Дисертації: "Water debt"

1

Mobie, Titus Risimati. "The impact of privatization of water system towards the poor a challenge to pastoral care : with special reference to the rural communities of Bushbuckridge /." Thesis, Pretoria : [S.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11062008-170236/.

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TUNINETTI, MARTA. "Water footprint assessment in space and time to support local and global sustainability." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2706873.

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Crop production vastly dominates global freshwater use, accounting for nearly 70% of the total withdrawal and around 90% of the total consumption. Human beings are currently using 30% of precipitation-recharged soil moisture and less than 10% (i.e., 3800 km3yr-1}) of the maximum available renewable freshwater resources in the word. Notwithstanding, water resource availability is highly variable in space and time, and different studies have shown a significant mismatch between water use and availability. Accordingly, two-third of global population live under conditions of sever water scarcity for at least one month per year. Moreover, as a consequence of larger food demand and changing living standards, toward more caloric and protein intense diets, global water use has increased by 6-8 times during the past century. At the same time, areas equipped for irrigation have doubled with actual irrigation having unavoidable consequences for aquifers and river ecosystems. Future scenarios of climate change are expected to worsen this picture. Indeed, the rising trends of water demand may continue in the future, harshening the conditions in areas reaching critical thresholds of acceptable water balance. In this context, the goals of this thesis are (i) to identify the main determinants of water use efficiency in agriculture; (ii) to introduce a link prediction algorithm applied to the international trade of agricultural goods; (iii) to introduce a novel indicator to monitor the (mis)match between water use and supply. This thesis quantifies the crop water footprint (CWF, or amount of water use per unit weight of crop) of nine major crops (i.e., wheat, rice, maize, soybean, barley, potatoes, sugar cane, sugar beet, and cotton) through a daily soil water balance run on a grid with a 5’x5’ spatial resolution. The model considers scenarios of rainfed and irrigated crops, also exploring multi-cropping patterns. Quantitative assessments of green and blue (separated into surface and ground) CWF are mapped and analysed in order to identify and monitor the major local drivers of water use, such as climatic conditions, precipitation rate during the growing season, cropping calendar, soil properties, crop yields and agricultural management practises. Results show that crop yield is the most important determinant of the total CWF. Moreover, results of a first-order sensitivity analysis show that, e.g., wheat CWF is mostly sensitive to the length of the growing period, rice CWF to the reference evapotranspiration depth, soybean and maize CWF to the planting date. The CWF model has been adopted also to validate a Fast Track approach, recently developed to study the CWF changes in time, which are generally kept aside in Water Footprint assessments. This approach ascribes the temporal CWF changes only to the yield variations, while it assumes the evapotranspiration depth as time-invariant. This thesis shows the good performance of this approach and also provides an uncertainty analysis. Accordingly, the Fast Track approach shows an error three times smaller than the uncertainty associated with the CWF model. Following the yields patterns, CWF has significantly decreased along the period 1961-2013, but with different rates depending on the crop and the location of the production sites. In the second part of the thesis, the crop water footprint is compared to the local water availability, to assess the sustainability of crop production. In order to understand the size of local (mis)match between crop water use and available water resources, we introduce a water debt repayment time indicator (WD). The WD quantifies the time the hydrological cycle takes to replenish the water resources used for annual crop production, distinguishing the different sustainability levels of soil-, surface-, and ground-water. This indicator highlights the locations and typology of threats imposed by agricultural production on water resources. On a global average, we found that wheat and rice production critically overuses ground water resources, especially in China and the US, and cotton production overuses both surface -and ground-water, particularly in the US. Locally, unsustainable annual crop production is found over the Sabarmati basin (due to wheat) in India, and in the Chao Phraya basin (due to rice and sugarcane) in Thailand, where the water debt repayment time exceeds 5 years in many cultivated areas. Including in the same framework analyses on water use efficiencies (through the CWF) and measure of water use (un)sustainability (through the WD) enables screening analyses at finding specific solutions in cases of low water use efficiencies and/or in critical situation of overuses. While local drivers monitor the water use for production, global drivers attempt to explore the globalization of water resources that happens through the international trade of agricultural goods. Why do countries become trade patterns, hence establishing a more or less stable relation, which implies externalization of water resources use? The third part of this thesis answers to this question through the elaboration of a threshold-based link prediction algorithm, aiming at finding the drivers behind link activation. Accordingly, a link is expected to exist depending on the predicted virtual water volume traded from the source node to the target node: the link is modelled as active when the volume is higher than 1000 m3y-1, non-active otherwise. This algorithm is able to capture 84% of the currently active links and 93% of non-active links. Country population, geographical distance between countries and fertilizers use are the major drivers to explain link existence. The link prediction model may be applied to build future scenarios of virtual water trade, in order to understand how local consumption and production patterns could affect the trade network. Finally, in order to understand how close water demand to water availability is, we introduce a water debt (WD) indicator. The WD quantifies the payback time the hydrological cycle takes to replenish the water resources used for annual crop production. Hence, it highlights the locations and typology of threats imposed by agricultural production on water resources. E.g., the annual production of the nine study crops arise a WD of 10 years with the ground water resources of the US High Plain aquifer, mostly as a consequence of maize and soybean production. This indicator intends to connect and integrate water resource management with other environmental issues, such as the carbon footprint. In short, the thesis contributes advancing our knowledge in the spatio-temporal explicit water footprint assessments, virtual water trade network, sustainable water use. The models developed in this thesis and the results shown in the following chapters allow (i) to explore pathways toward improved water use efficiencies and more sustainable water withdrawals, (ii) to model backward and forward trade network dynamics, and (iii) to project future water use scenarios.

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Kleczyk, Ewa Jadwiga. "Incidence and Costs of Pinhole Leak Corrosion and Corporate Cost of Capital Borrowing." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29901.

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The first part of this doctorate dissertation examines the factors influencing the occurrence and costs of pinhole leak corrosion as well as the household decisions for corrosion prevention and plumbing material selection. Three mail surveys of households were used to elicit the experiences with leaks as well as the optimal corrosion prevention and material choices. Probability modeling (i.e. MNL) and linear regression analysis were used to analyze survey responses. Pinhole leak occurrences were found associated with pipe type installed, property age, pipe failure history, and dwelling distance from a water treatment plant. The number and location of pinhole leaks in the dwelling and the pipe type are associated with the financial costs of pinhole leaks. The corrosion prevention choices as well as the plumbing materials depended on the risk of corrosion and cost associated with each option. Previous experiences with pinhole leak impacted the decision for household choices. Faster responses to pinhole leak outbreaks by utility managers and policymakers in terms of advising homeowners on the best ways of responding to leaks would assist homeowners in reducing costs of pinhole leak repairs and associated damages. The second part of this document deals with the debt financing issues. Debt financing decisions are made simultaneously by lenders and borrowers. Since lenders are unable to observe directly the firms’ investment decisions, the banks offer contracts based up on firms’ observable characteristics (i.e. wealth and size) and the prevailing market conditions. When deciding on the financing decisions, firms also take into account the changes in macroeconomic variables in order to lower the cost of borrowing. As a result, the goal for this article is to examine empirically the hypothesis of the effect of the debt determinant as well as the macroeconomic variables on the debt maturity structure. A reduced form of the simultaneous financing decisions model is estimated by employing several OLS estimation methods. The empirical findings offer strong support for firms with few growth options, large, and of low quality having more long-term debt in their capital structure. There was, however, no clear support for the impact of macroeconomic variables on debt maturity as some variables were not statistically significant.
Ph. D.

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Li, Yunda. "Navigating treacherous waters : U.S. private real estate debt market opportunity and investment strategy under new debt capital market order." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/107864.

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Thesis: S.M. in Real Estate Development, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Real Estate Development in conjunction with the Center for Real Estate, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 68-71).
U.S. commercial real estate debt capital market is experiencing some underlying structural changes. New regulations in banking and CMBS industry have resulted in reduced roles of these regulated lenders in the commercial real estate financing market. Funding gaps appear in the market as regulated lenders pullback from various types of lending. This paper delivers a comprehensive and most updated analyses on the current U.S. commercial real estate debt capital market opportunities and investment strategies. The paper illustrates the current debt capital market landscape, summarizes the key regulation changes that created challenges for regulated lenders, identifies the current dislocations and opportunities in the U.S. commercial real estate debt capital market, analyzes appropriate investment strategies that can capitalize on these opportunities, and finally identifies target investors for each strategy. This paper takes the angles of both investment managers and institutional investors, as it provides insights and analyses for both audience groups.
by Yunda Li.
S.M. in Real Estate Development

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5

Lindfeldt, Emelie. "Per- och polyfluorerade alkylsubstanser i det kommunala dricksvattnet i Sverige." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-445088.

