Статті в журналах: "WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS"

1

Virkola, Nils-Erik, and Kristiina Honkanen. "Wastewater Characteristics." Water Science and Technology 17, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0001.

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Forceful measures have been taken in the past decade to reduce the pollution loads of pulp and paper mills. Besides more effective external waste water treatment, internal arrangements have been made to reduce pollution loads, e.g. by closing water systems. New processes and technically improved machines and equipment have made it possible to utilize raw materials and chemicals more efficiently. This has also reduced the pollution loads of the mills. In the 1970s, pollution loads were restricted by environmental laws and regulations in many countries, and the restrictions will become tighter during the 1980s. This will require much research and development. In this paper, characteristics of effluents (BOD, suspended solids, colour, TOC, COD, toxicity) discharged from chemical and mechanical pulping processes and from paper and board mills are presented in general terms and by mill department. Process developments and effects of these developments on pollution loads are described and future trends are discussed.

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2

Muttamara, Samorn. "Wastewater characteristics." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 16, no. 1-4 (April 1996): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-3449(95)00052-6.

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Nashashibi, M., and L. A. van Duijl. "Wastewater characteristics in Palestine." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 11 (December 1, 1995): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0404.

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Wastewater treatment plants in Palestine (West Bank and Gaza Strip) have been designed upon assumptions of wastewater characteristics and amount of flow, because no data were available at all. This study is focused on the collection and measurement of wastewater quantity and quality, which will be used as a basis for formulating a strategic plan for wastewater treatment in Palestine. In view of the limited water resources, reclaimed wastewater will be used for agriculture, which, at present, is done at a very limited scale. The infrastructure in Palestine used to be a neglected issue, particularly with regard to sewerage. Blocked pipes and flooded manholes are daily events especially in Gaza Strip. All existing treatment plants are heavily overloaded. Groundwater resources in Gaza Strip become more and more polluted with nitrate concentrations exceeding 100 mg NO3-N/l resulting from seepage from cesspits and effluent discharges into wadis. Due to scarcity of water, domestic water consumption is very low, which leads to highly concentrated wastewater similar to industrial one. In one city in the West Bank, the COD reached a value of 3,670 mg/l, although all the water reaching the outfall is of domestic type.

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4

Eriksson, Eva, Karina Auffarth, Mogens Henze, and Anna Ledin. "Characteristics of grey wastewater." Urban Water 4, no. 1 (March 2002): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1462-0758(01)00064-4.

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5

Alalam, Sabine, Farah Ben-Souilah, Marie-Hélène Lessard, Julien Chamberland, Véronique Perreault, Yves Pouliot, Steve Labrie, and Alain Doyen. "Characterization of Chemical and Bacterial Compositions of Dairy Wastewaters." Dairy 2, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dairy2020016.

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The dairy industry produces large amounts of wastewater, including white and cleaning wastewater originating principally from rinsing and cleaning-in-place procedures. Their valorization into process water and non-fat milk solids, in the case of white wastewater, or the renewal of cleaning solutions could be achieved using pressure-driven membrane processes. However, it is crucial to determine the intrinsic characteristics of wastewaters, such as proximate composition and bacterial composition, to optimize their potential for valorization. Consequently, white and cleaning wastewaters were sampled from industrial-scale pasteurizers located in two different Canadian dairy processing plants. Bacterial profiles of dairy wastewaters were compared to those of tap waters, pasteurized skim milk and unused cleaning solutions. The results showed that the physicochemical characteristics as well as non-fat milk solids contents differed drastically between the two dairy plants due to different processing conditions. A molecular approach combining quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and metabarcoding was used to characterize the bacteria present in these solutions. The cleaning solutions did not contain sufficient genomic DNA for sequencing. In white wastewater, the bacterial contamination differed depending on the dairy plant (6.91 and 7.21 log10 16S gene copies/mL). Psychrotrophic Psychrobacter genus (50%) dominated white wastewater from plant A, whereas thermophilic Anoxybacillus genus (56%) was predominant in plant B wastewater. The use of cold or warm temperatures during the pasteurizer rinsing step in each dairy plant might explain this difference. The detailed characterization of dairy wastewaters described in this study is important for the dairy sector to clearly identify the challenges in implementing strategies for wastewater valorization.

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Webb, L. J. "Characteristics of Paper/Board Mill Wastewaters Relevant to Anaerobic Treatment." Water Science and Technology 17, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0002.

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Apart from the inherent amenability of the organics present to anaerobic fermentation, a number of other factors are important to the technical and economic viability of the overall process. These include wastewater strength, wastewater temperature, the nature of suspended solids present and the presence of toxic materials, notably sulphates/sulphides and biocides. Analytical data is presented from various Pira research projects, describing the composition of UK mill wastewaters in terms of BOD/COD/DOC, suspended solids, the speciation of dissolved organics (eg carbohydrates, fatty acids) and inorganic sulphur compounds. In the context of anaerobic treatment, this is then discussed in terms of in-mill microbiological activity, the extent of water system closure and the type of sizing system employed.

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Wang, Qing, Wen Yu Zhao, Bang Ding Ma, Yu Wu, and Kang Huai Liu. "Characteristics and Hazard of the Wastewater from the City Garbage Transfer Stations." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 2919–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.2919.

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Nine wastewater samples of waste transfer stations had been gathered and analysis in Guilin city. The results indicate that all sewage belongs to high concentration organic wastewater originating from the waste transfer stations. The average value of wastewater’s COD is 5759mg/L and the maximum value is nearly 28000 mg/L. Its organic pollutants are mainly related to the residues of animals and plants. The content of lead(Pb), Chromium (Cr) and other toxic heavy metals in the wastewater could be 10 times higher than emissions standards, and especially total phosphorus’(TP) content could reach to more than 20 times of discharge standard. In order to protect the environmental quality in the vicinity of them and normally operating of the urban sewage treatment plants, it is necessary that these wastewater should be treated alone. A proposal is that integrated equipment should be made by using some technologies combined biology with membrane separation. Through disperse treatment by the equipment, urban sewage transfer stations could be reused or discharged on standard.

