Дисертації: "WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS"

1

Perera, Kuruppu Arachchige Kalyani, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and of Science Food and Horticulture School. "Characteristics of a developing biofilm in a petrochemical wastewater treatment plant." THESIS_CSTE_SFH_Perera_K.xml, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/777.

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A study was undertaken to investigate developing biofilms in a petrochemical wastewater treatment plant encompassing the architecture, microflora and the chemical nature of the matrix. Biofilms were developed on glass slides immersed in the activated sludge unit and analysed at known time intervals using a range of techniques. Initially, biofilms were investigated using conventional and emerging microscopic approaches to select a suitable technique. Scanning Confocal Laser Microscopy (SCLM) allowed visualisation of biofilms in situ with minimal background interference and non-destructive and optical sectioning which were amenable to quantitative computer-enhanced microscopy. SCLM was superior over Light microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. This study demonstrated biofilm growth, presence of extracellular polymer substances (EPS) in early biofilms associated with cells and the development of porous nature of mature biofilms including channel-like structures. Overall new information has been obtained on developing biofilms in an Australian petrochemical wastewater treatment plant
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) (Biological Sciences)

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2

Smith, Lynn C. "Mixing characteristics of the contact process and anaerobic filter." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315667.

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3

Simsek, Halis. "Fate and Characteristics of Dissolved Organic Nitrogen through Wastewater Treatment Systems." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26650.

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Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) represents a significant portion (25-80%) of total dissolved nitrogen in the final effluent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). DON in treated wastewater, once degraded, causes oxygen depletion and/or eutrophication in receiving waters and should be reduced prior to discharge. Biodegradability, bioavailability, and photodegradability are important characteristics of wastewater derived DON and are subjects of research in this dissertation. Four research tasks were performed. In the first task, laboratory-scale chemostat experiments were conducted to examine whether solids retention time (SRT) could be used to control DON and biodegradable DON (BDON) in treated wastewater. Nine different SRTs from 0.3 to 13 were studied. There was no correlation between effluent DON and SRTs. However, BDONs at SRTs of 0.3 to 4 days were comparable and had a decreasing trend with SRTs after that. These results indicate the benefit of high SRTs in term of producing effluent with less BDON. The second task was a comprehensive year-round data collection to study the fate of DON and BDON through the treatment train of a trickling filter (TF) WWTP. The plant removed substantial amounts of DON (62%) and BDON (76%) mainly through the biological process. However, the discharged concentrations in the effluent were still high enough to be critical for a stringent total nitrogen discharge limit (below 5 mg-N/L). Evolution of bioavailable DON (ABDON) along the treatment trains of activated sludge (AS) and TF WWTPs and relationship between ABDON and BDON were examined in the third task. ABDON exerted from a combination of bacteria and algae inocula was higher than algae inoculated ABDON and bacteria inoculated BDON suggesting the use of algae as a treatment organism along with bacteria to minimize effluent DON. The TF and AS WWTPs removed 88% and 64% of ABDON, respectively. In the last task, photodegradable DON (PDON) in primary wastewater and final effluent from TF and AS WWTPs was studied. PDON and BDON fractions of DON data in the final effluent of TF and AS WWTP samples elucidate that photodegradation is as critically important as biodegradation when mineralization of effluent DON is a concern in receiving waters.

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4

Perera, Kuruppu Arachchige Kalyani. "Characteristics of a developing biofilm in a petrochemical wastewater treatment plant." Thesis, View thesis, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/777.

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A study was undertaken to investigate developing biofilms in a petrochemical wastewater treatment plant encompassing the architecture, microflora and the chemical nature of the matrix. Biofilms were developed on glass slides immersed in the activated sludge unit and analysed at known time intervals using a range of techniques. Initially, biofilms were investigated using conventional and emerging microscopic approaches to select a suitable technique. Scanning Confocal Laser Microscopy (SCLM) allowed visualisation of biofilms in situ with minimal background interference and non-destructive and optical sectioning which were amenable to quantitative computer-enhanced microscopy. SCLM was superior over Light microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. This study demonstrated biofilm growth, presence of extracellular polymer substances (EPS) in early biofilms associated with cells and the development of porous nature of mature biofilms including channel-like structures. Overall new information has been obtained on developing biofilms in an Australian petrochemical wastewater treatment plant

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5

Perera, Kuruppu Arachchige Kalyani. "Characteristics of a developing biofilm in a petrochemical wastewater treatment plant /." View thesis, 2003. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20060516.122048/index.html.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) (Biological Sciences) -- University of Western Sydney, 2003.
"Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Western Sydney, July 2003". Includes bibliography : leaves 253 - 276.

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6

Odize, Victory Oghenerabome. "Diffuser Fouling Mitigation, Wastewater Characteristics And Treatment Technology impact on Aeration Efficiency." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82852.

