (June 5, 2018): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-379-323-2018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in Chinese river catchments are contributed by agricultural non-point and industrial point sources causing deterioration of river water quality and degradation of ecosystem functioning for a long distance downstream. To evaluate these impacts, a distributed pollutant transport module was developed on the basis of BTOPMC (Block-Wise Use of TOPMODEL with Muskingum-Cunge Method), a grid-based distributed hydrological model, using the water flow routing process of BTOPMC as the carrier of pollutant transport due a direct runoff. The pollutant flux at each grid is simulated based on mass balance of pollutants within the grid and surface water transport of these pollutants occurs between grids in the direction of the water flow on daily time steps. The model was tested in the study area of the Lu county area situated in the Laixi River basin in the Sichuan province of southwest China. The simulated concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus are compared with the available monthly data at several water quality stations. These results demonstrate a greater pollutant concentration in the beginning of high flow period indicating the main mechanism of pollution transport. From these preliminary results, we suggest that the distributed pollutant transport model can reflect the characteristics of the pollutant transport and reach the expected target.
8
Daewel, Ute, Evgeniy V. Yakushev, Corinna Schrum, Luca Nizzetto, and Elena Mikheeva. "Understanding the Role of Organic Matter Cycling for the Spatio-Temporal Structure of PCBs in the North Sea." Water 12, no. 3 (March 14, 2020): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030817.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Using the North Sea as a case scenario, a combined three-dimensional hydrodynamic-biogeochemical-pollutant model was applied for simulating the seasonal variability of the distribution of hydrophobic chemical pollutants in a marine water body. The model was designed in a nested framework including a hydrodynamic block (Hamburg Shelf Ocean Model (HAMSOM)), a biogeochemical block (Oxygen Depletion Model (OxyDep)), and a pollutant-partitioning block (PolPar). Pollutants can be (1) transported via advection and turbulent diffusion, (2) get absorbed and released by a dynamic pool of particulate and dissolved organic matter, and (3) get degraded. Our model results indicate that the seasonality of biogeochemical processes, including production, sinking, and decay, favors the development of hot spots with particular high pollutant concentrations in intermediate waters of biologically highly active regions and seasons, and it potentially increases the exposure of feeding fish to these pollutants. In winter, however, thermal convection homogenizes the water column and destroys the vertical stratification of the pollutant. A significant fraction of the previously exported pollutants is then returned to the water surface and becomes available for exchange with the atmosphere, potentially turning the ocean into a secondary source for pollutants. Moreover, we could show that desorption from aging organic material in the upper aphotic zone is expected to retard pollutants transfer and burial into sediments; thus, it is considerably limiting the effectiveness of the biological pump for pollutant exports.
9
Literathy, Peter, Ferenc Laszlo, and Bela Csanyi. "Approaches for sediment associated pollutant monitoring in the River Danube." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 5 (September 1, 1994): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0234.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Inorganic and organic pollutants (nutrients and toxic pollutants) are liable to accumulate in suspended and bottom sediments. The major transport of these pollutants takes place in the suspended load. Sedimentation and resuspension are in dynamic equilibrium along the river influenced mainly by physical processes. International and national surveys on the Danube sediment concluded that the Danube reach between Vienna and Budapest is one of the most polluted ones in addition to the Irongate reservoir and the downstream reach. The main polluting compounds are petroleum hydrocarbons, including PAHs, and heavy metals. Reservoirs are the major traps of sediment-bound pollutants where pollutant “time-bombs” may be developed. Pollutant monitoring of the bottom sediment requires careful selection of the representative sampling sites where the sediment contains at least 10 percent clay and silt which is enriched in pollutants. Mobilization of the sediment-bound pollutants will result in biological uptake by the benthic organisms. The macrozoobenthons monitoring provides valuable evidence for chronic biological stress associated with contaminated sites. Benthic biodiversity decreased along the studied Danube reach downstream of recognized hot spots such as major cities (Vienna, Bratislava, Budapest) and polluted tributaries (the Vah river, etc.). Harmonization between chemical measurements and biological observations in the sediment could eventually lead to an effective Danube pollution monitoring system.
10
Ивашкин, A. Ivashkin, Новиков, D. Novikov, Камруков, A. Kamrukov, Малков, and K. Malkov. "Calculation Model of Photochemical Reactor with a Pulse Xenon Lamp for Water Treatment." Safety in Technosphere 5, no. 4 (August 25, 2016): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/23762.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A calculation model of the photochemical reactor based on a pulse xenon lamp and intended for water treatment from
microbiological or chemical pollutants has been developed and realized. The model includes several calculation modules, each
one describes the basic physical processes ongoing in the photochemical reactor: current’s form calculation module, pollutant’s
particles trajectories calculation module, pulse lamp’s radiating characteristics calculation module, module for photometric
calculation, determining an energy radiation dose of pollutant particles. Calculation of lamp’s radiating characteristics is based
on ideas of gas discharge physics and on a number of empirical dependences, for calculation of other parameters has been used
the numerical simulation. Model verification has been carried out by comparison of calculated and experimental efficiencies for
two types of photochemical reactors’ designs with use of the known pollutant. The developed calculation model allows perform
multi-parameter optimization for designs and regime parameters of pulse photochemical reactors for the purpose of increase their
energy efficiency, and level of water treatment from various chemical and biological pollutants.
11
Pettersson, Thomas J. R. "Water quality improvement in a small stormwater detention pond." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 10 (November 1, 1998): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0389.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this study was to investigate a small open detention pond predominantly receiving stormwater drainage from a highway. The results showed a difference in pollutant removal characteristics. Particle-associated pollutants were effectively removed during storm events as indicated by EMC (Event Mean Concentrations) while dissolved pollutants were not effectively removed. Outflow pollutant loads followed linear profiles when seven consecutive storm events were represented as cumulative graphs. PEMC's (Partial EMC's) during a storm event showed an association between the specific surface area of small particles and lead content. A detention pond should be designed according to capacity to detain the complete storm volume, thus avoiding short-circuiting of the pond by pollutants.