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8

Cséfalvay, Edit, Péter Imre, and Péter Mizsey. "Applicability of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis for the treatment of wastewater of different origin." Open Chemistry 6, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-008-0026-3.

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AbstractMembrane separations are finding greater use in wastewater treatment because of their efficiency. In order to prove the effectiveness of membrane filtration an applicability study is carried out. Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes are tested under quite different conditions to reduce the chemical oxygen demands (COD) of wastewaters to meet the Council Directive 76/464/EEC release limit. Two kinds of real wastewaters were selected for the investigation. The wastewaters represent extreme different circumstances since the difference between their COD is two orders of magnitude. All of the membranes tested can be applied either to the treatment of wastewater of high COD (pharmaceutical wastewater) or wastewater of low COD (dumpsite leachate), since the different conditions do not change the membrane characteristics. The experimental data show that none of the membranes can decrease the COD to the release limit in one step. However, if two-stage filtrations (nanofiltration followed by reverse osmosis) are accomplished for both of the wastewaters, a total COD reduction of 94% can be achieved. With the application of the two-stage filtration the COD of the wastewater of low COD can be decreased below the release limit but in case of wastewater of the high COD further treatment will be required.

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9

Von Sperling, M. "Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal." Water Intelligence Online 6 (December 30, 2015): 9781780402086. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781780402086.

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10

Eremektar, G., O. Tünay, D. Orhon, and E. Gönenç. "The pollution profile of alcohol distilleries treating beet sugar molasses." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 12 (December 1, 1995): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0485.

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Fermentation of molasses and refining the produced alcohol by distillation is a common agroindustrial activity. The wastewaters originating from the process, especially the spent mash, are highly concentrated and contain TDS of over 50,000 mg/l as well as organic matter. Character of wastewaters varies with production application which affects the treatability characteristics. In this study four alcohol distillery plants treating beet sugar molasses are investigated to assess production applications and wastewater characteristics. Process profiles for three major modes of operation are prepared. Use of open steam and recycle of spent mash was calculated to affect the wastewater volume up to 25%. COD load is found to be practically unchanged with recycle while TDS increased significantly. Nature of COD and treatability characteristics are also expected to vary with recycle.

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11

Maiti, Deblina, Iqbal Ansari, Mohd Ashraf Rather, and Arukula Deepa. "Comprehensive review on wastewater discharged from the coal-related industries – characteristics and treatment strategies." Water Science and Technology 79, no. 11 (June 1, 2019): 2023–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.195.

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Abstract Wastewaters discharged from various coal-related activities deteriorate fresh water quality and inflict possibilities of groundwater contamination. Their characteristics mostly depend on the parent coal properties, though some of the pollutants are cyanide, thiocyanate, ammonia, phenol, heavy metals and suspended solids. This paper has reviewed the treatment techniques along with the characteristics of all such kinds of wastewater and also identified the challenges and future perspectives. Primarily, demineralization of coal can attenuate and control release of pollutants in wastewaters if implemented successfully. Mine water from non-lignite mines can be purified using simple techniques, for its reutilization. Acidic mine water and leachates can be treated using passive bioreactors with microbial activity, different organic substrates and limestone drains. Additionally bio-electrochemical systems, membranes, macrocapsules, zeolite filters, ores, physical barriers, and aquatic plants can also be used at various stages. Coal washery wastewater can be treated using natural coagulants obtained from plant extracts along with conventional coagulants. Nitrification and denitrification bacteria fixed in reactors along with activated carbon and zero-valent iron can treat coke oven wastewater. Some other sophisticated techniques are vacuum distillation, super critical oxidation, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. Practical use of these methods, wisely in an integrated way, can reduce freshwater consumption.

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12

Ahn, June-Shu, Wook-Keun Park, and Jung-Ho Cho. "Characteristics of wastewater treatment of sewage mixed with industrial wastewater." Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society 12, no. 7 (July 31, 2011): 3341–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2011.12.7.3341.

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13

Cornacchio, L., E. R. Hall, and J. T. Trevors. "Modified Anaerobic Serum Bottle Testing Procedures for Industrial Wastewaters L." Water Quality Research Journal 23, no. 3 (August 1, 1988): 450–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1988.033.

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Abstract Serum bottle bioassay techniques are batch procedures which provide a cost efficient alternative to continuous flow studies for determining anaerobic treatability characteristics of an industrial wastewater. In addition, the toxic effect of the wastewater on the anaerobic microorganisms is easily assessed in a relatively short period of time. As part of a study to screen the anaerobic treatability characteristics of a large number of industrial wastewaters, additional research was carried out to modify the original serum bottle procedures for routine use. Several experiments were completed in which the relative proportions of inoculum, nutrient medium, and wastewater were varied. This permitted assay conditions to be optimized to prevent nutrient deficiencies and excessive lags in inoculum activity, while providing for the testing of a wide range of wastewater concentrations. The effect of changing the total assay volume on the requirement for monitoring biogas accumulation and composition was also investigated.

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14

Sparling, G. P., R. Littler, L. A. Schipper, B. Stevenson, L. Sherman, and J. M. Russell. "Changes in characteristics of soils irrigated with processing wastewater from three New Zealand dairy factories." Soil Research 53, no. 4 (2015): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr14365.