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Per- och polyfluorerade alkylsubstanser (PFAS) är en stor grupp industriellt framställda ämnen som fått stor spridning i miljön. På grund av PFAS persistens blir ämnena kvar länge i vår miljö och spridning kan fortgå ifrån förorenade områden under lång tid. Högst halter i miljön i Sverige har noterats i anslutning till brandövningsplatser där man använt brandskum innehållande PFAS-ämnen.De vanligaste källorna till människors exponering för PFAS är via kosten, inklusive dricksvatten. PFAS binder till proteiner i kroppen och ansamlas i blodet och levern samt lungor och njurar. Exponering för förhöjda halter under lång tid har visats ge påverkan på blodfetter, en reducerad födelsevikt samt påverkan på leverceller. Den effekt som noterats vid lägst exponeringsdos är påverkan på immunförsvaret.I januari 2020 skickade Livsmedelsverket ut en enkät till Sveriges kommunala kontrollmyndigheter i syfte att kartlägga halter av PFAS i kommunalt dricksvatten. 261 kommuner av 290 (90 %) besvarade enkäten med uppgifter om 1462 vattenverk. Ett urval gjordes till stora vattenverk, som försörjer fler än 500 personer, vilka omfattade 580 stycken. Totalt 86 kommuner hade analyserat PFAS i dricksvatten från minst ett vattenverk. Detekterbara halter påträffades i dricksvattnet från 74 av samtliga 154 vattenverk där analyser genomförts. I dricksvattnet från 15 vattenverk, vilka tillsammans försörjer cirka 2,2 miljoner människor låg summahalterna av PFAS över 10 ng/l. Den högsta summahalten som uppmättes var 40 ng/l i dricksvattnet från ett vattenverk. Resultaten från denna kartläggning visar på lägre halter i kommunalt dricksvatten jämfört med undersökningar från tidigare år vilket indikerar att åtgärder vidtagits i syfte att sänka PFAS-halterna i dricksvattnet i Sverige.
Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) is a large group industrially synthesized compounds being wide spread in the environment. Due to the persistence, the compounds stays in the environment and can further disperse from polluted areas during a long time. The highest levels in the environment in Sweden have been found adjacent to firefighting training facilities using firefighting foam containing PFAS.Humans are exposed to PFAS mainly through food, including drinking water. PFAS binds to proteins in the blood and liver as well as in the lungs and kidney. Exposure during a prolonged time have shown to affect blood lipids, reduce birth weight and affect liver cells. The critical effect observed at the lowest dose is adverse effects on the immune system.In January 2020 the Swedish Food Agency sent out a questionnaire to the municipal control authorities aiming to map levels of PFAS in municipal drinking water. 261 municipalities of 290 (90 %) answered the questionnaire with information including 1462 water works. A selection was made including the larger water works supplying at least 500 persons, resulting in 580 water works. In total, 86 municipalities had analysed PFAS in drinking water from at least one water work. Detectable levels were found in 74 out of 154 water works, where analyses had been performed. In drinking water from 15 water works, supplying approximately 2.2 million people, the sum levels of PFAS exceeded 10 ng/l. The highest sum levels of PFAS in drinking water were 40 ng/l, found in one water work. The results from this survey shows lower levels in municipal drinking water compared to earlier studies, indicating that measures haven been taken aiming to lower the levels of PFAS in drinking water in Sweden.

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Tim, Landfeldt. "Att rädda det förgångna : Om Walter Benjamins historiska materialism." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för kultur och lärande, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-24361.

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The present essay concerns Walter Benjamin’s thought regarding history and temporality as he articulated it in his last work that was only published posthumously: ”Über den Begriff der Geschichte”. The purpose is to analyze Benjamin’s construction of historical materialism and to suggest a reading of it as directed towards an opening of history. For Walter Benjamin, every moment presents itself as a possibility of radical otherness: a possibility for things to be different. In this essay, I therefore want to concentrate on key concepts constituting such possibility, namely, remembrance [Eingedenken] and redemption [Erlösung]. I will further examine their relation to the specific experience of the past. Following Benjamin, in this essay I am constructing a critique of positivist concepts of linear time and Marxist teleology in regard to history and temporality. Another purpose is to establish an alternative concept of history and temporality as it is to be found in Benjamin’s own thought. Furthermore, the essay seeks to engage in a dialog with Benjamin’s historical reflection in an attempt of capturing the Benjaminian concepts of dialectical image and now-time [Jetztzeit] and by doing this to envisage a genuine break from the notion of historical progress. In presenting such a break as a possibility of opening up history, I seek to raise the question of political action [Aktion]. As demonstrated in the essay, the notion of action, its ethics and politics, is to be found, both implicitly and explicitly, in the way Benjamin develops the persona of the historical materialist and in his concept of redemption, but the analysis must start with a thorough investigation of the concept of remembrance [Eingedenken], without which Benjamin’s meaning cannot be understood.

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Kaltenberg, Eliza Maria. "New Approaches in Measuring Sediment-Water-Macrobenthos Interactions." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1458661697.

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Hansson, Caroline. "Miljökvalitetsnormer för vatten i det kommunala detaljplanearbetet - Viktiga faktorer, svårigheter och möjligheter." Thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-199215.

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Med målet att uppnå vattenkvalité av god status inom hela EU införde Europaparlamentet år 2000 ramdirektivet för vatten (2000/60/EC), även kallat Vattendirektivet. För att uppnå god vattenstatus sätts mål i form av ”miljökvalitetsnormer”(MKN) på vattendrag, sjöar, kustvatten och grundvatten inom varje län och kommun. Dessa ska beaktas vid framtagandet av nya detaljplaner vilket är ett juridiskt gällande dokument där den tillåtna exploateringen av ett område fastställs. I detaljplanen ska planens påverkan på möjligheterna att uppnå MKN för vatten utredas och presenteras. Det saknas dock tydliga riktlinjer för hur denna bedömning ska göras och vilka aspekter som ska ingå i utredningen. I de fall planen medför att målen i form av MKN riskeras att inte uppnås är det länsstyrelsens uppgift att hindra planen från att godkännas. Syftet med studien är att utreda vad som är viktigt i arbetet att ta fram en detaljplan som beaktar MKN för vatten och hur kommuner och länsstyrelser upplever arbetet. Målet är att undersöka det övergripande arbetet och därefter fokusera på den bedömning som görs av vilken påverkan på MKN en plan medför. Detta för att ge en bild av hur arbetet sker i dagsläget och belysa de utmaningar och förbättringsmöjligheter som finns. Studien avgränsas geografisk till länsstyrelserna inom Norra Östersjöns vattendistrikt och kommunerna i Stockholms län. För att undersöka det ovannämnda genomfördes en förstudie bestående av en intervjustudie riktad till konsulter och anställda på kommun och länsstyrelser, och en litteraturstudie. Förstudien ledde fram till formuleringen av frågor i enkätstudien. Enkätstudien bestod av två delar där den första riktade sig till kommuner i Stockholms län och den andra till länsstyrelserna i Norra Östersjöns vattendistrikt. Resultatet från studien bidrog till att identifiera viktiga steg i processen att ta fram en detaljplan som följer satta MKN. Även svårigheter kopplade till de olika processtegen framkom. Uppföljning visade sig vara ett steg som inte genomförs i så stor utsträckning men som troligtvis kan förbättra situationen genom att bidra med data och kvalitetssäkring av metodiken. Bedömningen som görs av hur en plan påverkar möjligheten att uppfylla MKN sammanställdes i några nyckelsteg. De flesta svårigheter som upplevs av de kommunanställda är kopplade till att utföra den här bedömningen. Främst är det osäkerheter i metod och modelleringsverktyg tillsammans med ofullständigt underlagsmaterial som bidrar till svårigheterna. Det preliminära åtgärdsprogram som presenterats våren 2016 av Vattenmyndigheten inför nästa 6-åriga arbetscykel bidrar förhoppningsvis med att vägledningsmaterial och tydligare riktlinjer tas fram. Detta efterfrågades från flera håll i enkätstudien. Förutom det som åtgärdsprogrammet adresserar ses ett behov av mer utbildning och samverkan av och mellan aktörer. Beräkningsmetoder och underlag som används behöver även ses över och det behöver finnas en tydligare samsyn på hur en detaljplansplans påverkan på MKN ska bestämmas.
With the goal of high quality recipients within the European Union the European Water Framework Directive (WFD; 2000/60/EC) was initiated in the year of 2000. In order to achieve water of high quality, goals have been established under the definition of Environmental Quality Standards (EQS). These are defined for lakes, rivers and other water bodies within each municipality. The EQS are defined as a level that are to be reached until a defined year. The EQS are to be kept in mind when zoning is carried out within a municipality. Zoning allows for strategic use of land and water within the municipality and is an important part in the work of achieving the EQS. If a zoning plan does not meet the EQS the plan should not be adopted. The county government should audit plans before they are approved to make sure the chance of reaching the EQS are not hindered by the plan. The aim of this study is to investigate which important factors that come into play when a zoning plan is created that will meet the EQS. The aim is also to get an understanding of the work from the municipalities perspective as well as from the viewpoint of the county government. Both the overall perspective and the more detailed field of assessing the impact from a zoning plan is to be analyzed. In the end the goal is to give an overview of how the work is done today, which difficulties that are experienced as well as improvements that could be needed. The study is focused upon the county governments within the North Baltic Sea basin and the municipalities within Stockholm county. Semi-structured interviews and a literature review were conducted followed by a survey study in order to address the research questions. The survey study was directed towards the county governments and municipalities within the geographical study area mentioned above. From the methods described above data was collected which resulted in the identification of important steps in the process of making zoning with consideration of the EQS. Also difficulties connected to each phase were identified. The work of follow-up and monitoring was found only to be carried out to a limited extent but is believed to support several important functions in the work, if improved. The impact assessment of zoning on water quality and EQS was found to be one of the more difficult parts of the work with the WFD. Foremost, this process is connected to many uncertainties in the method of calculation but also due to limited data available in some cases. Information needed is for example the current water quality and the levels of pollution connected to different land uses of the area. More developed guidelines and support from central authorities was requested by several participants of the survey. Hopefully the Water authorities’ planned action program for the next 6-year work cycle, will result in this. However, more investigations and studies are needed in order to improve and minimize uncertainties in the methods used to calculate impact from zoning on water quality. More education and cooperation between municipalities, county governments and agencies with issues connected to implementing the WFD is needed as well. Overall more consensus is needed in how the work can be carried out while meeting both environmental and societal goals.

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Beijbom, Elin, and Emma Lindqvist. "Att uppnå ett levande ledningssystem för hållbarhetsstyrning : En fallstudie på det tekniska säljbolaget Xylem Water Solutions Sweden AB:s integrerade kvalitets- och miljöledningssystem." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-176107.

