Дисертації: "Water Environment Monitoring"

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CATANIA, FELICE. "Spectrophotometric monitoring system for continuous heavy metal detection in water environment." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2809315.

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2

Hellmér, Elin. "Using eDNA to improve environmental monitoring for water bodies effected by hydropower in Sweden." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-235981.

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The aim of this report is to contribute to the base of knowledge on environmental monitoring by increasing understanding of how eDNA, electrofishing and sampling fishing may be used to examine fish biodiversity. It also aims at understanding if fish indexes developed within the Water Framework Directive reflect biodiversity, as well as the potential of eDNA data to serve as input to these indexes. This was done by using three different approaches. Firstly, in order to establish which of the methods eDNA, electrofishing and sampling fishing is more suitable to measure the different dimensions of biodiversity (species richness, species evenness and genetic diversity), a literature review comparing the different methods was carried out. It was found that eDNA yields a more detailed results for species richness, electrofishing yields better results for species evenness and sampling fishing is outperformed by eDNA and electrofishing alike. Both electrofishing and sampling fishing may collect data for genetic diversity analysis, however electrofishing outperforms sampling fishing with regards to amount of species caught, making electrofishing a more suitable data collection method. Secondly, in order to gain insight on practical usage of eDNA, a case study of Spjutmo (Dalarna county) was reviewed. It was established that eDNA generated more detailed information of species richness in the case of Spjutmo (as compared to electrofishing). The relative abundance data generated by the eDNA study might be seen as a measure of species evenness. However, electrofishing yielded data which may serve as input to species evenness indices. To the best knowledge of the author, none of the methods generated data on genetic diversity in this specific case. Officials from the energy company Fortum and the county board of Dalarna were also interviewed in order to get insight on what potential they see for eDNA to contribute to environmental monitoring. Both officials point at the ability to estimate abundance as a desired feature, hence a better understanding of what the relative abundance results indicates is wanted. The two interviews indicate that this understanding is an important feature to develop in order to make metabarcoding studies effective in current environmental monitoring. Thirdly, in order to understand if fish indexes developed within the Water Framework Directive reflect biodiversity, a literature review was performed. It was found that, all but one of the compared indexes incorporates or somewhat incorporates species richness. However, only five indexes are indicative or somewhat indicative of species richness. Species evenness is incorporated or somewhat incorporated by two indexes, which are also indicative or somewhat indicative of species evenness. None of the indexes incorporate or indicate genetic diversity. Within the third literature review, the potential of eDNA data to serve as input to current fish-based indexes developed within the Water Framework Directive, was studied. It was found that eDNA data may serve as input to only one index in its present form. However, five indexes also use proportional information (e.g. proportion of tolerant species), which possibly could be provided by eDNA data. The index where usage of eDNA data is currently possible uses presence-absence information.
Målet med denna rapport är att bidra till kunskapsläget kring miljöövervakning genom att öka förståelsen för hur eDNA, elfiske och provfiske kan användas för att undersöka fisk biodiversitet. Målet är också att förstå om fisk-index utvecklade inom ramen för det Europeiska vattendirektivet reflekterar biodiversitet samt om data från eDNA kan utgöra input till dessa index. För att uppfylla dessa mål användes tre metoder. För att etablera vilken av metoderna eDNA, elfiske och provfiske är mer lämpad att mäta de olika dimensionerna av biodiversitet (artrikedom, distribution av arter och genetisk diversitet), genomfördes en litteraturstudie. Slutsatsen kunde dras att eDNA mäter artrikedom med högst noggrannhet, elfiske mäter distribution av arter mer detaljerat och att provfiske överträffas av både eDNA och elfiske i alla dimensioner. Både elfiske och provfiske kan samla data för analys av genetisk diversitet, men elfiske överträffar provfiske gällande hur många arter som fångas, vilket gör elfiske mer lämpligt som metod att samla in data för genetisk analys. För att få praktisk insikt i ett fall där eDNA använts, granskades en fallstudie från Spjutmo (i Dalarnas län). eDNA genererade mer detaljerad information om artrikedom än elfiske i detta fall. Datan genererad av eDNA kring relativ abundans mellan arter skulle kunna tolkas som ett mått på distribution av arter. Data genererad av elfiske kan å andra sidan användas som input till olika index för distribution av arter. Författaren veterligen, genererade varken eDNA eller elfiske mått på genetisk diversitet i detta specifika fall. Två personer, en från Fortum och en från länsstyrelsen Dalarna intervjuades också för att få insikt i deras syn på potentialen av att använda eDNA som ett miljöövervakningsverktyg. Båda intervjupersonerna pekade på att en bättre förståelse av de relativa abundansvärdena indikerar är önskad. Båda intervjupersonerna pekade på att det är en viktig aspekt för att metabarcoding studier ska vara effektiva i nuvarande miljöövervakning. För att förstå om fisk-index utvecklade för EU’s vattendirektiv reflekterar biodiversitet, genomfördes en komparativ litteraturstudie av index. Alla index förutom ett inkorporerar eller delvis inkorporerar artrikedom. Bara fem indikerar eller delvis indikerar artrikedom. Distribution av arter inkorporeras eller delvis inkorporeras av två index som också indikerar eller delvis indikerar distribution av arter. Inom den komparativa litteraturstudien av index, studerades även potential att fungera som input av data genererad av eDNA till indexen. Data genererad av eDNA kan i dagsläget fungera som input till ett av indexen. Fem index använder någon form av proportionell data (t.ex. proportion av toleranta arter), som möjligen skulle kunna ges av eDNA. Indexet till vilket det är möjligt att använda eDNA data använder närvarande-ej närvarande information som input.

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3

Meyer, Matthias. "The adjoint method of optimal control for the acoustic monitoring of a shallow water environment." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210610.

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Originally developed in the 1970s for the optimal control of systems governed by partial differential equations, the adjoint method has found several successful applications, e.g. in meteorology with large-scale 3D or 4D atmospheric data assimilation schemes, for carbon cycle data assimilation in biogeochemistry and climate research, or in oceanographic modelling with efficient adjoint codes of ocean general circulation models.

Despite the variety of applications in these research fields, adjoint methods have only very recently drawn attention from the ocean acoustics community. In ocean acoustic tomography and geoacoustic inversion, where the inverse problem is to recover unknown acoustic properties of the water column and the seabed from acoustic transmission data, the solution approaches are typically based on travel time inversion or standard matched-field processing in combination with metaheuristics for global optimization.

In order to complement the adjoint schemes already in use in meteorology and oceanography with an ocean acoustic component, this thesis is concerned with the development of the adjoint of a full-field acoustic propagation model for shallow water environments.

In view of the increasing importance of global ocean observing systems such as the European Seas Observatory Network, the Arctic Ocean Observing System and Maritime Rapid Environmental Assessment (MREA) systems for defence and security applications, the adjoint of an ocean acoustic propagation model can become an integral part of a coupled oceanographic and acoustic data assimilation scheme in the future.

Given the acoustic pressure field measured on a vertical hydrophone array and a modelled replica field that is calculated for a specific parametrization of the environment, the developed adjoint model backpropagates the mismatch (residual) between the measured and predicted field from the receiver array towards the source.

The backpropagated error field is then converted into an estimate of the exact gradient of the objective function with respect to any of the relevant physical parameters of the environment including the sound speed structure in the water column and densities, compressional/shear sound speeds, and attenuations of the sediment layers and the sub-bottom halfspace. The resulting environmental gradients can be used in combination with gradient descent methods such as conjugate gradient, or Newton-type optimization methods tolocate the error surface minimum via a series of iterations. This is particularly attractive for monitoring slowly varying environments, where the gradient information can be used to track the environmental parameters continuously over time and space.

In shallow water environments, where an accurate treatment of the acoustic interaction with the bottom is of outmost importance for a correct prediction of the sound field, and field data are often recorded on non-fully populated arrays, there is an inherent need for observation over a broad range of frequencies. For this purpose, the adjoint-based approach is generalized for a joint optimization across multiple frequencies and special attention is devoted to regularization methods that incorporate additional information about the desired solution in order to stabilize the optimization process.

Starting with an analytical formulation of the multiple-frequency adjoint approach for parabolic-type approximations, the adjoint method is progressively tailored in the course of the thesis towards a realistic wide-angle parabolic equation propagation model and the treatment of fully nonlocal impedance boundary conditions. A semi-automatic adjoint generation via modular graph approach enables the direct inversion of both the geoacoustic parameters embedded in the discrete nonlocal boundary condition and the acoustic properties of the water column. Several case studies based on environmental data obtained in Mediterranean shallow waters are used in the thesis to assess the capabilities of adjoint-based acoustic inversion for different experimental configurations, particularly taking into account sparse array geometries and partial depth coverage of the water column. The numerical implementation of the approach is found to be robust, provided that the initial guesses are not too far from the desired solution, and accurate, and converges in a small number of iterations. During the multi-frequency optimization process, the evolution of the control parameters displays a parameter hierarchy which clearly relates to the relative sensitivity of the acoustic pressure field to the physical parameters.

The actual validation of the adjoint-generated environmental gradients for acoustic monitoring of a shallow water environment is based on acoustic and oceanographic data from the Yellow Shark '94 and the MREA '07 sea trials, conducted in the Tyrrhenian Sea, south of the island of Elba.

Starting from an initial guess of the environmental control parameters, either obtained through acoustic inversion with global search or supported by archival in-situ data, the adjoint method provides an efficient means to adjust local changes with a couple of iterations and monitor the environmental properties over a series of inversions.

In this thesis the adjoint-based approach is used, e.g. to fine-tune up to eight bottom geoacoustic parameters of a shallow-water environment and to track the time-varying sound speed profile in the water column.

In the same way the approach can be extended to track the spatial water column and bottom structure using a mobile network of sparse arrays.