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Application to land is the preferred method for the treatment of wastewaters in New Zealand. For land treatment to be effective, it is essential that the soils can accept the volumes of wastewater applied and degrade or store the constituents in the wastewater. We report on 14 soil chemical, biochemical and physical characteristics of soils (0–10 cm depth) used for wastewater treatment at the Fonterra dairy factories at Hautapu, Lichfield and Edgecumbe in the North Island of New Zealand. The soils are under grazed pasture for dairying and receive wastewater by spray irrigation. The soils were monitored approximately every 2 years between 1995 and 2005 and at the end of monitoring had been under irrigation for 10–26 years. Matched, non-irrigated pasture soils on adjacent dairy farms were sampled for comparison. The wastewater composition from the three factories differed, reflecting the products manufactured. Loadings were greatest at the Hautapu factory, which also had the longest history of irrigation (26 years). At all three sites, the physical characteristics of irrigated soils were very similar to their non-irrigated comparisons. A consistent trend was for microbial mass and activity, and particularly nitrogen (N) turnover, to be markedly greater on the irrigated soils. The C (carbon) : N ratios of irrigated and non-irrigated soils at Lichfield and Edgecumbe were similar, but at Hautapu the C : N ratio of irrigated soil was 8.3 and significantly (P < 0.05) lower than non-irrigated soil (11.1), suggesting little further capacity to store additional N as organic matter. Irrigation tended to increase the soil pH at all sites to above neutral even though the wastewater was acidic. We consider that the characteristics of irrigated soils at Edgecumbe and Lichfield factories are generally satisfactory. Fonterra is continuing to reduce loadings in both composition and volumes of wastewater irrigated.

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Sparling, G. P., J. C. Williamson, G. N. Magesan, L. A. Schipper, and A. Rh Lloyd-Jones. "Hydraulic conductivity in soils irrigated with wastewaters of differing strengths: Field and laboratory studies." Soil Research 37, no. 2 (1999): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s98030.

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Application of wastewater can decrease the hydraulic conductivity of soils, and so reduce future loading rates. A possible mechanism for this decrease is blockage of soil pores by microbial growth and extracellular carbohydrate production. Our objective was to determine whether wastewater characteristics that increased microbial biomass and carbohydrate also decreased soil hydraulic conductivity. In field trials, irrigation of secondary-treated wastewater for 7 years onto a sandy soil increased carbohydrate, but had no effect on microbial C or unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, relative to non-irrigated soil. Irrigation of tertiary-treated wastewater for 5 years onto an allophanic soil had no significant effect on these soil characteristics. Effects on soil properties of wastewater with differing carbon : nitrogen (C : N) ratio were examined in the laboratory on repacked cores of the allophanic soil over 14 weeks. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity decreased significantly in cores irrigated with the high C: N wastewater. These cores also exhibited an increase in soil carbohydrate content, microbial biomass, and respiration relative to cores irrigated with water. This study has demonstrated that the land treatment of industrial wastewaters of high C: N ratio and high biochemical oxygen demand could be problematic, even on freely draining soils.

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Liu, Qiong, and Jing Wang. "Characteristics during Start-Up of Internal Circulation Reactor." Advanced Materials Research 573-574 (October 2012): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.573-574.218.

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Lactic wastewater is a refractory high-concentration organic wastewater,and its treatment efficiency with traditional anaerobic processes is not high.The internal circulation(IC) reactor was used to treat this wastewater.It was successfully started up by taking measures including inoculating granular sludge,controlling the influent concentration,flow rate,VFA and temperature. The operation results show that IC reactor has high treatment efficiency and stable operation in treatment of lactic wastewater, and the removal rate of COD can reach 80%, thus reducing the treatment loads of subsequent aerobic processes, and ensuring that the effluent from the whole wastewater treatment system reaches second level criteria specified in the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978-1996).The biogas produced in the IC reactor can be used for heating the raw wastewater.

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17

Makisha, Nikolay A. "Research of performance characteristics of membrane modules for wastewater treatment." Stroitel stvo nauka i obrazovanie [Construction Science and Education], no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/2305-5502.2020.1.6.

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Introduction. The study focuses on the operation of a standalone membrane bioreactor applicable as an alternative to submerged membrane modules widely used as part of small capacity wastewater treatment facilities. Materials and methods. An ultra-filtration membrane was used to perform the research in a laboratory environment. The liquid, exposed to research, represented synthetic wastewater, whose composition was similar to the one of urban wastewaters, and it had varied concentrations of suspended solids (MLSS). The membrane element, produced by Raifil (Republic of Korea), that has capillary ultra-filtration membranes, was used in the experiments. The membrane pore size is 1 micron. The total membrane filter area is one square meter. This membrane module has standard characteristics (pore size, material), typical for ultra-filtration membranes; therefore, we can assume that any further results will not demonstrate any substantial discrepancies, if ultra-filtration membranes made by other manufacturers are used to conduct experiments. Results. The author describes a methodology for the optimization of pressure and MLSS values used in the process of membrane treatment. The author obtained the pressure values at which the amount of suspended solids in the filtered material shows a sharp rise, which means a slip of suspended solids into the filtrate, or a slip of contaminants. The author also identified the operating parameters that ensure maximal capacity. Conclusions. These findings help to outline a roadmap for further research into the optimization of membrane bioreactors (both standalone and submerged units) used in wastewater treatment.

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Gudzenko, T. V., O. G. Gorshkova, O. V. Voliuvach, T. V. Burlaka, and I. P. Metelitsina. "MICROBIOLOGICAL AND SANITARY - CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTEWATER FROM PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANY." Microbiology&Biotechnology, no. 2(52) (September 29, 2021): 40–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2307-4663.2021.2(52).239677.