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Achieving energy neutrality has shifted focus towards aeration systems optimization, due to the high energy consumption of aeration processes in modern advanced wastewater treatment plants. The activated sludge wastewater treatment process is dependent on aeration efficiency which supplies the oxygen needed in the treatment process. The process is a complex heterogeneous mixture of microorganisms, bacteria, particles, colloids, natural organic matter, polymers and cations with varying densities, shapes and sizes. These activated sludge parameters have different impacts on aeration efficiency defined by the OTE, % and alpha. Oxygen transfer efficiency (OTE) is the mass of oxygen transferred into the liquid from the mass of air or oxygen supplied, and is expressed as a percentage (%). OTE is the actual operating efficiency of an aeration system. The alpha Factor (α) is the ratio of standard oxygen transfer efficiency at process conditions (αSOTE) to standard oxygen transfer efficiency of clean water (SOTE). It is also referred to as the ratio of process water volumetric mass transfer coefficient to clean water volumetric mass transfer coefficient. The alpha factor accounts for wastewater contaminants (i.e. soap and detergent) which have an adverse effect on oxygen transfer efficiency. Understanding their different impacts and how different treatment technologies affect aeration efficiency will help to optimize and improve aeration efficiency so as to reduce plant operating costs. A pilot scale study of fine pore diffuser fouling and mitigation, quantified by dynamic wet pressure (DWP), oxygen transfer efficiency and alpha measurement were performed at Blue Plains, Washington DC. In the study a mechanical cleaning method, reverse flexing (RF), was used to treat two diffusers (RF1, RF2) to mitigate fouling, while two diffusers were kept as a control with no reverse flexing. A 45 % increase in DWP of the control diffuser after 17 month of operation was observed, an indication of fouling. RF treated diffusers (RF1 and RF2) did not show any significant increase in DWP, and in comparison to the control diffuser prevented a 35 % increase in DWP. Hence, the RF fouling mitigation technique potentially saved blower energy consumption by reducing the pressure burden on the air blower and the blower energy requirement. However, no significant impact of the RF fouling mitigation treatment technique in preventing a decrease in alpha-fouling (𝝰F) of the fine pore diffusers over time of operation was observed. This was because either the RF treatment method maintained wide pore openings after cleaning over time, or a dominant effect of other wastewater characteristics such as the surfactant concentration or particulate COD could have interfered with OTE. Further studies on the impact of wastewater characteristics (i.e., surfactants and particulate COD) and operating conditions on OTE and alpha were carried out in another series of pilot and batch scale tests. In this study, the influence of different wastewater matrices (treatment phases) on oxygen transfer efficiency (OTE) and alpha using full-scale studies at the Blue Plains Treatment Plant was investigated. A strong relationship between the wastewater matrices with oxygen transfer characteristics was established, and as expected increased alphas were observed for the cleanest wastewater matrices (i.e., with highest effluent quality). There was a 46 % increase in alpha as the total COD and surfactant concentrations decreased from 303 to 24 mgCOD/L and 12 to 0.3 mg/L measured as sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) in the nitrification/denitrification effluent with respect to the raw influent. The alpha improvement with respect to the decrease in COD and surfactant concentration suggested the impact of one or more of the wastewater characteristics on OTE and alpha. Batch testing conducted to characterize the mechanistic impact of the wastewater contaminants present in the different wastewater matrices found that the major contaminants influencing OTE and alpha were surfactants and particulate/colloidal material. The volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa) measurements from the test also identified surfactant and colloidal COD as the major wastewater contaminants present in the influent and chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) effluent wastewaters impacting OTE and alpha. Soluble COD was observed to potentially improve OTE and alpha due to its contribution in enhancing the oxygen uptake rate (OUR). Although the indirect positive impact of OUR on alpha observed in this study contradicts some other studies, it shows the need for further investigation of OUR impacts on oxygen transfer. Importantly, the mechanistic characterization and quantitative correlation between wastewater contaminants and aeration efficiency found in this study will help to minimize overdesign with respect to aeration system specification, energy wastage, and hence the cost of operation. This study therefore shows new tools as well as the identification of critical factors impacting OTE and alpha in addition to diffuser fouling. Gas transfer depression caused by surfactants when they accumulate at the gas-liquid interface during the activated sludge wastewater treatment process reduces oxygen mass transfer rates, OTE and alpha which increases energy cost. In order to address the adverse effect of surfactants on OTE and alpha, another study was designed to evaluate 4 different wastewater secondary treatment strategies/technologies that enhances surfactant removal through enhanced biosorption and biodegradation, and to also determine their effect on oxygen transfer and alpha. A series of pilot and batch scale tests were conducted to compare and correlate surfactant removal efficiency and alpha for a) conventional high-rate activated sludge (HRAS), b) optimized HRAS with contactor-stabilization technology (HRAS-CS), c) optimized HRAS bioaugmented (Bioaug) with nitrification sludge (Nit S) and d) optimized bioaugmented HRAS with an anaerobic selector phase technology (An-S) reactor system configuration. The treatment technologies showed surfactant percentage removals of 37, 45, 61 and 87 %, and alphas of 0.37 ±0.01, 0.42 ±0.02, 0.44 ±0.01 and 0.60 ±0.02 for conventional HRAS, HRAS-CS, Bioaug and the An-S reactor system configuration, respectively. The optimized bioaugmented anaerobic selector phase technology showed the highest increased surfactant removal (135 %) through enhanced surfactant biosorption and biodegradation under anaerobic conditions, which also complemented the highest increased alpha (62 %) achieved when compared to the conventional HRAS. This study showed that the optimized bioaugmented anaerobic selector phase reactor system configuration is a promising technology or strategy to minimize the surfactant effects on alpha during the secondary aeration treatment stage
Ph. D.

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7

Zhang, Tong, and 張彤. "Characteristics of sulfate-reducing bacteria biofilm and other microbial communities in wastewater treatment." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31242686.

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8

Zhang, Tong. "Characteristics of sulfate-reducing bacteria biofilm and other microbial communities in wastewater treatment." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2327279x.

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9

Forbes, Donna J. "Characteristics and treatment of wastewater generated during underwater hull cleaning operations of U.S. Navy ships." Thesis, Springfield, Va. : Available from National Technical Information Service, 1996. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA319755.

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10

Smith, Stephanie. "An evaluation of the physical and demographic characteristics contributing to on-site sewage management system failure in metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/55041.

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When designed, installed, and maintained properly, septic systems provide a cost-effective and environmentally-sound method to treat domestic wastewater. However, poor installation, unsuitable site conditions, and infrequent maintenance can lead to system failure and the discharge of partially-treated effluent to local waterways. As many as 1%, or 4,000 systems, fail each year in the Atlanta area. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to evaluate what social and physical factors are significant to the location of on-site sewage management system failures in Cherokee County, Georgia. A regression analysis of the septic system failure rate, which was estimated with repair permit records from the local Board of Health, with Census demographics, soil, and septic system information found that the percent of soils in the “A” hydrologic group, unemployment rate, percent African-American population, population density, household size, percent of homes built between 1980 and 1989, percent built between 1970 and 1979, percent built between 1940 and 1949, and the average lot size of the parcels issued a repair permit were statistically-significant (p < 0.05) indicators of the failure rate at the Census block group level. The inclusion of socioeconomic, environmental, and physical characteristics suggests that the most effective response to reduce failures will incorporate actions to address these significant elements collectively. Despite restrictions on the ability of the Georgia Department of Public Health to regulate maintenance, many policy options are available to proactively identify areas with the greatest likelihood of failure and reduce the incidence of failure in those areas. Greater collaboration between stakeholders, including the county Board of Health and utility providers, improved record-keeping, and education and incentive programs provide the best opportunities to improve the management of septic systems in local jurisdictions.

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11

Potgieter, Johannes Jacobus Christian. "Compostability of municipal and industrial wastewater sludge : physical, chemical and biochemical transformations and end-product characteristics." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/33147.

