Статті в журналах: "WASTEWATER ISSUES"

1

Reichardt, Rick. "REGULATORY ISSUES WITH DAIRY WASTEWATER." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2001, no. 3 (January 1, 2001): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864701785019272.

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2

Klaucans, Elvis, and Karlis Sams. "Problems with Fat, Oil, and Grease (FOG) in Food Industry Wastewaters and Recovered FOG Recycling Methods Using Anaerobic Co-Digestion: A Short Review." Key Engineering Materials 762 (February 2018): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.762.61.

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Food production industry is the main producer of wastewaters with high fat, oil, and grease (FOG) content. FOG waste can be recovered from the wastewater stream by using physicochemical methods and reused considering their high methane potential. Popular method of FOG reuse is anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD) with wastewater treatment sludge and scum from the primary wastewater sedimentation tanks. This short review focuses on understanding the efficiency of FOG reuse possibilities by AcoD and takes a closer look at problems connected to degradation issues, gives an understanding on microbial changes during FOG degradation, and reviews enzymes involved in the degradation process.

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3

Jacangelo, J. G., and R. R. Trussell. "International report: water and wastewater disinfection - trends, issues and practices." Water Supply 2, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0097.

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The prevention of waterborne diseases since the early part of this century can be attributed, in great part, to routine disinfection of water and wastewater. Issues surrounding disinfection differ from country to country. The objective of this paper is to provide an international report on water and wastewater disinfection practices. A background and history of disinfection is presented, followed by a discussion of microorganisms of concern in water and wastewater, disinfection practices, and issues and developments in specific countries. Additionally, selected similarities and differences between water and wastewater disinfection practices will be discussed. The information presented is based, in part, on the national reports on disinfection of water and wastewater that were submitted by 22 countries (Table 1); other information cited was obtained from the literature.

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4

Zhao, Shou Gang, Na Li, and Bojin Hao. "Sustainable Wastewater Reuse Technique for Irrigation." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 2419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.2419.

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Wastewater reuse has drawn increasing attention worldwide as an integral part of water resource management due to increasing scarcity of freshwater resources and growing environmental awareness. At present, wastewater was mainly applied in agriculture irrigation in many countries. But wastewater reuse also will bring with a series of issues, such as environmental impacts and human being health risk. How to ensure sustainable wastewater reuse for irrigation is a very important issue. The essay analysed technique support and management strategy of sustainable wastewater reuse for irrigation.

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5

Rueda Márquez, Juan, Irina Levchuk, and Mika Sillanpää. "Application of Catalytic Wet Peroxide Oxidation for Industrial and Urban Wastewater Treatment: A Review." Catalysts 8, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8120673.

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Catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) is emerging as an advanced oxidation process (AOP) of significant promise, which is mainly due to its efficiency for the decomposition of recalcitrant organic compounds in industrial and urban wastewaters and relatively low operating costs. In current study, we have systemised and critically discussed the feasibility of CWPO for industrial and urban wastewater treatment. More specifically, types of catalysts the effect of pH, temperature, and hydrogen peroxide concentrations on the efficiency of CWPO were taken into consideration. The operating and maintenance costs of CWPO applied to wastewater treatment and toxicity assessment were also discussed. Knowledge gaps were identified and summarised. The main conclusions of this work are: (i) catalyst leaching and deactivation is one of the main problematic issues; (ii) majority of studies were performed in semi-batch and batch reactors, while continuous fixed bed reactors were not extensively studied for treatment of real wastewaters; (iii) toxicity of wastewaters treated by CWPO is of key importance for possible application, however it was not studied thoroughly; and, (iv) CWPO can be regarded as economically viable for wastewater treatment, especially when conducted at ambient temperature and natural pH of wastewater.

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6

Zaffaroni, C., G. Daigger, P. Nicol, and T. W. Lee. "Wastewater treatment challenges faced by the petrochemical and refinery industry, and opportunities for water reuse." Water Practice and Technology 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 104–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2016.012.

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Industrial wastewater differs from municipal wastewater. The limits for treated effluent discharge and targets for re-use are typically the same, and derived from the best available technology for municipal wastewater treatment. The main treatment unitary processes are also the same; although proper adaptation to specific, different, industrial wastewater streams is needed. This paper provides some examples of the challenges presented by specific wastewater sources (high total dissolved solids, high temperature, spent caustic, etc.), lack of previous similar experience – e.g., using membrane bioreactors for refinery wastewaters, and/or absorption chillers, and plate and frame heat exchangers) or to legislation protecting sensitive environments (limits on total nitrogen or soluble metals). The methods by which these were faced and overcome to achieve treatment and/or re-use standards are described. General water cycle optimization issues around industrial facilities with appropriate use of existing wastewater treatment units are also discussed, as well as selecting between treated municipal and industrial effluents as sources for water re-use.

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7

Bazza, M. "Wastewater recycling and reuse in the Near East Region: experience and issues." Water Supply 3, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0044.

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Wastewater in most countries of the Near East Region (NER) is being more and more recognized as of vital importance to be treated and made safe for reuse. It contributes considerably to the water budget in several countries, particularly those suffering from water scarcity. Treated wastewater is used directly in irrigation of farms or landscape green areas. Limited indirect use includes recharge of groundwater aquifers to control over-draft and salt intrusion in coastal areas. A large share of wastewater is still not treated and part of it is used in an uncontrolled manner, including for the production of uncooked food crops the consumption of which poses health risks. Expansion of treated wastewater reuse in the region is linked to a number of issues and constraints. The high cost of treatment and management of reclaimed wastewater is one of the major limitations facing the week economy of most countries. Unclear polices, institutional conflicts and lack of regulatory frameworks constitute other important constraints that hinder implementation and proper operation of wastewater reuse projects. The manpower capacity is at varying levels between countries, but additional training and capacity strengthening are generally needed throughout the region. This paper gives an overview of the existing practices of wastewater reuse in the NER and of the constraints facing it. It concludes with recommendations and policy options that are likely to lift these constraints and to make a better use of the wastewater potential.

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8

Ahmad, Imran, Norhayati Abdullah, I. Koji, A. Yuzir, and S. E. Mohamad. "Potential of Microalgae in Bioremediation of Wastewater." Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 16, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): 413–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.16.2.10616.413-429.