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Aim. Оssessment of wastewater from a pharmaceutical company according to sanitary-microbiological and chemical indicators to determine the method of treatment and remediation of them from pollutants and pathogens. Methods. In sanitary and bacteriological studies, classical microbiological methods were used to determine the total microbial number of pathogenic bacteria. Determination of the concentration of ammonium, nitrite and nitrate in wastewater samples from a pharmaceutical company was carried out spectrophotometrically using the chemical reaction of ions to Nessler's reagent, Griss reagent, and phenol sulfide acid. The content of heavy metal ions was determined by the method of electrothermal AAS using the device "Saturn-2", by the photometric method using 4-aminoantipyrine – phenol, by the extraction-photometric method – by surfactants, by the method of infrared spectrometry – by petroleum hydrocarbons. Results. It was experimentally confirmed that the total microbial count in wastewater samples from a pharmaceutical company slightly exceeded the standard value. The BGKP index and the E. coli index were within the normal range. The pathogenic bacteria Salmonella moscow and Klebsiella pneumoniae were found in the wastewater of pharmaceutical company. The contamination of pharmaceutical stock can be judged by the 8.5 times excess of the concentration of ammonium ions in them compared to the MPC. The results of chemical analysis of wastewater samples from a pharmaceutical company indicate their multicomponent composition.Of the heavy metal ions, ions of zinc, copper, lead, hexavalent chromium and cadmium were mainly detected. With the exception of cadmium ions, the concentration of heavy metal ions was 1.4–7.2 times higher than the MPC norm. Anionic surfactants predominated in pharmaceutical stocks – their concentration was 8.2 ± 0.7 mg/dm3. The level of phenolic and oil pollution of wastewater was minimal in comparison with the content of anionic surfactants, which could be caused by the activity of aboriginal strains of bacteria-destructors with a high phenolic capacity. Conclusion. The results of sanitary-microbiological and chemical analysis of wastewaters of a pharmaceutical company indicate their multicomponent nature and environmental hazard – they contain pathogenic bacteria Salmonella moscow and Klebsiella pneumoniae and pollutants of various nature: heavy metal ions Cu (II), Cr (VI) and Pb (II) at a concentration of 36.0 ± 14 μg/dm3, 3.0 ± 0.4 μg/dm3 and 14.0 ± 0.7 μg/dm3, respectively, and organic pollutants – phenol, oil products and anionic surfactants at a concentration of 0.003 ± 0.0006 mg/dm3, 0.81 ± 0.05 mg/dm3 and 8.2 ± 0.7 mg/dm3, respectively. Werecommend to carry out a comprehensive purification of wastewater from a pharmaceutical company from phenol, heavy metal ions [Cu (II), Cr (VI), Zn (II)], oil products, anionic surfactants and pathogens.

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Grant, Jacque-Ann, and Ron Hofmann. "A comparative study of the hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity of activated sludge and membrane bioreactor wastewater effluents." Water Science and Technology 73, no. 9 (February 1, 2016): 2067–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.043.

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This study evaluated the hydroxyl radical scavenging characteristics of wastewater from five membrane bioreactor (MBR) and five activated sludge (AS) systems. The average values of the characteristics of both wastewater types was found to be significantly different at a 90% confidence interval in terms UV absorbance at 254 nm, alkalinity, and biopolymer concentration. Effluent organic matter (EfOM), with an average kOH,EfOM of (2.75 ± 1.04) × 108 M−1s−1, was identified as the primary hydroxyl scavenger contributing to >70% of the background scavenging in all cases, except when nitrite exceeded 0.3 mg NO2−-N/L. The average scavenging capacity, EfOM scavenging capacity, and the EfOM reaction rate constant of the AS wastewaters exceeded that of the MBR. However, due to the small sample size (n = 5) and considerable variability in scavenging characteristics among the MBR wastewaters, the difference in EfOM reactivity between the two wastewaters was not statistically significant at a 90% confidence interval. Nevertheless, these preliminary findings suggest the possibility that MBR wastewaters may be more amenable to treatment by advanced oxidation. A plausible explanation is that MBRs were observed to reject biopolymers, and a strong correlation was observed between EfOM scavenging capacity and biopolymer concentration.

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20

Płuciennik-Koropczuk, Ewelina, Martyna Myszograj, and Sylwia Myszograj. "The Influence of the Poles’ Lifestyle on the Quantity and Quality of Municipal Wastewater." Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 31, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ceer-2021-0045.

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Abstract The article presents lifestyle as an important factor determining the quantity and quality of municipal wastewater. The characteristic of wastewater in Poland has changed significantly in recent years. The qualitative characteristics of municipal wastewater indicate an increase of organic compounds and in the scope of micro-contaminants identified in them, e.g. nanoparticles, microplastics, pharmaceutical and personal care products or heavy metals. Therefore, the knowledge of parameters such as: BOD5, COD, total N, total P and suspension solids is no longer sufficient for the design and operation of wastewater treatment systems. Comprehensive research in this area is necessary to select those indicators that better describe the characteristics of wastewater.

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Le Bonté, S., M. N. Pons, O. Potier, S. Chanel, and M. Baklouti. "Generic monitoring tools for water characteristics assessment." Water Supply 3, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2003): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0124.

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An adaptive principal component analysis applied to sets of data provided by global analytical methods (UV-visible spectra, buffer capacity curves, respirometric tests) is proposed as a generic procedure for on-line and fast characterization of wastewater. The data-mining procedure is able to deal with a large amount of information, takes into account the normal variations of wastewater composition related to human activity, and enables a rapid detection of abnormal situations such as the presence of toxic substances by comparison of the actual wastewater state with a continuously updated reference. The procedure has been validated on municipal wastewater.

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El Bakraoui, Houria, Miloudia Slaoui, Jamal Mabrouki, Driss Hmouni, and Céline Laroche. "Recent Trends on Domestic, Agricultural and Industrial Wastewaters Treatment Using Microalgae Biorefinery System." Applied Sciences 13, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13010068.

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In addition to producing bioenergy and molecules with high added value, microalgae have been recognized as an efficient microorganism for wastewater treatment. However, a major obstacle preventing its widespread use is the high energy cost of pretreatment, cultivation and downstream processes. Different types of wastewaters have been tested as culture mediums for microalgal biorefinery system. This review gives a summary of the most used microalgae strains for wastewater treatment, as well as information on the physical and chemical characteristics of domestic, agricultural, and industrial wastewaters. It also discusses wastewater pretreatment techniques, nutrient uptake and removal, biomass production and biomolecules productivities. There is also discussion on how microalgae remove contaminants from wastewater. Additionally, the problems and restrictions of microalgae-based wastewater treatment are explored, and recommendations are made for additional study and advancement. This literature review demonstrates that microalgae monoculture systems have proven to be beneficial as an innovative wastewater treatment technology, due to its high efficiencies in pollutant removals and biomolecule production; however, the upstream and downstream treatment pose a limit to industrialize the process. Until now, there has been no conventional design of the wastewater treatment process using microalgae in the biorefinery system, which constitutes a huge gap to assess a real life cycle assessment (LCA) and techno economic analysis (TEA).