12
Diansyukma, Achmad, Sri Puji Saraswati, and Ahmad Tawfiequrrahman Yuliansyah. "Analysis of the Carrying Capacity and the Total Maximum Daily Loads of the Karang Mumus Sub-watershed in Samarinda City Using the WASP Method." Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum 7, no. 2 (May 27, 2021): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jcef.62826.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Watershed is a multi-aspect ecological system, which functions as a source of water resources, in order to meet daily needs. It also motivates both economical and life matters, as well as serve as a sanitary channel for the surrounding community. Watershed also generates pollutants, which are known to potentially cause a decrease in river water quality. The degradation of river habitats that are caused by high pollutants penetration into the water body, decreases the capacity to carry out self-purification of toxic loads. The water pollutant load-carrying capacity is then calculated through various methods, one of which is the use of a computerized numerical modeling simulation called WASP (Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program). This method was developed by the ES-EPA, in order to process TMDLs (Total Maximum Daily Loads) data on river bodies, as well as examine each part of the water quality, based on spatial and temporal inputs. This study was conducted at the Karang Mumus Sub-watershed flowing through the centre of Samarinda City, with aims to determine the pollutants' carrying capacity, existing load, and toxic waste allocation, via the use of the BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) technique as a parameter of water quality. The calculation was carried out by segmenting the river into five parts, based on the number of districts it passes through, during pollutant loads inventory. The WASP modeling simulation showed that the total pollutant load-carrying capacity of the whole segments was 5,670 kg/day. It also showed the existing loads of about 3,605 kg/day, with the margin having the ability to receive pollutants at 2,065 kg/day. Moreover, the allocation of pollutant loads varies for each segment, with 2, 3, and 4 observed to reduce the pollutant by 390, 220, and 10 kg/day, respectively. However, segments 1 and 5 were still allowed to receive pollutant loads up to 1,740 and 945 kg/day, respectively.
13
Song, Xia, Nana Nyarko Mensah, Yuting Wen, Jingling Zhu, Zhongxing Zhang, Wui Siew Tan, Xinwei Chen та Jun Li. "β-Cyclodextrin-Polyacrylamide Hydrogel for Removal of Organic Micropollutants from Water". Molecules 26, № 16 (19 серпня 2021): 5031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26165031.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Water pollution by various toxic substances remains a serious environmental problem, especially the occurrence of organic micropollutants including endocrine disruptors, pharmaceutical pollutants and naphthol pollutants. Adsorption process has been an effective method for pollutant removal in wastewater treatment. However, the thermal regeneration process for the most widely used activated carbon is costly and energy-consuming. Therefore, there has been an increasing need to develop alternative low-cost and effective adsorption materials for pollutant removal. Herein, β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), a cheap and versatile material, was modified with methacrylate groups by reacting with methacryloyl chloride, giving an average degree of substitution of 3 per β-CD molecule. β-CD-methacrylate, which could function as a crosslinker, was then copolymerized with acrylamide monomer via free-radical copolymerization to form β-CD-polyacrylamide (β-CD-PAAm) hydrogel. Interestingly, in the structure of the β-CD-PAAm hydrogel, β-CD is not only a functional unit binding pollutant molecules through inclusion complexation, but also a structural unit crosslinking PAAm leading to the formation of the hydrogel 3D networks. Morphological studies showed that β-CD-PAAm gel had larger pore size than the control PAAm gel, which was synthesized using conventional crosslinker instead of β-CD-methacrylate. This was consistent with the higher swelling ratio of β-CD-PAAm gel than that of PAAm gel (29.4 vs. 12.7). In the kinetic adsorption studies, phenolphthalein, a model dye, and bisphenol A, propranolol hydrochloride, and 2-naphthol were used as model pollutants from different classes. The adsorption data for β-CD-PAAm gel fitted well into the pseudo-second-order model. In addition, the thermodynamic studies revealed that β-CD-PAAm gel was able to effectively adsorb the different dye and pollutants at various concentrations, while the control PAAm gel had very low adsorption, confirming that the pollutant removal was due to the inclusion complexation between β-CD units and pollutant molecules. The adsorption isotherms of the different dye and pollutants by the β-CD-PAAm gel fitted well into the Langmuir model. Furthermore, the β-CD-PAAm gel could be easily recycled by soaking in methanol and reused without compromising its performance for five consecutive adsorption/desorption cycles. Therefore, the β-CD-PAAm gel, which combines the advantage of an easy-to-handle hydrogel platform and the effectiveness of adsorption by β-CD units, could be a promising pollutant removal system for wastewater treatment applications.
14
Liu, Dedi, Jiayu Zhang, Yujie Zeng, and Youjiang Shen. "Modeling the Physical Nexus across Water Supply, Wastewater Management and Hydropower Generation Sectors in River–Reservoir Systems." Water 11, no. 4 (April 19, 2019): 822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040822.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Most water supply and hydropower generation is obtained from the river–reservoir system, and wastewater pollutants are also dumped into the system. Increasing water demand and consumption have caused the water supply, wastewater pollutant management and hydropower generation sectors to be interlinked and to reinforce each other in the system. A physical nexus across water supply, wastewater management and hydropower generation sectors for a river–reservoir system was developed based on the analytical water quality and hydropower generation equations. Considering the Jinghong hydropower reservoir, located in the middle and lower reaches of the Lancangjiang River Basin, as a case study, both the wastewater pollutant management target and water inflow from the upstream as the external and boundary conditions, were employed to establish the effects of the external and boundary conditions on the nexus. It was demonstrated that the nexus of water supply and hydropower generation sectors does not vary with the water quality indicators and its protection target, without the separation of environmental flow in hydropower generation flow. In addition, the amount of hydropower generation decreases with increasing water supply. However, the lapse rates of allowable wastewater pollutants–water supply differ based on the water inflow and the wastewater pollutant management sectors, while the efficiency of hydropower generation and the sensitivity of allowable wastewater pollutants per amount of water supply are considered to be unrelated to the water inflow and wastewater pollutant management target conditions. The quantitative nexus developed through the proposed equation not only contributes to a more complete understanding of the mechanism of cross-connections, but also in creation of specific water protection and utilization measures, which is also the focus of the water–energy nexus.
15
Dixon, Ian. "California’s Water Pollutant List." Marine Pollution Bulletin 38, no. 7 (July 1999): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(18)30520-4.