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The increase in global pollution, industrialization and fast economic progress are considered to inflict serious consequences to the quality and availability of water throughout the world. Wastewater is generated from three major sources, i.e. industrial, agricultural, and municipal which contain pollutants, such as: xenobiotics, microplastics, heavy metals and augmented by high amount of carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen compounds. Wastewater treatment is one of the most pressing issues since it cannot be achieved by any specific technology because of the varying nature and concentrations of pollutants and efficiency of the treatment technologies. The degradation capacity of these conventional treatment technologies is limited, especially regarding heavy metals, nutrients, and xenobiotics, steering the researchers to bioremediation using microalgae (Phycoremediation). Bioremediation can be defined as use of microalgae for removal or biotransformation of pollutants and CO2 from wastewater with concomitant biomass production. However, the usage of wastewaters for the bulk cultivation of microalgae is advantageous for reducing carbon, nutrients cost, minimizing the consumption of freshwater, nitrogen, phosphorus recovery, and removal of other pollutants from wastewater and producing sufficient biomass for value addition for either biofuels or other value-added compounds. Several types of microalgae like Chlorella and Dunaliella have proved their applicability in the treatment of wastewaters. The bottlenecks concerning the microalgal wastewater bioremediation need to be identified and elucidated to proceed in bioremediation using microalgae. This objective of this paper is to provide an insight about the treatment of different wastewaters using microalgae and microalgal potential in the treatment of wastewaters containing heavy metals and emerging contaminants, with the specialized cultivation systems. This review also summarizes the end use applications of microalgal biomass which makes the bioremediation aspect more environmentally sustainable. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

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9

Bandara, N. J. G. J. "Water and wastewater related issues in Sri Lanka." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 12 (June 1, 2003): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0661.

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The primary problems concerning water resources in Sri Lanka are the depletion and degradation of the resource caused by various anthropogenic activities. Surface inland waters in urban areas are polluted heavily with domestic sewage and industrial effluents, and in rural areas with agricultural runoff. With regard to ground water in certain areas of the dry zone, there is a high fluoride content and in hard, rocky, alluvial areas, there is a high concentration of iron. In urban over-crowded cities, there is biological contamination of ground water. Over-utilization, particularly through tube wells, is another major problem affecting ground water resources in Sri Lanka. Oil spills, dumping of waste from ships, coral and sand mining, and industrial activities are the main causes of marine pollution in the country. Except for pipe-borne water supply, irrigation and hydropower schemes, in general water resources in Sri Lanka are managed very poorly. Regulations are available to control most water related problems but enforcement of these regulations is lacking. The ultimate result of degradation and depletion of water resources is the increasing health hazards. Water-borne and vector-borne diseases are prevalent, particularly amongst urban low-income communities with poor sanitary facilities and drainage. Despite government initiatives and legislation, very slow progress has been made towards combating water pollution. This paper examines the most significant water and wastewater related issues in Sri Lanka and their controlling mechanisms.

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10

Schafer, Perry, and Craig Lekven. "Co-Digestion Issues That Wastewater Agencies are Facing." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2008, no. 9 (January 1, 2008): 6776–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864708790893693.

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11

Kyncl, M., and S. Drabinová. "The impact of Covid-19 pandemic on water supplies and wastewater sewer system." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 900, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/900/1/012021.

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Abstract Besides other issues, the global pandemic caused by SARS CoV-2 also brought a number of water management questions which mainly concern the likelihood of virus spread through drinking water and possible contamination of wastewater. This paper reviews principal data on the virus and the recent course of the pandemics. It shows that there is no risk of the virus spread through drinking water and that drinking water disinfection is sufficiently effective. On the contrary, wastewater was observed for SARS CoV-2 RNA particles. As a result, a number of papers deal with research in the observation of the virus in wastewater, which may become an early-warning tool before an epidemic develops. The monitoring of the virus in wastewaters may also enable researchers to predict the course of Covid-19 illness rates in the future.

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12

Ukita, M., and P. Prasertsan. "Present state of food and feed cycle and accompanying issues around Japan." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 12 (June 1, 2002): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0405.

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Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycles of food and feed, and the regulation systems for industrial wastewater are studied. The rate of domestic supply of food in Japan is 41% in 1970, 32% in 1990, and 29% in 1998 for N and 33%, 29%, and 28% for P, excluding grass feed. Among 3 countries, Japan, USA and Thailand, Japan is in the most difficult state to recycle food wastes to farmland. Comparing the estimated load of wastewater from food processing industries with the estimated load according to the budget study for N and P cycles, the tentative criteria of wastewater of food processing for P seem to be loose, and de-nitrification might be considered in every stage of N cycles. New regulation of industrial wastewater recently proposed in Japan may induce the chance for environmental business to remove N and P.

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13

Sultana, Mar-Yam, Christos Akratos, Dimitrios Vayenas, and Stavros Pavlou. "Constructed wetlands in the treatment of agro-industrial wastewater: A review." Chemical Industry 69, no. 2 (2015): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind150121018s.

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Due to their simplicity and low operation cost, constructed wetlands are becoming more prevalent in wastewater treatment all over the world. Their range of applications is no longer limited to municipal wastewater but has expanded to the treatment of heavily polluted wastewaters such as agro-industrial effluents. This paper provides a comprehensive literature review of the application of constructed wetlands in treating a variety of agro-industrial wastewaters, and discusses pollutant surface loads and the role of constructed wetland type, prior-treatment stages and plant species in pollutant removal efficiency. Results indicate that constructed wetlands can tolerate high pollutant loads and toxic substances without losing their removal ability, thus these systems are very effective bio-reactors even in hostile environments. Additionally, the review outlines issues that could improve pollutant treatment efficiency and proposes design and operation suggestions such as suitable vegetation, porous media and constructed wetland plain view. Finally, a decision tree for designing constructed wetlands treating agro-industrial wastewaters provides an initial design tool for scientists and engineers.