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Can composting save the world from its human generated biological waste problem and give a diversifying organic agriculture a much needed boost at the same time? The age old natural process of composting has been well researched and documented in scientific and other literature. Thermophilic composting transforms biological/organic waste into a stable plant and soil friendly material (compost) that has been sanitised through high temperature and humified at the same time – a true miracle of nature. Mixtures for thermophilic composting can be formulated fairly accurately from their water, C and N content. The pH needs to be within an acceptable range (5-8) but can be adjusted with agricultural lime if needed. The EC and ash content of sludge, together with the C and N content, are fairly reliable indicators of available bio-chemical energy for composting. Monitoring the temperature and water content gives sufficient feedback for proper management of the process. Bio-chemical transformations in composting material tell the tale of the microbial processes at the heart of composting and humification. The quality of compost depends largely on the quality of the raw materials used, even if mixture formulation and process management is effective. The study firstly evaluated the compostability of various types of WWS and eucalyptus sawdust bulking agent with the focus on the known requirements and conditions for thermophilic aerobic composting. This entailed a composting experiment during which the sludge and bulking agent were characterised, feedstock mixtures formulated and certain composting conditions (temperature and water content) and feedstock characteristics (pH, EC and ash content) monitored over time as piles were managed through turning, sampling and watering. Secondly, the study evaluated the quality of compost produced from various types of WWS and eucalyptus sawdust bulking agent as influenced by the raw material and initial feedstock characteristics, microbial dynamics and environmental conditions during composting and as indicated by certain chemical and biochemical transformations (including OM decomposition) during composting and end product (compost) characteristics. Tracking the chemical and biochemical evolution during composting in the four treatments entailed the laboratory analyses of a variety of signature characteristics for samples taken at the start of composting, at the end of the thermophilic phase when pile temperature decreased to below 40ºC and at the end of the curing phase of composting when the temperature of piles did not exceed ambient temperature. Finally, a seedling emergence bioassay was performed as a direct test of compost maturity and quality. The main findings of this study are that dewatered, activated sludge has a high level of thermophilic compostability with Eucalyptus sawdust as bulking agent. Dried, digested sludge has a low level of compostability with Eucalyptus sawdust as bulking agent mainly because of the anaerobic digestion that depleted the C and bio-chemical energy in the sludge. Little value is added to digested sludge through composting with eycalyptus sawdust except that it probably facilitated a further “curing” of the already stable material. Overall, dewatered ACT-MUN sludge and eucalyptus sawdust produced the compost of highest quality and stability/maturity in a volume ratio of 1:4 (sludge:sawdust). Dewatered ACT-IND sludge and eucalyptus sawdust produced an interesting compost of high stability/maturity with a high level of humification and medium fertility status. Increasing the sludge:sawdust ratio closer to 1:4 (volume) will enhance the chemical quality of this good compost. Dried DIG-MUN sludge and eucalyptus sawdust produced a stable compost of very low pH, relatively low fertility, poor physical character and high risk of phytotoxicity. Composting is a great option for WWS treatment that deserves a lot more attention in South Africa.
Dissertation (MSc Agric)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2014
Plant Production and Soil Science
unrestricted

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12

Conradie, Adel. "Influence of winemaking practices on the chemical characteristics of winery wastewater and the water usages of wineries." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97036.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The production of wine globally has increased over the past years, increasing the volume of water used and wastewater generated for every litre of wine produced. In the past, the small volumes of winery wastewater that were produced by wineries had little effect on the immediate environment. However, with the increasing wine production all around the world, winery wastewater is a rising concern for the contamination of soil and subsurface flow. In order to fully understand the impacts of winery wastewater, it is important to establish the volumes and chemical characteristics of the wastewater, before considering possible treatments. The first aim of this study was to determine the influence of certain winemaking practices on the water usage. Two wineries in the Stellenbosch Winelands District were monitored during two harvests and one post-harvest season. It was evident through this study that water plays a vital role during the production of wine and that water is needed at virtually all the winemaking steps. However, the volume of clean water needed differs immensely during the course of the production process. It was noticed that throughout the harvest period at both wineries the clean water demand was highest and decreased during the course of the post-harvest period and steadily increased again towards the end of the year. The harvest period contributes between 30 and 40% of the yearly water usage at the respective wineries. It was also noticed that certain winemaking practices including filtering with a bulk filter, washing of barrels and bottling contributes heavily to the water usage throughout the year. Activities that increase water usage during harvest include the washing of the press and processing a combination of red and white grapes on the same day. Furthermore, it was identified that one of the wineries used a smaller volume of water on a daily basis and per tonnage during harvest than the other, indicating that the cleaner production strategy established 10 years earlier has a positive impact on their water usage. The second aim of this study was to monitor the raw and treated winery wastewater from the two wineries during a period of 15 months, including two harvests and one post-harvest season. This was done to investigate the characteristics of the raw and treated wastewater. Firstly, to determine the impact of the different winemaking practices on the chemical composition of the wastewater and secondly, to determine the efficiency of the existing constructed wetlands on the wastewater and the characteristics of the treated wastewater. From this study it was possible to make two main observations concerning the chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations of the two wineries. Primarily, it was observed there were variations in the raw wastewater characteristics of the two wineries and above all, that both wineries showed a decrease in the COD of the raw wastewater produced. Not only did the decrease in the raw wastewater COD over this period show promising results when a cleaner production plan is established and managed it also seems to show a decrease in the volumes of water used by the respective wineries and increase in quality.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gedurende die afgelope paar jaar het wynproduksie wêreldwyd toegeneem en as gevolg hiervan toenemende hoeveelhede water gebruik en afvalwater gegenereer. In die verlede het die klein volumes kelderafvalwater wat deur wynkelders geproduseer is min effek op die onmiddelike omgewing gehad, maar gegewe die toenemende produksie van wyn regoor die wêreld is daar groeiende kommer oor die besoedeling van gronde en ondergrondse vloei deur kelderafvalwater. Dit is belangrik om die volumes en chemiese eienskappe van die afvalwater te bepaal om die impak van die water ten volle te verstaan, voordat moontlike behandelings oorweeg word Die eerste doel van hierdie studie was om te bepaal hoe sekere wynmaakpraktyke watergebruik beïnvloed. Twee wynkelders in die Stellenbosch Wynland Distrik is gedurende twee parsseisoene en een na-pars seisoen gemonitor. Hierdeur het dit duidelik geword dat water ‘n noodsaaklike rol speel in wynproduksie en benodig word vir feitlik alle stappe in die wynmaakproses. Die volume skoon water wat benodig word verskil wel noemenswaardig tydens die produksieproses. Die gebruik van skoon water van beide kelders was hoog tydens die parsseisoen, het afgeneem gedurende die loop van die na-pars periode en het geleidelik weer toegeneem teen die einde van die jaar. Die parsseisoen dra tussen 30 en 40% by tot die jaarlikse waterverbruik van die onderskeie kelders. Dit is ook opgemerk dat sekere wynmaakpraktyke, insluitend filtrasie met ‘n grootmaat filter, die was van vate en bottelering, grootliks bydrae tot die waterverbruik deur die loop van die jaar. Aktiwiteite wat waterverbruik tydens parstyd verhoog sluit in die gebruik van die pers en die verwerking van ‘n kombinasie van rooi en wit druiwe op dieselfde dag. Daar is ook vasgestel dat een van die wynkelders tydens parstyd ‘n kleiner volume water gebruik op ‘n daaglikse basis asook per tonnemaat wat daarop dui dat die “skoner” produksie strategie wat dié kelder 10 jaar gelede gevestig het wel ‘n positiewe impak op waterverbruik het. Die tweede doel van hierdie studie was om die onbehandelde en behandelde afvalwater van hierdie twee wynkelders te monitor oor 'n tydperk van 15 maande, wat twee paste en een na-pars seisoen insluit. Dit is gedoen om die impak van verskillende wynmaakpraktyke op die chemiese samestelling van die afvalwater te ondersoek asook om die doeltreffendheid van bestaande kunsmatige vleilande in terme van afvalwaterbehandeling te bepaal en die eienskappe van die behandelde afvalwater te ondersoek. Gevolglik is twee belangrike waarnemings oor die chemiese suurstof behoefte (CSB) konsentrasie van die twee wynkelders gemaak. Variasies in die onbehandelde afvalwater eienskappe is waargeneem by beide wynkelders en daar was ‘n afname in CSB van die onbehandelde afvalwater by beide wynkelders. Die afname in CSB van die onbehandelde afvalwater oor hierdie tydperk is belowend en dit blyk dat wanneer ‘n “skoner” produksie plan opgestel en bestuur word dit wel ‘n afname in waterverbruik en verhoog in kwaliteit by die kelders tot gevolg het.