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In a world where the concept sustainability increasingly is becoming more relevant, stakeholders require companies to take greater responsibility. As a result, the strategic importance of sustainable development increases in the corporate world. Management systems is a strategical tool that can be used for sustainable development. A management system describes how an organization conducts its business and is a tool for the management to manage the business. A well-functioning management system can contribute to increased competitiveness, reduced costs and efficient working methods. It also exists several common challenges for management systems, for example that they do not always generate continuous improvement, that it can require a lot of resources, and that it is not used actively after implementation. For a management system to be effective and efficient, an important prerequisite is that the management system is actively used. An active management system is defined in the report as a management system that is purposefully introduced and used to contribute benefits and continuous improvements to the business and the surrounding world. This study examines how a management system can become active and how successful sustainability management can be achieved in a technical sales company. This is accomplished through a qualitative study consisting of a literature study and a case study. The literature study resulted in ten key factors that are important for an active management system for sustainability management; favorable culture, management commitment, involved employees, understanding and well-functioning communication, clearness, resources, defined areas of responsibility, business adaptation, consensus on sustainability and integration. The case study that was carried out consisted of an analysis of the current situation based on a questionnaire, a document study, interviews, and a participatory observation as well as a gap analysis that identified proposed actions. The case study was conducted at a technical sales company, Xylem Water Solution Sweden AB (Xylem WSS), that is a part of the corporate group Xylem Inc. The company works with water technology solutions and has a certified quality and environmental management system according to ISO 9001 and ISO 14001. Xylem WSS’s management system is not active according to the definition in this report. The company's management system model has sustainability as a foundation for all activities. This is not being realized since the sustainability work is not well coordinated or prioritized. Based on this, there is a great potential for improvement. For the company to achieve an active management system for sustainability management, the company should work towards the identified key factors, for instance by implementing the proposed actions presented in this report. It is of great importance to have a committed management to create a culture of accountability where the management system and sustainability are prioritized. By improving the communication, it is possible to increase understanding, clarity, consensus, and commitment. Furthermore, increased business adaptation and integration in daily operations, as well as coordination of sustainability work, can improve the outcome of the management system. By adapting strategies and goals that exist on the corporate level to the operation of Xylem WSS, the company can achieve a structured sustainability management. In this situation, sustainability aspects that are specific to Xylem WSS should be identified and influence the outcome.

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Naidoo, Merle. "A situational analysis on the public participation processes in integrated water resources management in the Kat River Valley, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005530.

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Public participation in water management processes is one of the internationally recognised and adopted principles of Integrated Water Resource Management. The South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry aims to facilitate the decentralisation of water management powers to the local community level via the establishment of regional and local water management institutions, namely Catchment Management Agencies, Water User Associations and Catchment Forums. The National Water Act (No. 36 of 1998) acknowledges that the discriminatory laws and practices of the past have prevented equal access to water and the use of water resources. The contribution of water management institutions to social and economic development, in particular poverty eradication and food security, is mentioned in the water act. The participation of poor rural communities living in the Kat valley, an area where an elite minority reap the benefits of water use for agriculture, is the focus of this research. Their participation, perceptions and experiences are documented and explored to determine how the promulgation of post-apartheid water policy and legislation has affected their access to water. The results of this research are based on data collected from several methods including surveys, workshops and observation. Analysis of these data revealed the complicated and stagnant nature of participation from Kat valley rural communities in local water management initiatives and organisations. Existing water management organisations were not successful in stimulating poor people’s participation as they were unable to address their primary concerns, namely a secure source of potable water, employment and access to water for agricultural purposes. This thesis asserts that the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, as the custodian of South Africa’s water resources, has not taken on a supportive, accountable role in assisting marginalised communities with improving their access to water for domestic purposes and securing access to water rights for productive use. This, in turn, has led to dissatisfaction among these communities and a wariness of participatory activities that focus mainly on raising environmental awareness. The establishment of effective accountability relationships among all stakeholders, pro-poor water management structures and initiatives, as well as integrated and co-operative management of natural resources, are needed to revitalise the present participation of poor communities living in rural areas.

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Shuttleworth, Sarah M. "The application of gel-based sampling techniques (DET and DGT) to the measurement of sediment pore-water solutes at high (mm) spatial resolution." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369497.

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Gillenwater, Nia R. "Why Are We Still Listening to this Dead British Guy: An Analysis of Emergency Liquidity Assistance in Germany During the Sovereign Debt Crisis." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/864.

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Germany’s position of power within the European Union disguises how impacted the German economy was by the 2008 Financial Crisis and Europe’s subsequent Sovereign Debt Crisis. Two of Germany’s major banks-Commerzbank and Bayerische Landesbank- suffered major losses and required emergency liquidity assistance (ELA) to survive. Walter Bagehot wrote the theory underpinning lenders of last resort (LLRs) in 1873 but how has the development of systemically important banks affected the usefulness of Bagehot’s theory? This paper aims to explain why Germany is in need of updated LLR recommendations through an analysis of the ELA Germany at large, Commerzbank and Bayerische Landesbank received. It also aims to empirically prove the stigma and public distrust of ELA through a regression of Commerzbank’s daily stock returns using an augmented Fama/French model. I find that Bagehot’s theory and recommendations are out of date for our current global financial sector. I cannot empirically prove any stigma or public distrust of Commerzbank, there is no relationship between Commerzbank stock returns and the augmented Fama/French factors.

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Östlund, Simon. "Många bäckar små, blir det bättre då? : En studie om den småskaliga vattenkraftens för- och nackdelar ur ett miljöperspektiv." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-24466.

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Idag står vi inför flera miljöproblem som exempelvis klimatpåverkan och förlust av biologisk mångfald. Vattenkraften är en förnybar energikälla som kan producera el med låga utsläpp av växthusgaser. Sverige har en lång tradition av att utnyttja vattnet som energikälla och har det senaste århundradet byggt ut en majoritet av de svenska vattendragen med vattenkraftverk. Idag står vattenkraften för nästan hälften av Sveriges elproduktion och bidrar till Sveriges låga utsläpp av växthusgaser. Samtidigt anses vattenkraften påverka den biologiska mångfalden och vattendragen negativt. Av ungefär 2100 kraftverk står de 200 största för över 90 % av elproduktionen. Det finns alltså ett stort antal småskaliga kraftverk som bidrar med en liten del elproduktion samtidigt som de riskerar att påverka vattendragen negativt. Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka om elproduktionen från småskalig vattenkraft är försvarbar sett till dess miljöpåverkan. Studien använde en kvalitativ metod baserad på semi-strukturerade intervjuer med följande intressenter inom småskalig vattenkraft: Svensk Energi, Svensk Vattenkraftförening, Energimyndigheten, Havs- och Vattenmyndigheten, Naturskyddsföreningen, Sportfiskarna samt Älvräddarna. Resultaten visade att småskalig vattenkraft är en billig och etablerad energikälla, den kan bidra med kulturella värden, den är lokalt producerad och konsumerad som kan ge en ökad stabilitet till elnätet samt minska distributionsförluster. Nackdelarna visar att småskalig vattenkraft saknar några av de viktigaste funktionerna som storskalig vattenkraft kan bidra med: reglering av elnätet samt möjlighet att lagra vatten som kan användas vid behov. Vidare kan småskalig vattenkraft anses ha en stor negativ påverkan på vattendragen och den biologiska mångfalden. Potentialen för småskalig vattenkraft kan också anses vara lägre än för övrig förnybar energi samtidigt som utvecklingen går långsammare. Lagstiftning, tillstånd och elcertifikatsystemet har även identifierats som faktorer som inte hjälper situationen för miljön i vattendragen. Behoven av att producera förnybar el från småskalig vattenkraft kan anses vara lägre än behovet av att värna om vattendragen och den biologiska mångfalden för att nå Sveriges miljökvalitetsmål och EU:s vattendirektiv. Det finns utrymme för att minska elproduktionen från småskalig vattenkraft och ändå nå miljöpolitiska mål om förnybar energi och vattenmiljö. Slutsatsen är att elproduktionen från småskalig vattenkraft inte är försvarbar sett till dess miljöpåverkan och att man bör undersöka möjligheten att ta bort de allra minsta kraftverken med störst miljöpåverkan. Det har också framkommit att det saknas ordentliga styrmedel för att främja biologisk mångfald och vattenmiljöer samt att synen på småskalig vattenkraft som miljövänlig bör ifrågasättas.
Today we face many environmental problems such as climate change and biodiversity loss. Hydropower is a renewable energy source that can produce electricity with low greenhouse gas emissions. Sweden has a long tradition of using water as an energy source and has during the past century built hydropower in a majority of the Swedish rivers. Today, hydropower accounts for nearly half of Sweden's electricity production and contributes to Sweden's low greenhouse gas emissions. But hydropower also affects biodiversity and water bodies negatively. Of the approximately 2100 hydropower plants in Sweden, 200 accounts for over 90% of the electricity production. Thus there are a large number of small-scale hydropower plants that contribute to a small portion of the electricity while they are liable to affect streams negative. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether electricity from small-scale hydropower is justifiable in terms of its environmental impact. The study used a qualitative method based on semi-structured interviews with the following stakeholders: Swedenergy, Swedish Hydropower Association, Swedish Energy Agency, Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management, Swedish Society for Nature Conservation, Swedish Anglers’ Association and River Savers Association Sweden. The results showed that small-scale hydropower is a cheap and established energy source, it can also contribute with cultural values, it is locally produced and consumed that can give greater stability to the electricity grid and reduce distribution losses. The disadvantages show that small-scale hydropower lacks some of the key features that large-scale hydropower can provide: the regulation of the electricity grid and the ability to store water that can be used if necessary. Furthermore, small-scale hydropower is considered to have a major negative impact on streams and biodiversity. The potential for small-scale hydropower could also be considered lower than for other renewable energy while developing more slowly. Legislation, permits and electricity certificate system has also been identified as factors that do not help the environmental situation in streams. The need to produce renewable electricity from small-scale hydropower can be considered lower than the need to protect streams and biodiversity to reach Swedish environmental quality objectives and the Water Framework Directive. There is scope for reducing electricity production from small-scale hydropower and still achieve environmental policy objectives on renewable energy and streams and biodiversity. The conclusion is that electricity production from small-scale hydropower cannot be justified in terms of its environmental impact and that there is a need to examine the possibility of removing the smallest hydropower plants with the greatest environmental impact. It is also stressed that there is a lack of proper incentives to promote biodiversity and aquatic environments and that the view of small-scale hydropower as environmentally friendly should be questioned.