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Bachrun, Ratna, Santi, and Surya Baskara. "Greywater Flow Characteristics for Closed Channel Maintenance." Civil Engineering Journal 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2023-09-01-03.

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Knowing the characteristics of wastewater and its interaction with the channel is crucial to finding a suitable model and maintenance method to solve the closed channel problem. The purpose of this study is to find the relationship and how much it influences the characteristics of wastewater in closed channels and analyze the limit deposit velocity (LDV) of wastewater so that there is no deposition. The parameters used to analyze wastewater characteristics are density, oil and fat, specific gravity, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, and kinematic viscosity. The parameters used to analyze the flow characteristics in closed channels are velocity, discharge, Reynolds number, friction coefficient, energy loss, and hydraulic gradient. The method used is experimental research by simulating a closed-channel model prototype. The closed channel model is made from an acrylic pipe with a length of 6 m and a pipe diameter of 0.064 m. Simulations on each wastewater sample and the discharge variations used were 0.005, 0.004, 0.003, and 0.0015 m3/s. Velocity measurements at a 0.5 pipe water level height and distances of 0, 2, 4, and 6 m. The results showed that the nature and composition of the wastewater the flow velocity. The large value of wastewater parameters shows that the flow velocity is small. The wastewater content is considered a load that must be transported to the end of the closed channel. When the discharge increases, the velocity will increase, Reynolds number will increase, and the energy loss will be large, while the friction coefficient is inversely proportional to Reynolds number. The velocities of clean water samples are 2.90 - 1.07 m/s, tofu - making is 2.83 - 1.07 m/s, household is 2.74 - 0.85 m/s, laundry is 2.84 - 1.03 m/s, and the workshop is 2.54 - 0.66 m/s. The limit deposit velocity (LDV) for household wastewater is 1.49 m/s to prevent deposition in closed channels. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-01-03 Full Text: PDF

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Molina, F., C. García, E. Roca, and J. M. Lema. "Characterization of anaerobic granular sludge developed in UASB reactors that treat ethanol, carbohydrates and hydrolyzed protein based wastewaters." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 6 (March 1, 2008): 837–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.067.

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In this work, granules developed from UASB reactors that treat different types of wastewaters (ethanol, carbohydrates and protein-based synthetic wastewaters) were studied. Granule parameters (size distribution; density; settlement characteristics; elemental composition; acidogenic and methanogenic activities) were analyzed along with micro-organisms identified by FISH to better understand granule behavior and its formation process. Micro-organisms distributions in anaerobic granules are highly dependent on the type of treated wastewater. Granules developed in a UASB reactor that treats wastewater with a high content of carbohydrates presented high acidogenic bacteria colonization. Members of Methanosaetaceae were the dominant methanogens in the studied granules, and Methanobacteriales appear to be co-dominant in the granules developed with carbohydrates and protein-based wastewaters.

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Maya-Altamira, L., A. Baun, I. Angelidaki, and J. E. Schmidt. "Influence of wastewater characteristics on methane potential in food-processing industry wastewaters." Water Research 42, no. 8-9 (April 2008): 2195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.11.033.

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26

Yuting, Fu, Li Changbo, Zhao Guozheng, Liang Hui, Wang Shuo, and Xu Hongzhu. "Study on Pollution Characteristics of Shale Refinery Wastewater." E3S Web of Conferences 233 (2021): 01146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123301146.

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This paper studied the pollution characteristics of shale oil refinery wastewater, by using conventional analysis, infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy, chromatography and mass spectrometry. The results showed that: wastewater contains high concentration of dissolved organic matter, which was poor in biological treatment. The organic structure of wastewater contains groups such as benzene ring, carbonyl group, hydroxyl group, ether group and carboxyl group. The composition of wastewater was very complex, which has phenols and oil compounds, with inorganic pollutants such as iron, calcium, magnesium, and sodium.

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27

Savin, Irina-Isabella, and Romen Butnaru. "WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS IN TEXTILE FINISHING MILLS." Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 7, no. 6 (2008): 859–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2008.113.

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28

Andrianova, Maria, Ekaterina Bondarenko, Anastasia Mihajlova, Nadezhda Nemchinova, and Elena Romanova. "OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY’S WASTEWATER." Bulletin of the PNRPU. Applied Ecology. Urban Development, no. 2 (June 29, 2018): 110–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/2409-5125/2018.02.08.

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29

Monadi, Mohsen, and Mirali Mohammadi. "Sediment characteristics of urban wastewater flows." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 264 (2022): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2022.28587.

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30

Appiah-Brempong, Miriam, Helen Michelle Korkor Essandoh, Nana Yaw Asiedu, Samuel Kwame Dadzie, and Francis Warings Yao Momade. "Artisanal tannery wastewater: quantity and characteristics." Heliyon 8, no. 1 (January 2022): e08680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08680.

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31

Huang, Lin, Shuyan Qiu, Neissa M. Pinzon, Li-ta Lien, and Lu-Kwang Ju. "Fluorescence Characteristics of Triazine-Manufacturing Wastewater." Environmental Engineering Science 25, no. 3 (April 2008): 439–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ees.2006.0032.

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32

Bi, Jingtao, and Yingying Zhao. "Saline Wastewater: Characteristics and Treatment Technologies." Molecules 28, no. 4 (February 8, 2023): 1622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28041622.

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33

Wang, Yu-Hsuan, Chuen-Mei Wu, Wan-Lin Wu, Ching-Ping Chu, Yu-Jen Chung, and Chien-Sen Liao. "Survey on nitrogen removal and membrane filtration characteristics of Chlorella vulgaris Beij. on treating domestic type wastewaters." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 3 (August 1, 2013): 695–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.291.