Work is currently being focused on the inclusion of the adjoint approach into hybrid optimization schemes or ensemble predictions, as an essential building block in a combined ocean acoustic data assimilation framework and the subsequent validation of the acoustic monitoring capabilities with long-term experimental data in shallow water environments.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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4

MARQUES, MARIA N. "Avaliacao do impacto de agrotoxicos em areas de protecao ambiental, pertencentes a bacia hidrografica do rio Ribeira de Iguape, Sao Paulo. Uma contribuicao a analise critica da legislacao sobre o padrao de potabilidade." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2005. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11193.

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP

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5

Lundmark, Annika. "Monitoring transport and fate of de-icing salt in the roadside environment : Modelling and field measurements." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4615.

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6

Lundmark, Annika. "Modelling the impacts of deicing salt on soil water in a roadside environment." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280.

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7

Gitonga, Jeremiah Njeru Lewis. "Monitoring and modeling crop growth, water use and production under dry-land environment North-West of Mount Kenya /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://www.zb.unibe.ch/download/eldiss/05njeru_j.pdf.

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8

Tsui, Man-leung, and 徐文亮. "Biological monitoring and its value in assessing the marine environment of Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3125357X.

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MAIA, FRANCISCO J. de O. "Aspectos da gestao ambiental em empresas que utilizam analises de agua." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2003. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11124.

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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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10

Santagostino, S. F. "AQUATIC POLLUTION AND BIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT: TOXICOLOGY, HISTOPATHOLOGY AND ECOLOGICAL RISK OF SELECTED FISH SPECIES." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/350847.

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The impact of multiple anthropogenic stressors on the marine environment has increased to large extents within the past few decades. Piscivorous fish can bioaccumulate pollutans to significantly higher concentrations than those found in the water or sediments, due to the lipid solubility and resistance of these compounds to numerous degenerative processes. The use of fish from different hydrological settings as bio-indicators represents a useful complementary choice to evaluate the levels and responses of marine organisms to pollutans, and to assess the global marine status. The purpose of this project is to evaluate the role of selected pelagic (Thunnus thynnus), and benthopelagic fish species (Dentex dentex and Pagellus bogaraveo) as biomonitors of Mediterranean sea pollution through the chemical identification and quantification of persistent organic and inorganic compounds in target tissues, the investigation of toxicopathic-related pathological changes, and the putative correlation between abnormal levels of pollutants and tissue lesions. Fish were selected based on length and weight. The mean concentration of metallic elements, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCs) was calculated and compared to their acceptable levels when available. Blackspot seabreams had the highest PCB concentration, whereas OCs were highest in tunas. A different spread in distinct species was documented for the following elements: Al, K, Co, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, and Th. For the elements without maximum dietary limits, Fe was highest in tunas, while Th was significantly predominant in dentices. Several metals were found in quantities above the acceptable levels. Specifically, the median concentrations of Hg and Cd in the pooled species were significantly higher than their relative PTWI. Significant differences among species were reported for Se, inorganic As, Ni and Zn. Other elements (Al, Cr, Cu, Sn, Pb, and Mn) were found to be at or below the corresponding acceptable levels. Histopathology evidenced acute and chronic lesions in numerous organs, comprising muscular degeneration and necrosis, hepatic lipidosis, hepatocellular necrosis and dysplastic foci in all fish groups. Specifically, chronic lesions in liver, gills, immune and reproductive systems were common in all fish species encountered. Testicular atrophy, necrotizing branchitis, and proliferation of melanomacrophagic centers represented common findings. Although these findings revealed some differences in the patterns of histopathologic traits between pelagic and benthopelagic fishes, the overall level of histopathological injury was moderate and severe traits like neoplasms or pre-neoplastic foci were not observed. The concentrations of the other metallic elements did not influence the muscular H-indices in all species, with the exception of Na, where the interaction between concentration of Na and fish species was statistically significant. No significant differences were found between the H-indices of different species. Given the simultaneous presence of pollutans in dangerous concentrations and the putative relationship with subacute to chronic microscopic lesions, research on fish contamination and human exposure could not be framed in terms of a single contaminant. Our findings aim to encourage cross-disciplinary discussion and to establish research and monitoring priorities in order to protect the human health. Since the risks associated with high simultaneous levels of multiple compounds have not been quantified but represent a severe health hazard, monitoring data should be collected to characterize the spatial and vertical distribution of metals in seawaters across a range of marine ecosystems. Our work confirms that histopathological evaluation of target organs should be included as a tool to determine the potential consequences of chronic toxicant exposure in wild fish.

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Emelogu, Emmanuel Steven. "Combined effects of bioavailable organic contaminants in the aquatic environment." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/840.

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Passive sampling, as opposed to the conventional spot or bottle water sampling technique, has shown to be reliable and efficient in monitoring the toxicologically relevant, freely dissolved (e.g. bioavaialable) concentrations of a wide range of organic contaminants in water. At the same time, partitioning controlled delivery (passive dosing; PD) techniques promise to overcome many of the challenges associated with toxicity testing of hydrophobic substances that may bias the interpretation of toxicity data. The present study investigated the feasibility of coupling silicone rubber passive sampling devices (SR-PSDs) with bioassay techniques for both chemical and ecotoxicological assessment of complex mixtures of organic contaminants in the aquatic environment. SR-PSDs were deployed in water at various locations within the Ythan catchment (north east, Scotland, UK), Forth estuary and the Firth of Forth (east coast of central Scotland, UK) for 7 to 9 weeks. Following retrieval, extracts from the SR-PSDs were analysed for dissolved concentrations of a variety of organic contaminants including PAHs and PCBs using GC-MS and GC-ECD respectively and were screened for a wide range of pesticides using GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS. The extracts were further evaluated for acute cytotoxicity (i.e. neutral red uptake assay) and EROD induction potential using rainbow trout liver cell line (Oncorhynchus mykiss; RTL-W1) and for phytotoxicity and developmental toxicity potential using algal growth inhibition test (with a marine phytoplankton, Diacronema lutheri) and fish embryo toxicity test (with embryos from zebrafish Danio rerio) respectively. Overall, the individual and total dissolved concentrations of PAHs (ΣPAH40; parent and branched) and PCBs (ΣPCB32; ortho and mono-ortho) measured in water from the Ythan, Forth estuary and Firth of Forth were relatively low compared with other studies using PSDs. A number and level of pesticides, including insecticides, herbicides and fungicides of varying hydrophobicity (log KOWs ~2.25 to ~5.31) were detected in the silicone rubber (SR) extracts from the Ythan catchment, the Forth estuary and the Firth of Forth, suggesting input mainly from agricultural run-off and possibly from direct discharges. No statistically significant (p<0.05) acute cytotoxicity was observed following 48 h exposure of RTL-W1 cells to SR extracts from the Ythan catchment. But, on a sublethal level, for every site, statistically significant EROD activity was observed to some degree following 72 h exposure. In addition, developmental and algal toxicities on embryos of D. rerio and D. lutheri respectively, were measured in all the deployed samples compared with the procedural controls (undeployed samples). Interestingly, extracts of SR-PSDs from the Forth estuary and the Firth of Forth exhibited growth inhibitions on D. lutheri that were similar to those of extracts from the Ythan, even though, fewer numbers of pesticides were detected in the Forth estuary and Firth of Forth than the Ythan. This suggests that pesticides were not solely responsible for the observed effects in the Ythan catchment. To further improve data from toxicity testing of hydrophobic substances, the study identified the use of SR O-rings as a suitable passive dosing format in in vitro toxicity tests and was partially validated through their use in dosing RTL-W1 cells with two individual PAHs and subsequently determining cytotoxicity and EROD-activity.

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12

Pouzol, Tanguy. "Monitoring and modelling of pharmaceuticals in wastewater : Daily and hourly loads in both hospital and urban wastewater." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEI009/document.

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Les flux journaliers et horaires de 15 molécules pharmaceutiques à l'entrée d'une station d'épuration ont été mesurés sur 3 ans et modélisés à la fois pour un bassin urbain de 16 000 habitants et un hôpital de 450 lits. Certaines molécules ne sont jamais ou rarement quantifiées. Les flux journaliers vont de 0,6 à 564 g/jour en fonction de la molécule et de la campagne de mesure 24h. Aucune dynamique saisonnière ou hebdomadaire n’a été identifiées. La dynamique des flux horaires des médicaments se distingue des autres polluants et du débit des eaux usées. Les flux horaires mesurés sont sévèrement impactés par le comportement aléatoire des patients lorsque la masse journalière consommée est faible. Ainsi, la dynamique moyenne est difficile à identifier. L'hypothèse principale pour modéliser les flux de médicaments dans les eaux usées est qu'ils résultent des étapes suivantes: ventes ou distributions de médicaments, consommation humaine, métabolisme et excrétion. Les ventes de médicaments pour le bassin urbain et les distributions de l'hôpital ont été collectées à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles (respectivement 1, 6 et 223 pharmacies et journalières, hebdomadaires et mensuelles). Les plus grandes échelles sont plus fiables pour estimer les niveaux de consommations mais la variabilité des plus petites est plus proche de la variabilité observée dans les mesures. Les quantités de médicaments vendus ou distribués vont de 0,4 à 1 600 patients théoriques par jour en moyenne. En associant les flux journaliers mesurés aux ventes ou aux distributions, aucune corrélation linéaire n'a été trouvée. Un modèle stochastique au pas de temps de la minute est proposé et appliqué aux deux sites. Il produit des résultats fiables et précis pour les flux quotidiens et horaires. Cependant, les résultats sont difficiles à interpréter lorsque seuls quelques patients consomment un médicament. De plus, le modèle ne reproduit pas la spécificité inhérente de l'hôpital. En outre, le modèle est également capable de prédire avec précision le débit des eaux usées domestiques d'un bassin versant urbain, tant pour les volumes quotidiens que pour leurs dynamiques
Daily and hourly loads of 15 pharmaceutical molecules at the inlet of a wastewater treatment plant have been measured over 3 years and modelled for both an urban catchment of 16 000 inhabitants and a hospital of 450 beds. Some molecules are never or rarely quantified. Daily loads range from 0.6 to 564 g/day depending of the molecule and the 24 h measurement campaign. Seasonal or weekly patterns are not identified. Pharmaceuticals hourly loads dynamics are distinctive from one another and from wastewater flow. The measured hourly loads are severely impacted by the random behaviour of the patients when the daily mass consumed is low. Thus, the average dynamics is difficult to identify. The main hypothesis to model pharmaceuticals loads in wastewater is that they result from the following steps: pharmaceuticals sales or distributions, human consumption, metabolism and excretion. Pharmaceuticals sales for the urban catchment and distribution for the hospital have been collected at different space and timescales (respectively 1, 6 and 223 pharmacies and daily, weekly and monthly). Larger scales are more reliable for magnitude but the variability of the smaller ones is closer to the variability observed in the measurements. The quantities of pharmaceuticals sold or distributed range from 0.4 to 1 600 theoretical patients per day. Associating measured daily loads with sales or distributions, no linear correlation is found. A minute time step stochastic model is proposed and applied to both sites. It produces reliable and accurate results for both daily and hourly loads. However, results are difficult to interpret when only a few patients are consuming a pharmaceutical. Also, the model does not reproduce the inherent specificity of the hospital. In addition, the model is also able to predict the domestic wastewater flow of an urban catchment with great accuracy for both daily volumes and dynamics