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14

Hudson, N., J. Doyle, P. Lant, N. Roach, B. de Bruyn, and C. Staib. "Sequencing batch reactor technology: the key to a BP refinery (Bulwer Island) upgraded environmental protection system - a low cost lagoon based retro-fit." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 3 (February 1, 2001): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0155.

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BP Refinery (Bulwer Island) Ltd (BP) located on the eastern Australian coast is currently undergoing a major expansion as a part of the Queensland Clean Fuels Project. The associated wastewater treatment plant upgrade will provide a better quality of treated effluent than is currently possible with the existing infrastructure, and which will be of a sufficiently high standard to meet not only the requirements of imposed environmental legislation but also BP's environmental objectives. A number of challenges were faced when considering the upgrade, particularly; cost constraints and limited plot space, highly variable wastewater, toxicity issues, and limited available hydraulic head. Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) Technology was chosen for the lagoon upgrade based on the following; SBR technology allowed a retro-fit of the existing earthen lagoon without the need for any additional substantial concrete structures, a dual lagoon system allowed partial treatment of wastewaters during construction, SBRs give substantial process flexibility, SBRs have the ability to easily modify process parameters without any physical modifications, and significant cost benefits. This paper presents the background to this application, an outline of laboratory studies carried out on the wastewater and details the full scale design issues and methods for providing a cost effective, efficient treatment system using the existing lagoon system.

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15

Prodanovic, Jelena, Marina Sciban, Mirjana Antov, Dragana Kukic, and Vesna Vasic. "Treatment of sugar beet extraction juice stillage by natural coagulants extracted from common bean." Acta Periodica Technologica, no. 46 (2015): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt1546077p.

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Distillery wastewaters have a great pollution potential, and pollution caused by them is one of the most critical environmental issues. This study is concerned with the coagulation efficiency of a new, environmental friendly, natural coagulant extracted from common bean seeds in the primary treatment of distillery wastewater in the bioethanol production from sugar beet juice. Active coagulation components were extracted from ground seeds of common bean with 0.5 mol/L NaCl. The obtained raw extract was used as a coagulant. The coagulation efficiency was measured by jar test at different pH values of wastewater, and a decrease in organic matter content was determined. The experiments confirmed that natural coagulant from common bean could be successfully used for the treatment of extraction juice distillery wastewater. The highest coagulation efficiencies were achieved at the pH 5.2 with a coagulant dose of 30 mL/L, and at the pH 8.5 with a coagulant dose of 5 mL/L, and they were 64.71% and 68.75% respectively. These encouraging results indicate that natural coagulant from common bean seeds is a potential alternative to conventional chemical coagulant/flocculant agents for treatment of wastewaters.

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16

Hayes, Jeff. "Security Issues and Best Practices for Water/Wastewater Facilities." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2013, no. 8 (January 1, 2013): 6442–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864713813716417.

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17

Casson, Leonard W., Stanley J. States, Jennifer Wichterman, and Adam Zimmerman. "FIELD SCREENING TECHNIQUES FOR WATER AND WASTEWATER SECURITY ISSUES." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2005, no. 10 (January 1, 2005): 5465–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864705783856848.

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18

Cutrupi, F., M. Cadonna, S. Manara, and P. Foladori. "Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in extensive monitoring of municipal wastewater: key issues to yield reliable results." Water Science and Technology 84, no. 12 (October 27, 2021): 3508–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.469.

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Abstract Several studies have detected SARS-CoV-2 in the stool of infected people as in urban wastewater. The quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater appears today as a powerful tool that can help in wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). The goal is to improve the prediction of new waves of COVID-19 outbreaks and provide an early warning of the evolution of the infection. In this research, we highlighted some practical and scientific aspects that emerged during an extensive ongoing monitoring campaign carried out on a large number of wastewater treatment plants located in the province of Trento (North Italy) and aimed at the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in raw municipal wastewater. The open issues underline are related to the collection and storage (sampling protocol, storage and heat treatment), to the molecular analysis (enrichment phase), and to the mathematical calculation of SARS-CoV-2 load in wastewater, suitable for WBE (standard curve to obtain the concentration of genomic units and flow rate measurements). This study provides some insights that can help in the implementation of surveillance plans in other regions.

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19

Tsagarakis, K. P., D. D. Mara, and A. N. Angelakis. "Wastewater management in Greece: experience and lessons for developing countries." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 6 (September 1, 2001): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0366.

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Technologies to treat wastewater are now well established and are capable of producing almost any degree of purification. The main issue surrounding the selection of a given process lies in deciding which is the most appropriate and applicable technology for the particular social, political and economic environment. This paper concentrates on the development of the municipal wastewater treatment sector in Greece. It examines the deficiencies and problems arising from the implementation of wastewater management policies and makes a number of suggestions and recommendations. The areas considered include, among others, historical development, economic development and pollution control, key issues for wastewater treatment policies and lessons applicable to developing countries. It is hoped that this study will be a valuable source of information for countries embarking on nationwide sanitation projects.

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20

Ksenofontov, B. S., A. S. Kozodaev, R. A. Taranov, M. S. Vinogradov, and E. V. Senik. "Purification of Wastewater from a Vegetable Oil Plant from Fats and Suspended Solids Using Reagents." Ecology and Industry of Russia 26, no. 4 (April 6, 2022): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2022-4-4-8.

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The issues of wastewater treatment of factory of vegetable oils from fats and suspended solids are discussed. The technology of wastewater treatment is offered, and the efficiency of which is confirmed by experimental results. Mode reagent wastewater treatment is selected. A scheme of wastewater treatment, including pretreatment of aluminum-containing coagulant, sedimentation, flotation and filtration is presented.

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21

Alsolai, Hadeel, Mashael M. Asiri, Rana Alabdan, Mohammed Abdullah Al-Hagery, Anwer Mustafa Hilal, Mohammed Rizwanullah, Abdelwahed Motwakel, and Ishfaq Yaseen. "Machine Learning-Based Sine-Cosine Algorithm for Wastewater Quality Assessment Using Activated Carbon." Adsorption Science & Technology 2022 (May 9, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3410872.