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The main objective of this study is to evaluate the nitrogen assimilation and filtration characteristics of Chlorella vulgaris Beij. when treating domestic wastewaters. Chlorella could assimilate organic nitrogen, ammonia and nitrate in wastewater, and the mean cell residence time (MCRT) to achieve the maximum biomass content in a bioreactor was different for each individual nitrogen source used. The experimental results showed that using nitrate as the only nitrogen source was the most favorable for biomass growth. With ammonia and nitrate coexisting in the aquatic phase, Chlorella possibly utilized ammonia first, and this was unfavorable to subsequent biomass growth. Nitrifying bacteria in wastewaters significantly affected Chlorella growth as they possibly competed with Chlorella in assimilating ammonia and nitrate in domestic wastewater. In a submerged ultrafiltration (UF) membrane module, with an initial concentration of 850 mg/L of Chlorella, the optimized flux was 0.02 m3/(m2·h), and the filtration cycle was 30 min. A ‘dual membrane bioreactor (MBR)’ configuration using UF membranes for Chlorella incubation was proposed. MBR1 provides an environment with long MCRT for efficient nitrification. The converted nitrate is assimilated by Chlorella in MBR2 to sustain its growth. UF permeate from MBR1 is bacteria-free and does not affect the growth of Chlorella in MBR2. MCRT of Chlorella growth is controlled by the UF membrane of MBR2, providing the flexibility to adjust variations of nitrogen composition in the wastewater.

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34

Caicedo, C., S. Beutel, T. Scheper, K. H. Rosenwinkel, and R. Nogueira. "Occurrence of Legionella in wastewater treatment plants linked to wastewater characteristics." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 23, no. 16 (July 4, 2016): 16873–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7090-6.

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35

Yousuf, Sumra, Payam Shafigh, Zakaria Che Muda, Herda Yati Binti Katman, and Abid Latif. "Alternatives for Fresh Water in Cement-Based Materials: A Review." Water 15, no. 15 (August 4, 2023): 2828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15152828.

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Huge amounts of fresh water are used in the concrete industry every day. The quantity and quality of water play important roles in determining the quality, strength, setting time, and durability of cement-based materials (CBMs), such as paste, mortar, and concrete. Freshwater systems are under pressure due to climate changes, industrialisation, population growth, urbanisation, and the lack of proper water resource management. The lack of potable water has resulted in the search for possible alternatives, such as seawater, treated industrial wastewater, treated sewage wastewater, carwash service station wastewater, wastewater from ready-mix concrete plants, and wastewater from the stone-cutting industry. All of these water resources can be used in concrete to achieve adequate industry standards for the physical and chemical characteristics of concrete. This study is a comprehensive review of the existing information regarding the effects of alternate water resources on the fresh, physical, strength, and durability properties of CBMs. The review shows that the research on the utilisation of wastewater in CBMs is limited. The development of different procedures and methods is urgently needed to utilise various wastewaters in concrete production. The usage of various wastewaters in concrete construction overcomes their adverse impacts on the environment and human health.

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36

Peys, Kurt, Ludo Diels, Roger Leysen, and Carlo Vandecasteele. "Development of a membrane biofilm reactor for the degradation of chlorinated aromatics." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 1 (July 1, 1997): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0048.

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Many wastewaters generated by industry contain a limited amount of very toxic and recalcitrant pollutants which can upset biological treatment systems. A new membrane biofilm reactor concept is studied to treat these wastewaters. A biofilm is grown on an ultrafiltration membrane supporting layer that separates wastewater from an additional nutrient stream. The biofilm bacteria are in close contact with the wastewater which allows an efficient degradation of organic pollutants. Meanwhile, the diffusion of specific nutrient compounds keeps the bacteria active. The study is focused on modelling and optimization of the reactor operation considering both mass transfer and degradation kinetics. The biofilm structure and characteristics are very important in this optimization study.

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37

Al-Muzaini, Saleh, and Ahmad A. Ghosn. "Fate of Conventional/Priority Organic Pollutants Associated with Wastewater Reuse in Soil Irrigation in Kuwait." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 7 (October 1, 1999): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0314.

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Soil contamination from conventional/priority organic pollutants associated the reuse of wastewater for agricultural irrigation in selected sites in Kuwait is assessed in this paper using a laboratory pilot plant designed for this purpose. The permeated wastewaters included industrial and tertiary treated wastewaters from different industrial and wastewater treatment plants in Kuwait. Tab (potable) water will be also used as a reference base. The investigated soil sites covered representative agricultural areas in Kuwait including Al-Wafra, Al-Abdally and Sulaibiya agricultural sites. The soil characteristics in these sites are presented. The preliminary results of pilot plant tests for Abdally area soils are discussed herein and related conclusions and remarks are outlined.

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38

Lotito, A. M., U. Fratino, A. Mancini, G. Bergna, and C. Di Iaconi. "Is a sequencing batch biofilter granular reactor suitable for textile wastewater treatment?" Water Science and Technology 66, no. 7 (October 1, 2012): 1392–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.312.

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The textile industry releases highly polluted and complex wastewaters, which are difficult to treat and require numerous treatment steps. Innovative technologies for on-site treatment at each factory would permit cost reduction. For this reason, we ran a laboratory-scale study to assess the suitability of a sequencing batch biofilter granular reactor (SBBGR) for textile wastewater treatment, testing four different types of wastewater. Results demonstrate that wastewater characteristics greatly affect the reactor efficiency. Hence, a pre-study is advisable to define the best operational conditions and the maximum treatment capability for the wastewater under analysis. Nevertheless, SBBGR is a valuable biological treatment, effective in the reduction of pollutant load with stable performances despite the variability in wastewater composition. Tests with ozone integration have demonstrated that it is possible to dose small quantities of ozone to obtain an effluent suitable for direct discharge. However, a dynamic ozone dosage should be used to optimize the process as the correct ozone dose strongly depends on the wastewater composition.