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JR, MARCOS AURELIO PINTO MARZANO. "ROBOTIC SYSTEM FOR MONITORING WATER QUALITY IN LENTIC ENVIRONMENTS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2016. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=36947@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
Nas últimas décadas, a crescente conscientização ambiental levou ao reconhecimento da necessidade do uso responsável dos recursos hídricos. Para garantir isso, a boa gestão de reservatórios hídricos requer um monitoramento ambiental adequado, com medições confiáveis dos parâmetros de qualidade da água em vários pontos do reservatório, permitindo o controle da qualidade da água e seus impactos na fauna, flora e comunidades ribeirinhas dos reservatórios. O monitoramento das variáveis ambientais dos reservatórios é atualmente realizado por processo tradicional de coleta manual. Infelizmente, no Brasil, as iniciativas de produzir um sistema robótico aquático com tecnologia nacional e de baixo custo, quando comparado a equivalentes importados, são ainda raras e se restringem a algumas poucas instituições acadêmicas, não tendo sido localizado nenhum fabricante comercial deste tipo de veículo no país. Visando preencher esta lacuna, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento do protótipo de um sistema robótico aquático capaz de se locomover autonomamente em lagoas, lagos e reservatórios, coletando informações físico-químicas da água e armazenando estes dados na memória. Além disso, foi incluído no protótipo uma câmera de vídeo, sistema de iluminação e um sistema de controle remoto, objetivando o controle pela equipe em terra. Nos testes realizados em dias ensolarados e chuvosos, o robô apresentou boa dirigibilidade, estabilidade e manobrabilidade. O vaso de pressão do sistema robótico resistiu às pressões necessárias durante os testes, a eletrônica conseguiu atender as especificações de projeto e o software conseguiu estabelecer um controle de navegação, cumprindo o trajeto de uma rota estabelecida.
In recent decades, the growing environmental awareness has led to the recognition of the need for responsible use of water resources. To ensure this, the good management of water reservoirs requires adequate environmental monitoring, with reliable measurements of water quality parameters in various parts of the reservoir, allowing the control of water quality and its impacts on fauna, flora and riverine communities of the reservoirs. Monitoring environmental variables of the reservoirs is currently performed by traditional process of manual collection. Unfortunately, in Brazil, initiatives to produce a water robotic system with national and low cost technology, compared to imported equivalents, are still rare and restricted to a few academic institutions, and no commercial manufacturer of this type of vehicle was found in the country. Aiming to fill this gap, the main objective of this study was to develop a prototype of a water robotic system capable of autonomously navigate in ponds, lakes and reservoirs, collecting physicochemical information of water and storing this data in memory. Moreover, a video camera, illumination and a remote control system were included in the prototype, allowing the team on the ground to control the prototype. In tests conducted in sunny and rainy days, the robot presented good handling, stability and maneuverability. The robotic system pressure vessel resisted pressures required during testing, the electronics met the design specifications and the software was able to establish a navigation control, fulfilling the path of an established route.

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14

Symes, Elizabeth Anne. "Freshwater Cyanobacteria within Extreme Environments." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/15606.

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The proliferation of undesirable cyanobacteria within eutrophic freshwaters is now reported on a global scale, however the factors triggering cyanobacteria bloom formation were found to be especially complex. Even within a single water body, physical, chemical and biological factors all influence the assemblage of phytoplankton found. Notwithstanding the body of research conducted over the past 50 years, where concerted efforts have been applied to observing bloom patterns and the drivers of cyanobacteria blooms, substantial knowledge gaps were identified. An examination of field methods, the factors promoting the growth of cyanobacteria blooms in modified inland aquatic ecosystems, modelling to predict the onset of a bloom using a 7 day positive model, and consideration of the likely effects increasing atmospheric CO2 could have on the development of surface dwelling species were key themes addressed. The thesis represents a combination of field based and controlled experimental laboratory research. A three-year case study was undertaken at an inland freshwater impoundment where cyanobacteria blooms had become a burgeoning issue. Standard surface monitoring and in situ multi-parameter instruments were used to determine environmental stressors. Importantly the water body was characterised as a well-mixed system. A hypertrophic classification was attributed to the water body due to nutrient super saturation, high water temperatures and suspended sediment measured in all years. A discrepancy between the available analysis methods was found, as the molecular method detected a diversity of microorganisms including several cyanobacteria species, whereas microscopy detected only one species. Notably harmful colonies of picocyanobacteria were not observed using standard microscopy. The molecular data also showed cyanobacteria represented 30% of the total bacterial community yet; molecular analyses may be limited when cell counts are required for a comparison with the alert level framework. The case study found the adoption of multi-monitoring and analysis methods constitutes best practice, and should therefore be integral to early detection, risk mitigation and system characterisation. A controlled laboratory study was undertaken to measure the efficacy of emerging technology as a water quality-monitoring stratagem, with emphasis placed on the accuracy of fluorometry in turbid waters above 50 nephelometric turbidity units (NTUs). The results found in vivo fluorometry using a Manta 2 probe was useful for detecting Microcystis aeruginosa at concentrations consistent with the National Health and Medical Research Council’s alert framework (Green, Amber and Red). Phycocyanin was found to be a more reliable measure of cyanobacteria than chlorophyll a, and by using a calibrated instrument it was possible to accurately detect cyanobacteria in turbid waters up to 220 NTUs. Cyanobacteria are highly effective at CO2 assimilation, with a remarkable capacity to adapt to different CO2 conditions, however scant research had previously focused on understanding how freshwater species may respond to increasing atmospheric CO2. Controlled laboratory experiments were performed and diazotrophic and non-diazotrophic cultures were exposed to past and projected atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Both experimental species adapted to the ambient low and high CO2 conditions, however, significantly higher bio volume was measured in the elevated CO2 chambers. The ability of freshwater ecosystems to maintain steady state water chemistry or base-neutralizing capacity if atmospheric CO2 concentrations reach levels projected for the latter part of this century is questionable, and furthermore, the study provided empirical evidence to support the theoretical position that increasing CO2 may lead to changes in water chemistry, particularly a decrease in pH values.

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15

Kilungo, Aminata Peter. "Drinking Water Quality Monitoring." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/306073.

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This dissertation involves two different studies. The first concerns the real-time detection of microbial contamination in drinking water using intrinsic fluorescence of the microorganisms. The prototype, “Blinky”, uses LEDs that emit light at 365nm, 590nm, and 635nm for ultraviolet, amber, and red light, respectively. At 365 nm, the cellular components excited include reduced pyridine nucleotides (RPNs), flavins, and cytochromes to distinguish viable bacteria; at 590 nm, the cellular components excited include cytochromes for non-viable bacteria; at 635 nm, the cellular components excited include calcium dipicolinic acid (DPA) for spores. By using these three different wavelengths, the prototype can differentiate between viable and non-viable organisms and also has the potential to detect spores. The aim of this study was to improve the detection limit by modifying the design of the instrument and to establish the detection limit of viable and non-viable bacteria and spores. The instrument was modified by replacing existing LEDs with LEDs that had 50% more intensity. Two additional LEDs were added for amber and red light, bringing the total to four LEDs for each. The LEDs were also positioned closer to the photomultiplier tube so as to increase sensitivity. For UV, only two LEDs were used as previous. The detection limit of the viable bacteria was ~50 live bacteria/L. No change in the intrinsic fluorescence below the concentration of ~10⁸ dead bacteria/L was observed. The results for spore measurements suggested that most of the spores had germinated before or during the measurements and could not be detected. The instrument was successful in detection of viable bacteria and also differentiating viable and non-viable bacteria. The instrument was not successful in detection of spores. The second study was designed to assess the water quality of well construction in southeastern Tanzania. Three designs were tested: Msabi rope pump (lined borehole and covered), an open well converted into a closed well (uncovered well into a covered and lined well), and an open well (uncovered and may or may not be lined). The study looked at the microbial and chemical water quality, as well as turbidity. The survey included 97 water collection points, 94 wells and three rivers. For microbial analysis, heterotrophic plate count (HPC), total coliforms and E. coli tests were performed. Fifteen of these wells were further analyzed for microflora and diversity for wells comparison purposes, using culture methods, followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and genome sequencing. Ten wells out of the fifteen were analyzed for calcium (water hardiness), potassium, nitrates, nitrites, chloride, fluoride, bromide, sulfate, iron, and arsenic. Two water collection points were also selected for organic compound analysis (gasoline components). All samples tested positive for coliforms. Two samples tested positive for Escherichia coli for the lined borehole (Msabi rope pump) and four samples from closed wells. All open wells tested positive for E. coli. There was more microbial diversity in open wells than the closed wells and Msabi rope pumps. Potential bacterial pathogens were detected in seven wells out of the fifteen examined. The wells that tested positive were one Msabi rope pump, one closed well; the rest were from open water sources. Open wells had high turbidity followed by closed wells. Msabi rope pumps had low turbidity comparing to the two wells designs. No traces of gasoline components were detected in any of the water sources. One well out of ten had high amounts of nitrates-nitrogen (> 10 mg/L). The results of this study showed that the Msabi rope pumps performed comparably to the closed wells in terms of microbial quality but performed better with regard to turbidity. The open wells performed poorly in terms of microbial water quality as well and turbidity. There was a statistical difference in HPC, total coliforms, E.coli numbers and turbidity between open wells, closed wells and the Msabi rope pumps. However, there was no statistical difference in HPC, total coliforms and E.coli numbers between the closed wells and Msabi rope pumps. Msabi rope pumps performed better in turbidity

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16

Nam, Kijin. "Optimization of paths and locations of water quality monitoring systems in surface water environments." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24745.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.
Committee Chair: Aral, Mustafa; Committee Member: Guan, Jiabao; Committee Member: Kim, Seong-Hee; Committee Member: Roberts, Philip; Committee Member: Uzer, Turgay.