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Activated carbon is one of the most highly proven adsorbents for organic chemicals from wastewater. It acts as a filter and adsorbs various chemicals from the wastewater. It has large pore size and strong adsorptive capacity. The quality of wastewater is generally determined by chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total suspended solids (TSSs), total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN). Wastewater contaminant measurement is significant for saving aquatic life and reusing treated water. Adsorption of contaminants that contribute for wastewater quality indicators uses machine learning algorithm for prediction. Many research works have been done, and the issues are inefficiency and time consuming in the adsorption of contaminants by activated carbon in wastewater management. To overcome these issues, this paper introduces hybrid technique of Voting-Based Extreme Learning Machine with sine cosine algorithm (VELM-SCA). The accuracy of VELM-SCA algorithm in classification of water quality status produced improved accuracy is 0.97.

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22

Zahra, Shabrina Arika. "Analysis on the management of waste domestic system in populous neighborhoods." E3S Web of Conferences 74 (2018): 09004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187409004.

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Population growth increases the disposal of domestic wastewater generated by the community. Residents who live in neighborhoods and slums have become one of the factors of domestic wastewater issues. These communities urinate and defecate in inappropriate locations without any post-processing, including simple processing through septic tanks. These issues can be resolved by improving the domestic wastewater management. The centralized domestic wastewater management system is one of the solutions for the management of alternative settlements and slums in RT 09, Bidara Cina. This research aims at planning domestic waste management model that fits into the community. This research will use descriptive analysis methods with quantitative approach. Data are obtained through field surveys and resident interviews. The data then are presented in a table. My contribution will provide a suitable model for domestic wastewater management planning. The findings of this study refer to six (6) SDGs, namely clean water and sanitation to ensure domestic wastewater management and sustainable sanitation.

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23

Gyawali, P. "Infectious helminth ova in wastewater and sludge: A review on public health issues and current quantification practices." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 4 (December 14, 2017): 1048–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.619.

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Abstract Raw and partially treated wastewater has been widely used to maintain the global water demand. Presence of viable helminth ova and larvae in the wastewater raised significant public health concern especially when used for agriculture and aquaculture. Depending on the prevalence of helminth infections in communities, up to 1.0 × 103 ova/larvae can be presented per litre of wastewater and 4 gm (dry weight) of sludge. Multi-barrier approaches including pathogen reduction, risk assessment, and exposure reduction have been suggested by health regulators to minimise the potential health risk. However, with a lack of a sensitive and specific method for the quantitative detection of viable helminth ova from wastewater, an accurate health risk assessment is difficult to achieve. As a result, helminth infections are difficult to control from the communities despite two decades of global effort (mass drug administration). Molecular methods can be more sensitive and specific than currently adapted culture-based and vital stain methods. The molecular methods, however, required more and thorough investigation for its ability with accurate quantification of viable helminth ova/larvae from wastewater and sludge samples. Understanding different cell stages and corresponding gene copy numbers is pivotal for accurate quantification of helminth ova/larvae in wastewater samples. Identifying specific genetic markers including protein, lipid, and metabolites using multiomics approach could be utilized for cheap, rapid, sensitive, specific and point of care detection tools for helminth ova and larva in the wastewater.

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24

Black, Kerry, and Edward McBean. "Analysis of challenges and opportunities to meaningful Indigenous engagement in sustainable water and wastewater management." Water Policy 19, no. 4 (March 15, 2017): 709–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2017.078.

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Access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation continue to be significant issues affecting Indigenous populations worldwide. The full participation of Indigenous peoples within water and wastewater policy and decision-making has been hindered by many factors, including capacity, inadequate resources and, overall, a lack of respect or formal recognition of Indigenous rights. This study investigates limitations to engagement around water and wastewater management and policy. Findings from this study show that in order to improve engagement with Indigenous people on water and wastewater management policy, systemic issues need to be addressed, in addition to gaining a greater understanding of the specific socio-economic conditions, and technical and financial capacity gaps, and the recognition of inherent Indigenous rights is necessary. It is concluded that long-term sustainability of water and wastewater management necessitates Indigenous engagement from the start, as well as increased autonomy over the management of their systems, including financing. The findings from this paper can be used by policy-makers and decision-makers to address the urgent issue of access to safe drinking water and sanitation, by improving the level of engagement with community members, and challenging the status-quo of top-down approaches through community-driven processes.

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25

Maksymiuk, Mariia, Tetiana Kravchuk, Olha Titova, Olena Kosenko, and Olena Spaska. "THE USE OF FLOTATION METHOD FOR PURIFICATION OF WASTEWATERS CONTAMINATED WITH OIL PRODUCTS." WATER AND WATER PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL NEWS 29, no. 1 (July 27, 2021): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2218-930012021235278.

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Industrial and natural wastewater is one of the factors of environmental pollution, in particular, its water basin. Among others, fuel and oil pollutants are toxic substances that cause significant harm to all living things. It is necessary to create technologies using effective methods of wastewater treatment to solve such problems. It is possible to properly select and effectively use methods of treatment taking into account the nature, condition and concentration of contaminants in wastewater. These are the issues addressed in this article. Particular attention is paid to the use of flotation as a method of purification of stable highly dispersed emulsified wastewater containing oil or fuel contaminants in the technology of this type wastewater treatment. The main objectives of the study were to evaluate the impact of parameters and flotation reagents on the efficiency of the process of purification of stable highly dispersed emulsified wastewater. Flotation of these wastewaters was carried out on a laboratory flotation installation of pneumatic type and compared with the process of wastewater settling over time. Studies have shown that for stable emulsified wastewater containing oil or fuel contaminants with a low content of highly dispersed particles of inorganic nature or a stabilizer is present in them, it is advisable to use the flotation method with flotation units of pneumatic type. Analysing the results, it should be noted that the flotation method significantly reduces the purification time of highly dispersed emulsified wastewater from 3-5 hours of their settling in settling tanks-oil traps up to 10-20 minutes by the method of pneumatic flotation, while the degree of wastewater treatment increases in at least 1.5 - 2 times depending on the presence of fuel or oil contaminants in wastewater. If the wastewater contains a stabilizer, such as a surfactant, it can be used as an effective flotation reagent in the purification of this type of wastewater by flotation, which is not suitable for the settling process.