Повний текст джерела
16
Gao, Xiaoping, Yao Zeng, Fangying Ji, and Lei Jiang. "Ecological Network Analysis for Water Pollution Metabolism in Urban Water Use System: Case Study of Fuzhou, China." Water 13, no. 6 (March 18, 2021): 834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13060834.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Water environment deterioration in urban environments is a critical concern in sustainable water management processes, and the method of urban water metabolism has not been developed more fully in this field. Therefore, there is a requirement to evaluate urban water metabolism with a focus on water quality for sustainable water use. In this study, information and network environ analyses in ecological network analysis (ENA) were explored to measure the water pollutant metabolism state. Six sub-basins in the old part of Fuzhou in China using data from 2016 and 2019 were selected for the case study. Results showed that (1) water pollutant metabolism amount decreased and the metabolism efficiency was improved; (2) the contribution of sub-basins III and IV for pollutant metabolism were more important than the other sub-basins; (3) the river in sub-basin III was the maximum recipient control as a sink node; and (4) ecological relations between compartments were improved for pollutant metabolism. Based on the results, we proposed five types of ENA indicators including TST, a, wj, matrix CX, matrix sgnU, and C for the water pollutant metabolism assessment. The method developed here provided new insights to understand the production, transport, degradation, and discharge of pollutants in water use activities in urban environments, and we hope it can be helpful to improve the extension and application of the water metabolism approach in managing urban water quantity and quality in future.
17
Lötjönen, Sanna, and Markku Ollikainen. "Multiple-pollutant cost-efficiency: Coherent water and climate policy for agriculture." Ambio 48, no. 11 (September 24, 2019): 1304–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01257-z.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract We examine the abatement costs for water and climate pollutants and their respective policies while accounting for cobenefits. We construct private and social marginal cost curves for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and nutrient runoff in Finnish agriculture. We find that the social marginal costs of reducing emissions that reflect the cobenefits are lower than the private costs. Accounting for greenhouse gas cobenefits from nutrient load reduction or water cobenefits from climate emissions reduction creates a gap between privately and socially optimal reduction levels. This gap varies depending on the valuation of cobenefits. The cost-efficient reduction of the focus pollutant is increased when cobenefits from the other pollutant are accounted for. For policies, this implies a higher cap or tax on the focus pollutant. We decompose the optimal tax rate to a basic tax on the focus pollutant and on an additional tax component depending on the level of cobenefits.
18
Lv, Taizhi, Peiyi Tang, and Yujuan Zou. "Design and Implementation of Wastewater Pollutant Data Analysis and Visualization System for Vessels." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2400, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2400/1/012004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract To monitor the discharge of water pollutants from vessels, a monitoring system for the discharge of water pollutants from vessels has been established on the Yangtze River. The system generates tens of thousands of ship wastewater pollutant data every day. The analysis and visualization of wastewater pollutant discharge data can help the monitoring department to grasp the discharge situation and improve the accuracy of supervision. This system extracts the data to the data warehouse in real-time based on the data extraction technology, improves the query efficiency based on the three-level storage architecture, makes real-time pollutant data statistics based on the stream computing technology, and realizes the visual display of the data based on the front-end and back end-separation technology. The system has been applied in the maritime supervision department to provide a data basis for vessel wastewater pollutant supervision and decision-making.
19
Sharma, H., and Z. Ahmad. "Transverse mixing of pollutants in streams: a review." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 41, no. 5 (May 2014): 472–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2013-0561.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Spilling or release of foreign particles in the flowing water is considered as pollution of water, and due to the inherent property of water to dissolve the substance, the particulate is well mixed in water. To monitor the extent of pollution in a stream it is essential to know how the pollutants mix in the river. It is observed that vertical mixing of pollutants is a very rapid process in the vertical directions and longitudinal mixing occurs very far from source of pollutant, which is generally out of reach of observations. Thus intermediate or transverse mixing zone is considered very important for water quality modeling. This paper is an attempt to summarize the phenomenon behind pollutant transport, reduction of three-dimensional advection–dispersion equation to two-dimensional equation, and factors causing and affecting transverse mixing of pollutants.
20
Sacco, Olga, Vincenzo Vaiano, Christophe Daniel, Wanda Navarra, and Vincenzo Venditto. "Highly Robust and Selective System for Water Pollutants Removal: How to Transform a Traditional Photocatalyst into a Highly Robust and Selective System for Water Pollutants Removal." Nanomaterials 9, no. 11 (October 23, 2019): 1509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9111509.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Highly porous monolithic aerogels based on ZnO photocatalyst and syndiotactic polystyrene (s-PS) were obtained by supercritical CO2 treatment of ZnO/s-PS gels. The prepared aerogels were characterized and their photocatalytic activity was evaluated using phenol and toluene as water pollutant models. The s-PS nanoporous crystalline phase, able to absorb pollutant molecules, was proven to be necessary to ensure high photocatalytic efficiency as the aerogel acts not only as a support, but also as pollutant pre-concentrator. The reusability of ZnO/s-PS aerogels is also strong showing no decrease in photocatalytic activity after six consecutive degradation trials. Finally, the aerogel matrix prevents ZnO dissolution occurring under acidic conditions and promotes a selective removal of the pollutants. The synergy between the photocatalyst and the innovative polymeric support provides the composite system with robustness, chemical stability, easy recovery after treatment, high efficiency of pollutant removal with a marked selectivity which make these materials promising for large scale applications.
21
Ren, Qilong, and Hui Li. "Spatiotemporal Effects and Driving Factors of Water Pollutants Discharge in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region." Water 13, no. 9 (April 24, 2021): 1174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13091174.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The problem of water pollution is a social issue in China requiring immediate and urgent solutions. In the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, the contradiction between preserving the ecological environment and facilitating sustainable economic development is particularly acute. This study analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution of water pollutants and their factors of influence using statistics on the discharge of two water pollutants, namely chemical oxygen demand (COD) and NH3-N (ammonia nitrogen), in 154 counties in both 2012 and 2016 as research units in the region. The study employed Exploratory Spatial-Time Data Analysis (ESTDA), Standard Deviational Ellipse (SDE), and the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) models, as well as ArcGIS and GeoDa software, obtaining the following conclusions: (1) From 2012 to 2016, pollutant discharge dropped significantly, with COD and NH3-N emissions decreasing 65.9% and 47.2%, respectively; the pollutant emissions possessed the spatial feature of gradual gradient descent from the central districts to the periphery. (2) The water pollutants discharge displayed significant and positive spatial correlations. The spatiotemporal cohesion of the spatiotemporal evolution of the pollutants was higher than their spatiotemporal fluidity, representing strong spatial locking. (3) The level of economic development, the level of urbanization, and the intensity of agricultural production input significantly and positively drove pollutant discharge; the environmental regulations had a significant effect on reducing the emission of pollutants. In particular, the effect for NH3-N emissions reduction was stronger; the driving effect of the industrial structure and the distance decay was not significant.