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Kempe, Hannes. "Våld, rätt och öde : en läsning av Walter Benjamins Zur Kritik der Gewalt." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för kultur och lärande, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-27764.

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This essay provides an attempt to reflect the notions of violence, right or law and fate in Benjamin’s Zur Kritik der Gewalt, in order to clarify his very dense historical-philosophical reflection on the constitutive relation between violence and law. In contrast to what is most often the case, this essay will not address the notion of divine violence in a direct sense, but mainly focus on Benjamin’s discussion on right and law. The complex of his historical reflection, his attempt to articulate what he calls the “historical function” not only of violence, but also of law, is crucially related to the notion of fate. First and foremost fate is what turns the suspicion of the perniciousness of this historical function into a certainty, actualizing its destruction as something obligatory in terms of divine violence, by deepening the analysis and revealing the fundamental relation between law and violence. By pointing out the function of violence within the sphere of law, Benjamin not only states that violence cannot be thought otherwise than in relation to this sphere, but also that the relation between law and violence has to be thought in terms of the “uncertainty of the legal threat”. The deepest meaning of both the “uncertainty” and “the legal threat” emerges from the “sphere of fate”, and by reflecting this notion this essay will try to outline the legal complex and the meaning of fate in terms of guilt, misfortune and judgement, and how it is constituted with reference to the notion of “bare life” – that is, the marked bearer of guilt. The complexity of the relation between violence and law shows itself in the circumstance that this “bearer” in terms of guilt also becomes the bearer of the relation itself, bearing the validity of law, or more precise, the being in force of law. This also conceptualizes law as a phenomenon of frontiers, in a double sense that will explain the meaning of guilt and fate in terms of infringement, but also the legal relation to violence understood as a line constituting an inside and an outside within the sphere of law itself. And this will also explain why the meaning of justification of violence – significantly related to fate and the phenomenon of this line – never can be understood ethically.

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Lundin, Anders, and David Fransson. "Avluftningsventil på avlopp – är det en energibesparing? : En studie om avluftningsventilens inverkan på fastigheters energiåtgång." Thesis, KTH, Byggvetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-174886.

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Byggnader i Sverige står för en stor del av landets totala energianvändning och det är därför viktigt att man försöker hitta energieffektiviseringar kring detta område. Ibland kan det vara enklare än man tror att komma på billiga energibesparande lösningar. En självklar sak är att termodynamikens andra lag även gäller avlopp. Eftersom avlopp i hus är öppna system, exponerade mot bistra uteklimatet genom hål eller små skorstenar i taket och det kommunala avloppsystemet, så borde det rimligtvis försvinna värmeenergi från huset även där. Man kan tänka sig att det sker kallras på vintern eller ett luftflöde som drar igenom husets avloppssystem. Detta drag borde kyla ner avloppsystemet. Vi kunde konstatera med hjälp av luftflödesmätare att detta drag på grund av skorstenseffekter ofta är riktat så att det kommer in kall luft från det kommunala avloppssystemet och ut igenom avluftningen på taket. Durgo är ett företag som tillverkar avluftningsventiler. Avluftningsventilen fungerar som så att den bara tar in luft när det blir undertryck i avloppet. Därmed kommer det inte ut någon illaluktande luft från avloppet vilket gör att man kan ha avluftningen installerad inomhus exempelvis på en vind. Om man sätter en avluftningsventil istället för att ha en öppen genomföring via taket sätter man stopp för det drag som kommer från kommunens avloppsnät. Därmed blir det minskad avkylning vid kall väderlek i husets avloppsledningar. Avloppsledningar i hus kan ofta vara oisolerade, även om de kan befinna sig i mer eller mindre isolerade utrymmen så kyler de ner konstruktionen och närliggande rum. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att ta reda på om det går att spara energi med en avluftningsventil. Vi bygger en experimentanläggning för att simulera energiåtgången. Experimentanläggningen består av två isolerade tankar, en luftad med avluftningsventil, den andra med öppen skorsten. Sen gör vi två olika typer av experiment där vi mäter temperaturen i tankarna. Första sättet tittar vi på hur snabbt vatten avkyls i två isolerade tankar där ena tanken är ventilerad som om det vore ett traditionellt avluftat avloppssystem och den andra tanken är ventilerad med en avluftningsventil. Andra sättet jämför vi hur mycket energi det går att upprätthålla en viss temperatur i dessa isolerade tankar. På så sätt kan vi enkelt se om det finns skillnader mellan de olika systemen. Vårt förväntade resultat var att man skulle spara energi om man använde sig av en avluftningsventil. Efter att vi gjort våra experiment kunde man se att vår hypotes mycket väl stämde överens med verkligheten. Vårt experiment visar att ju kallare det är utomhus desto större energibesparing gör man med en avluftningsventil. Energibesparingen kan bli runt 13 kWh per meter avloppsrör och år vilket skulle kunna motsvara 1-2 % per år av den totala uppvärmningskostnaden i ett hus beroende på hur många meter man har. I ett flerbostadshus med 84 lägenheter med 45 % effektgrad av värmeåtervinningen från spillvatten blir energisbesparingen ca 10 000 kWh/år då spillvattentemperaturen höjs med en grad. En avluftningsventil är en mycket billig investering och har dessutom flera andra fördelar än att man sparar energi. Dock måste man tillse att den monteras på rätt sätt så den inte läcker ut avloppsgas.
Buildings in Sweden account for a large proportion of the country’s total energy consumption and it is therefore important to try and find energy efficiencies around this area. Sometimes it can be easier than you think to get cheap energy saving solutions. One obvious thing is that the second law of thermodynamics also applies for sewerage. Because the sewage in houses are open systems, exposed to the harsh outdoor climate through holes or small chimneys on the roof and the municipal sewer system, then it should be reasonable that heat energy disappears from the house too. One could imagine that there are cold drafts in the winter or an airflow that pulls through the building's drainage system. This flow should cool down the drains. We could conclude with the aid of an airflow meter that these flows because of the chimney effects often are directed so that cool air flows from the municipal sewage system and out through the vent on the roof. Durgo is a company that manufactures air admittance valves. This valve works so that it only takes in air when under pressure in the sewer system. Thus, it will not print any foul air from the sewer which means that you can have the vent installed indoors, for example in an attic. If you put an air admittance valve instead of having an opening through the roof you put a stop to this airflow. Thus it becomes reduced cooling during cold weather in sewer systems. Drainage pipes in houses are often uninsulated, although they can be in more or less isolated areas and could cool down the construction and nearby rooms. The purpose of this thesis is to find out if it is possible to save energy with an air admittance valve. We built an experimental facility to simulate the energy consumption. The experimental facility consists of two insulated tanks, aerated with an air admittance valve, the other with an open chimney. Then we make two different types of experiments in which we measure the temperature in the tanks. First way, we look at how quickly the water is cooled down in two insulated tanks where one tank is vented as if it were a traditional vented sewer system and the second tank is ventilated with an air admittance valve. Second way, we compare how much energy it is possible to maintain at a certain temperature in the insulated tanks. In this way, we can easily see if there are differences between the various systems. Our expected results were that youwould save energy if you used an air admittance valve. After we made our experiments we could see that our hypothesis very well matched reality. Our experiment shows that the colder it is outside, the greater energy savings you do with an air admittance valve. Energy savings can be around 13 kWh per meter sewer pipe and year, which could equate to 1-2% per year of the total heating cost of a house depending on how many meters you have. In an apartment building with 84 apartments with 45% power level of heat recovery from waste water, the energy saving will be about 10 000 kWh / year because the waste water temperature becomes one degree higher. An air admittance valve is a very cheap investment and it offers several benefits beyond saving energy. However, one must ensure that it is installed properly so it does not leak emission.

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Friberg, Rickard, and Grandin Elsa Hatz. "Sjömärke i sikte. : En studie om det optiska upptäcktsavståndet till flytande sjömärken." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Sjöfartshögskolan (SJÖ), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-65640.

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Vid inrättandet av nya farleder är synbarheten en viktig fråga när det handlar om valet av sjömärke. Idag grundar sig detta val på subjektiva metoder eftersom det inte finns någon forskning kring det optiska upptäcktsavståndet till de sjömärken som används i svenska farvatten. Används ett sjömärke med för kort upptäcktsavstånd äventyras säkerheten, samtidigt som ett för effektivt sjömärke innebär högre kostnader. Syftet var att studien ska ligga till grund för skapandet av objektiva metoder vid utmärkning av farleder genom att undersöka det optiska upptäcktsavståndet till olika flytande sjömärken. En metodologisk triangulering genomfördes i form av en fältstudie ombord på fartyg och ett frågeformulär som besvarades av lotsar. Resultatet från fältstudien visade att bojarna generellt hade ett längre upptäcktsavstånd gentemot lysprickarna. Upptäcktsavståndet varierade beroende på sjömärkets form, höjd, bredd, färg, ögonhöjd, ljusvinkel, samt bakgrunden bakom sjömärket. Resultatet visade även intressanta skillnader och likheter bland lotsarnas svar kring de faktorer som ansågs påverka det optiska upptäcktsavståndet.
For the introduction of new waterways visibility is of importance when choosing the appropriate sea mark. Today the choice of sea mark is very subjective due to the lack of research regarding the visual detection distance of the ones used in Swedish waters. Safety is jeopardised if a sea mark is used with a detection distance that is too short, whereas a more effective sea mark leads to higher costs. The purpose was that the study would help in creating objective methods when marking waterways by investigating the visual detection distance of different floating sea marks. A methodological triangulation was performed in the form of a field study on board a ship, and a questionnaire was answered by pilots. The field study revealed that the buoys generally had a further detection distance compared to the light spar buoys. The detection distance varied according to the sea marks shape, height, width, colour, eye height, light angle and also the background behind the sea mark. The result also showed interesting differences and similarities amongst the pilots’ answers regarding the factors which where perceived to affect the visual detection distance.