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17

Narayan, Raghu B. (Raghu Bangalore) 1977. "Wireless sensor network for ground-water monitoring." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84823.

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Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2002.
Leaf 78 blank.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-77).
by Raghu B. Narayan.
M.Eng.

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18

Kwan, Cheuk Hung. "Biosensors for biological nutrient monitoring /." View abstract or full-text, 2004. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?AMCE%202004%20KWAN.

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19

Higgins, Julie Marie. "Monitoring of polyelectrolytes in waters, process streams and the environment." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325128.

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20

Dunn, Joseph G. "Comparative analysis of the benthic infauna and sediment for two small estuaries in Connecticut /." Click for abstract, 1998. http://library.ctstateu.edu/ccsu%5Ftheses/1488.html.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Central Connecticut State University, 1998.
Thesis advisor: Dr. Clayton Penniman. " ... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biology." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 59-63).

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21

Groppo, Juliano Daniel. "Estudo de tendências nas séries temporais de qualidade de água de rios do estado de São Paulo com diferentes graus de intervenção antrópica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-28072005-140119/.

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O conhecimento das tendências temporais da qualidade das águas é importante no diagnóstico ambiental de bacias hidrográficas, permitindo avaliar como os corpos dágua vem respondendo ao longo dos anos, em termos qualitativos, à crescente intervenção antrópica. O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar a qualidade das águas dos rios das bacias do Piracicaba, Mogi-Guaçu, Turvo Grande, Peixe, Aguapeí, São José dos Dourados e Alto Paranapanema utilizando postos monitorados pela CETESB (Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental), no período entre 1979 e 2001. Os parâmetros biogeoquímicos avaliados quanto a sua tendência temporal e magnitude foram: oxigênio dissolvido (OD), demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO), nitrogênio total, nitrato, fósforo total, cloreto, amônio e coliformes fecais. A análise de tendência temporal exige uma metodologia específica, uma vez que as séries temporais obtidas não seguem uma distribuição normal, as amostragens são realizadas irregularmente, os dados apresentam sazonalidade e são dependentes da vazão dos rios. Essa metodologia é dividida em análise gráfica e aplicação de testes de tendência, onde inicialmente realiza-se uma análise exploratória dos dados, seguida da confirmação através de testes estatísticos. Os resultados mostraram que de uma maneira geral existe uma degradação da qualidade das águas na maior parte das bacias, representado pelas tendências positivas nos parâmetros (DBO, nitrogênios, fósforo total, cloreto e coliformes fecais) e negativa no parâmetro (OD). Dentre as bacias hidrográficas analisadas a bacia do rio Piracicaba é a mais severamente afetada com variações mais acentuadas na magnitude representada pelo coeficiente de regressão, seguida pelas bacias dos rios Mogi-Guaçu, Turvo Grande, Peixe e Aguapeí, sendo que por outro lado, as bacias do Alto Paranapanema e São José dos Dourados são as menos afetadas.
The knowledge of time trends of water quality is important for the environmental diagnosis of hydrographic basins, allowing the evaluation of how water bodies are responding through the years, in qualitative terms, to the growing antropogenic interventions (actions). The aim of this work is to characterize the water quality of rivers of the Piracicaba, Mogi-Guaçu, Turvo Grande, Peixe, Aguapeí, São José dos Dourados and Alto Paranapanema basins using stations monitored by CETESB (Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental), in the period from 1979 to 2001. The biogeochemical parameters evaluated concerning its time trend and magnitude were: dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total nitrogen, nitrate, total phosphorus, chloride, ammonia and fecal coliforms. Time trend analysis demands a specific methodology, since the time series obtained are not normally distributed, the sampling are performed irregularly, it can present seasonal periodicities and dependence on the rivers discharges. This methodology is divided in graphical analysis and application of trend tests, where initially an exploratory analysis of data is performed, followed by confirmation through statistical tests. The results showed that in a general there exists degradation of the water quality in most of the basins, represented by the positive trends of the parameters (BOD, nitrogens, total phosphorus, clorate and fecal coliforms) and negative trend of the parameter (DO). Among the analysed hydrographic basins, the Piracicaba river basin is the most severely affected with higher variations in the magnitude represented by the regression coeficient, followed by the basins of the Mogi-Guaçu, Turvo Grande, Peixe and Aguapeí rivers. On the other hand, the Alto Paranapanema and São José dos Dourados basins are the least affected.

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22

Sherchan, Samendra Prasad. "Monitoring Microbial Water Quality via Online Sensors." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/293470.

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To protect public health, detection and treatment technologies have been improved to monitor and inactivate pathogens in drinking water. The goal of this dissertation is to evaluate and utilize multiple online sensors and advanced oxidation processes to document both the detection as well as destruction of microbial contaminants in real-time. Reviews of rapid detection technologies for real-time monitoring of pathogens in drinking water and advanced technologies to inactivate pathogens in water are shown in Appendices A and B. The study in Appendix C evaluated the efficacy of real-time sensors for the detection of microbial contaminants. Bacillus thuringiensis was used in this research as a surrogate for Bacillus anthracis to determine each sensor response and detection capability. The minimum threshold responses of sensors were determined by injecting B.thuringiensis into deionized (DI), raw (unfiltered) tap water, or filtered tap water over a concentration range of 10² - 10⁵ spores/ml. The BioSentry sensor responded to increases in concentration over the range of 10² - 10⁵ spores/ml. Below this range, sensors provided signals undistinguishable from background noise. The select sensors can detect microbial water quality changes, and these advanced technologies can be integrated to monitor intrusion events in water distribution systems. The study in Appendix D evaluated the efficiency of the UV reactor for inactivation of MS2 coliphage. The virus MS2 coliphage (ATCC 15597-B1) has been proposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as a standard for UV reactor validation in the United States. In addition, MS2 is used as a surrogate for enteric viruses due to its similar size and morphology. Following UV radiation at a flow rate of 2gpm, infective MS2 showed a reduction of 5.3- log₁₀ when quantified with cultural plaque counts, whereas corresponding quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) data showed only a 1.7- log₁₀ reduction in viral RNA copy number. In contrast, plaque assay revealed a 5.8- log₁₀ inactivation; a slight increase in infective MS2 coliphage reduction at 1 gal per min but qPCR results indicate a 2.8- log₁₀ reduction in viral RNA copy number; a one log more inactivation compared to 2 gpm. When H₂O₂ was added at either 2.5 or 5 mg/l with UV at either flow rate, enhanced MS2 inactivation occurred with a greater than 7 log₁₀ reduction observed via plaque counts, indicating that all added MS2 had been inactivated, since no plaques were formed after incubation at 37°C for 24 hours. Correspondingly, qPCR data only showed a 3-4 log₁₀ reduction in viral RNA copy number. The study in Appendix E utilized online sensor to document the destruction of E.coli and Bacillus thuringiensis spores by UV/H₂O₂ treatment. In this study, Escherichia coli was tested for potential UV/H2O2 treatment in DI water and online sensors were also integrated to monitor the destruction in real-time. Pilot-scale experiments were performed using a Trojan UVSwift SC reactor (Trojan Technologies, London, ON, Canada) at a flow rate of 1 gal./min (gpm). UV radiation and UV/H₂O₂ combination in E.coli cell suspensions resulted in a >6 log₁₀ reduction of the viable counts. Similar exposure to B.thuringiensis spores resulted in a 3 log₁₀ reduction in viable counts. Scanning electron microscopy of the treated samples revealed severe damage on the surface of most E.coli cells, yet there was no significant change observed in the morphology of the B. thuringiensis spores. Following UV/H₂O₂ exposure, the BioSentry sensor showed an increase in the unknown, rod and spores counts, and did not correspond well when compared to viable counts assays. Data from this study show that advanced oxidation processes effectively inactivate E. coli vegetative cells, but not B.thuringiensis spores which were more resistant to UV/H₂O₂.

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23

Lam, Chi-chung, and 林志宗. "Monitoring of beach water quality in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254275.

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24

Pastorinho, Manuel Ramiro Dias. "Cost-effective methods for monitoring environmental contamination in transitional waters." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/9400.