22
Zhang, Guo Feng, Tun Yen Wang, Takeshi Mizunoya, Helmut Yabar, Jing Jing Yan, Jing Hua Sha, and Yoshiro Higano. "Comprehensive Evaluation of Environmental Policy for Water Pollutants Reduction in Beijing, China." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 1833–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.1833.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this paper is to construct a dynamic comprehensive optimization simulation model to forecast the net load of water pollutant and economic growth rate of Beijing. Our results propose an optimal policy for helping to achieve the goal of sustainable development. We performed a linear optimization modeling by using LINGO software to simulate a socio-economic model and an environmental model with input-output table. The socio-economic model represents the relationship between socio-economic activities and water pollutant emissions. The environmental model represents the changes in the amount of water pollutants generated.
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Zhu, Henghua, Jianwei Zhou, Chao Jia, Sheng Yang, Jing Wu, Lizhi Yang, Zhengrun Wei, Hongwei Liu, and Zhizheng Liu. "Control Effects of Hydraulic Interception Wells on Groundwater Pollutant Transport in the Dawu Water Source Area." Water 11, no. 8 (August 11, 2019): 1663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11081663.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Based on the comprehensive analysis of hydrogeological data of the Dawu water source in Zibo city, the Modflow module in Groundwater Modeling System is used to carry out three-dimensional geological modeling of the Dawu water source, and the flow field model and solute transport model of the Dawu water source are established. Aiming at the problem of groundwater pollution in the key polluted area of the Hougao region—the Dawu water source—the pollutant transport model is established to explore the process of pollution transport. There are many types of groundwater pollutants in the Hougao area. Among them, ammonia nitrogen, chloride, petroleum, and benzene exceed the standard most seriously. In order to facilitate the research, we selected typical pollutants for in-depth study. The ammonia nitrogen is used as the control index of domestic and industrial waste water in the policy documents of pollution emission. It can show the specific situation of industrial waste water and domestic waste water pollution changing with time. Thus, the ammonia nitrogen with a higher exceeding standard is selected as the pollution factor in this simulation. Pollutant transport under the conditions of strong pumping and stop pumping is simulated. It is found that the pollutant is effectively controlled due to the pumping and discharging effects under the action of strong pumping, from 4 to 5 times exceeding the standard to slightly exceeding the standard. However, there is still a trend of migration to the eastern water supply area. After the pumping is stopped, the pollutant quickly migrates to the Xixia centralized water supply area, causing serious pollution to the water supply area. Finally, four other hydraulic interception wells are set up in the 500 m east of Hougao’s four wells to further control the pollutant transport. When hydraulic interception wells and strong pumping wells are used together, the scope of ammonia nitrogen pollution is basically controlled near the interception wells, and it does not continue to spread to the eastern water supply area. The maximum monitoring value of pollution is 0.11 mg/L, which is controlled within the standard limit of three types of groundwater, and the pollutant control effect is the best, providing certain reference for similar pollution control work.
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KACHIASHVILI, K. J., and D. I. MELIKDZHANIAN. "IDENTIFICATION OF RIVER WATER EXCESSIVE POLLUTION SOURCES." International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 05, no. 02 (June 2006): 397–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219622006001988.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The program package for identification of river water excessive pollution sources located between two controlled cross-sections of the river is described in this paper. The software has been developed by the authors on the basis of mathematical models of pollutant transport in the rivers and statistical hypotheses checking methods. The identification algorithms were elaborated with the supposition that the pollution sources discharge different compositions of pollutants or (at the identical composition) different proportions of pollutants into the rivers.
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Mourid, El Hassane, Mohamed Lakraimi, and Lhaj Benaziz. "High efficiency of calcined anionic clay to remove the chromate anions CrO42-from polluted water." French-Ukrainian Journal of Chemistry 8, no. 2 (2020): 26–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/fujcv8i2p26-47.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Calcined anionic clay based on zinc and aluminum was used to remove the pollutant CrO42- from wastewater. This adsorbent material derived from layered double hydroxide (LDH) was chosen for its higher adsorption capacity, its affinity for most pollutants, and its non-toxicity. The kinetic study suggesting a high affinity between the pollutant and calcined LDH (CLDH). The pollutant is retained in multilayer and follows the Freundlich model. Thermodynamic study indicates a physical interaction. The elimination reaches 100% with a retention capacity of 3333 mg/g. After cycles of regeneration and in comparison with other adsorbents, CLDH has proven its efficiency and high performances to remove CrO42- anions.
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Ha, Sung Ryong, and Seung Chul Lee. "Reductive characteristics of washed-off pollution loads by best management practices." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 2339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.828.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Best management practices (BMPs) were used to reduce the NPS in various fields. The Korean Ministry of Environment has developed a total maximum daily load (TMDL) and adapted it to prevent water resources from pollutants in four major rivers. However, many water bodies in Korea are still polluted. It is anticipated that the NPS pollution flows into the water bodies without treatment. Nowadays, BMPs are enforced to reduce the NPS pollutant in Korean TMDL.This paper analyzes the characteristics of the reduced pollution loads by two different BMPs. We also calculate the reduced pollutant mass and the reduced pollutant loading rate to help make a plan for the pollution reduction in the Korean TMDL.The characteristics of the pollutant reduction in the BMPs were revealed through analysis of the EMC, first flush phenomenon and reduced pollution loads. Integrated facilities which combined two facilities were more effective to reduce the pollutant than the single and it was better to remove the beginning of the runoff as a first flush effectively than treat all runoff in the facilities.