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26

Dregulo, Andrey M. "WATER DISPOSAL IN THE ARCTIC REGION OF RUSSIA: OVERVIEW OF CURRENT ISSUES." Economy of the North-West: problems and prospects of development 1, no. 72 (May 30, 2023): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.52897/2411-4588-2023-1-95-103.

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The problem of functioning of wastewater disposal systems in the Arctic regions of Russia is largely due to the prolonged economic depression of the past years. The dynamics of investments in fixed assets in recent years has significantly decreased for most of the Arctic regions, and in some cases does not reach the indicators of 2005. Tariffs for wastewater disposal in the subjects of the Russian Arctic may differ 2–4 times. In some rural settlements, sewage treatment plants are degraded by 70– 100%, and the population is charged according to the tariff for low-quality sanitation services. Arctic ecosystems are characterized by a reduced intensity of biological processes. Therefore, wastewater entering surface reservoirs without treatment provokes bacterial and chemical contamination of biological resources and diseases of the population. It is required to attract significant (targeted) investments to modernize the sanitation infrastructure in the Arctic region within the framework of federal targeted programs for the socio-economic development of the Arctic zone.

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27

Piasecki, Adam. "Water and Sewage Management Issues in Rural Poland." Water 11, no. 3 (March 26, 2019): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11030625.

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Water and sewage management in Poland has systematically been transformed in terms of quality and quantity since the 1990s. Currently, the most important problem in this matter is posed by areas where buildings are spread out across rural areas. The present work aims to analyse the process of changes and the current state of water and sewage management in rural areas of Poland. The author intended to present the issues in their broader context, paying attention to local specificity as well as natural and economic conditions. The analysis led to the conclusion that there have been significant positive changes in water and sewage infrastructure in rural Poland. A several-fold increase in the length of sewage and water supply networks and number of sewage treatment plants was identified. There has been an increase in the use of water and treated sewage, while raw sewage has been minimised. Tap-water quality and wastewater treatment standards have improved. At the same time, areas requiring further improvement—primarily wastewater management—were indicated. It was identified that having only 42% of the rural population connected to a collective sewerage system is unsatisfactory. All the more so, in light of the fact that more than twice as many consumers are connected to the water supply network (85%). The major ecological threat that closed-system septic sewage tanks pose is highlighted. It is pointed out that they are mainly being replaced by household wastewater treatment systems with ineffective filtering drainage. Furthermore, recommendations were also made for the future development of selected aspects of water and sewage management, including the legal and the political.

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Molognoni, Daniele, Stefania Chiarolla, Daniele Cecconet, Arianna Callegari, and Andrea G. Capodaglio. "Industrial wastewater treatment with a bioelectrochemical process: assessment of depuration efficiency and energy production." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 1 (October 16, 2017): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.532.

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Abstract Development of renewable energy sources, efficient industrial processes, energy/chemicals recovery from wastes are research issues that are quite contemporary. Bioelectrochemical processes represent an eco-innovative technology for energy and resources recovery from both domestic and industrial wastewaters. The current study was conducted to: (i) assess bioelectrochemical treatability of industrial (dairy) wastewater by microbial fuel cells (MFCs); (ii) determine the effects of the applied organic loading rate (OLR) on MFC performance; (iii) identify factors responsible for reactor energy recovery losses (i.e. overpotentials). For this purpose, an MFC was built and continuously operated for 72 days, during which the anodic chamber was fed with dairy wastewater and the cathodic chamber with an aerated mineral solution. The study demonstrated that industrial effluents from agrifood facilities can be treated by bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) with >85% (average) organic matter removal, recovering power at an observed maximum density of 27 W m−3. Outcomes were better than in previous (shorter) analogous experiences, and demonstrate that this type of process could be successfully used for dairy wastewater with several advantages.

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Alimova, N. B., A. R. Khaitova, A. M. Khusanov, and E. O. Ergashev. "Methods and means of control and diagnostics of technological units in the treatment of industrial wastewater based on optoelectronic and hollow light guides." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1043, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1043/1/012007.

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Abstract Prevention of pollution of water bodies by wastewater, as well as protection of surface waters from pollution by wastewater are the most important tasks facing modern society. In the field of industrial wastewater treatment, there are many models of single processes. This article highlights some issues of development and research of individual designs of optoelectronic transducers based on hollow light guides. The principles of construction, mathematical models, questions of errors of optoelectronic converters based on hollow light guides are outlined and devices of information and measuring equipment and automation made on the basis of hollow light guides with moving elements are given. The types and frequencies of optical volcanic waves for the treatment of industrial wastewater based on optoelectronic and polycoxic fibers are presented. And also the issues of diagnosing technological units in the treatment of industrial wastewater and the state of optoelectronic converters based on fiber and hollow light guides are considered. Currently, the problem of wastewater treatment is one of the most important in industrial ecology. Therefore, the development of new more efficient methods and means of wastewater treatment of production using waste products of enterprise waste is currently especially relevant.

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Kinidi, Lennevey, Ivy Ai Wei Tan, Noraziah Binti Abdul Wahab, Khairul Fikri Bin Tamrin, Cirilo Nolasco Hipolito, and Shanti Faridah Salleh. "Recent Development in Ammonia Stripping Process for Industrial Wastewater Treatment." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2018 (July 9, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3181087.

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It is noteworthy to highlight that ammonia nitrogen contamination in wastewater has been reported to pose a great threat to the environment. This conventional method of remediating ammonia nitrogen contamination in wastewater applies the packed bed tower technology. Nevertheless, this technology appears to pose several application issues. Over the years, researchers have tested various types of ammonia stripping process to overcome the shortcomings of the conventional ammonia stripping technology. Along this line, the present study highlights the recent development of ammonia stripping process for industrial wastewater treatment. In addition, this study reviews ammonia stripping application for varied types of industrial wastewater and several significant operating parameters. Furthermore, this paper discusses some issues related to the conventional ammonia stripper for industrial treatment application. Finally, this study explicates the future prospects of the ammonia stripping method. This review, hence, contributes by enhancing the ammonia stripping treatment efficiency and its application for industrial wastewater treatment.