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39

Tebai, Larbi, and Ioannis Hadjivassilis. "Soft Drinks Industry Wastewater Treatment." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0008.

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Soft drinks industry wastewater from various production lines is discharged into the Industrial Effluent Treatment Plant. The traditional coagulation/flocculation method as first step, followed by biological treatment as second step, has been adopted for treating the soft drinks industry wastewaters. The performance of the plant has been evaluated. It has been found that the effluent characteristics are in most cases in correspondence with the requested standards for discharging the effluent into the Nicosia central sewerage system.

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40

Vlyssides, A. G., E. M. Barampouti, and S. Mai. "Wastewater characteristics from Greek wineries and distilleries." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0007.

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The present paper deals with the characterization of wastewater generated from Greek wineries and wine distilleries. The quantity and the quality of the wastewater of a distillery depends on the type of wine (white or red), on the processes followed for the production of wine as well as on the volume of the tanks that are used. The total production of wastewater from a winery is about 1.2 times greater than the production of wine with BOD5 1740 mg/l and 1970 mg/l for white and red wine respectively, while the corresponding prices for COD are 3112 mg/l and 3997 mg/l and for the total phenolic compounds 280 and 1440 mg/l respectively. From these results, it is expected that the biological treatment of wastewater from white wines will be more efficient than that from red wines. The characteristics from the waste (vinasses) from the distillation of wines and wine lees are also presented.

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41

Iza, J. "Fluidized Bed Reactors for Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 8 (October 1, 1991): 109–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0221.

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A review of the theoretical basis for the design and operation of fluidized bed reactors for anaerobic treatment of wastewaters is presented. After the description of the characteristics of three-phase fluidized bed and theoretical aspects which could affect the operation of an anaerobic reactor, the design considerations and recommendations based upon characteristics of the wastewater to be treated are presented. A step by step design strategy, including media selection, operative conditions of the reactor, equipment sizing and long-term run effects, as well as mechanical design hints on distribution system, reactor body, piping of recycle lines and gas collection are included.

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42

Whitton, Rachel, Martina Santinelli, Marc Pidou, Francesco Ometto, Rita Henderson, Felicity Roddick, Peter Jarvis, Raffaella Villa, and Bruce Jefferson. "Tertiary nutrient removal from wastewater by immobilised microalgae: impact of wastewater nutrient characteristics and hydraulic retention time (HRT)." H2Open Journal 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 12–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2018.008.

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Abstract Immobilising microalgal cells has been proposed as a process solution to overcome the barriers associated with the implementation of microalgae for wastewater remediation. This work evaluated the performance and remediation mechanisms of immobilised microalgae for continuous wastewater treatment under varying hydraulic retention times (HRT). Three domestic secondary wastewaters with differing concentrations of orthophosphate (PO4-P), ammonium (NH4-N) and nitrate (NO3-N) were treated by Scenedesmus obliquus immobilised within 2% calcium alginate. Trials were run in continuous operation at HRTs of 3, 6, 12 and 20 h. Removal rates for PO4-P improved with increasing HRT, with minimum residual concentrations of 0.3–3.1 mg·L−1 observed at 3 h and 0.01–0.2 mg·L−1 at 20 h. Ammonium remediation was not linked to HRT or NH4+ concentration with minimum residual concentrations of <0.001 mg·L−1. Reduction in NO3-N improved with increasing HRT, with minimum residual concentrations of ≤19.3 at 3 h and ≤0.4 mg·L−1 at 20 h. Remediation was achieved through a combination of mechanisms including biological uptake and precipitation as a by-product of photosynthesis and nutrient metabolism. As such, immobilised microalgae have been proven to be an effective alternative solution for PO43− and NH4+ remediation of wastewater effluents at HRTs of 6–12 h.

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43

Mountassir, Y., A. Benyaich, M. Rezrazi, P. Berçot, and L. Gebrati. "Wastewater effluent characteristics from Moroccan textile industry." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 12 (June 1, 2013): 2791–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.205.

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The objectives of this work were to carry out a complete characterization of textile wastewater, resulting from a textile unit located in the Marrakesh region. A physico-chemical characterization has been performed, focused on organic and toxicological aspects. The cladoceran Daphnia magna was used as the sensor organism and lethal concentration as a criterion to measure the toxicity of textile wastewater. The physico-chemical and toxicological status of a local textile effluent showed considerable values limitation, when compared to the European Union standard limit and Moroccan guide level and other studies. In view of those characteristics, the wastewater effluent from the textile industry should be considered to be treated before discharge to the environment.

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44

Aziz, Shuokr, and Sardar Bruska. "Applying mass balance dilution technique for wastewater disposal to Greater-Zab river in Erbil, Kurdistan region-Iraq." Reciklaza i odrzivi razvoj 14, no. 1 (2021): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ror2101031a.

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Treatment is essential for wastewaters prior to its disposal to the environment or water sources. Numerous wastewater treatment techniques are applied for the treatment of wastewater types. To date, dilution via mass balance approach has not been reported for treatment of various types of wastewaters in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region-Iraq. Consequently, the aim of this work was to examine the treatment of various types of wastewaters using dilution method by river water through applying mass balance approach. Characteristics of different types of wastewaters and Greater-Zab River water in Erbil City were studied. Slaughterhouse, tannery, municipal, landfill-leachate, dairy, and refinery wastewaters in Erbil City were used in the present work. Mass balance approach was applied to verify that dilution of various types of wastewaters using Greater-Zab river water. Dilution factor and required amount of river water were calculated. Temperature, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and Dissolved oxygen (DO) were studied using mass balance approach. Results revealed that dilution factor for Erbil wastewaters varied from 10.36 to 513.91. Mixing of wastewaters with Greater-Zab river water led to decreasing of DO in the river water by 3.525 % and increasing of BOD in the Greater-Zab River water. Dilution using various quantities of raw river water via applying mass balance approach resulted in decreasing the pollutants in the wastewaters to an acceptable level and it was regarded as a treatment process. Each type of wastewater needs a definite quantity of raw water for the treatment. Commonly, sedimentation is suggested prior dilution of wastewater with the Greater-Zab River water. Maximum discharge of 1,182 m3/s is sufficient for treatment of all mentioned types of wastewaters in Erbil City.