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Oh, Heesang, Han-Pil Rhee, Seong Jin Cho, Sang-Woo Lee, and Ha Sun Hwang. "A Study on Paldang Reservoir Water Quality Improvement Effect by Pollutant Source Location Regulation Using Watershed-Reservoir Integrated Prediction." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 45, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2023.45.1.43.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objectives:Since the enactment of the 「Han-River Watershed Act」, comprehensive analysis about direct and indirect contributions and effects of various environmental policies and water quality improvement projects for the preservation of water quality in the Han-River watershed is insufficient. Especially, effect of pollutant source location regulation should be inferred and estimated through model prediction because it does not exist unregulated conditions. As development pressure in non-urban areas near the metropolitan area is increasing, it is necessary to analyze the effects of pollutant source location regulation.Methods:In this study, average pollutant density of Gangwon-do, Gyeonggi-do, and Chungcheongbuk-do, where the regulation areas located, and average pollutant density of water source management areas were compared and analyzed. After that changes in pollutant sources in regulation areas were estimated by assuming load of pollutant sources in unregulated areas that load of pollutant sources in regulation areas. Since many reservoirs are located in Han-river watershed, it is difficult to simulate the water quality of Paldang reservoir using only watershed model, BASINS/WinHSPF and EFDC-WASP were linked. Through this, change in water quality of Paldang Lake was tried to predict when the pollutant location regulation was not implemented, and to analyze the effect of the pollutant location regulation.Results and Discussion:Water quality improvement of Paldang reservoir was evaluated by applying the discharge load when the pollution source location regulation was not implemented to the calibrated model. As a result of the pollution source location regulation, discharge load in the location regulation area was analyzed to reduce by 53.90% and T-P by 48.58%, and the BOD and T-P improvement effect of Paldang Dam was analyzed 6.77% and T-P 6.62%. Since the water quality improvement effect of Paldang Lake is accumulated to the entire upstream, it is evaluated relatively less than pollutant load reducing effect.Conclusion:It was analyzed that pollutiont source location regulation has water quality improvement effect, despite the small area which only located in near Paldang reservoir compared to the total area of the Han-River watershed.
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Song, Xiao Xuan, Di Bo Hou, Ping Jie Huang, and Guang Xin Zhang. "Research on Dynamic early Warning Technology of Water Pollution Emergency Based on Pollutant Dispersion Simulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 316-317 (April 2013): 682–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.316-317.682.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The flexibility and instantaneity of existing water environment warning system seems difficult to satisfy the increasingly severe water environment security situation and water pollution events. A dynamic early warning system structure based on pollutant dispersion simulation has been put forward, with some research on the construction of pollutant dispersion model, dynamic trigger optimization model , dynamic display of simulation results and other key techniques in detail. Take the Qiantang River in Hangzhou section for example, this paper builds the water hydrodynamic model and the convection diffusion model, simulates the dispersion of assumed pollutants and then displays the fuctions of providing dynamic early warning services.The application shows that this system can provide accurate and convenient warning of the influence range and degree of water pollutants. It also provides decision support for relevant government departments, water companies and other enterprises to take emergency measures timely and effectively.
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Serrano, B., and H. de Lasa. "Photocatalytic degradation of water organic pollutants: pollutant reactivity and kinetic modeling." Chemical Engineering Science 54, no. 15-16 (July 1999): 3063–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2509(98)00478-3.
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Grum, M., R. H. Aalderink, L. Lijklema, and H. Spliid. "The underlying structure of systematic variations in the event mean concentrations of pollutants in urban runoff." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 8-9 (October 1, 1997): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0656.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Urban runoff pollution can essentially be characterised by fluid quantities and pollutant concentrations. It has been possible to construct models accounting for variations in runoff quantities with some success. However, although several pollutant storage and transport mechanisms have been postulated there still remains substantial unexplained variation in pollutant concentrations. Through a series of well established multivariate pattern recognition techniques the present study has aimed at disclosing the underlying structure of systematic variations in the event mean concentrations (EMC) of pollutants in combined sewers during rainfall. The statistical methods that have been applied to the pollutant concentration variables are factor analysis, cluster analysis, distribution analysis and correlation analysis. The event mean runoff data considered includes eleven pollutant variables originating from five combined sewer catchments in Denmark and in the Netherlands. The combined results of the analyses support earlier findings that EMCs are best described by bimodal or mixture distributions, and further suggest that event based pollutant modelling could be improved through a recognition of these characteristics.
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Fang, Shulin, Yongpeng Ji, and Mingliang Zhang. "Numerical Modeling the Flood and Pollutant Transport Processes in Residential Areas with Different Land Use Types." Advances in Meteorology 2022 (January 6, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9320089.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Large-scale flooding causes widespread disaster, and harmful pollutant concentration in water following flood affects public safety and the environment. In this study, a numerical model for solving the 2D shallow water equations and the solute transport equation is proposed to simulate overland flood and pollutant transport caused by floods. The present model is verified by comparing the predictions with the analytical solutions and simulation results; sufficiently high computational accuracy is achieved. The model is also used to simulate flood inundation and pollution spread in the area of Hun and Taizi Lane (HTL) in China due to river dike breaches; the results show that the coupling model has excellent performance for simulating the flooding process and the temporal and spatial distribution of pollutants in urban or rural areas. We use remote sensing techniques to acquire the land coverage in the area of HTL based on Landsat TM satellites. The impacts of changed land use on mitigation of flooding waves and pollutant spread are investigated; the results indicate that the land cover changes have an obvious influence on the evolution process of flood waves and pollutant transport in the study areas, where the transport of pollutants is very dynamic during flood inundation in HTL area. Furthermore, the motion of pollutants considering anisotropic diffusion is more reasonable than that due to isotropic dispersion in simulating pollutant transport associated with the flood in urban or farmland environments.
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Dong, Mingying, Lizhi He, Mengyuan Jiang, Yi Zhu, Jie Wang, Williamson Gustave, Shuo Wang, Yun Deng, Xiaokai Zhang, and Zhenyu Wang. "Biochar for the Removal of Emerging Pollutants from Aquatic Systems: A Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3 (January 17, 2023): 1679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031679.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Water contaminated with emerging pollutants has become a serious environmental issue globally. Biochar is a porous and carbon-rich material produced from biomass pyrolysis and has the potential to be used as an integrated adsorptive material. Many studies have shown that biochar is capable to adsorb emerging pollutants from aquatic systems and could be used to solve the water pollution problem. Here, we provided a dual perspective on removing emerging pollutants from aquatic systems using biochar and analyzed the emerging pollutant removal efficiency from the aspects of biochar types, pollutant types and coexistence with heavy metals, as well as the associated mechanisms. The potential risks and future research directions of biochar utilization are also presented. This review aims to assist researchers interested in using biochar for emerging pollutants remediation in aquatic systems and facilitate research on emerging pollutants removal, thereby reducing their environmental risk.