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13

Nurk, Kaspar. "Relationships between microbial characteristics and environmental conditions in a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland for wastewater treatment /." Online version, 2005. http://dspace.utlib.ee/dspace/bitstream/10062/116/1/nurkkaspar.pdf.

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14

Segall, Martha. "The effects of cations on activated sludge characteristics." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45911.

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This research was prompted by a field study performed at the Celanese Corporation Wastewater Treatment Plant, Narrows, VA., in which calcium chloride addition had improved sludge characteristics that were believed to have deteriorated because of sodium hydroxide additions for pH control.

Research objectives were to determine whether the observed improvements during the full-scale plant study were caused by the addition of divalent cations and whether the deterioration of the sludge was due to sodium ion additions.

Bench-scale, activated sludge reactors were fed wastewater from the Celanese plant to model plant conditions. Sodium was added in an attempt to cause deterioration of the sludge characteristics. Magnesium and calcium were used as divalent cations to try to improve the sludge characteristics.

Results of the study indicated that the magnitude of the effects seen in the full-scale plant study could not be reproduced in the laboratory. Magnesium produced little or no effect on the system and calcium improved the sludge characteristics slightly. Sodium caused deterioration of the sludge but not as dramatically as the full-scale study. This suggested that sodium alone did not adversely affect the sludge but rather, sodium hydroxide might have been combined with organics in the waste which then affected the system.

Master of Science

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15

Richards, Samia. "On-site wastewater treatment systems as sources of phosphorus and other pollutants in rural catchments : characteristics and tracing approaches." Thesis, Bangor University, 2017. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/onsite-wastewater-treatment-systems-as-sources-of-phosphorus-and-other-pollutants-in-rural-catchments-characteristics-and-tracing-approaches(cf2d6620-06b2-4737-8626-c6b736717585).html.

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This thesis investigated the influence of septic tanks (ST) on stream water quality. Characterisation of septic tank effluent (STE) revealed that STE were enriched in phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), organic matter (OM) and metals relative to stream waters and large proportions of these parameters were present in the soluble reactive forms. Human factors such as tank design, number of users, dishwasher use and infrequent desludging significantly (P < 0.05) influenced effluent quality. ST that received roof runoff had reduced effluent retention time, while infrequent desludging was linked to increased OM, bacteria and P concentration in the effluent. Tanks that served larger numbers of people had elevated microbial abundance, P and N concentrations. Effluent composition was not consistent throughout the year, but exhibited similarity in warmer drier months that was different from effluent in colder wetter months for biological oxygen demand and heavy metals. Effluent attenuation in a test soil revealed that 14%-35% of P was attenuated by sorption processes, while saccharin was strongly attenuated by soil microbial degradation. The complex composition of STE reduced the ability of the test soil to adsorb P, as other substances in the effluent were competing for soil binding sites. Calculated P annual loadings from STE were 0.797 and 0.956 kgP/person/year for water usage of 150 and 180 l/person/day, respectively, while, effluents P load from detergents was 0.154 kg P/person/year. Newly developed tracing studies showed that ratios of chloride to other effluent indicators (e.g. EC, NH4-N, TSS, turbidity, total coliforms, sucralose, saccharin and Zn) and the detection of effluent tryptophan-like peak by fluorescence spectroscopy may be useful in tracking effluent discharge to streams with low levels of dilution. However, effluent caffeine and saccharin were more effective tracers in streams with low and high levels of dilutions. A single individual tracer alone was not sufficient to evaluate STE contamination sources, but combined chemical and physical tracing approaches show promise as tools to identify STE inputs that continue to pose risks to watercourses and where mitigation measures could be effectively targeted.

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16

Babalola, Bolanle. "Investigating adsorption characteristics of Delonix regia for heavy metals removal in wastewater and its potential for remediating contaminated soils." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2018. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/124050/.

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There is need to explore all possible agro-based inexpensive adsorbents and study their feasibility for heavy metal removal with the aim of finding which is a better alternative to activated carbon. The focus of the present study is on investigating the adsorption characteristics of Delonix regia for the sorption of Pb, Ni, Cu, Cd and Co from polluted water and stabilization of contaminated soils. The focus also included assessment of available metal concentrations, pool size and kinetic resupply using Diffusive Gradient in Thin film (DGT) technique and DGT- Induced Fluxes in Sediments (DIFS) model. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out using the adsorbent prepared from the pods and leaves of Delonix regia in order to determine the suitable operating parameters for the adsorption of the target heavy metals from synthetic metal solutions. Results showed significant uptake occurred at pH 2 which makes the adsorbent suitable for use on low pH heavy metal bearing effluents. An interaction time of 30 minutes was sufficient to achieve maximum uptake. The kinetics of adsorption best fitted to the pseudo second order kinetic model while Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to interpret data obtained from initial concentration study. The experimental adsorption capacity of the pods is 31.2mgPb/g; 5.9mgNi/g; 9.1mgCu/g; 6.5mgCd/g and 5.8mgCo/g while the leaves powder has 10.3mgPb/g; 10.3mgNi/g; 9.2mgCu/g; 8.4mgCd/g and 10.3mgCo/g. The investigation on the sorption ability of Delonix regia continued by using the pods on tropical soil samples to study the effect of aging; pollutants concentration difference; soil pH and soil organic matter on the removal efficiency of Delonix regia pods and biochar for Pb, Cu and Cd during the 42 days aging time. Results showed that removal efficiency was dependent on aging and soil pH for both materials and all metals studied except for Cd where soil pH had no effect. Delonix regia could be used to remove these target metals from organic matter rich agricultural soil while the biochar with higher removal efficiency in most soil samples is better suitable for acidic and poor organic matter soils. Further investigation for availability and resupply kinetic assessment before and after remediation was done using the DGT technique and DIFS model. The use of Delonix.regia and biochar resulted in a reduction in Css and CDGT for all metals in the order of Biochar-treated soils < D. regia treated soils< control samples; an evidence of the good remediation that was achieved by each treatment. The labile pool size of metals, Kd, (Pb, Cu and Cd) that can be resupplied to soil solution from the soil solid phase follows the order of Bio-treated soils > Delonix.regia treated soils > control soil samples. The depletion time (Tc) and the desorption rate constant, k-1, values followed the order: control samples > Delonix.regia treated soil > biochar treated soils. The Kd, labile pool size is increasing with aging time. In control samples, the Tc decreased with aging; while in treated soils, Tc increased with aging and D.regia have the higher value. In the soils to which organic matter, OM, were added, Tc values were the same for each metal throughout the aging period. The values obtained were the same for individual soil with and without treatment but vary from metal to metal. In the OM soils, treatment types and aging have no effect on metal resupply. The resupply of Pb is the fastest, then Cd and the slowest was Cu. The R values in the control soils were reducing with aging but in the treated soils, it was increasing with the resupply slower in D.regia treated soils than biochar treated soils. This work has demonstrated that D.regia has the potential for simple, cheap and effective/efficient remediation of metal polluted waters and soils.