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Kovaříková, Vladěna. "Vývoj gelových technik pro in situ měření biodostupných forem kovů v půdách a sedimentech." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233310.

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The doctoral thesis deals with usage of gel techniques for in situ measurement of bioavailable metals in soils and sediments. The DGT technique was applied to soil samples from the localities of Zlín, Tuřany and Chrlice for estimation of bioavailable metals in soils. These soils were amended by sewage sludges in years 1980-1987. The experiment using diffusive gels with different pore size, APA and RG gels, has shown that the DGT can be used for assessment of trace metal soil complexes - small inorganic and larger organic. The results obtained by DGT measurements were approximately up to two orders of magnitude lower than metal concentrations obtained by leaching with sodium nitrate. The leaching with sodium nitrate does not provide true reflection of metal availability to plant root system and soil microorganisms and the DGT technique seems to be a better predictor of metal bioavailability. Only small differences between undisturbed and homogenized soil samples were found out by application of DGT to soil samples from localities of Veverská Bítýška and Ostrovačice. The undisturbed soil is not homogenous and the DGT unit gives information only about the part of the soil which is in direct contact with the unit. The procedure with soil slurry can be recommended for the characterization of large soil areas and estimation of bioavailable metals in soils. Gel techniques were also used for the study of processes occuring in sediments. Mercury species and other metals were analysed in surface water, pore water and sediments collected from two sampling sites in the Dele River in northern France. This river had been polluted during the last century by the activity of Métaleurop factory, which dealt with metal ore treatment. The application of DGT technique using two specific ion-exchange resins, Chelex-100 and Duolite GT-73, provided assessment of mercury in sediment pore water. DGT and DET techniques together with centrifugation provided also high resolution depth profiles of Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cr and Cd in pore water. It is not possible to determine which sampling site was more contaminated. Only small differences in mercury species and metal content were observed between sampling sites. The Dele River can be classified as contaminated river according to total mercury content in sediments and as slightly contaminated river from the point of view of methylmercury content. Correlations between mercury species and sulphide content confirm that total mercury and sulphide content count among factors influencing the mercury release to pore water and controlling processes of methylation and demethylation. Only low toxicity of sediment slurries was found out by the bioluminiscence test with Vibrio fischeri. The results of doctoral thesis demonstrate gel techniques as a very good tool in environmental analysis.

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Garnier, Philippe. "Le Cher, étude hydrologique." Angers, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ANGE0016.

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Le bassin du Cher est constitué de régions aux caractéristiques hydrologiques tranchées dont les besoins en eau diffèrent fortement. Après avoir analysé un certain nombre d'outils autorisant une première approche du fonctionnement de l'hydrosystème, une prospection systématique des formes de l'écoulement fut menée. Cette seconde partie examine plus particulièrement différentes méthodes de prédétermination des crues, ainsi que les sorties d'étiage. Ces analyses ont permis, en troisième partie, l'établissement de bilans hydrologiques autorisant une vision globale des flux. L'objectif, à ce niveau, était de lire les circulations visibles ou occultes et d'estimer les potentialités de chaque région ou pays. Au bout de compte, il s'agit de disposer d'éléments permettant d'apprécier la pertinence du projet de barrage à Chambonchard. Il s'agit aussi de nourrir une réflexion quant au dimensionnement de l'ouvrage.

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Aspvik, Eveline, and Amanda Asker. "Växtbaserad glasstillverkning och dess hållbarhetspåverkan : En studie på det gotländska företaget Gute Glass." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och industriell teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-445394.

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Denna studie har genomförts inom området för industriell teknik och tillhandahåller vidare förslag på en hållbar förbättring för ett svenskt företag som tillverkar glass, Gute Glass, beläget i Visby Gotland. Hållbarhetsutveckling utgör ett fundamentalt område och ligger vidare till grund för arbetet med att ta fram förbättringsförslaget för studien och företaget ifråga, i vilket hållbar utveckling är ett antaget globalt mål som alla länder ska arbeta för och som vidare kan definieras som ”Utveckling som möter nutidens behov utan att riskera möjligheten för kommande generationer att möta sina behov” (Gröndahl och Svanström, 2010, s. 32). Växtbaserade dieter är något som gynnar den hållbara utvecklingen i förhållande till animaliskt baserade dieter och dessa områden samt vilken påverkan de har på miljön ligger till grund för förbättringsförslaget.
This study has been carried out within the field of industrial technology and further provides suggestions for sustainable improvement for a Swedish company that produces ice cream, Gute Glass, located in Visby Gotland. Sustainability development is a fundamental area and also forms the basis for the work of developing the improvement proposal for the study and the company in question, in which sustainable development is an assumed global goal that all countries must work for and which can further be defined as "Development that meets today's needs without risking the opportunity for future generations to meet their needs'' (Gröndahl and Svanström, 2010, p. 32). Plant-based diets are something that benefits the sustainable development in relation to animal-based diets and these areas and the impact they have on the environment is the basis for the improvement proposal.

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Molapo, Pogiso. "Assessment of the perception of employees on the effective administration of performance management in the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) head office." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2007. https://etd.sun.ac.za/jspui/handle/10019/402.

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21

Netzell, Pontus. "SIMULERING AV SPECIFIK ENERGIANVÄNDNING FÖR ETT FIKTIVT ATTEFALLSHUS : En undersökning om ett generellt Attefallshus kan klara det nu gällande BBR-kravet för småhus." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-31959.

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Energy efficiency in the building sector is crucial for many countries in succeeding with the completion of goals regarding energy efficiency. This study has investigated if there are any possible and reasonable solutions for Attefallshus in Sweden to meet the demands of the National Board of Housing regarding energy performance in houses. By building a model and calculating the annual energy usage for a specific Attefallshus, through simulations with the software IDA ICE and general input, an energy audit has been obtained. By comparing the specific energy usage for the studied case with the requirement the conclusion that it is possible for this small building to achieve a low enough energy usage to meet the demand. Solar cells are the key to accomplish the target of a low specific energy usage and by combining this with an effective system for heating it possible to get under the limit. The usage of domestic hot water is a very large part of the building specific energy usage and alone almost reaches the set bounds which is why it is of great importance to carefully design systems and to regain heat with effective ventilation. A large part of the energy usage in Attefallshus is related to the user why awareness and careful usage of energy is a significant factor in reaching a low specific energy usage.

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Sundquist, Pontus. "Vägen från ilska till ansvar: : En översättning om självinsikt och förlåtelse med översättningsteoretisk kommentar." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Tolk- och översättarinstitutet, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-194206.

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Denna kandidatuppsats består av en egen översättning från engelska till svenska av första kapitlet från författaren Jesse Lee Petersons verk From Rage to Responsibility: Black Conservative Jesse Lee Peterson and America Today. Uppsatsen består dessutom av en källtextanalys samt översättningskommentarer som exemplifierar och diskuterar översättarens tillvägagångssätt i att åstadkomma en översättning som uppnår dess syfte. Syftet har primärt varit att överföra källtextinnehållet till måltexten och den djupare förståelse som förmedlas relaterat till ilska, självinsikt, förlåtelse och ansvar, på ett sätt som samtidigt bevarar författarstilen i möjligaste mån. Detta inkluderar en överföring av författarens lättsamma stil och användning av verbala och talspråkliga drag, idiom och kulturreferenser, samt en anpassning av syntax. För att åstadkomma detta har framförallt översättningsteorier och begrepp från Benjamin Walter och Theo Hermans tillämpats under översättningsprocessen och i översättningskommentarerna.
This essay is based on my own translation of the first chapter of author Jesse Lee Peterson’s work From Rage to Responsibility: Black Conservative Jesse Lee Peterson and America Today, in the language pair English to Swedish. The essay also includes a source text analysis, as well as a commentary on my own translation, where the translator’s approach in achieving a target text that accomplishes its aim is discussed and exemplified. The aim has primarily been to transfer the source text’s ideational core to the target text and the deeper understanding that is being conveyed, regarding rage, insight, forgiveness and responsibility, in an equivalent manner which stays faithful to the style of the author, to the extent that is considered possible. This includes the transference of the author’s cultural references, easy going and simple stylistic approach, along with the informal and colloquial language use, as well as a syntactic target language adaptation. To achieve this, the ideas and terms from the translation theorists Benjamin Walter and Theo Hermans have been applied during the translation process and in the commentary.

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Ozgirdas, Romualdas. "Mažos galios hidroelektrinės energetiniai tyrimai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090609_121243-32780.