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Yermekov M.T.,, Rozhkova O.V.,, Tolysbayev Ye.T.,, Zhakipbekov Zh.N.,, Merkureva S.N.,, Schefer V.I.,, and Ivanovich V.V.,. "PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS OF THE SILT SLUDGE UTILIZATION ISSUES AT WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES OF NUR-SULTAN CITY." SERIES CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 5, no. 443 (October 15, 2020): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-1491.82.

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Effective management of wastewater sludge is currently one of the most pressing environmental problems in Nur-Sultan city, which becomes more acute year by year and requires immediate solution. Wastewater sludge is almost completely stored at the treatment facilities, which turns them into a source area of bacteriological and toxicological hazard. For this reason, the most urgent problem now is the development of new sustainable and zero waste technologies that can effectively expedite the reduction of silt sludge and lead to a significant decrease in their final volume. This article analyzes various methods of sludge disposal. It is shown that of all possible technology options with admissible environmental impact and the best economic indicators, the most acceptable is the method of thermo-catalytic oxidation of wastewater sludge in a semi fluidized bed of the catalyst, the use of which can fundamentally change the situation with the sludge disposal. Also, the article studied the composition and carried out measurements of silt sludge contamination with heavy metals and oil products at wastewater treatment plants of Nur-Sultan city. It is pointed out that the LOC for the TPH-in-soil is 1.5 g/kg, from which it can be concluded that there is a significant excess in the wastewater sludge for this indicator, and studies for the heavy metals presence in the wastewater sludge showed that sediments can have a toxic effect and are classified as 4 class of hazard.

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Proffitt, Eileen H., Timothy J. Murphy, Jonathan W. Doane, and Jane P. McDonough. "DYNAMIC HYDRAULIC MODEL ASSIST IDENTIFY FUTURE WASTEWATER FLOW MANAGEMENT ISSUES." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2002, no. 9 (January 1, 2002): 446–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864702784162499.

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Wolstenholme, Philip. "The Latest Odor Control Issues and Solutions for Wastewater Systems." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2016, no. 2 (January 1, 2016): 26–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864716821123134.

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Yoshitani, Jun. "Non-technical Issues to Consider in Developing Wastewater Algae Biofuel." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2009, no. 7 (January 1, 2009): 7955–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864709793900087.

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35

Mancini, G., and F. G. A. Vagliasindi. "Issues and guidelines for treated wastewater reservoirs design and operation." International Journal of Environment and Pollution 28, no. 1/2 (2006): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijep.2006.010880.

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36

Boepple-Swider, Teresa M. "A Regulator's Perspective on Workforce Issues: Water and Wastewater Operators." Journal - American Water Works Association 100, no. 8 (August 2008): 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2008.tb09683.x.

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37

Belia, E., Y. Amerlinck, L. Benedetti, B. Johnson, G. Sin, P. A. Vanrolleghem, K. V. Gernaey, et al. "Wastewater treatment modelling: dealing with uncertainties." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 8 (October 1, 2009): 1929–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.225.

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This paper serves as a problem statement of the issues surrounding uncertainty in wastewater treatment modelling. The paper proposes a structure for identifying the sources of uncertainty introduced during each step of an engineering project concerned with model-based design or optimisation of a wastewater treatment system. It briefly references the methods currently used to evaluate prediction accuracy and uncertainty and discusses the relevance of uncertainty evaluations in model applications. The paper aims to raise awareness and initiate a comprehensive discussion among professionals on model prediction accuracy and uncertainty issues. It also aims to identify future research needs. Ultimately the goal of such a discussion would be to generate transparent and objective methods of explicitly evaluating the reliability of model results, before they are implemented in an engineering decision-making context.

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38

Dulkadiroglu, H., G. Eremektar, S. Dogruel, H. Uner, F. Germirli-Babuna, and D. Orhon. "In-plant control applications and their effect on treatability of a textile mill wastewater." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 12 (June 1, 2002): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0437.

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Water minimization and exploration of the potential for wastewater recovery and reuse are priority issues of industrial wastewater management. They are extremely significant for the textile industry commonly characterized with a high water demand. The study presents a detailed in-plant control survey for a wool finishing plant. A comprehensive process profile and wastewater characterization indicate that process water consumption can be reduced by 34%, and 23% of the wastewater volume can be recovered for reuse. Treatability of reusable wastewater fraction and the effect of in-plant control applications on effluent treatability were also investigated.

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39

Vithalani, Priya, Ankita Murnal, Parthvi Akheja, Unnati Yagnik, and Nikhil Bhatt. "Review on Recent Technologies for Industrial Wastewater Treatment." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 8 (August 31, 2022): 1752–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46495.

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Abstract: Textile industry plays key role in any country for its basic needs and urbanization. Due to high demand in textile area, it generates massive amount of toxic wastewater. Generated wastewaters possess impurities and toxicity because of textile dyes containing complex organic chromophore groups. Direct release of wastewater creates lots of environmental issues. Treatments of textile effluent is not easily carried out by physical, chemical and biological methods without any affect. Nanoparticle mediated degradation trending presently but it contains metallic harmful effect so, further study cannot be focused on nanoparticles. However, biological methods are more reliable and environmental friendly for treatment. Various aerobic and anaerobic techniques were developed for treatment of textile effluent. In pilot scale study, researchers had established different types of bioreactors and tried to apply it on large scale in industries. Still, that methods are not that much efficient at large scale. So, advancement of treatment must be carried out by investigator such as microbial fuel cell reactors and biological integration with different physical and chemical processes

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40

Capodaglio, Andrea, and Gustaf Olsson. "Energy Issues in Sustainable Urban Wastewater Management: Use, Demand Reduction and Recovery in the Urban Water Cycle." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (December 29, 2019): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010266.