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17

Dawes, Les A. "Role of soil physical and chemical characteristics and landscape factors in defining soil behaviour under long term wastewater dispersal." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2006. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16297/1/Les_Dawes_Thesis.pdf.

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The use of on-site wastewater treatment systems for the treatment and dispersal of domestic effluent is common in urban fringe areas which are not serviced by centralised wastewater collection systems. However, due to inappropriate siting and inadequate evaluation of soil characteristics, the failure of these systems has become a common scenario. The current standards and guidelines adopted by many local authorities for assessing suitable site and soil conditions for on-site dispersal areas are coming under increasing scrutiny due to the public health and environmental impacts caused by poorly performing systems, in particular septic tank-soil adsorption systems. In order to achieve sustainable on-site wastewater treatment with minimal impacts on the environment and public health, more appropriate means of assessment of long term performance of on-site dispersal areas are required. The research described in the thesis details the investigations undertaken for the development of robust assessment criteria for on-site dispersal area siting and design and assessment of the long term performance of soil dispersal areas. The research undertaken focused on three key research areas; (i) assessment of site and soil suitability for providing adequate treatment and dispersal of domestic wastewater; (ii) understanding sorption, purification and transport processes influencing retention and release of pollutants and the natural controls governing these processes and (iii) the development of assessment criteria for long term behaviour of soils under effluent dispersal. The research conducted was multidisciplinary in nature, with detailed investigations of the physical and chemical processes involved in on-site wastewater treatment and dispersal. This involved extensive field investigations, sampling and monitoring, laboratory and soil column testing and detailed data analysis across the fields of soil science, groundwater quality, subsurface hydrology, chemical contamination, and contaminant fate and transport processes. The interactions between these different disciplines can be complex which resulted in substantial amounts of data being generated from the numerous field and laboratory investigations and sampling undertaken. In order to understand the complex relationships that can occur, multivariate statistical techniques were utilised. The use of these techniques was extremely beneficial. These techniques not only allowed not only the respective relationships between investigated parameters to be identified, but also adequate decisions based on the correlations were able to be formulated. This allowed a more appropriate assessment of the influential factors, and the prediction of ongoing changes to soil properties due to effluent disposal. The primary outcomes for this research were disseminated through a series of peer reviewed scientific papers centred on these key disciplines. The assessment of site and soil suitability was achieved through extensive soil sampling throughout the study areas and detailed laboratory testing and data analysis. The study identified and investigated the role of influential site and soil characteristics in the treatment performance of subsurface effluent dispersal areas. The extent of effluent travel and the ability of the soil to remove pollutants contained in the effluent by adsorption and/or nutrient uptake were investigated. A framework for assessing the renovation ability of the major soil groups located throughout Southeast Queensland was also developed. The outcomes provide a more rigorous scientific basis for assessing the ability of soil and evaluating site factors to develop more reliable methods for siting effluent dispersal areas. The resulting assessment criteria developed was compared with soil column studies to determine the robustness and validity of the outcomes. This allowed refinement of the assessment criteria in developing a more reliable approach to predicting long term behaviour of soils under sewage effluent dispersal. Multivariate techniques assisted in characterising appropriate soils and to determine their long-term suitability for effluent treatment and dispersal. The assessment criteria developed included physical, chemical and sub-surface hydrological properties of a site and soil which can be used to predict suitability for long term effluent treatment and dispersal. These include:  Moderate to slow drainage (permeability) to assist the movement of effluent (percolation) through the soil profile and allow adequate time for treatment and dispersal to occur. With longer percolation times, the opportunity for exchange and transport processes increase.  Significant soil cation exchange capacity and dominance of exchangeable Ca2+ or exchangeable Mg2+ over exchangeable Na+. Although a soil dominated by Mg2+ is found to promote dispersion of soil particles to some extent, its impact is far less than that of Na+. A stable soil would have a Ca: Mg ratio > 0.5.  Low exchangeable Na+ content to maintain soil stability.  Minimum depth of 400mm of potentially unsaturated soil before encountering a restrictive horizon, to permit adequate purification to take place.  Clay type with Illite and mixed mineralogy soils being the most sensitive to Na+. In general, significant increases in ESP occur in soils with 30 to 40% clay and in the presence of illite clay. Small amounts of smectite clays enhance treatment potential of a soil. The research outcomes have significantly contributed to the knowledge base on best practice in on-site dispersal area siting and design. The developed predictive site and soil suitability assessment criteria allows more appropriate evaluation of site and soil characteristics for providing long term effluent renovation. This is generally not done in the current assessment techniques for on-site dispersal areas. The processes and techniques used in the site and soil suitability assessment, although based on the common soil types typical of South East Queensland, can be implemented in other regions, provided appropriate soil information is collected or available. The predictive assessment criteria have been developed at a generic level, allowing easy implementation into most assessment processes. This gives the framework the flexibility to be developed for other areas specifically targeting the most influential on-site dispersal area siting and design factors, and assessment of long term performance under wastewater application.

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18

Dawes, Les A. "Role of soil physical and chemical characteristics and landscape factors in defining soil behaviour under long term wastewater dispersal." Queensland University of Technology, 2006. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16297/.