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Doutoramento em Biologia
A avaliação de ecossistemas aquáticos, tradicionalmente realizada pela análise de parâmetros físicos e químicos tem-se revelado manifestamente insuficiente. Por norma as concentrações de poluentes variam rápida e amplamente e a medição destas parametrias representa unicamente uma pequena janela temporal de uma realidade contínua e complexa. O aparecimento de índices bióticos veio preencher parcialmente esta lacuna dado que os organismos aquáticos actuam como monitores a tempo inteiro da qualidade ambiental, fornecendo informação de difícil acesso por outros meios. A necessidade do estabelecimento de relações mecanísticas entre tóxicos e efeitos observados conduziu à tentativa de ligação entre os perfis de toxicidade obtidos em ensaios laboratoriais e os obtidos no terreno. Considerando a saúde dos seres vivos como um resultado de interacções sinergísticas ou antagonísticas de uma combinação de agentes poluentes e/ou de stress, extrapolações relativas ao estado de "saúde" dos ecossistemas eles próprios podem ser obtidas. Um reduzido número de organismos pode assim ser utilizado com este propósito, a efectividade da correlação estabelecida depende da sua relevância ecológica e do realismo das concentrações dos tóxicos utilizados. Neste estudo o apuramento das concentrações de metais pesados na Ria de Aveiro (uma lagoa costeira de hidrografia complexa e diversas fontes de emissão destes elementos) foi realizado por meio de amostragem de sedimentos de fundo e o antípode Echinogammarus marinus foi usado como organismo-teste para determinação de efeitos biológicos. Os invertebrados, em particular os crustáceos, são frequentemente seleccionados para este efeito dada a sua relevância nas cadeias alimentares, facilidade de manutenção laboratorial e grande dispersão. Bioensaios in situ, devidamente suportados por testes laboratoriais com metais em misturas, foram realizados utilizando como parâmetro a anorexia de pós-exposição. Esta avaliação foi estendida a toda a distribuição conhecida para a espécie em termos latitudinais. A influência exercida por factores como o estágio de desenvolvimento, género e o estado nutricional anterior à exposição foram avaliados. Foi ainda estudada a existência de uma possível correlação entre a presença de metais e a incidência de intersexo. E. marinus revelou ser um biomonitor sensível do potencial tóxico de metais pesados em concentrações ambientais ecologicamente relevantes, que pode ser utilizado em toda a abrangência biogeográfica do organismo. Um bioensaio in situ, simples e custo-eficiente é apresentado. O bioensaio destina-se à monitorização de águas salobras e salgadas para a presença de metais, permitindo o apoio à decisão na alocação de recursos humanos e financeiros por norma limitados.
The traditional assessment of aquatic ecosystems, based upon the analysis of physical and chemical parameters has been proven insufficient. Concentrations of pollutants usually fluctuate widely and rapidly and those analyses are but a freeze frame of a continuous complex reality. The use of biotic indexes partly covered this shortcoming since aquatic organisms act as full-time monitors of environmental quality providing otherwise hardly accessible information. The need for the establishment of mechanistic correspondences between toxicants and detected effects lead to attempt of coupling toxic profiles obtained in laboratory with the ones observed in the field. By considering the condition or health of organisms as a response to synergistic and antagonistic effects of combined pollutants and/or stressors, extrapolations towards the health of the ecosystem itself can be drawn. A restrict number of organisms can be used for this purpose with the effectiveness of the connection relying mainly on their ecological relevancy and in the use of realistic toxicant concentrations. In our study a survey was performed upon the sediments of Ria de Aveiro (a coastal lagoon with complex hydrography and varied heavy metal sources) as a means to determine heavy metal concentrations, and an amphipod, Echinogammarus marinus was used as test organism. Invertebrates, and particularly crustaceans, have been highly favored as organisms of choice due to their relevancy in food chains, easiness of culture and ubiquitousness. In situ bioassays, duly backed by ex situ toxicity tests using metal mixtures with post exposure feeding inhibition as endpoint were performed. This evaluation was extended to encompass the entire latitudinal distribution of the organism. Furthermore the influence exerted by life stage, gender and pre-exposure nutritional state upon metal toxicity were investigated. A correlation between metal contamination and the incidence of Intersex was attempted. We conclude that Echinogammarus marinus is a sensitive biomonitor of the toxic potential of metals at environmental realistic concentrations, suitable to be used at the entire breadth of its biogeographic distribution. A simple, cost effective in situ bioassay is presented, destined to screen brackish and saltwater bodies for metals presence, thus helping decision making in the correct allocation of usually limited financial and human resources.

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25

Bögershausen, Sebastian K. (Sebastian Karl Friedrich) 1973. "Architecture of near real-time monitoring systems for water distribution systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84258.

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Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (leaf 73).
by Sebastian K. Bögershausen.
M.Eng.

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26

Kruglick, Alex W. "Water Quality Monitoring in a Pilot Marine Integrated Aquaculture System." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4110.

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Land based aquaculture systems are growing in popularity, and there is a drive to improve the efficiency of their energy and water systems for both economic and environmental benefit. Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) generally refer to systems that recycle their wastewater streams to be more or less a zero discharge facility. A more sustainable approach is emerging in the form of Integrated Aquaculture Systems (IAS) where maximum utility is realized from the various components so that fresh water use is reduced, water quality is improved, energy use is reduced, and new markets are created or fulfilled. Under a grant from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), an interdisciplinary group from MOTE Aquaculture Research Park, Mote Marine Lab, the University of South Florida, and Aquatic Plants of Florida have been working on a pilot IAS in Sarasota, FL starting 10/1/2010 which couples high- value pompano fish production with the production of native FL marine plant species (Spartina alternaflora (smooth cordgrass), Juncus roemareanus (needlegrass rush), and Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove) for wetlands restoration. This research contributes to the understanding of water quality as a function of space and time in the MOTE IAS system and compared the performance of the plant bed configurations (with and without a sand filter) with a more common geotube membrane used in RAS, for treating effluent sludge from marine fish tank systems. For the same influent concentration from the solids waste tank, the overall average percentage of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) removed was 84%, 84%, and 80% from the south plant bed (SB), north plant bed (NB), and geotube (GT) and the overall average Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS) removed was 85%, 90%, and 87% from the SB, NB, and GT respectively. The plant beds performed as well as the geotube in terms of TSS and VSS removal. Dissolved oxygen concentrations ranged from 0.28 mg/L in the geotube effluent (GTe) to 10.72 mg/L in the moving bed bioreactor influent (MBBRi). Overall averages (n = 5 per sample) of DO between May 2011 and January 2012 varied from 1.97±1.92 mg/L in the solids tank effluent (STe) to 8.20±1.60 mg/L in the MBBRi. pH values ranged from 6.35 STe to 7.74 in the GTe. Overall averages of pH between May 2011 and January 2012 varied from 6.89±0.5 mg/L in the STe to 7.45±0.21 in the MBBRe. Temperature values ranged from 17.3 oC in the GTe in December to 28.8 oC in the SFe during the month of September. The average unfiltered Chemical Oxygen Demand (UCOD) ranged from 105±37 mg/L in the NBe to 231±99 mg/L in the STe. Compared to the STe the percentage of COD removed from the SBe, NBe, GTe, and SFe was 47%, 55%, 53%, and 23% respectively. Average filtered COD (FCOD) ranged from 91±46 mg/L in the NBe to 132±66 mg/L in the STe. Compared to the STe the percentage of FCOD removed from the SBe, NBe, GTe, and SFe was 22%, 31%, 25%, and 2% respectively.The average unfiltered total nitrogen (UTN) concentration ranged from 24±17 mg/L in the SBe to 52±25 mg/L in the MBBRi. The overall average percentage removed was 54%, 46%, 47%, 15% from the SBe, NBe, GTe, and SFe respectively based on the STe concentration. The average filtered total nitrogen (FTN) concentration ranged from 20±13 mg/L in the SBe to 68±37 mg/L in the MBBRi and for the given effluent streams, FTN was either comparable to UTN or higher with the higher values seen prior to and after the moving bed bioreactor (MBBR). The majority of total nitrogen is dissolved. Average filtered N03--N concentrations ranged from 0.73±0.79 mg/L in the NBe to 29± mg/L in the MBBRe. The overall average percentage removed was 96%, 76%, -2%, 95% from the SBe, NBe, GTe, and SFe based on the STe concentration. Average filtered NH3-N concentrations ranged from 0.2±0.2 mg/L in the MBBRi to 3.9±3.1 in the SFe. The overall average percentage removed was 51%, 80%, 71%, -5% from the SBe, NBe, GTe, and SFe based on the STe concentration The average unfiltered total phosphorous (UTP) concentration ranged from 30±11 mg/L in the SBe to 37±12 mg/L in the GTe. The average filtered total phosphorous (FTP) concentration ranged from 23±17 mg/L in the MBBRi to 36±29 mg/L in the NBe and for the given effluent streams, FTP was always less than UTP with the NBe being an exception. The average filtered total reactive phosphorus (FOP) concentration ranged from 18±18 mg/L in the MBBRe to 26±15 mg/L in the SBe and for the given effluent streams. Samples taken over an 18 hour period on 2/1/12 showed high variability in terms of concentrations in the solids tank effluent which was not seen in the rest of the system. Metals and trace elements were of similar concentration in all effluents from 5/17/11 to 9/7/11. Accumulation of metals of elements was not observed,but a removal mechanism was not identified. The SBe had the lowest concentrations of Mn, Ni, Se, Fe, and B, however a longer monitoring period is recommended. The IAS is successfully growing pompano in land based low salinity tanks, the fish wastewater is producing wetlands restoration plants and zero discharges of water or solid waste (dead fish an exception) have occurred from the system which began operation in October 2010.

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27

Li, Yan. "An integrated water quality monitoring system with dynamic remote sensing feedback /." Online version of thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/5834.

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28

Powers, Craig W. "Monitoring the Transport of Microorganisms in Aquatic Environments Using Unmanned Surface Vehicles." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/81961.

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The majority of the Earths surface is covered with water, and the air-water interface (AWI) acts as the natural boundary between the atmosphere and the water. The AWI is an important ecological zone in natural aquatic habitats that governs transport of material and energy between bodies of water and the atmosphere. Little is known about temperature profiles and biological transport across the boundary layers at the air-water interface, and how wind interactions at the AWI affects them. New technologies such as sensors and unmanned surface vehicles (USV) need to be developed and used to address this knowledge gap. The goal of the research is to study population densities of the bacteria Pseudomonas syringae below, at and above the AWI using USV equipped with specialized sensors. The first specific objective was to map temperature profiles and resolve the boundary layer at the AWI using high resolution distributed temperature sensing (HR-DTS) on board an unmanned surface vehicle (USV). Our second research objective was to sample microbes from the water with a USV at multiple depths and locations. Our third research objective was to sample microbes from the atmosphere with a USV at the AWI. Our fourth research objective was to track and localize hazardous agents (tracer dyes) using a USV in aqueous environments.
Ph. D.