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Darbe ištirti veikiančios mažos galios hidroelektrinės generatorių parametrai, įvertinant teorinius skaičiavimus ir eksperimentinių tyrimų rezultatus ir jų priklausomybė nuo vandens debito.Turbina paleidžiama įvairiais režimais, tam kad būtų galima sudaryti P; Q, S grafikų priklausomybę nuo vandens tekėjimo debito. Parodymai nuimami, šešis kartus, turbinai dirbant įvairiuose režimuose, kompiuterio pagalba. Parodymai pridėti prieduose. Ištirta turbinos naudingumo koeficiento priklausomybė nuo vandens debito ir jo įtaka P, Q, S parametrams. Pasinaudojus gautais grafikais nustatytas ekonomiškiausias turbinos darbo režimas. Atlikus grafikų analizę galima teigti, kad esant mažam vandens debitui turbinos dirba neekonomiškai. Turbina gali pradėti dirbti tik nuo 5 . Tai parodo, kad turbinos yra parinktos neekonomiškam darbo režimui. Remiantis tyrimo rezultatais siūloma statyti mažesnės galios turbiną. Pateikti ekonominiai skaičiavimai dirbant turbinai, esant mažai vertei yra nuostolinga. Pagrindinis dėmesys atkreiptas į sanitarinį vandens debitą, kuris yra 0,74 . Esant tokiam vandens debitui siūloma statyti atskirą turbiną kuri dirbtų ekonomiškai ištisus metus.
Darbe ištirti veikiančios mažos galios hidroelektrinės generatorių parametrai, įvertinant teorinius skaičiavimus ir eksperimentinių tyrimų rezultatus ir jų priklausomybė nuo vandens debito.Turbina paleidžiama įviriais režimais, tam kad būtų galima sudaryti P; Q, S grafikų priklausomybę nuo vandens tekėjimo debito. Parodymai nuimami, šešis kartus, turbinai dirbant įvairiuose režimuose, kompiuterio pagalba. Parodymai pridėti prieduose. Ištirta turbinos naudingumo koeficiento priklausomybė nuo vandens debito ir jo įtaka P, Q, S parametrams. Pasinaudojus gautais grafikais nustatytas ekonomiškiausias turbinos darbo režimas. Atlikus grafikų analizę galima teigti, kad esant mažam vandens debitui turbinos dirba neekonomiškai. Turbina gali pradėti dirbti tik nuo 5 . Tai parodo, kad turbinos yra parinktos neekonomiškam darbo režimui. Remiantis tyrimo rezultatais siūloma statyti mažesnės galios turbiną. Pateikti ekonominiai skaičiavimai dirbant turbinai, esant mažai vertei yra nuostolinga. Pagrindinis dėmesys atkreiptas į sanitarinį vandeans debitą, kuris yra 0,74 . Esant tokiam vandens debitui siūloma statyti atskirą turbiną kuri dirbtų ekonomiškai ištisus metus.
Магистранскай работе исследованны параметры турбины малой мочносты, имейя виду теоретические расщёты и экспериментальные результаты о также зависимость их от дебета боды. Турбину запускаем разными режимамы, для того чтобы можно было составить график работ P; Q; S; зависимость от дебета боды. Показания снимаем шесть раз при помощи компютера. Показания приложены к дополниением. Исследован коэфициент полезной деятельности , его зависимость от дебета воды, влияния на P; Q; S; параметры. Установлений самый экономический режим. Турбина может работать только от Это показывает, что не правильно падобраны турбины. Предлагаю ставить меньшей мочносты. Представлены расчеты показывает что работа турбин при малой оценки убыточные. Главное внимание обращено на санитарный дебет, который есть Предлагаю поставить турбину на этот режим. Она работала круглый год.

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Dunder, Anna, and Sandra Söderlund. "Senja utforskar vattnets kretslopp : Ett didaktiskt lärandematerial." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Didaktik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-31441.

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Анотація:

Syftet med produktarbetet var att skapa ett didaktiskt lärandematerial bestående av en bilderbok med tillhörande lärarhandledning med inriktning på vattnets kretslopp, för en hållbar utveckling. Det didaktiska lärandematerialet utformades för att stödja och inspirera förskolepersonalen i sin dagliga undervisning tillsammans med barnen i förskolan. Utformningen av det didaktiska lärandematerialet bygger på det som kom fram i besvarandet kring vår frågeställning: Hur kan ett didaktiskt lärandematerial utformas för att hjälpa förskolepersonalen att ge barn i förskolan tidiga erfarenheter om vattnets kretslopp? Frågeställningen besvarades i relation till den tidigare forskningen som gjorts inom samma ämnesområde. En bakgrund inom redan befintlig barnlitteratur och/eller lärandematerial samt våra didaktiska övervägande kring utformning av barnböcker har också bidraget till produktarbetets resultat. Allt material har samlats in via olika infallsvinklar såsom databassökningar och studiebesök. Materialets insamling har dokumenterats med hjälp av minnesanteckningar, fotografering och ljudupptagningar. I produktarbetets resultatavsnitt presenteras vårt didaktiska lärandematerial som kommer i form av en faktabilderbok med tillhörande lärarhandledning. Utifrån den befintliga barnlitteraturen och lärandematerialen saknas det sen tidigare motsvarande didaktiska lärandematerial, därför blir vår slutsats att vår produkt kan fylla en funktion som inget annat material gör just nu.

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Holmes, Tania Natasha. "Contribution of the Participatory Forest Management (PFM) intervention to the socio-economic development in the Southern Cape Forests : a retrospective approach." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19603.

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Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) maintains that its people-centred Participatory Forest Management (PFM) program contributes to rural poverty eradication through provision of employment, skills training and sharing of benefits of sustainable forest management. It also asserts that local people in the forested parts of South Africa interactively participate in designing systems and institutions that shape forest resources use and management and hence influence their livelihood strategies. Furthermore, the department asserts that the PFM program has taken off exceptionally well in the Southern Cape Forests than anywhere else in South Africa. This means that local people that inhabit the margins of the Southern Cape Forests benefit from the management of these forests. Consequently, this study set out to investigate the socio-economic contribution of the PFM intervention to the two forest-dwelling communities of Diepwalle and Covie within the Southern Cape Forests. The investigation employed an outcome based evaluation approach and was summative in nature. Data were gathered by conducting a 100% survey of the two communities and also through a workshop. Informal interactions and discussions as well as visual observations were used to verify data as the purpose of the study was to present an unbiased, multi-voiced account of the socio-economic contributions of the PFM intervention to the Diepwalle and Covie communities. The results of this research show that the outcomes of the PFM intervention have not been met in the two communities. It was found that the vast majority of the households in the two communities were not aware at the time of this study of the PFM program. There were at the time of the study no PFM-based incentives for local communities to actively participate in the sustainable use and management of the indigenous forests in the vicinity of Diepwalle and Covie. Almost all the householders in the two communities stressed that they do not benefit from the management of the indigenous forests. The existing management approach followed in the Southern Cape Forests does not appear to have more socio-economic and environmental gains than the conventional approach which excludes local people from the planning, designing, implementation and evaluation of institutions and systems which affect their physical environment. The study recommends, among others, regular evaluation of the PFM program to fast track its successful implementation and to ensure that the National Forests Act of 1998 that establishes PFM is fully implemented to realize the socio-economic benefits of forest conservation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Volgens die Departement Waterwese en Bosbou (DWB) dra die Mensgesentreerde Deelnemende Bosbestuursprogram (Participatory Forest Management of PFM) by tot die uitwissing van armoede op die platteland deur werkverskaffing, vaardigheidsopleiding en die deel in voordele van volhoubare bosbestuur. Die DWB beweer dat inwoners van die woudgebiede van Suid-Afrika deelneem aan die ontwerp van stelsels en instellings wat die gebruik en bestuur van woudhulpbronne vorm en daarom hulle broodwinningstrategieë beïnvloed. Verder voer die DWB aan dat die PFM-program aansienlik beter in die Suid-Kaapse Woude weggespring het as op enige ander plek in Suid-Afrika. Dit beteken dat plaaslike mense wat in buitewyke van die Suid-Kaapse Woude woon, voordeel trek uit die bestuur van die woude. Hierdie studie is onderneem om die sosio-ekonomiese bydrae van die PFM-intervensie tot twee woudgemeenskappe, Diepwalle en Covie, in die Suid-Kaapse Woude te ondersoek. Die ondersoek het 'n uitkomsgebaseerde evaluasiebenadering gevolg en was summatief van aard. Gegewens is deur 'n 100%-opname van die gemeenskappe en tydens 'n werkswinkel versamel. Informele interaksies en besprekings asook visuele waarnemings is gebruik om gegewens te verifieer, omdat die doel van die studie was om 'n onbevooroordeelde, veelstemmige verslag van die sosio-ekonomiese bydraes van die PFM-intervensie tot bogenoemde gemeenskappe daar te stel. Die navorsingsresultate toon dat die uitkomste van die PFM-intervensie nie in die twee gemeenskappe bereik is nie. Die oorgrote meerderheid huishoudings was ten tye van die studie onbewus van die program en daar was geen PFM-gebaseerde aansporings vir plaaslike gemeenskappe om aktief aan die volhoubare gebruik en bestuur van die inheemse woude in die Diepwalle- en Covie-omgewing deel te neem nie. Bykans al die huishouers het benadruk dat hulle geen voordeel uit die bestuur van die inheemse woude trek nie. Geen getuienis is gevind wat bevestig dat bekwaamhede bevorder is as gevolg van die PFM-program nie. Alle deelnemers ontken vaardigheidsontwikkeling wat deur die PFM geinisieer is. Dit blyk dat die bestaande bestuursbenadering wat in die Suid-Kaapse Woude gevolg word, nie meer sosio-ekonomiese en omgewingsvoordele lewer nie as die konvensionele benadering wat plaaslike mense uitsluit van die beplanning, ontwerp, implementering en evaluasie van instellings en stelsels wat hulle fisiese omgewing beïnvloed. Die studie beveel onder andere gereelde evaluasie van die PFM-program aan om die suksesvolle implementering daarvan te bespoedig en te verseker dat die Wet op Nasionale Woude van 1998 volledig geïmplementeer word sodat die sosio-ekonomiese voordele van woudbewaring kan realiseer.

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Shajari, Sadegh. "Hydrologie et aménagement : aménagement trans-bassin en Iran ; optimisation de la gestion des ressources en eau." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1988. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00743948.