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The use of on-site wastewater treatment systems for the treatment and dispersal of domestic effluent is common in urban fringe areas which are not serviced by centralised wastewater collection systems. However, due to inappropriate siting and inadequate evaluation of soil characteristics, the failure of these systems has become a common scenario. The current standards and guidelines adopted by many local authorities for assessing suitable site and soil conditions for on-site dispersal areas are coming under increasing scrutiny due to the public health and environmental impacts caused by poorly performing systems, in particular septic tank-soil adsorption systems. In order to achieve sustainable on-site wastewater treatment with minimal impacts on the environment and public health, more appropriate means of assessment of long term performance of on-site dispersal areas are required. The research described in the thesis details the investigations undertaken for the development of robust assessment criteria for on-site dispersal area siting and design and assessment of the long term performance of soil dispersal areas. The research undertaken focused on three key research areas; (i) assessment of site and soil suitability for providing adequate treatment and dispersal of domestic wastewater; (ii) understanding sorption, purification and transport processes influencing retention and release of pollutants and the natural controls governing these processes and (iii) the development of assessment criteria for long term behaviour of soils under effluent dispersal. The research conducted was multidisciplinary in nature, with detailed investigations of the physical and chemical processes involved in on-site wastewater treatment and dispersal. This involved extensive field investigations, sampling and monitoring, laboratory and soil column testing and detailed data analysis across the fields of soil science, groundwater quality, subsurface hydrology, chemical contamination, and contaminant fate and transport processes. The interactions between these different disciplines can be complex which resulted in substantial amounts of data being generated from the numerous field and laboratory investigations and sampling undertaken. In order to understand the complex relationships that can occur, multivariate statistical techniques were utilised. The use of these techniques was extremely beneficial. These techniques not only allowed not only the respective relationships between investigated parameters to be identified, but also adequate decisions based on the correlations were able to be formulated. This allowed a more appropriate assessment of the influential factors, and the prediction of ongoing changes to soil properties due to effluent disposal. The primary outcomes for this research were disseminated through a series of peer reviewed scientific papers centred on these key disciplines. The assessment of site and soil suitability was achieved through extensive soil sampling throughout the study areas and detailed laboratory testing and data analysis. The study identified and investigated the role of influential site and soil characteristics in the treatment performance of subsurface effluent dispersal areas. The extent of effluent travel and the ability of the soil to remove pollutants contained in the effluent by adsorption and/or nutrient uptake were investigated. A framework for assessing the renovation ability of the major soil groups located throughout Southeast Queensland was also developed. The outcomes provide a more rigorous scientific basis for assessing the ability of soil and evaluating site factors to develop more reliable methods for siting effluent dispersal areas. The resulting assessment criteria developed was compared with soil column studies to determine the robustness and validity of the outcomes. This allowed refinement of the assessment criteria in developing a more reliable approach to predicting long term behaviour of soils under sewage effluent dispersal. Multivariate techniques assisted in characterising appropriate soils and to determine their long-term suitability for effluent treatment and dispersal. The assessment criteria developed included physical, chemical and sub-surface hydrological properties of a site and soil which can be used to predict suitability for long term effluent treatment and dispersal. These include:  Moderate to slow drainage (permeability) to assist the movement of effluent (percolation) through the soil profile and allow adequate time for treatment and dispersal to occur. With longer percolation times, the opportunity for exchange and transport processes increase.  Significant soil cation exchange capacity and dominance of exchangeable Ca2+ or exchangeable Mg2+ over exchangeable Na+. Although a soil dominated by Mg2+ is found to promote dispersion of soil particles to some extent, its impact is far less than that of Na+. A stable soil would have a Ca: Mg ratio > 0.5.  Low exchangeable Na+ content to maintain soil stability.  Minimum depth of 400mm of potentially unsaturated soil before encountering a restrictive horizon, to permit adequate purification to take place.  Clay type with Illite and mixed mineralogy soils being the most sensitive to Na+. In general, significant increases in ESP occur in soils with 30 to 40% clay and in the presence of illite clay. Small amounts of smectite clays enhance treatment potential of a soil. The research outcomes have significantly contributed to the knowledge base on best practice in on-site dispersal area siting and design. The developed predictive site and soil suitability assessment criteria allows more appropriate evaluation of site and soil characteristics for providing long term effluent renovation. This is generally not done in the current assessment techniques for on-site dispersal areas. The processes and techniques used in the site and soil suitability assessment, although based on the common soil types typical of South East Queensland, can be implemented in other regions, provided appropriate soil information is collected or available. The predictive assessment criteria have been developed at a generic level, allowing easy implementation into most assessment processes. This gives the framework the flexibility to be developed for other areas specifically targeting the most influential on-site dispersal area siting and design factors, and assessment of long term performance under wastewater application.

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19

Herrera, Rodríguez Daniel. "Exploring the Presence and Characteristics of Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Bacteria Present in Water Environments of Uppsala, Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för medicinsk biokemi och mikrobiologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-416251.

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Antibiotics are one of the greatest discoveries in medicine, and emerged resistances have become a global threat. It is theorized that a big part of the antibiotic resistance genes come from the environment, and wastewater treatment plants and hospitals are considered a great breeding ground for the spread of these. The aim of this project is to analyse the microbiome and resistome of the wastewater of Uppsala and to evaluate the efficiency in the elimination of antibiotic resistance genes and bacteria. Samples from the University Hospital and the influents, sand filter and effluent of the Wastewater Treatment Plant were collected, DNA was extracted and sequenced to be analysed through metagenomics to explore them taxonomically and looking for resistance genes. Bacteria were also isolated, and their resistances were analysed. Taxonomical differences became noticeable in Order, Family, Genus and Species, with an increase of diversity in the Effluent samples. A total of 233 resistance genes were found in all the samples. There was a clear reduction in the number of resistance genes in the Effluent samples. However, there was an important number of genes carried in these and some prevail through all the path. Within all the isolates collected, from a total of 11, three E. coli isolates, one C. freundii and one E. cloacae presented resistances. Our study shows that the effluent of the wastewater treatment plant of Uppsala is potentially causing a negative impact on the environment, flushing out water not completely free of antibiotic resistance genes and resistant bacteria.