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29

Panjwani, S. (Suresh). "Drinking water quality and environmental monitoring in rural areas of district Malir Karachi." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2018. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201805312006.

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Water plays an essential and critical role in human life. Fresh water is one of the most important resources, crucial for the survival of all the living beings. Human and ecological use of water depends upon ambient water quality. The Karachi division in the southern Sindh Province of Pakistan includes a number of industries and is responsible for major contamination of freshwater resources. Contaminants like microorganisms, chemicals, toxic substances, industrial effluents, fertilizers, pesticides and municipal wastewater can make water unsafe for drinking and other domestic uses. The present work is focused on the rural areas of district Malir, Karachi where water supply schemes/systems are not available and human population use mainly groundwater directly without any treatment. Water pollution is one of the major concerns nowadays. Typically, nullahs (drainage lines), collect and carry untreated sewage which then flows into streams and rivers, resulting in widespread bacteriological and other contamination. This leads to damage to the environment and risks for human health e.g. Chronic health effects, skin lesion, circulatory problems, nervous system disorders and risk of cancer. Rural areas in Pakistan are based on scattered villages which, more often than not, lack any organized sewerage system. Therefore, the resulting sewage infiltrates into the soil and causes groundwater pollution. Keeping the focus on above mentioned problems, this masters’ thesis is designed for water sampling and drinking water quality testing in the rural areas of district Malir, Karachi(DMK). The sampling was carried out with the field team of Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR), Karachi Pakistan. The drinking water samples were analyzed for different physicochemical and bacteriological parameters including, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, total dissolved solid (TDS), alkalinity, chloride (Cl⁻), carbonate(CO₃) and bicarbonate(HCO₃), total hardness, magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), nitrate (NO₃), fluoride (F⁻), sulfate (SO₄), potassium (K), sodium (Na), arsenic (As), iron (Fe), total coliform and E.coli. Altogether, 35 drinking water samples were collected and analyzed. The results were then compared with WHO/NEQS limits and guidelines pertaining to quality of water for human consumption. It was revealed that out of 35 drinking water samples 14% were beyond the safe limits for physical parameters. The 60% of water samples were observed to be unfit for human consumption due to the presence of inorganic constituents beyond the safe limits prescribed by WHO/NEQS. Whereas all the drinking water samples were observed to be unfit due to existence of coliform bacteria. However, 46% of these were fecal contaminated due to presence of E.coli. Overall results indicate a critical need for better sanitation infrastructure in the area including water and wastewater treatment.

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30

Felexce, Fru Ngwa. "Development and field evaluation of molecular techniques for monitoring toxigenic cyanobacteria in water." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=119492.

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Increased incidences of toxigenic cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater bodies pose significant threats to human and ecosystem health worldwide. Microcystins (MCs), produced mostly by Microcystis, Anabaena, and Planktothrix spp., are amongst the most prevalent freshwater cyanotoxins. Characterization of toxigenic blooms by conventional microscopy is often challenging because of co-occurrence of morphologically indistinguishable toxic and non-toxic strains of cyanobacteria. This research project therefore sought to develop and evaluate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approaches for improved monitoring of toxigenic cyanobacteria in Canadian freshwater lakes. Preliminary studies evaluating the utility of a suite of microcystin synthetase (mcy) genes for quantitative PCR-based detection of microcystin-producing Microcystis revealed that assays targeting portions of the mcyA, mcyE, and mcyG genes successfully estimated potential microcystin-producing Microcystis genotypes in water samples collected from Baie Missisquoi (Missisquoi Bay), Quebec. The qPCR-based Microcystis mcyA, mcyE, or mcyG toxigenic cell equivalents showed significant associations (p<0.05; R2>0.90) with total Microcystis counts determined by microscopy. Furthermore, all three assays successfully quantified potentially toxic Microcystis cells in samples with undetectable microcystin concentrations, suggesting their potential usefulness in early warning systems for toxigenic cyanobacteria. To further ascertain the utility of developed molecular assays in estimating toxigenic Microcystis concentrations, laboratory studies were conducted to investigate how mcy gene concentrations and biomass of mixed assemblages of a toxic Microcystis sp. and non-toxic Anabaena sp. varied under different nitrogen, phosphorus, temperature, and light regimes. Results demonstrated dependence of growth rates, microcystin cellular and mcyE gene quotas not only on nutrients and temperature conditions, but also the presence of competing cyanobacteria. The fact that changes in mcyE copies often mirrored changes in M. aeruginosa CPCC 299 cellular growth rates implied possible coupling of mcyE production to cellular growth; thus validating use of mcyE gene concentrations as indicators of toxigenic Microcystis.The third phase of this study involved development and utilization of a multiplex qPCR approach for simultaneous quantification of microcystin-producing Anabaena, Microcystis, and Planktothrix genotypes in Missisquoi Bay. Laboratory evaluation showed the multiplex assay to be highly sensitive and specific for mcyE-containing Anabaena, Microcystis, and Planktothrix genotypes, with assay standards achieving R2 values above 0.99 and reaction efficiencies greater than 90%. Analyses of water samples from Missisquoi Bay showed Microcystis spp. as the main putative microcystin producer, with patchy occurrence of toxigenic Anabaena and Planktothrix genotypes during the 2010 and 2011 sampling periods.Finally, the developed qPCR assays were utilized to study Microcystis and Planktothrix mcyE gene expression, concomitantly with changes in mcyE copies, cyanobacterial biomass and MC concentrations, in order to derive the most reliable indicator of microcystin risk. McyE transcripts were generally lower in mixed cultures relative to monocultures, in agreement with depressed growth recorded in the mixed cultures. Whereas concentrations of mcyE gene copies, cell counts, and chl-a correlated significantly (p<0.01) with microcystins in laboratory cultures, McyE gene transcripts levels associated very poorly with MC. Furthermore, mcyE copies showed the strongest positive association with MCs in field samples, suggesting that mcyE copies are better indicators of MC risks rather than McyE transcripts or traditional biomass proxies.
L'occurrence très fréquente d'efflorescences en eau douce constitue une importante menace à la santé humaine et environnementale. Les microcystines sont les cyanotoxines les plus communes et la caractérisation microscopique d'efflorescences toxigènes pose souvent un défi. Ce projet de recherche vise à développer et évaluer des approches axées sur l'amplification en chaîne par polymérase (ACP) pour améliorer le suivi des cyanobactéries toxigènes dans les lacs d'eau douce du Canada. Des études préliminaires évaluant l'utilité, dans la détection quantitative par ACP (qACP) de souches de Microcystis actives ou inactives en production de microcystine, d'une série de gènes codant pour les sous-unités de la microcystine synthétase (mcy), démontra que les tests visant l'identification d'une portion des gènes mcyA, mcyE, ou mcyG permit l'estimation de la quantité de souches de Microcystis toxigènes dans des échantillons d'eau de la Baie Missisquoi, Québec. Les équivalents en cellules de Microcystis toxigènes pour les gènes mcyA, mcyE, ou mcyG furent fortement associés (p<0.05; R2>0.90) au compte total de Microcystis obtenu par microscopie. De plus, les trois tests réussirent à quantifier les cellules de Microcystis ayant le potentiel d'être toxigènes dans des échantillons ayant une teneur en microcystine indétectable, laissant présager leur utilité potentielle dans un système d'alerte précoce pour les cyanobactéries toxigènes. Afin d'évaluer l'utilité des tests moléculaires élaborés pour estimer la teneur en Microcystis toxigènes, des études en laboratoire furent entreprises afin d'évaluer comment la teneur en gènes mcy et la biomasse de différents assemblages mixtes d'une espèce toxigène de Microcystis et d'une espèce non-toxigène d'Anabaena pourraient varier sous divers régimes d'azote, de phosphore, de température et de lumière. Les résultats démontrent une dépendance des taux de croissance, quotas en microcystine cellulaire et gène mcyE sur les nutriments et conditions de température et sur la présence de cyanobactéries compétitrices. Les changements dans le nombre de copies de mcyE furent souvent le reflet du taux de croissance de M. aeruginosa CPCC 299, ce qui implique un jumelage entre la production de mcyE et la croissance cellulaire.L'étude développa et adopta une approche qACP multiplexe pour la quantification simultanée des génotypes d'Anabaena, Microcystis, et Planktothrix produisant de la microcystine dans la Baie Missisquoi. En laboratoire, le test multiplex s'avéra très sensible et spécifique aux souches d'Anabaena, Microcystis, et Planktothrix portant le gène mcyE. Les valeurs de R2 pour la courbe d'étalonnage excédèrent 0.99, et les efficacités de réaction excédèrent 90%. L'analyse des échantillons souligna que Microcystis spp. était le principal présumé producteur de microcystine durant les périodes d'échantillonnage de 2010 et 2011. Enfin, les tests qACP développés servirent à l'étude de l'expression génique de mcyE dans Microcystis et Planktothrix, en parallèle au changement du nombre de copies de mcyE, la biomasse cyanobactérienne et les concentrations en microcystine, afin d'en dériver un indicateur fiable du risque associé à la microcystine. Les produits de transcription de mcyE furent généralement moins élevés dans les cultures mixtes (vs. monocultures), ce qui s'accorde avec la diminution du taux de croissance en cultures mixtes. Lorsque, en cultures maintenues en laboratoire, les concentrations en copies du gène mcyE, le nombre de cellules, et la teneur en chlorophylle a étaient significativement corrélés (p<0.01) avec la teneur en microcystine, le niveau de transcriptions du gène mcyE s'avéra faiblement corrélé au niveau de microcystine. Dans les échantillons, le nombre de copies de mcyE montra une forte association à la teneur en microcystine, suggérant que le nombre de copies de mcyE pourrait être un meilleur indicateur du risque de contamination en microcystine.