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Bäckström, M., P. A. Malmqvist, and M. Viklander. "Stormwater management in a catchbasin perspective - best practices or sustainable strategies?" Water Science and Technology 46, no. 6-7 (September 1, 2002): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0675.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A strategy for sustainable stormwater management is needed. This study has focused on the relative importance of stormwater as a pollutant source in a catchbasin, if Best Management Practices (BMPs) result in pollutant removal or pollutant redistribution, and methods for screening of stormwater strategies. Stormwater is most likely an important pathway for pollutants in a catchbasin perspective. True pollutant removal can only be achieved if the pollutant sources are eliminated. Until that is reached, we should have the best possible control of the pollutant fluxes in the watershed. This study indicates that the search for a sustainable stormwater strategy could be easier to handle if different “screens” could be used. The Swedish environmental objectives, which try to encapsulate all aspects of sustainability, may be used as a foundation for a “sustainability screen”. By using this screen, the “unsustainable” features of different stormwater strategies could be pointed out. A “standards and legislation screen” will be based on the EU Water Framework Directive. As this study has shown, it is doubtful whether the conventional BMPs, such as stormwater ponds and infiltration facilities, produce a sufficient pollutant control.
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Ichiki, Atsushi, Kiyoshi Yamada, and Toshiyuki Ohnishi. "Prediction of runoff pollutant load considering characteristics of river basin." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 4-5 (February 1, 1996): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0495.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objectives of this study are to establish a runoff model and show profiles of pollutant runoff by simulating the change in runoff load with variance in the characteristics of river basins (i.e. population, urban area, rate of sewerage, etc.). The model, hereinafter referred to as “MACRO MODEL”, consists of three main sections. The first one shows pollutant runoff from point sources taking into consideration the sedimentation of pollutants in sewers. The second and third ones show pollutant runoff from nonpoint sources in an urban and rural area taking land use into consideration. Since it was proved that MACRO MODEL could simulate runoff load accurately enough to predict profiles of pollutant runoff, it has become possible to estimate the effect of characteristics of a river basin on pollutant runoff. As a result, some available knowledge concerned with the environmental management of water was obtained by using MACRO MODEL.
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Bäckström, M. "Grassed swales for stormwater pollution control during rain and snowmelt." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 9 (November 1, 2003): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0508.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The retention of suspended solids, particles and heavy metals in different grassed swales during rain events and snowmelt is discussed. The experimental results derived from investigations performed in existing grassed swales in the Luleå region, Northern Sweden. During high pollutant loading rates, grassed swales retain significant amounts of pollutants, mainly due to sedimentation of particulate matter. Low to moderate removal efficiencies could be expected for heavy metals, especially metals in solution (i.e. the dissolved phase). When grassed swales receive urban runoff with low pollutant concentrations, they may release rather than retain pollutants. Swales are important snow deposit areas in the city and particle bound pollutants do to a large extent remain in the swale after snowmelt. However, dissolved pollutants (i.e. dissolved heavy metals) are likely to escape the swale with the melt water. Grassed swales may be regarded as facilities that even out the peaks in pollutant loads without being capable of producing consistent high removal rates. This suggests that swales should be considered as primary treatment devices. Possible design parameters for grassed swales are mean hydraulic detention time, surface loading rate or specific swale area.
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Hlongwane, Gloria Ntombenhle, Patrick Thabang Sekoai, Meyya Meyyappan, and Kapil Moothi. "Simultaneous removal of pollutants from water using nanoparticles: A shift from single pollutant control to multiple pollutant control." Science of The Total Environment 656 (March 2019): 808–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.257.
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Luo, Peiyuan, Changchun Xin, Yuanhao Zhu, Yang Liu, Junhong Ling, Tianzhi Wang, Jun Huang, and Soon-Thiam Khu. "Effect of Rational Fertilizer for Eggplants on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pollutants in Agricultural Water Bodies." Processes 11, no. 2 (February 14, 2023): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11020579.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Excessive fertilizer application in the cropping industry leads to excessive nitrogen and phosphorus in surrounding water bodies, which causes farmers to increase economic cost and damage the environment. To address the problem, we built a crop-soil runoff soil column test system, setting eight fertilizer application levels for eggplants. Then, crop yield, soil fertility and pollutant concentrations in the receiving water bodies were measured. The process of fertilizer application on the water quality of surrounding receiving water bodies and the rationality of fertilizer application were analyzed. The results showed that crop yield, soil fertility, and pollutant concentrations in the receiving water increased with the increase in fertilizer application. The crop yield stabilized when the fertilizer application amount was higher than 0.12 kg/m2; the concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in the water increased significantly with the increase in fertilizer application, where particulate nitrogen (PN) and organic phosphorus (OP) were the key pollutants. In addition, crop growth had an interception effect on pollutant migration. The concentration of pollutants in the water was significantly lower in the late crop growth period (after flowering) than in the early. The crop had the best interception effect on pollutants when the fertilizer application was 0.12 kg/m2. The concentrations of TN and TP in the water were 29.7% and 22.3% after the flowering period, being lower than those before the flowering period. Therefore, a reasonable value of 0.12 kg/m2 is recommended for fertilizer application in this article. It can provide a reference for the fertilization system of eggplant planting in North China and theoretical support for the realization of clean production in small rural watershed planting.
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Chang, Andrew C., Albert L. Page, Takashi Asano, and Ivanildo Hespanhol. "Developing human health-related chemical guidelines for reclaimed wastewater irrigation." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 10-11 (May 1, 1996): 463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0704.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We examined the methodology of developing globally applicable human health-related chemical guidelines of using wastewater for crop irrigation. Two approaches may be used to develop pollutant loading guidelines: (a) preventing pollutant accumulation in waste receiving soil and (b) maximizing soil's capacity to assimilate, attenuate, and detoxify harmful chemicals. Pollutant loading rates based on the first approach are in agreement with the fundamental principle of maintaining ecological balances in soil. But numerical limits usually are very stringent and it is difficult for communities to meet these requirements. Recommendations derived with the second approach represent the maximum permissible loadings beyond which pollutant levels in the soil may be harmful to the exposed population. A method employing the second approach was evaluated. Preliminary pollutant loading limits for land application of wastewater are derived by considering the food chain transfer of pollutants via intake of grain, vegetable, root/tuber, and fruit grown on wastewater-affected soils.
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McGregor, I., R. M. Ashley, and K. O. K. Oduyemi. "Pollutant Release from Sediments in Sewer Systems and Their Potential for Release into Receiving Waters." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 8-9 (October 1, 1993): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0614.