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20

Furtado, Francisca Mirlanda Vasconcelos. "Feature soil, growth and chemical composition of grass in tifton fertilization and irrigation of aquaculture with wastewater." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=15397.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
This work was carried out to evaluate the effects of nitrogen fertilization in areas of irrigated pastures with biofertilizados effluents from fish farming. Four doses of nitrogen fertilizer were used for 3 cycles of Tifton-85 grass cut every 28 days and irrigated with wastewater from fish farming. After each cutting the grass was fertilized with the respective doses of fertilizer. The design was completely randomized in a factorial 2 x 4 with four replicates. Four doses of nitrogen fertilizer dose corresponded to 0 to N; 198 kg N ha-1 yr-1 33% of the dose of N; 396 kg N ha-1 yr-1 66% of the dose of N; and 600 kg N ha-1 yr-1 corresponding to 100% of the dose of growth assessment the design was completely randomized using the nitrogen dosages described and four replications. The area per plot was used to harvest the fresh biomass to be analyzed, which was immediately measured on a digital scale pendulum for its determination. After all installments have their biomass values known and properly stored, they were sent to the laboratory of plant analysis Embrapa Mid-North. The collected biomass is fractionated into categories: whole plant (pseudo stem and leaf without senescent material), only pseudoculm, only leaf and senescent material. The stored material was taken for laboratory analysis of animal- nutrition LANA, Federal University Of CearÃ. Analyzes to determine the levels of dry matter were held (MS), mineral matter (MM), ether extract (EE), crude protein (% N x 6.25 = PB). The cellular content of the contents (CC) and hemicellulose (HEM) were obtained following the post- analysis equations. The fiber values of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were measured after preparation of the material to be analyzed in bags of TNT (100 g / m2) with dimensions of 4 x 5cm and engagement in analysis instrument fibers (Ankom220Â). Nitrogen fertilization influenced the soil chemical characteristics as the base saturation and potential soil acidity in Tifton 85 irrigated pasture with fish farm effluents, where nitrogen (N) influenced positively to the growth of Tifton 85 irrigated with wastewater fish farming. Nitrogen fertilization in conjunction with wastewater from fish farming. The absence of nitrogen fertilization promoted increase in dry matter content in Tifton-85 grass, as well as high levels of ADF and NDF. Leaf fraction of Tifton 85 has a higher amount of organic compounds in relation to pseudoculm fraction, and this can change the true values of ether extract and crude protein. The wastewater fish farming along with the application of ammonium sulfate positive effect on the chemical composition of Tifton 85 grass.
Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da adubaÃÃo nitrogenada em Ãreas de pastagens irrigadas com efluentes biofertilizados oriundos da piscicultura. Quatro doses de adubo nitrogenado foram utilizados durante 3 ciclos do capim Tifton-85, cortado a cada 28 dias e irrigado com Ãgua residuÃria de piscicultura. ApÃs cada corte o capim era adubado com as respectivas doses de adubo. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 4 com quatro repetiÃÃes. As quatro doses de adubo nitrogenado correspondiam a dose 0 de N; 198 kg de N ha-1 ano-1 33 % da dose de N; 396 kg de N ha-1 ano-1 66% da dose de N; e 600 kg de N ha-1 ano-1 que correspondeu a 100% da dose de N. Para avaliaÃÃo do crescimento o delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado utilizando as dosagens de nitrogÃnio descritas e quatro repetiÃÃes. A Ãrea da parcela Ãtil foi utilizada para a colheita da biomassa fresca a ser analisada, que foi imediatamente medida em uma balanÃa digital de pendulo para sua determinaÃÃo. ApÃs todas as parcelas terem seus valores de biomassa conhecidos e devidamente armazenados, estes eram encaminhados ao laboratÃrio de analises vegetais da Embrapa Meio-Norte. A biomassa coletada foi fracionada em categorias: planta inteira (pseudocolmo e folha sem o material senescente), somente pseudocolmo , somente folha e material senescente. O material armazenado foi levado para o laboratÃrio de analise de nutriÃÃo animal- LANA, da Universidade Federal Do CearÃ. Foram realizadas anÃlises para determinaÃÃo dos teores de matÃria seca (MS), matÃria mineral (MM), extrato etÃreo (EE), proteÃna bruta (% de N x 6,25 = PB). Os teores do conteÃdo celular (CC) e hemicelulose (HEM) foram obtidos seguindo-se as equaÃÃes pÃs analises. Os valores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente Ãcido ( FDA), foram mensurados apÃs o acondicionamento do material a ser analisado em saquinhos de TNT (100 g/m2) com dimensÃes de 4 x 5cm e acoplamento em aparelho analisador de fibras (Ankom220Â). A adubaÃÃo nitrogenada influenciou caracterÃsticas quÃmicas do solo como a saturaÃÃo por base e acidez potencial do solo em pastagem de capim- tifton 85 irrigada com efluentes de piscicultura, onde o nitrogÃnio (N) influenciou positivamente para o crescimento do capim-tifton 85 irrigado com efluentes de piscicultura. A adubaÃÃo nitrogenada em conjunto com a Ãgua residuÃria de piscicultura. A ausÃncia de adubaÃÃo nitrogenada promoveu aumento nos teores de matÃria seca no capim tifton-85, assim como elevados teores de FDA e FDN. A fraÃÃo folha do capim tifton 85 possui maior quantidade de compostos orgÃnicos em relaÃÃo a fraÃÃo pseudocolmo, e isso pode alterar os valores verdadeiros de extrato etÃreo e proteÃna bruta. A Ãgua residuÃria de piscicultura junto com a adubaÃÃo nitrogenada proporcionou efeito positivo na composiÃÃo bromatologica do capim Tifton 85.

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21

Pacheco, Ruiz Santiago. "Submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment : effect of mean cell residence time on membrane flux, mixed liquor characteristics and overall reactor performance." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2016. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/403002/.

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Mean cell residence time (MCRT) is a major operational parameter in all biological treatment systems because of its relationship to growth rate and thus to metabolic activity. Due to their mode of operation, submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactors (SAnMBR) offer a homogenous system in which MCRT can be simply controlled through volumetric wastage. Although a number of studies using SAnMBR have been reported, however, little information is available regarding the effect of MCRT on operational performance, mixed liquor characteristics and the influence of these on membrane performance. In this research an innovative SAnMBR using gravity-induced transmembrane pressure to maintain flux was developed and tested for first time. This configuration was then used to evaluate the impact of MCRT on membrane flux, mixed liquor characteristics and overall performance of SAnMBR treating low-to-intermediate strength wastewater. Long-term experimental periods of more than 240 days allowed steady-state conditions under different MCRTs, in which the mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) adjusted to the applied load, making possible to assess the influence of this growth and metabolism-dependent kinetic parameter. The SAnMBRs were monitored for membrane flux, overall process efficiency and mixed liquor characteristics when operating at 36 oC and 20 oC. The results of this work showed that at both operational temperatures, the MCRT has a significant effect on the mixed liquor characteristics, particularly on the filterability which was higher at short MCRTs. This resulted in improved membrane flux at relatively short MCRT, although no advantages were observed if the MCRT was further reduced. Higher specific methane production was observed at longer MCRT, most probably due to a higher fraction of carbon incorporated into biomass as a result of higher microbial growth rates. Overall, the results of this research showed that the MCRT has a considerable effect on the mixed liquor characteristics and thus on the membrane fouling and overall reactor performance. It is clear that there is a trade-off to be made between enhanced membrane performance, specific methane production and sludge yield when considering the most suitable operational MCRT. Further studies are required to identify the optimum MCRT for a wider range of wastewater and other operational parameters and to fully understand the causes of these effects.

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22

Kamp, Matilde. "Flytslam i Lövsta avloppsreningsverk : påverkande faktorer och potentiella åtgärder." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-276996.