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31

Teas, Sebastian E. "A Design for Low-Cost Nutrient Runoff Monitoring Technology." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1493218785022913.

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32

Tezce, Gozde. "Drinking Water Quality In Ankara: A Monitoring Study." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612749/index.pdf.

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ABSTRACT DRINKING WATER QUALITY IN ANKARA: A MONITORING STUDY Tezce, Gö
zde MS, Department of Environmental Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ü
lkü
Yetis Co-Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Filiz B. Dilek December 2010, 124 pages Following the event of severe drought experienced in 2007, it was decided to use Kesikkö
prü
Reservoir as an additional source of water supply for the city of Ankara. Thereupon, there have been debates on the quality of Kesikkö
prü
Reservoir water with the claims that some parameters, primarily sulfate and arsenic, were not complying with the quality standards and therefore there was a threat to public health. This study aims to determine whether the water quality in the distribution network in Ankara exceeds water quality standards, and to assess the status of water quality of Ankara. To this end, monthly samples were collected from 24 districts as distribution network water and also from the Kesikkö
prü
Reservoir as source water, and were monitored in terms of certain water quality parameters during the period of July 2008 through June 2009. Sulfate concentration in Kesikkö
prü
Reservoir water was measured as 300-500 mg/l and this high sulfate concentration in the source water led to high sulfate values in distribution system. On the other hand, the arsenic concentration in Kesikkö
prü
water was analyzed between 9-11 µ
g/l which is lower than the expected high arsenic concentration in Kizilirmak water. Moreover, monitoring of THM and HAA in distribution network was carried out to follow DBPs formation. The highest THM concentration was observed as 109 µ
g/l for Bilkent in July 2008. Although for some districts and some months throughout the year THM concentration was higher than the EPA Stage-I (80 µ
g/l) and Stage-II (40 µ
g/l) limits, mean annual THM concentrations for districts in distribution system satisfies the standards. Furthermore, the highest HAA5 concentrations were determined as 75 µ
g/l for Dikmen in February 2009. However, annual average HAA5 in any of the districts did not exceed USEPA limit of 60 µ
g/l. Nonetheless, total/fecal coliform bacteria, which are the indicators of microbiological contamination, were detected in distribution system between the months of July 2008 and January 2009. However, the coliform bacteria did not appear with the increasing residual chlorine in the distribution system since January 2009. Results from this study demonstrate a temporal variability in water quality
indicating water quality deterioration in the distribution system during some months, while almost full compliance with the water quality standards during other months. Overall
due to Kesikkö
prü
raw water, sulfate content appears to be the major concern in the water quality when considered the one-year monitoring period.

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33

Karlsson, Lovisa. "Water Courses in Kvarntorp : An Evaluation of Water Chemistry from Monitoring Data 1994-2012." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-36474.

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The Kvarntorp area, some 200 km SW of Stockholm, Sweden, is a former mining site for alum shale. Kvarntorpshögen is a refuse dump from the hydrocarbon extraction during 1940-1965. The area is also dotted by abandoned quarries, which most are water filled today. The area is divided into two watersheds; the central and the eastern. Frommestabäcken is the main watercourse flowing out of the central watershed while Frogestabäcken is the corresponding watercourse in the eastern watershed. These two watercourses have been sampled annually since 1994 by consulting companies for the municipality of Kumla. The sampling sites at Ulftorpsbäcken (main inlet to the central watershed) and at the outlet from Serpentindammssystemet (the water treatment system in the central watershed) was added to the sampling program in 1997 and 1996 respectively. Other consulting companies have sampled the groundwater around Kvarntorpshögen (in 2004) and the water in the lake Norrtorpssjön (in 2004), which is an old water filled quarry. The lake Norrtorpssjön has also been sampled as part of a project performed by Örebro University. This thesis is a compilation and evaluation of all this data but the main part will be given focused on seasonal variations. Samples have been analysed with regard to the metals Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, Li, B, As, Cu, Ni, Zn, Co, Cr, Cd, Pb, Mo, Sr and U. Other analysed parameters were tot-N, tot-P, bicarbonate (alkalinity), sulphate, chloride and the parameters pH, electrical conductivity and COD(Mn). Samples of bottom fauna have also been collected in Frommestabäcken. Concentration of most metals increased in the surface water while passing the Kvarntorp area. High metal concentrations were found for example in some of the groundwater samples. Such high concentrations were not observed in the samples from Frommestabäcken or Frogestabäcken, indicating for example dilution of metals or immobilisation through precipitation or adsorption. Seasonal effects on the dissolution and precipitation/adsorption of compounds were observed at all annually sampled watercourses. One of these effects was the spring- and autumn circulation of the lake Norrtorpssjön. The lake forms a thermocline during summer which causes higher concentrations of metals beneath the thermocline. During circulation these concentrations mixes throughout the depth profile which affects the amount of elements that is transported from the lake via Frogestabäcken. During winter the highest concentrations of metals are expected near the surface of the lake since the surface is colder than the rest of the water mass.

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34

Hollabaugh, Eric M. "Field performance of instrumentation for monitoring effects of timber harvesting on water quality." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4541.

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Thesis (M.S.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 23, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.

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35

Khanolkar, Mameet (Mameet P. ). 1976. "Investigating the J2EE software architecture for infrastructure monitoring : a water metering case study." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84261.

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36

Klug, Katherine E., and Katherine E. Klug. "Novel Portable Sensors and Techniques for Improving On-Site Water Quality and Environmental Monitoring." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626354.

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Recent research advances have improved techniques and devices, both standalone and smartphone-integrated, in the hope of achieving traditional analytical instrument-grade quality in a portable format, but the broad applicability of this work in many resource-limited settings is still a challenge due to inherent limitations in platform sensitivity, environmental interference, and assay versatility. This dissertation encompasses a series of four research projects designed for answering the challenges of portable environmental monitoring for resource-limited settings. First, we investigated control measures for existing portable environmental sensing techniques for heavy metal, organic molecular, inorganic compound, and biological targets. Initially, we characterized assay performance across diverse intensity-based detection methods and under diverse lighting and imaging conditions. Subsequently, we implemented lighting and imaging control measures and compared assay performance under each set of conditions. Following these analyses, we investigated the applications of three novel sensing methods. The second project encompasses our investigations of a transducer mechanism relating pathogen concentration to capillary flow rate based on differing interfacial/rheological-properties of target and antibody-conjugated particle samples. Capillary flow models were constructed and validated with these assay results to characterize the underlying operational mechanisms. The third project details a novel fluorescence-based assay for identifying and quantifying bisphenol A, an emerging environmental contaminant and endocrine disrupting compound, from treated effluent sample models. Additionally, this method was demonstrated on two smartphone platforms for device performance comparison. The fourth and final project covers particle-scattering based detection of heavy metal ions based on differing adsorption to carboxyl groups on different size particles detection at different angles. This work included the development of multivariate classification models by statistical inference methods, which allowed distinction between some heavy metal ion species. These four projects offer but a few directions which may prove valuable toward developing versatile sensing methods for resource-limited settings.

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37

Longsmith, Rebecca Johnson. "A BIOLOGICAL MONITORING INTERNSHIP WITH THE OHIO ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, DIVISION OF SURFACE WATER." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1451932666.

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38

Floresquerra, S. M., D. R. Dulaney, Kurt J. Maier, and Phillip R. Scheuerman. "Monitoring of Selected Bacteriological and Water Quality Parameters Associated with the Sinking Creek TMDL." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2002. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2929.

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39

O'Quinn, Terry Shannon. "Development of a Reservoir Embayment Characterization Process to Prioritize Water Quality Improvement." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1895.

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To simplify water quality improvement in reservoirs, it has been suggested that efforts should be focused on smaller and more manageable units such as reservoir embayment areas. Embayments are prime locations to locate marinas, parks, beaches, and residential homes. Current data and information on reservoir embayments in Tennessee was assembled into a GIS-based database. Embayments of 11 main reservoirs were mapped and digitized in ArcGIS. Initial characterization criteria include watershed size, embayment area-watershed ratio, maximum residence time, and stream influence on embayments. The characterization process was then applied to the mapped reservoir embayments in Tennessee to identify and prioritize embayments that are most likely to be affected by watershed restoration efforts. This process has potential to used by resource agencies and stakeholders to prioritize water quality improvements in reservoir embayments.

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40

Defenbaugh, Angela Lynn. "Evaluating Ohio River Basin Waters: A Water Quality and Water Resources Internship with the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1389295851.

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41

Chang, Lydia, and 張麗迪. "Transport of dinoflagellate cysts through ballast water and its implications for marine water monitoring in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252795.

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42

Chang, Lydia. "Transport of dinoflagellate cysts through ballast water and its implications for marine water monitoring in Hong Kong /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13813481.

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43

Brake, Jeffrey Scott. "Locating Optimal Water Quality Monitoring Locations Using Demand Coverage Index Method." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2015. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1421.

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Water quality regulations are always expanding especially in the field of water quality monitoring; however, threats to our water distribution systems still remain. Components of water distribution systems are susceptible to intentional and accidental contamination; therefore, they represent highly vulnerable aspects of our vital infrastructure. An analysis was performed on a city in California with a population of 30,000 to 40,000 residents. The analysis is performed to determine the optimal locations of monitoring stations throughout the water distribution system. The method presented by Liu and colleagues (Liu et al, 2012) selects the optimal monitoring locations for the virtual California city using the Demand Coverage Index (DCI) method. In order to study small scale systems which are typically more vulnerable to tampering, the method attempts to use the virtual city to show the effectiveness of the DCI method and how it can be implemented on smaller water distribution systems (WDS). The analysis results lay out a number of monitoring stations that should be used to prevent a large scale contamination event from occurring. The number of monitoring stations will vary depending on funding for water infrastructure and coverage requirements. The results represent an outline for improving the effectiveness of the monitoring capabilities in the WDS. The monitoring stations increase the resilience of the WDS from potential terrorist sabotage and mitigate potential outbreaks due to microorganisms, pipeline leaks, or hazardous chemicals entering the WDS.