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A programme of work funded by the UK Water Research Centre (WRc) has been carried out to investigate the nature, occurrence and re-entrainment into the sewage flow of sewer sediments and their associated pollutants to provide data for the development of UK sewer flow quality models, MOSQITO and MOUSETRAP. Methodologies for the preparation of sewer sediment samples prior to chemical analysis are described. These methods have been developed to determine the level of pollutants released from sewer sediments which will be representative of the conditions found in the sewer environment. Application of progressively lower shear stresses to samples of sediment, from an extreme, via blending, to less severe preparative methods by means of a stirring technique, fractionate sediment samples so that the polluting potential may be assessed separately for both dissolved and resuspendable phases. Stirring preparative methods release less pollutants from a sediment sample than from the blending procedures, with the level of pollutant release being dependent upon the shear stress being applied to the sample, with higher shear values releasing as would be expected, more pollutants.
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Taheriyoun, Masoud, Hossein Marzban, Mohammadali Geranmehr, and Mohammad Nazari-Sharabian. "Optimization of Pollutant Discharge Permits, Using the Trading Ratio System: A Case Study." Earth 3, no. 3 (July 2, 2022): 814–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/earth3030046.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Water quality management of rivers is one of the challenges in the analysis of water resource systems. The optimal operation of the pollutant carrying capacity of these systems provides significant economic value and could reduce treatment costs. In this study, the application of the trading ratio system is investigated to control the cost of pollutants in a river and make a fair deal. In this regard, transfer coefficients between pollution sources, along with the trade coefficients, are determined, considering the system limitations and each pollutant’s contaminant impact. To provide allowable limits of river water quality concentrations, the total cost of all sources and the system is minimized, using the linear programming method. Finally, the new trading discharge permits are calculated for each source. The proposed method is successfully applied to Dez River as a case study. Results show that using a trading ratio system could maintain water quality at a standard level containing economic benefits for the participants of this program.
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Muliawan, Muhammad Akmal, Riana Ayu Kusumadewi, and Melati Ferianita Fachrul. "Analysis of Contaminant Load Capacity of Nitrate and Phosphate in Krukut River." Journal of Community Based Environmental Engineering and Management 6, no. 2 (September 26, 2022): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.23969/jcbeem.v6i2.5993.
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The Krukut River is one of the major rivers that flow in the Jakarta area and has an essential role in supporting public activities in the city. It is designated as raw water for drinking water. The study was conducted in the 44.30 km Krukut River flow from September 2021 until February 2022. The purpose of this study was to analyze the pollutant load capacity of nitrate and phosphate. Parameters measured in this study were temperature, turbidity, DHL, pH, DO, nitrate and phosphate. Identification of pollutant sources was carried out by field surveys. Water quality analysis is carried out following SNI (Indonesian Standard) and compared with quality standards according to Government Regulation no. 22 of 2021, as well as analysis of the pollutant load capacity of nitrate and phosphate. The search results for potential pollutants in the Krukut River are dominated by domestic waste. The air quality analysis simulation results show that the phosphate curve tends to increase with increasing distance, while the nitrate concentration fluctuates. The results of water quality analysis for nitrate parameters ranged from 1.52 mg/L – 2.94 mg/L, and phosphate ranged from 0.21 mg/L – 1.37 mg/L. The pollutant load carrying capacity results a (PLCC) average for nitrate parameters is 2431.94 kg/day, and phosphate is 48.64 kg/day, with an average pollutant load for nitrate parameters 579.84 kg/day, phosphate 243.02 kg/day.
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Zhang, Chun Xue, Wei Liu, Li Lin Wang, Chao Wang, Shu Yi Yang, and Xue Yi You. "Simulation of Pollutant Transportation in Yinluan Open Channel under the Effects of Wind." Applied Mechanics and Materials 419 (October 2013): 842–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.419.842.
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The water diversion project from Luanhe River to Tianjin is a large-scale project eliminating the water shortage of Tianjin city. Because the long water supply open channel along highroads, the traffic emergent incidents bring great potential dangers to the water supply of Tianjin. In this paper, the prediction model of traffic emergent incidents was built and the transportation of pollutants in Yinluan open channel with the effects of wind was simulated by EFDC model. The evolution and affective area of pollutant in Yinluan open channel was obtained. The results showed that the effects of wind on the transportation of pollutant in Yinluan open channel are strong when the wind direction is along the channel.
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Kumar, Surender, and Shunsuke Managi. "Non-separability and substitutability among water pollutants: evidence from India." Environment and Development Economics 16, no. 6 (August 31, 2011): 709–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x11000283.
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AbstractThe design and implementation of environmental policy often involve more than one pollutant, and must consider pollution as a byproduct of the production of marketable output. In this paper, we test the implicit assumption in the empirical literature that (1) production of marketable output, pollution and abatement are separable, and (2) different pollutants can be abated separately. Using unique plant-level data in India, we reject the null hypotheses of separability between marketable output and pollutants, and between different pollutants. Firms must incur abatement costs for reducing pollution levels. In addition, complement and substitute relationships between water pollutants are demonstrated with statistical significance.
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Egodawatta, Prasanna, and Ashantha Goonetilleke. "Understanding road surface pollutant wash-off and underlying physical processes using simulated rainfall." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 8 (April 1, 2008): 1241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.260.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pollutant wash-off is one of the key pollutant processes that detailed knowledge is required in order to develop successful treatment design strategies for urban stormwater. Unfortunately, current knowledge relating to pollutant wash-off is limited. This paper presents the outcomes of a detailed investigation into pollutant wash-off on residential road surfaces. The investigations consisted of research methodologies formulated to overcome the physical constraints due to the heterogeneity of urban paved surfaces and the dependency on naturally occurring rainfall. This entailed the use of small road surface plots and artificially simulated rainfall. Road surfaces were selected due to its critical importance as an urban stormwater pollutant source. The study results showed that the influence of initially available pollutants on the wash-off process was limited. Furthermore, pollutant wash-off from road surfaces can be replicated using an exponential equation. However, the typical version of the exponential wash-off equation needs to be modified by introducing a non dimensional factor referred to as ‘capacity factor' CF. Three rainfall intensity ranges were identified where the variation of CF can be defined. Furthermore, it was found that particulate density rather than size is the critical parameter that influences the process of pollutant wash-off.