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45

Trang, Nguyen Thi Thuy, Le Thi Hoang Yen, Le Thi Hong Hanh, and Bui Xuan Thanh. "Struvite Formation from Wastewater: Affecting Factors and Nutrient Recovery." GeoScience Engineering 64, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gse-2018-0002.

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Abstract Never human being has to face such a serious lack of phosphorus and pollutants from human activities. Nutrient recovery from wastewater is a new trend which attracts the interests of several researchers. Extraction of the nutrients, based on struvite crystal from wastewater as nutritious sources, has been assessed as an urgent solution to tackle the water pollution issue. This review focused on feature characteristics of struvite as a chemical fertilizer for plant, struvite formation process in various wastewaters, which is related to physio-chemical conditions, and potential of applying this idea into practice.

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46

Orivuori, Juhani. "Forest Industry Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment and its Future Development." Water Science and Technology 17, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0021.

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Very few methods have been developed with such speed as anaerobic wastewater treatment. Universities, Government agencies, private enterprise and scientists all over the world are using millions of dollars in studies, pilot and full scale experiments trying to find the most practical anaerobic treatment systems for various wastewaters. The follow-up alone of all the information published in this field would require an institute of its own. Commercial interests are driving private enterprise to fast development of full scale treatment plants. In this paper the reasons for this interest in anaerobic treatment are focused on in the light of the recent developments in knowledge of the quality and quantity of forest industry wastewaters. Future wastewater characteristics and the possibility of anaerobic treatment to meet future demands are discussed. The need for co-operation between forest industry process engineers and wastewater treatment specialists is emphasized in order to optimize internal and external pollution control methods.

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47

Wang, Xiaoxuan, Jinming Jiang, and Weijun Gao. "Reviewing textile wastewater produced by industries: characteristics, environmental impacts, and treatment strategies." Water Science and Technology 85, no. 7 (March 11, 2022): 2076–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2022.088.

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Abstract The textile industry is one of the most intensive industries in chemical products whose wastewater contains hazardous dyes, pigments, dissolved/suspended solids, and heavy metals. Hence, it is important to effectively treat the wastewater generated by this industry before releasing it into the environment. Although the field of textile wastewater treatment has made tremendous progress, the developed treatment methods should be improved further to make them economically viable and friendly. In this review, characteristics of textile wastewater are introduced. We have primarily focused on the environmental impact and toxicity of textile wastewater. Toxic and harmful contaminants must be removed from textile wastewater to reduce the extent of environmental pollution caused when textile wastewater is released into rivers or reused. Hence, various techniques that are used to treat textile wastewater are discussed. Finally, the challenges faced, and prospects of the methods have been discussed in detail.

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48

Yıldız, G., G. Insel, E. U. Cokgor, and D. Orhon. "Respirometric assessment of biodegradation for acrylic fibre-based carpet finishing wastewaters." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 10 (May 1, 2007): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.312.

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The paper evaluates biodegradation characteristics of wastewaters generated from acrylic fibre-based carpet processing and manufacturing. It involves detailed characterisation, respirometric modelling and kinetic description of dyeing and softening wastewater streams and the composite effluent. The wastewaters exhibit different COD content and fractionation. The resulting composite effluent has a total COD of 775 mgL−1, predominantly soluble and with a biodegradable fraction of 86%. In respirometric studies, the OUR profiles can only be calibrated with a dual hydrolysis model with rates significantly slower compared to domestic sewage and other textile plant effluents. Kinetic information derived from the experiments is applied for the conceptual evaluation of the treatability of the composite wastewater using two different continuous-flow activated sludge configurations.

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49

Du, Song, and Wenbiao Jin. "Development of a cost-effective wastewater treatment process: combination of different process." E3S Web of Conferences 233 (2021): 01106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123301106.

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Caprolactam wastewater produced by the production process of caprolactam is characterized by a very high toxicity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) values, having potential harm to the environment if treated improperly. However, these characteristics make caprolactam wastewaters difficult to treat using traditional methods. So the aim of this work was to develop a cost-effective caprolactam wastewater treatment process. Fenton oxidation, sequencing batch reactor activated sludge process (SBR) and electro-catalytic oxidation were proposed to treat caprolactam wastewater in the laboratory scale, and the treatment effects were investigated. Compared with Fenton oxidation, SBR and electro-catalytic oxidation can treat caprolactam wastewater at a lower cost and more efficiently. The pilot test results indicate that the COD can be decreased to less than 1000 mg/L by the combination process, and when the COD removal rates maintain 90%, the cost of caprolactam wastewater treatment is below 6 yuan/m3. The combination process showed better economic benefit.

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50

Gomes de Sousa, J. M. "Wastewater Stabilization Lagoon Design Criteria for Portugal." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0120.

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Although there are only a few wastewater stabilization lagoon plants in Portugal, this treatment system is particularly attractive because of the low energy requirements and because its operation is simple and the operating costs are small. Furthermore, the climatic factors are also favourable. In this context, the main objective of the study, which was undertaken in the Frielas experimental complex, on the outskirts of Lisbon, was the development of an appropriate stabilization lagoon design procedure for application in Portugal, regarding the raw wastewater characteristics and the climatic factors. The results obtained include the physical, chemical and biological characteristics and the flow rates of the influent and effluent wastewaters from the lagoons. The following main conclusions were reached:–the lagoons are normally over-designed, in particular the anaerobic and the facultative lagoons;–the soluble BOD concentration in the effluent, in general, meets the discharge requirements;–due to the presence of algae in the effluent, the TSS concentration is higher than the corresponding concentration in a secondary effluent.

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