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44

Jansson, Victoria. "Monitoring heavy metals in private drinking water near industrial activity in Kosovo." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-37570.

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Exposure to heavy metals around the world is practically unavoidable due to their extensive use and spread in the environment. This is especially critical due to the metals’ toxicity and detrimental effects on human health. Rural inhabitants in less developed countries in Europe near industrial local polluters are especially exposed. Leachates from industrial wastes may add heavy metal pollution to surrounding groundwater aquifers. Both industrial pollution and rain runoff poses extensive risks for private wells. These wells provide a large part of the drinking water supplies for Kosovo’s inhabitants. The aim of this study is to investigate how a nickel (Ni) refining industry’s slag hill is affecting the drinking water quality in surrounding neighbours private drinking water supplies. To do this 10 samples with increasing distance from the industrial slag hill were collected and analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Chromium (Cr), Ni and lead (Pb) were below guideline and limit values in the well water drinking supplies. Rain runoffs increased the concentrations of aluminium (Al), Ni and Pb, in wells where rainwater leaked in. This was however not the case for Cr. Highest Cr concentrations were found in clear (unpolluted by rain runoff) well waters, southeast of a local open pit mining area. This study shows that the Ni refinery and slag hill do not currently risk contaminating local drinking water wells above guideline and limit values. However, there are indications that local mining activity may pose a larger risk concerning Cr leakage to the private wells. Further groundwater monitoring is needed focusing on this area to investigate potential and actual sources of pollution.

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45

Kaiser, Rachel Anne. "An Urban Karst Aquifer Resource Evaluation and Monitoring Toolbox." TopSCHOLAR®, 2019. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/3142.

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In urban karst areas, such as the City of Bowling Green, Kentucky and the Tampa Bay Metropolitan Area, groundwater quality faces a variety of threats. The development of residential, commercial, and industrial landuse types allows for a wide variety of groundwater pollutants to enter the karst groundwater systems. Various different models and indices have attempted evaluative approaches to identify issues in urban karst areas, but the methods vary by location and lack a focus on urban karst groundwater quality. There also exists a lack of a data-driven approach that is able to capture short- and long-term changes in threats to groundwater quality as a result of urbanization. The overall purpose of this study was to develop a holistic, data-driven evaluation toolbox with threat, vulnerability, and monitoring assessment tools for urban karst groundwater systems to better determine the possible threats, data collection needs, monitoring parameters, and analytical approaches needed to ensure groundwater quality is maintained in urban karst regions. This study focused on: 1) determining what indicators, parameters, resolution, and data quality need to be prioritized to create an effective, holistic monitoring framework for urban karst groundwater, and 2) developing an effective assessment and evaluative tools for urban karst groundwater quality sites using historic and modern data in an urban karst setting. The outcomes include an Urban Karst Aquifer Resource Evaluation (UKARE) Toolbox with a Threat, Vulnerability, and Monitoring evaluation tools that were applied and validated through application of the Toolbox using case studies in the City of Bowling Green, Kentucky and the Tampa Bay Metropolitan Area in Florida. The results demonstrate the universal applicability of the UKARE Toolbox to different urban karst sites and its effectiveness at scoring for threats and vulnerabilities, as well as identifying potential monitoring sites through primary data collection of water quality parameters and emerging pathogens at over 150 sites between both study areas. The final results of this study are useful to develop monitoring and management plans through a standardized scoring and evaluation tool in order to influence urban karst groundwater monitoring and management.

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46

Steele, Kelsi Lynne. "Atrazine best management practices : impact on water quality." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/660.

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47

Torres, Eric Steven. "Chemical characterization of Lake Gregory." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/136.

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The purpose of this study is to characterize the water chemistry of Lake Gregory in Crestline, California. The collection of water samples occurred a short time after the end of the summer recreational season in the late fall. Several chemical parameters were measured in an effort to determine the overall water quality during this time.

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48

Stevenson, Matthew M. "Monitoring effective use of household water treatment and safe storage technologies in Ethiopia and Ghana." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/47783.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, February 2009.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-125).
Household water treatment and storage (HWTS) technologies dissemination is beginning to scale-up to reach the almost 900 million people without access to an improved water supply (WHO/UNICEF/JMP, 2008). Without well-informed and effective use as intended, these promising technologies will not be deployed to maximum advantage. Successful scale-up thus requires monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of behavioral indicators to achieve safe water and improved health. This thesis offers a consistent framework for the operational monitoring of Effective Use of a set of eight HWTS technologies including dilute bleach solution, Aquatabs, solar disinfection (SODIS), cloth filters, the ceramic pot filter, the biosand filter, PUR and associated safe storage practices. During late 2007, key members of the WHO-hosted International Network to Promote Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage ("The Network") who are involved with M&E of HWTS systems were contacted. A literature search on monitoring efforts involving the eight HWTS followed. The author traveled to Ethiopia and Ghana during January 2008 to investigate multiple HWTS implementations and field-test preliminary monitoring methods as part of that process. Interviews were conducted with HWTS Network partners and the users of their HWTS products, household water quality testing was conducted, and documents on usage and monitoring were collected and compiled. A framework for operational monitoring of Effective Use behaviors at the household was developed through these efforts. The framework consists of a set of Monitoring Observations specific to each technology, comprised of the five categories of Treatment, Safe Storage, Maintenance, Replacement Period, and Physical Inspection, as well as a set of common Water Quality Monitoring paramaeters.
(cont.) Field methods for measuring turbidity, residual free available chlorine, and E.coli as an indicator of microbiological water quality are described that require minimal training, time, and equipment and that are cost-effective (US $3.60 for a complete set of household tests).
by Matthew M. Stevenson.
M.Eng.

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49

Lu, Connie C. "Monitoring and evaluation of a ceramic water filter and hand-washing intervention in Northern Ghana." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/74407.

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Анотація:

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2012.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 120-124).
Through a Rotary Club contract, PHW will sell Kosim filters and install Tippy-Tap hand-washing stations in 1250 households in Northern Ghana. This thesis presents the following project monitoring and evaluation components: (1) three-part evaluation framework; (2) baseline results; and (3) recommendations for an objective measure of Kosim filter use. The evaluation framework consists of a baseline survey, one-month follow-up survey, and six-month follow-up survey, and includes a staggered cross-sectional study that compares health outcome between purchasers and non-purchasers, and between purchasers from exposure households and purchasers from control households. January 2012 baseline surveys collected information on household characteristics, water source, household water management, hand-washing practices, diarrheal disease prevalence, and respiratory disease prevalence. In total 429 households were sampled from 20 villages, and the results from 10 villages are reported in this thesis. Overall, 98.6% of the survey population uses surface water as a primary dry season drinking water source, and 79.9% uses unprotected water sources in the wet season. An estimated 52.6% of households use cloth filters to treat their drinking water at home. Only 5.0% of households practice hand-washing with soap, yet 99.2% of households have soap present in the home. The prevalence rate for diarrhea was 23% (95% CI 17% to 29%) for children under the age of five and 9% (95% CI 5% to 13%) for the general population. For cough and difficulty breathing, prevalence rates were 25% (95% CI 19% to 31%) for children under the age of five and 13% (95% CI 8% to 17%) for the general population. Regarding an objective measure of Kosim filter use, the Camelbak@ Flow MeterTM accurately measures flow of at least 0.8 L/min, and is therefore sufficient to measure most flow rates through the spigot of the Kosim filter. PHW should choose one of three options obtain an objective measure of Kosim filter use: (1) adapt and develop a method to retrieve data from the Camelbak@ Flow MeterTM; (2) adopt the SWEETSenseTM monitoring and data retrieval system, or (3) develop a method to measure and retrieve data on total time that the spigot is in the "open" position.
by Connie C. Lu.
M.Eng.

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50

Peacock, Steven. "Storm Water System Monitoring for the Small Municipality Under Phase II of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2003. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4298/.

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Storm water quality can have a significant impact on receiving water bodies. The chief recipients of these impacts are aquatic life in the receiving water body and downstream water users. Over the last few decades, legislation, regulations, institutions and facilities have evolved to recognize the impact of urban storm water on receiving streams. This increased emphasis has caused contaminants in storm water to be identified as a major concern. This developing concern has generated an increased interest in the water quality of our streams and lakes and emphasized the need for more monitoring efforts. With the passage of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Phase II requirements, small municipalities are responsible for storm water impacts on receiving waters within their jurisdiction. For the purposes of NPDES Phase II requirements, small municipalities are identified as these municipalities that are typically composed of 10,000 but less than 100,000 in population. The purpose of this dissertation is to develop a manual for use by the staff of small municipalities in meeting the requirements prescribed by changes initiated in the NPDES Phase II regulations. Attempts were made to comply with these requirements within a very limited manpower and budget framework and to develop procedures that would allow for permit compliance using testing equipment that was both reliable and robust. The users' manual provides valuable guidance in the establishment of a knowledge base for characterization of the watersheds selected for study. Chapter 3 of the dissertation contains a users' manual, designed for use by municipal staff members in their efforts to comply with the NPDES Phase II requirements. Using the techniques and equipment capabilities developed during the writing of the users' manual a characterization of three watersheds within Denton County, Texas was developed. Non-storm water samples were taken from each of the streams and a baseline analysis was established. The three watersheds represented agricultural, suburban and urban settings. Storm water samples were obtained from multiple storms within all three watersheds and data analysis used to determine the character and impact of urban runoff. Determination of the constituents for analysis was based on monitoring requirements of the NPDES Phase I and II requirements for owners and operators of municipal separate storm sewer systems (MS4) and on the Texas Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (TPDES) Multi-Sector General Permit (MSGP). The three watersheds were determined to have multiple statistically significant differences for some parameters between their Base Flows and Storm Flows. The impact of urban runoff on the receiving waters of these three drainage systems was clearly demonstrated throughout the testing period.

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