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Newton, D. B., G. A. Jenkins, and B. Yu. "A process-based method of estimating exponential decay parameters for particulate removal in a gravel trench." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 4 (February 1, 2007): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.113.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Observed reductions in pollutant concentrations through stormwater treatment devices commonly display the characteristic form of exponential decay, in which the rate of decrease of pollutant concentration with distance is proportional to the concentration. The observation of an apparently irreducible or background pollutant concentration, C*, in many devices has led to development of the two-parameter “k-C*” model. It is known that this model is too simplistic because the parameters k and C* are not constant but can vary greatly with pollutant concentration and hydraulic conditions. This paper presents an alternative exponential decay model for filtration of particulate pollutants, which is based on simple mathematical descriptions of key removal processes. The model delivers a process-based method for estimating the exponential decay constant. Moreover, the need to specify a background concentration is eliminated. To test the theory, the model is applied to the removal of clay and silica particles from horizontal flow through an experimental gravel trench. Particle concentrations were measured at nine locations along a 7.2 m long flume. The model agrees very well with the observed change in suspended solids concentration for the two pollutant materials and the range of flow rates tested. A single model parameter, notionally representing the “stickiness” of pollutant particles, is required for different pollutant materials.
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Brankovic, Milica, Aleksandar Bojic, Darko Andjelkovic, and Tatjana Andjelkovic. "Application of membrane technology in the treatment and analysis of triazine pesticides in water." Facta universitatis - series: Physics, Chemistry and Technology 16, no. 2 (2018): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fupct1802229b.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The quality of consumable water is decreasing due to increasing water pollution caused by the production and use of human-made chemicals. A significant part of these chemicals are pesticides from the class of triazines since they are widely used in agriculture as herbicides. Water treatment techniques mainly rely on separation science, where the membrane technology has been identified as the most useful. Membrane processes used in water treatment are microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. In general, the pollutant retention/rejection by membranes depends on the physicochemical properties of the membrane i.e. membrane material, porosity, pore size and on the properties of the pollutant molecule i.e. size, length, width, molecular weight, hydrophobicity or dipole moment. The pollutant retention also depends on the feed-water composition (organic matter and salt presence, solute concentration, water pH). Thus, effective water treatment depends on the selection of an appropriate type of membrane for a particular type of pollutants. Membrane technology is also significant because it is used in polluted water analysis, more precise as a part of a liquid-phase or solid-phase microextraction. Among several developed membrane-based microextraction methods, in triazine polluted water analysis common are membrane-protected solid-phase microextraction and hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction. In this field, researchers tend to achieve membrane-pollutant compatibility through the synthesis of polymeric materials with molecular recognition properties i.e. through a technology called molecular imprinting.
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Vollertsen, Jes, Svein Ole Åstebøl, Jan Emil Coward, Tor Fageraas, Asbjørn Haaning Nielsen, and Thorkild Hvitved-Jacobsen. "Performance and Modelling of a Highway Wet Detention Pond Designed for Cold Climate." Water Quality Research Journal 44, no. 3 (August 1, 2009): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2009.027.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract A wet detention pond in Norway has been monitored for 12 months. The pond receives runoff from a highway with a traffic load of 42,000 average daily traffic. Hydraulic conditions in terms of inflow, outflow, and pond water level were recorded every minute. Water quality was monitored by volume proportional inlet and outlet samples. During most of the year, excellent pollutant removal was achieved; however, during two snowmelt events the pollutant removal was poor or even negative. The two snowmelt events accounted for one third of the annual water load and for a substantial part of the annual pollutant discharge. The performance of the pond was analyzed using a dynamic model and pollutant removal was simulated by first-order kinetics. Good agreement between measurement and simulation could be achieved only when choosing different first-order rate constants for different parts of the year. However, no relation between the rate constants obtained and the time of year could be identified, and neither did the rate constants for different pollutants correlate. The study indicates that even detailed measurements of pollutant input and output allow only average performance to be simulated and are insufficient for simulating event-based variability in pond performance.
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Zubaidah, Tien, Sulaiman Hamzani, and Arifin. "Pencemaran Air dan Penentuan Titik Self-Purification Sungai di Kabupaten Banjar." Al-Ard: Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan 7, no. 1 (November 30, 2021): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.29080/alard.v7i1.1335.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The self-purification capacity is an important indicator for a healthy river. Organic and inorganic pollutants from various pollutant sources, both point sources, and non-point sources, in most rivers in Banjar Regency, cause a decrease in river water quality. This study aims to identify the distribution of river water quality pollution in Banjar Regency as the upstream of the Martapura River and determine the point of self-purification. A sampling of river water using the purposive sampling technique, taking into account the criteria for pollutant sources and the distance of pollution. The results of the concentration values were analyzed using a trend analysis technique, which connected the value of the concentration of pollutant elements with the distance of pollution to identify the distribution of pollution, and to determine the distance of purification. The results showed that the self-purification ability (pH and DO) decreased in concentration at all observation points.
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Ichiki, Atsushi, Toshiyuki Ohnishi, and Kiyoshi Yamada. "Estimation of urban nonpoint source pollution in Lake Biwa Basin." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 10 (November 1, 1998): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0397.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study aims to simulate pollutant runoff into Lake Biwa using the Macro Model and examine the runoff characteristics of pollutants from urban nonpoint sources. As a result of the simulations of all rivers flowing into Lake Biwa, the characteristics of urban nonpoint source pollution and the basic units of urban nonpoint pollutants in the Lake Biwa basin became clear. It was shown that the control of pollutant runoff from nonpoint sources during storm events was significant in order to protect the water quality of Lake Biwa. From these results, valuable data concerning the environmental management of the Lake Biwa basin was obtained.
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Wetzel, R. G. "Fundamental processes within natural and constructed wetland ecosystems: short-term versus long-term objectives." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2001): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0803.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Use of wetland ecosystems for water pollution control consists essentially of sustained induced disturbances as pollutants are loaded to complex biological communities. Objectives are to maximize pollutant loading, incorporation, and retention while maintaining highest levels of community metabolism and minimal alteration of community structure. Several basic processes are emphasized: (a) macrophyte productivity in relation to shoot:root ratios, and nutrient availability; (b) macrophyte life history strategies, succession, and biodiversity under constant pollutant stress; (c) importance of standing dead and particulate detritus; (d) functions and controlling mechanisms of heterotrophic and autotrophic periphyton in pollutant retention and recycling; (e) coupling of microbial metabolism to macrophyte retention of pollutants; (f) gaseous losses to the atmosphere; (g) losses of dissolved organic matter and its utilization; and (h) water losses by evapotranspiration and effects on wetland efficacy. Short-term wetland removal efficiencies are confounded by massive variations in retentive capacities diurnally, seasonally, and spatially, in exceeding physiological tolerance levels, and in species succession. Problems of channelization, altered microhydrology, and assimilation/retention are major in natural and non-engineered ecosystems. Wetlands are highly ephemeral and variable in their capabilities for sequestering and retention of nutrients and other pollutants.