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Urban water systems and, in particular, wastewater treatment facilities are among the major energy consumers at municipal level worldwide. Estimates indicate that on average these facilities alone may require about 1% to 3% of the total electric energy output of a country, representing a significant fraction of municipal energy bills. Specific power consumption of state-of-the-art facilities should range between 20 and 45 kWh per population-equivalent served, per year, even though older plants may have even higher demands. This figure does not include wastewater conveyance (pumping) and residues post-processing. On the other hand, wastewater and its byproducts contain energy in different forms: chemical, thermal and potential. Until very recently, the only form of energy recovery from most facilities consisted of anaerobic post-digestion of process residuals (waste sludge), by which chemical energy methane is obtained as biogas, in amounts generally sufficient to cover about half of plant requirements. Implementation of new technologies may allow more efficient strategies of energy savings and recovery from sewage treatment. Besides wastewater valorization by exploitation of its chemical and thermal energy contents, closure of the wastewater cycle by recovery of the energy content of process residuals could allow significant additional energy recovery and increased greenhouse emissions abatement.

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41

Gómez-Román, Cristina, Luisa Lima, Sergio Vila-Tojo, Andrea Correa-Chica, Juan Lema, and José-Manuel Sabucedo. "“Who Cares?”: The Acceptance of Decentralized Wastewater Systems in Regions without Water Problems." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23 (December 4, 2020): 9060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17239060.

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There is a growing interest in decentralized wastewater treatment systems, especially in regions with water scarcity problems or water management issues. This study aims to determine whether the perceived advantages and disadvantages (leading to acceptance) of decentralized wastewater plants in such regions are the same in regions where the population is not aware of these water issues. Firstly, this study systematically reviews previous findings on public perceptions of the acceptance of decentralized wastewater treatment systems. Then, the study details the results of a focus group study to determine whether the elements identified in the literature are also relevant in a region where people are unaware of water problems. The results show that a lack of awareness of water issues seems to be a critical factor influencing acceptance. Reframing the usefulness of these systems by focusing on other aspects, such as environmental sustainability, is key.

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Zulfiqar, Muhammad, Abdul Aziz Omar, and Sujan Chowdhury. "Removal of Phosphate and Fluoride from Industrial Wastewater – A Short Review." Applied Mechanics and Materials 625 (September 2014): 805–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.625.805.

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Industries producing fertilizers, aluminium, steel, bricks, glass, and semiconductor discharge several thousand tons of phosphate and fluoride per year into the open atmosphere in the form of wastewater which cause many environmental issues as well as loss of drinking water. The objective of this review is to select the suitable method for the removal of phosphate and fluoride from industrial wastewater which is highly hazardous and acidic in nature. So that treated water can be reused for agricultural and industrial purposes. Industries discharge several thousand tons of phosphate and fluoride per year in the form of wastewater which cause many environmental issues and loss of drinking water. This review is provided with aimed a precise and accurate knowledge for the removal of phosphate and fluoride from industrial wastewater. A lot of technologies are available for the treatment of industrial wastewater treatment including chemical precipitation, crystallization, ion exchange, adsorption, reverse osmosis and nanofiltration methods. The selection of most suitable treatment technology is based on retention time, principle of operation, applications, chemicals and maintenance cost.

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Angelakis, Andreas N., Vasileios A. Tzanakakis, Andrea G. Capodaglio, and Nicholas Dercas. "A Critical Review of Water Reuse: Lessons from Prehistoric Greece for Present and Future Challenges." Water 15, no. 13 (June 28, 2023): 2385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15132385.

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Wastewater treatment and reuse has passed through different development stages with time. This study reviews the most essential changes in water reclamation and reuses over millennia, focusing on initial approaches in the Hellenic world and discussing the current situation. Based on archeological evidence and time records, the awareness of the Greeks regarding land disposal, irrigation, and water reuse is highlighted. The latter has evolved into a plethora of applications, with Direct Potable Reuse (DPR) representing one of the last modern frontiers. Currently, advances in wastewater treatment and the spreading of wastewater treatment plants producing large amounts of treated effluents increase the potential for water reuse. This is regarded as a critical option for the continuing protection of water resources and human health, while concurrently satisfying water demand, particularly in areas subject to increased water scarcity. The main constraints in the expansion of water reuse practices are discussed, focusing on wastewater treatment efficiency and quality effluent standards issues, as well as on the lack of motivations related to the acceptability of this practice by final users. Against these challenges, the need for a transition from an “issue-by-issue” approach to a broader integrated water management framework is highlighted.

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44

Radelyuk, Ivan, Kamshat Tussupova, Kulshat Zhapargazinova, Madeniyet Yelubay, and Magnus Persson. "Pitfalls of Wastewater Treatment in Oil Refinery Enterprises in Kazakhstan—A System Approach." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (March 18, 2019): 1618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061618.

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The present article is an assessment of wastewater treatment processes in the oil refinery sector in Kazakhstan by comparing relevant experience of developed and developing countries. The legislation in this sphere, the treatment methods, the discharge process and the effect on the environment were evaluated following international and national regulations. In our study, the wastewater systems in three factories in Kazakhstan were assessed. Results show that, even though the environmental regulation in Kazakhstan promotes the polluter pays principle and follows the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations, the oil refinery plants in Kazakhstan still contain exceeding concentrations of pollutants in their effluents. One issue is that the local legislation allows disposal of wastewater to natural or artificial ponds as long as the concentrations of pollutants in effluents are less than the already existing concentrations in the pond. Consequently, the factories can use ponds with an initially high concentration of contaminants. The high initial concentration of pollutants in the pond water is due to wastewater discharged before the implementation of current environmental regulations. This issue in the current legislation leads to the situation where there is no incentive for efficient wastewater treatment. The national law also lacks regulations regarding which methodology should be used to assess the pollutants in the wastewater. Thus, the control by national environmental office for each enterprise is negotiated separately between the factory and the governmental body. This gives the factory a strong position to define the parameters assessing the effluents. This has led to none of the factories measuring, e.g., heavy metals in discharged wastewater. Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) concentration in wastewater is often exceeded at each factory and there is no analysis done for different hydrocarbon fraction. To overcome the issues described in the present study, we strongly recommended a unified and transparent methodology for the country’s oil refinery industry to assess important pollutants in discharged wastewater.

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45

Yue, Po Lock. "Oxidation reactors for water and wastewater treatment." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 4 (February 1, 1997): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0116.

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The essential issues in the design of oxidation reactors for water and wastewater treatment are highlighted in this paper. Examples of novel reactor design and typical results of water and wastewater treatment by various oxidation processes are given. The design of a laminar flow falling film photoreactor is illustrated.