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L'analyse des donnees climatiques montre qu'en Iran pays semi aride, des constrastes importants existent entre régions abondament arrosées et régions désertiques. La répartition temporelle des précipitations est très irreguliére. Compte tenu des conditions géologiques et hydrogéologiques observées sur les deux versants de la chaine du Zagros, les bilans des ressources en eau superficielles et souterraines amènent a définir les ouvrages nécessaires à leur régularisation et à préconiser des aménagements de transfert des eaux. Une critique de l'un des aménagements deja réalisès fait apparaitre les améliorations à apporter dans l'avenir. Les conséquences des crues et des aménagements sur l'environnement sont analysées de façon statistique et dynamique. Un programme d'équipement hydro-electrique est proposé. Le bilan énergétique et financier des réalisations préconiéees est proposé et replace dans le cadre de la politique de l'eau en Iran et de l'économie générale du pays.

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Le, Meillour Françoise. "Etude expérimentale et numérique de la contribution des eaux de surface et de subsurface à la formation des crues : conséquences sur l'hydrogramme d'un bassin versant (application au Real Collobrier)." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00694046.

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L'objectif de ce travail est une conlribution à l'analyse des processus de formation des crues sur un bassin méditerranéen à l'occasion des épisodes pluvieux. Nous avons essayé de comprendre les caractéristiques hydrologiques d'un bassin par une démarche mécaniste. Pour cela, nous avons étudié la part, dans le débit de la rivière pendant les crues, du débit provenant d'un écou!ement soit par ruissellement généralisé, soit souterrain ou de subsurface, soit sur zones saturées contributives. Le bassin versant a été schématisé comme la succession de deux unités hydrologiques: le versant et le réseau hydrographique. Ainsi, la première partie de ce mémoire est consacrée à l'analyse mécaniste des apports à la riuvière à l'échelle du versant. Pour chaque processus, une étude expérimentale a été menée afin d'étudier les lois qui régissent ces écoulement. Nous avons montré. que les écoulements en surface ne suivent pas une loi d'écoulement plan turbulent Les écoulements en litière, immédiatement sous la surface du sol, suivent une loi de Manning. Enfin, les écoulements de subsurface suivent une lol de Darcy. A l'échelle du versant, la modélisation des écoulements avec les lois mesurées ne les entretient jamais assez longtemps pour expliquer les hydrogrammes de bassin. La seconde partie de ce mémoire consiste en une modélisation à l'échelle du bassin des écoulements dans le cas des trois processus de formation des crues. Cette modélisation a cherché à reproduire les hydrogrammes du bassin. On montre que lorsque le bassin est sec, les écoulements proviennent principalement du ruissellement généralisé. Lorsque le bassin est plus humide, les pluies mettent d'abord en activité des écoulements souterrains et de subsurface, puis si les pluies sont importantes, le mécanisme d'écoulement sur surfaces saturées contributives devient prépondérant

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28

Taha, Ammar. "Etude expérimentale et numérique de la contribution des eaux infiltrées à la formation des débits des crues en zone méditerranéenne : application à un versant du Real Collobrier." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10052.

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L'objectif de ce travail est de contribuer a la comprehension du fonctionnement hydrologique d'un bassin versant mediterraneen, notamment a l'occasion de ses crues. Il est compose d'un premier volet experimental destine a l'observation du comportement des eaux souterraines. Ce volet inclut des mesures de pression de l'eau dans le sol et de niveaux des nappes (fugitives ou perennes) sous un versant (ligne de plus grande pente perpendiculaire a la riviere), et une analyse approfondie des sols du versant: granulometries, conductivites hydrauliques in situ mesurees a l'aide de differents appareillages, mesures de la retention en eau des sols etc. Les proprietes hydrodynamiques des sols en place sont egalement decrites. Utilisant cette description hydrodynamique, on tente ensuite de modeliser le comportement du versant lorsqu'il est soumis a la pluie. La modelisation cherche a reproduire les infiltrations et les mouvements de nappes observes. Pour ce faire on developpe un modele d'infiltration et de montee de nappe dans une zone inclinee d'un sol multicouche. Pour resoudre l'equation de richards differentes methodes ont ete developpees. La meilleure, dans notre travail, s'avere etre celle qui utilise les differences finies avec un procede iteratif des directions alternees. Les resultats de la modelisation confirment qu'en cas de pluies importantes, une nappe peut s'elever relativement rapidement a proximite de la riviere et l'alimenter. Toutefois, les forts debits ne peuvent s'expliquer que par la saturation de l'ensemble du profil du sol qui engendre la montee de ces nappes et par les ecoulements de surface que ces aires saturees entrainent

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29

Templeman, Sally Jane. "Cooks, cooking, and food on the early modern stage." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/9824.

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This project aims to take the investigation of food in early modern drama, in itself a relatively new field, in a new direction. It does this by shifting the critical focus from food-based metaphors to food-based properties and food-producing cook characters. This shift reveals exciting, unexpected, and hitherto unnoticed contexts. In The Taming of the Shrew and Titus Andronicus, which were written during William Shakespeare’s inn-yard playhouse period, the playwright exploits these exceptionally aromatic venues in order to trigger site-specific responses to food-based scenes in these plays. Ben Jonson’s Bartholomew Fair brings fair-appropriate gingerbread properties onstage. When we look beneath the surface of this food effect to its bread and wine ingredients, however, it reveals a subtext that satirizes the theory of transubstantiation. Jonson expands on this theme by using Ursula’s cooking fire (a property staged in Jonson’s representation of Smithfield’s Bartholomew Fair) to engage with the prison narrative of Anne Askew, who was burned to death in front of Bartholomew Priory on the historic Smithfield for denying the doctrine of transubstantiation. This thesis also investigates water, which, for early moderns, was a complex and quasi-mystical liquid: it was a primary element, it washed sin from the world during the Great Flood, it was a marker of status, it was a medicine, and it was a cookery ingredient. Christopher Marlowe not only uses dirty water to humiliate his doomed monarch in Edward II, but he also uses it to apportion blame to the king for his own downfall. In Timon of Athens, Shakespeare draws on the theory of the elements to cast Timon as a man of water, who, Jesus-like, breaks up and divides (or splashes around) his body at his “last” supper. Fully-fledged cook characters were a relative rarity on the early modern stage. This project looks at two exceptions: Furnace in Philip Massinger’s A New Way to Pay Old Debts and the unnamed master cook in John Fletcher’s The Tragedy of Rollo, Duke of Normandy. Both playwrights use their respective gastronomic geniuses to demonstrate the danger that lower-order expertise poses to the upper classes when society is in flux. Finally, this project demonstrates that a link existed between ornate domestic food effects and alchemy. It shows how Philip Massinger’s The Great Duke of Florence and Thomas Middleton’s Women, Beware Women use food properties associated with alchemy to satirize notions of perfection in their play-worlds.

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af, Malmborg Solith. "Research: ROTHKO : - ett arbete om att lära känna sig själv genom någon annan." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Malmstens Linköpings universitet, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-146095.

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This thesis project examines both inner and outer circumstances of knowledge in an attempt to emphasize the importance of personal reflection. I search for answers on how to communicate feelings through colour and form by studying Mark Rothko and the abstract expressionism. A personal reflection is made parallelly to expand my own understanding of the subject and my own role in relation to it. I also explore painting as amethod of deepening my understanding of Rothko. Mark Rothko is both subject of study and tutor as I give myself the task of translating his art into my own design. The result offers thoughts and ideas on the significance of the work of hand, the use of colour and the meaning of intention, which I claim are important aspects when aiming for emotional results. However I also reflect upon the fact that the communication remains individual and that it is therefore problematic to confirm success in this matter.
Detta är ett undersökande arbete som vänder sig både inåt och utåt. Det är en djupdykning i Mark Rothkos konstnärskap som sker parallellt med en personlig reflektion. Inledningsvis handlar det om att arbeta i gränslandet mellan konst och design och hurdet kan se ut. I förlängningen handlar det om hur den konstnärliga historien kan fungera som inspiratör och vägledare för innebörd och uttryck i formgivningen. Genom att studera den abstrakta expressionismen och Mark Rothko söker jag svar på hur känslomässig kommunikation kan ske genom färg och form. Förutom litterär research utför jag också en praktiskt undersökning där jag använder måleriet som en metod för att förstå mitt studieobjekt; Mark Rothko. Målet är att översätta Mark Rothkos konst till min design. Det handlar om att studera, internalisera och applicera. Resultatet bjuder in till en diskussion om handlagets, färgens och intentionens betydelse för formgivningen, där jag hävdar att dessa aspekter är viktiga för ett emotionellt berörande resultat, men att kommunikationen förblir individuell.

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31

Kinuthia, Wanyee. "“Accumulation by Dispossession” by the Global Extractive Industry: The Case of Canada." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30170.

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This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.

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32

Ping, Sheng-Jia, and 馮勝嘉. "Water waves induced by gradually width-varied channel for constant dept." Thesis, 1990. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18246410869841664126.

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Correia, Ricardo Emanuel Sarmento. "Behavioural water resource economics: behavioural applications to the residential water sector." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/11509.