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46

Meez, Elie, Abbas Rahdar, and George Z. Kyzas. "Sawdust for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Water: A Review." Molecules 26, no. 14 (July 16, 2021): 4318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144318.

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The threat of the accumulation of heavy metals in wastewater is increasing, due to their abilities to inflict damage to human health, especially in the past decade. The world’s environmental agencies are trying to issue several regulations that allow the management and control of random disposals of heavy metals. Scientific studies have heavily focused on finding suitable materials and techniques for the purification of wastewaters, but most solutions have been rejected due to cost-related issues. Several potential materials for this objective have been found and have been compared to determine the most suitable material for the purification process. Sawdust, among all the materials investigated, shows high potential and very promising results. Sawdust has been shown to have a good structure suitable for water purification processes. Parameters affecting the adsorption mechanism of heavy metals into sawdust have been studied and it has been shown that pH, contact time and several other parameters could play a major role in improving the adsorption process. The adsorption was found to follow the Langmuir or Freundlich isotherm and a pseudo second-order kinetic model, meaning that the type of adsorption was a chemisorption. Sawdust has major advantages to be considered and is one of the most promising materials to solve the wastewater problem.

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47

Oleksandr Ignatenko and Iryna Krylova. "USE OF INVESTMENT INSTRUMENTS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF WATER SUPPLY AND WASTEWATER SPHERE IN UKRAINE." World Science 2, no. 6(46) (June 30, 2019): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ws/30062019/6568.

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The article is devoted to the clarification of the peculiarities of the use of investment instruments for the development of the water supply and wastewater sector in Ukraine. The sphere of water supply and wastewater of Ukraine requires significant investments for the renewal of fixed assets of water supply and wastewater enterprises, reconstruction and development of engineering infrastructure, introduction of the latest technologies, improvement of the quality of services, etc. The authors consider the concept of investment, investment activity, investment program in the general context and in the field of water supply and wastewater. The structure of planned volumes of financing of measures of investment programs of water supply and wastewater enterprises in 2018 is being analyzed. Issues of application of other modern financial and economic mechanisms in the field of water supply and wastewater are considered. The article analyzes the state of realization of public-private partnership in the field of water supply and wastewater on the basis of statistical data. Investment approaches based on participative financing, which involves the use of financial resources not only of the state but also of local communities, business and civil society institutions, and financing through the use of opportunities of the market of debt obligations, including at the expense of the issue of municipal securities in the form of bonds of a local loan.

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48

Monteith, Hugh, and Lars Sterne. "Wastewater treatment technologies required for current and future regulatory requirements." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 28, S1 (January 1, 2001): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l00-079.

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This paper provides an overview of regulatory issues related to wastewater treatment, the probable direction that future regulatory requirements will take, and any new technology needed to meet the anticipated requirements. Pressures for more stringent regulations governing wastewater treatment will probably come from environmental activists, a concerned public, global commitments to initiatives such as reductions of greenhouse gases or upper atmospheric ozone depletion, and from commitments to trading partners for a "level playing field" for environmental controls. The issues are concerned with all aspects of wastewater treatment, including liquid, solids, and air emissions. For many concerns, current technology will meet anticipated future requirements, while for other challenges, new technology, or economically viable variations of existing technology, will be required. Improved cost-effective technologies will be required to reduce emissions of greenhouse and smog-forming gases from wastewater treatment facilities. Disposal of wastewater residual solids will continue to be one of the most significant challenges facing the industry. One of the greatest uncertainties lies in the development of regulatory limits for the class of compounds known as persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic substances. Because proposed future regulatory limits for these substances are uncertain, the technologies required to meet whatever limits are specified are also uncertain.Key words: wastewater, treatment, future, regulations, technologies.

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49

Kurniawan, Setyo, Siti Abdullah, Muhammad Imron, Nor Said, Nur Ismail, Hassimi Hasan, Ahmad Othman, and Ipung Purwanti. "Challenges and Opportunities of Biocoagulant/Bioflocculant Application for Drinking Water and Wastewater Treatment and Its Potential for Sludge Recovery." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (December 12, 2020): 9312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249312.

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The utilization of metal-based conventional coagulants/flocculants to remove suspended solids from drinking water and wastewater is currently leading to new concerns. Alarming issues related to the prolonged effects on human health and further pollution to aquatic environments from the generated nonbiodegradable sludge are becoming trending topics. The utilization of biocoagulants/bioflocculants does not produce chemical residue in the effluent and creates nonharmful, biodegradable sludge. The conventional coagulation–flocculation processes in drinking water and wastewater treatment, including the health and environmental issues related to the utilization of metal-based coagulants/flocculants during the processes, are discussed in this paper. As a counterpoint, the development of biocoagulants/bioflocculants for drinking water and wastewater treatment is intensively reviewed. The characterization, origin, potential sources, and application of this green technology are critically reviewed. This review paper also provides a thorough discussion on the challenges and opportunities regarding the further utilization and application of biocoagulants/bioflocculants in water and wastewater treatment, including the importance of the selection of raw materials, the simplification of extraction processes, the application to different water and wastewater characteristics, the scaling up of this technology to a real industrial scale, and also the potential for sludge recovery by utilizing biocoagulants/bioflocculants in water/wastewater treatment.

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50

Pols, H. B., and G. H. Harmsen. "INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT TODAY AND TOMORROW." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 3 (August 1, 1994): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0076.

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The way we treat our wastewater nowadays is not always favourable for improving the quality of our environment. Indeed, the quality of the surface waters has increased by the high investments we have made in our treatment facilities, but it cannot be denied that these same facilities have a major impact on other environmental issues. From ibis point of view the question is raised as to which treatment techniques are favourable not only for the water phase, but also from the viewpoint of energy, waste production and renewal of resources. Over thirty techniques, all of them chemical/physical treatment techniques, have been reviewed, especially for the treatment of industrial wastewaters. More importantly, these techniques have been analysed thoroughly in a multi-criteria-analysis, not only for their environmental impacts, but also on criteria influencing the implementation of these techniques. From ibis multi-criteria-analysis the most favourable treatment technique to be developed and implemented may be chosen.

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