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Анотація:

JEL Classification: D03, D12, D63, Q25.
Water is a natural resource whose scarcity is very likely to rise in the future (Griffin, 2006), in spite of recent breakthroughs regarding the promotion of economic instruments (European Commission, 2007) and governance principles (OECD, 2015), as well as the declaration of water and sanitation as human rights since 2010 (Albuquerque and Roaf, 2012). Behavioural economics has been on the agenda of European Union policies (Van Bavel et al., 2013), however there is no bridge linking these two fields. This thesis focuses on this unexplored relationship, suggesting behavioural water resource economics. Firstly, after the general introduction on chapter 1, a literature review is conducted on chapter 2 where four seminal ideas of behavioural economic applications to water management are identified: reference block pricing, asymmetric elasticities, reference transaction, and social comparison using reference consumption. Chapter 3 contributes to a profile of Portuguese residential water consumers, especially focused on consumer perceptions. Consumers appear to exhibit some misperceptions and low awareness of average price and monthly water consumption, although they exhibit high awareness of their bill. Chapter 4 continues to explore the effects of consumer perceptions, in this case, on the decision to adopt outdoor and indoor water-saving behaviours, as well as new extensions to modern billing standards, such as direct debit payment and electronic billing. The findings of chapter 3 lead to the study of factors influencing the consumer’s probability to have reference points (for the average water price, monthly water consumption and bill). Overall, the behavioural findings suggest that price (un)fairness plays a role on water choices. Moreover, results show a perceived price fairness (PPF) effect that affects the reference point about water price, a novelty in the literature. Additionally, the factors driving the decision to prefer to drink tap water are analysed. Consumer perception about price fairness seem to influence this choice. These last evidences lead to the development of a conceptual framework to systematically measure PPF, as a global index, on chapter 5. This study proposes a conceptual model and variables to measure the determinants of PPF: price clarity, distributive fairness, consistent behaviour, price reliability, price honesty, respect and regard for the partner and fair dealing. Chapter 6 presents a new discrete/continuous model for consumer choice with reference-dependent preferences. The main theoretical results are based on three scenarios of reference points. In the case where the first block is a reference point,consumers in the second block will suffer a loss effect which will decrease their consumption. When the second block is the reference, the first-block consumers will increase their consumptions influenced by a gain effect. In the last case, when the reference is the average price, "bunching" will occur around the point where block shifts happen. Finally, chapter 7 discusses the main contributions. Overall, these contributions may be helpful to reshape water management and consequently water policies, through the use of behavioural findings. This work advocates a holistic approach of neoclassical and behavioural theories and further avenues to promote sustainable water consumption are proposed.
A água é um recurso natural que se encontra sobre risco de escassez no futuro (Griffin, 2006), apesar dos avanços recentes quer na promoção do uso de instrumentos económicos (European Commission, 2007) e de princípios de governance (OECD, 2015), bem como na declaração da água e do saneamento como direitos humanos desde 2010 (Albuquerque and Roaf, 2012). A economia comportamental tem sido tema central na agenda política da União Europeia (Van Bavel et al., 2013), contudo não existe nenhuma ponte que unifique estas áreas. Esta tese centra-se nesta relação inexplorada sugerindo a economia comportamental aplicada aos recursos hídricos. Em primeiro lugar, após a introdução geral do capítulo 1, é realizada uma revisão da literatura no capítulo 2 e são identificadas quatro ideias seminais de aplicações económicas comportamentais na gestão dos recursos hídricos: bloco tarifário de referência, elasticidades assimétricas, transação de referência, e comparação social usando um consumo de referência. O capítulo 3 contribui para definir um perfil dos consumidores domésticos portugueses de água, especialmente sobre as suas perceções. No geral, conclui-se que os consumidores apresentam algumas perceções que divergem da realidade, tendo reduzido nível de conhecimento sobre o preço médio e o consumo mensal de água percebidos. No entanto, apresentam um elevado nível de conhecimento da sua conta de água mensal (CAM). O capítulo 4 continua a explorar os efeitos da perceção do consumidor, neste caso, na adoção de comportamentos de poupança de água em usos exteriores e interiores, bem como novas extensões aos hábitos modernos de pagamento, tais como a utilização de débito direto e de fatura eletrónica. Adicionalmente, os fatores que determinam a decisão de beber preferencialmente água da torneira são analisados, sendo que a perceção sobre o preço ser justo parece influenciar moderadamente a escolha de beber água da torneira. As evidências do capítulo 3 fomentaram a análise dos fatores que influenciam a probabilidade do consumidor ter ou não pontos de referência (i.e., preço médio de água, consumo de água mensal e CAM percebidos). As evidências comportamentais sugerem que a (in)justiça de preço percebida afeta os comportamentos analisados, bem como a existência de um efeito de justiça de preço percecionada (JPP) que afeta o ponto de referência relativo ao preço da água e constitui uma novidade na literatura. Estas últimas evidências incentivaram o desenvolvimento de um quadro conceptual para medir sistematicamente a JPP, sob a forma de um índice global, de acordo com o capítulo 5. Este estudo propõe um modelo conceptual de JPP e variáveis para medir os seus determinantes, nomeadamente: clareza do preço, justiça distributiva, comportamento consistente, credibilidade do preço, honestidade do preço, respeito e consideração pela contraparte e tratamento justo. O capítulo 6 apresenta um novo modelo de escolha discreta/contínua com preferências baseadas em referências. Os principais resultados teóricos são baseados em três cenários de pontos de referência. No caso do primeiro bloco como ponto de referência, os consumidores no segundo bloco sofrem um efeito de perda que os fará diminuir os seus consumos. Quando o segundo bloco é a referência, os consumidores do primeiro bloco irão aumentar o seu consumo devido a um efeito de ganho. No último caso, quando a referência é o preço médio baseada nos dois blocos anteriores irá ocorrer uma situação de "concentração" em torno do ponto onde as mudanças de bloco ocorrem. Finalmente, o capítulo 7 resume as principais contribuições. Esta tese constitui um contributo que poderá ser útil para reformular a gestão dos recursos hídricos, e consequentemente, as políticas públicas de água, através da utilização de evidências comportamentais. Este trabalho advoga uma abordagem holística das teorias neoclássica e comportamental e propõe novas direções de investigação para promover o consumo sustentável da água.
The author acknowledges financial support from FCT Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Science and Technology Foundation), projects PTDC/EGEECO/114477/2009 and PEst-OE/EGE/UI0315/2011. He also acknowledges the individual scholarship, SFRH/BD/77809/2011 scholarship from FCT.

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34

Thobejane, Matsebe Jerry. "Evaluation of the role of stakeholders in the development of the Water Resource Classification System policy." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/11016.

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M.A. (Public Management and Governance)
“Water will be the scarce resources in the 21st century.” This vision was brought to the South African Government’s attention after the Water Research Commission (WRC) conducted extensive research as illustrated in the WRC’s Annual report for 2007/8. According to the WRC, the research aimed to enlighten decision and policy makers to take precautionary measures that will help guarantee that water resources are “protected, used, developed, conserved, and managed in a sustainable manner”. Hence, the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) has started developing the Water Resource Classification System to mitigate the anticipated challenge envisioned. Among others, the WRC’s findings guided the development of this policy. On the other hand, the South African Constitution, 1996 states that, “people have the right to environment which is not harmful to the citizen”. Other legislation, such as the National Environmental Management Act (1998), the National Water Act, 1998 and the Water Services Act, 1997 echoed the same sentiment. The National Water Act, 1998 served as basis for a National Water Resources Strategy as a framework to guide the entire Water Resource Classification System policy process (Chapter 2: Part 1 of the National Water Act, 1998. Section 195 (e) of the South African Constitution, 1996, highlights that “people’s needs must be responded to, and the public must be encouraged to participate in the policy making”. Thus, the role of stakeholder participation in the DWAF Water Resource Classification System (WRCS) was chosen as a topic for investigation to inform policy makers as well as to identify policy defects. The research project aimed to evaluate the level of stakeholder participation in developing policy, as well as identifying and assessing the nature, influence and levels of their participation. It was established that broad stakeholder participation was a critical success factor during this policy development process. However, the WRCS was finalised based only on the information gathered from a few stakeholders. It should be noted that when water classification was undertaken the environmental issues were considered in such a way that the classification process does not in one way or another compromise the environment in general and is not detrimental to ecosystems in particular. According to the National Water Act, 1998, water is classified in three categories, namely minimally, moderately and heavily. In other countries water is treated as just another natural resource, but in South Africa water is treated as government’s scarce resource. This study investigated the importance of stakeholder participation as a key to policy development in a democratic state and concluded that better participation would have enhanced citizen ownership and shaping the policy concerned.

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35

Maila, Hudson Moloto. "Performance management and service delivery in the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF)." Diss., 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2220.

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The challenge of satisfying the demand for basic services in the current dispensation has intensified. It is anticipated that once this initial challenge has been overcome, the tide will turn and secondary services such as transfer of ownership of forestry plantations will become the new challenge. The quest for efficient and effective service delivery is paramount, regardless of whether services delivered are basic or not. This research investigation puts performance management (which focuses on individual and organisational performance), as a necessity for service delivery. The focus was on service delivery within the Chief Directorate: Forestry in the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. The findings demonstrated that the presence of performance management and other supporting systems does not guarantee automatic improvement in service delivery. The distinction is how effective an organisation can apply performance management in conjunction with a complete set of functional policies, systems and instruments to improve its impact on service delivery.
Public Administation
M.Tech. (Public Management)

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36

Bell, Nadene Joy. "A needs assessment for an employee assistance programme (EAP) for the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry in the Northern Province." Diss., 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/946.

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The aim of the study is to design a needs assessment data collection instrument; administer it to a representative sample of employees in the department; and to analyze the findings in order to make recommendations regarding the design of an Employee Assistance Programme (EAP) for the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) in the Northern Province. The literature review concentrates on the design and application of needs assessments for EAPs. A data collection instrument, the SAGENA was designed, piloted and then trans,ated into the major languages spoken by DWAF employees in the region, and content is given. Out of the total population of 7,381 employees, a stratified, random sample of DWAF employees was selected for the study. A total of 550 employees completed the questionnaire, which represented a 7,45% sample with a 93% response rate. The findings showed that 97% of employees felt that an EAP would have a positive impact on their well-being and work performance. The majority said they would use counselling for themselves (71%) as well as for referring colleagues and subordinates (67%). The most prevalent problems (financial problems, retrenchment, retiring and HIV fears etc.) and least prevalent problems of employees are reported in the study as well as employees' preferences for various forms of EAP services. Finally recommendations are made regarding the design of an EAP for DWAF: Northern Province.
Social Work
M.A.(Socal Science)

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