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Ett avgörande steg i avloppsvattenrening med aktivslammetoden är att slammet kan avskiljas från det renade vattnet. Detta sker oftast i sedimenteringsbassänger. Sedimenteringsproblem är dock vanliga på många avloppsreningsverk, vilket kan leda till att föroreningar följer med utgående vatten. Studier om slamegenskaper är därför viktiga för att öka förståelsen för vilka faktorer som påverkar sedimenteringen och vad som kan göras för att minska problemen. I detta examensarbete har ett mindre avloppsreningsverk i Lövsta utanför Uppsala studerats. Ungefär en tredjedel av flödet till verket kommer från ett närliggande slakteri. Verket har återkommande problem med flytslam i slutsedimenteringsbassängen. Syftet med arbetet var att – genom litteraturstudier, provtagning, fullskaleförsök och analys – identifiera orsaker till flytslamproblemen. Även förslag till åtgärder skulle läggas fram. En utvärdering av reningsprocessen genomfördes dels utifrån befintliga mätdata, dels genom utförligare provtagningar och mätningar som gjordes under en treveckorsperiod i oktober. Höga nitrathalter observerades i vattnet, särskilt i den utjämningstank där flödesutjämning och förbehandling av slakterivattnet sker. De höga nitrathalterna, i kombination med en lång slamuppehållstid i slutsedimenteringsbassängen, bedömdes vara orsaken till flytslambildningen eftersom båda dessa faktorer gynnar uppkomsten av kvävgas genom denitrifikation. Det är denna gas som lyfter slammet från botten av bassängen till ytan. Två möjliga åtgärder för att lösa flytslamproblemen bedömdes vara genomförbara. Den ena var att öka bortpumpningen av slam från botten av slutsedimenteringsbassängen, för att förkorta slamuppehållstiden. Den andra var att denitrifiera vattnet innan det når slutsedimenteringen. Av dessa förslag ansågs det senare vara mer tilltalande ur både ekonomisk och miljömässig synvinkel. En strategi för att denitrifiera vattnet bedömdes vara intermittent luftning av utjämningstanken. Denna luftningsstrategi tillämpades under en försöksperiod på tio veckor. Nitrathalterna mättes en eller två gånger i veckan under försöksperioden. En sänkning av nitrathalterna observerades: från 182 mg/l till som lägst 60 mg/l i utjämningstanken och från 65 mg/l till som lägst 18 mg/l i luftningsbassängen. Sänkningen var dock inte tillräcklig för att förhindra flytslambildning i sedimenteringsbassängerna. Den ofullständiga denitrifikationen berodde troligtvis på för låga BOD-halter i utjämningstanken. Vidare undersökningar behövs för att utvärdera och optimera kvävereningen genom intermittent luftning.
One of the most crucial steps in wastewater treatment with activated sludge is the separation of sludge from the treated effluent. This is most often done by sedimentation in clarifiers. Sedimentation problems are, however, common in many wastewater treatment plants, causing higher concentrations of pollutants in the effluent. Research on sludge characteristics is therefore important to increase the knowledge about which factors affect the sludge settling properties and what can be done to minimize problems. In this master thesis a small wastewater treatment plant in Lövsta outside Uppsala, Sweden, was investigated. About a third of the influent water to the plant comes from a slaughterhouse situated nearby. The plant suffers from recurrent problems with rising sludge in the secondary clarifier. The purpose of this thesis was to – through literature studies, sampling, full scale experiments and analysis – identify causes for the rising sludge problem. Also, suggestions to remedy the problem were to be presented. An evaluation of the treatment process was conducted from existing measurement data and from sampling and measuring done for three weeks in October. High concentrations of nitrate were found in the water, especially in the equalization tank, where flow equalization and primary treatment of the slaughterhouse wastewater takes place. The high concentrations of nitrate, in combination with a long sludge retention time in the secondary clarifier, were judged to be the reason for the formation of rising sludge. Both of these factors stimulate the development of nitrogen gas through denitrification. This gas lifts the sludge from the bottom of the clarifier to the water surface. Two possible solutions to the rising sludge problem were considered feasible. One was to increase the pumping of sludge from the bottom of the secondary clarifier, to decrease the sludge retention time. The second was to denitrify the water before it reaches the clarifiers. Of these two suggestions, the second was regarded as more appealing from both an economical and an environmental point of view. One method to denitrify the water was deemed to be intermittent aeration in the equalization tank. This aeration strategy was implemented for ten weeks. Nitrate concentrations were measured one or two times a week for this period of time. A decrease in nitrate concentrations was observed: from 182 mg/L to at its lowest 62 mg/L in the equalization tank, and from 65 mg/L to at its lowest 18 mg/L in the aeration tank. The decrease was, however, not enough to prevent formation of rising sludge in the clarifiers. The incomplete denitrification process was thought to be due to low concentrations of BOD in the equalization tank. Further studies need to be carried out to evaluate and optimize the nitrogen removal through intermittent aeration.

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23

Stonkus, Audrius. "Kombinuotų mechaninio nuotekų valymo įrenginių privalumų ir trūkumų analizė." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120530_125217-38799.

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Tyrimo objektas: kombinuoti mechaninio nuotekų valymo įrenginiai esantys Balbieriškio, Kaišiadorių, Pasvalio ir Kuršėnų nuotekų valyklose. Tyrimo tikslas: išanalizuoti kombinuotų mechaninio nuotekų valymo įrenginių taikymo galimybes, atsižvelgiant į nuotekų charakteristikas, atlikti šių įrenginių privalumų ir trūkumų analizę. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Identifikuoti nuotekų valyklose esamus kombinuotus nuotekų valymo įrenginius. 2. Atrinkti nuotekų valyklas su skirtingais kombinuotais nuotekų valymo įrenginiais. 3. Išanalizuoti pasirinktose nuotekų valyklose atitekančių nuotekų charakteristikas. 4. Atlikti atrinktuose objektuose kombinuotų valymo įrenginių privalumų ir trūkumų analizę. Tyrimo metodas: ekspertinis vertinimas (vizualus vertinimas). Tyrimo rezultatai:  Trumpai aprašomi atrinkti objektai, kuriuose sumontuoti skirtingi kombinuoti mechaninio nuotekų valymo įrenginiai. Aprašomos kombainų techninės charakteristikos ir jų veikimas.  Atliekamas kombainų vertinimas pagal vertinimo kriterijus: įrenginių techninis patikimumas, valymo procesų technologinis stabilumas, valymo įrenginių kontrolės ir eksploatavimo ypatumai, valymo įrenginių priežiūros ir einamojo remonto ypatumai.  Gauti kombainų vertinimo rezultatai pagal 4 kriterijus panaudojami daugiakriterinei analizei, kuriai atlikti naudojama kompiuterinė programa DAM.  Atsižvelgiant į ekspertinio vertinimo ir daugiakriterinės analizės metu gautus rezultatus nustatyta, kad geriausias iš vertintų kombainų yra PASSAVANT... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Object of the research: combined mechanical wastewater treatment facilities in the wastewater treatment plants of Balbieriškis, Kaišiadoriai, Pasvalys and Kuršėnai. Aim of research: to analyse the possibilities to apply combined mechanical wastewater treatment facilities, to perform the analysis of advantages and disadvantages of those treatment systems regarding the wastewater characteristics. Objectives of the research: 1. To identify combined wastewater treatment facilities located in the wastewater treatment plants. 2. To select the wastewater treatment plants with different combined wastewater treatment facilities. 3. To analyse the characteristics of wastewater coming into the selected wastewater treatment systems. 4. To perform the analysis of advantages and disadvantages of combined treatment facilities in the selected objects. Method of the research: expert evaluation (visual evaluation). Results of the research:  A short description of the selected objects where different combined mechanical wastewater treatment systems are installed. Technical characteristics and operation of combines are described.  An evaluation of combines is performed according to the following criteria: technical reliability of systems, technological stability of treatment processes, peculiarities of treatment plant monitoring and exploitation, peculiarities of maintenance and permanent repair of treatment plant systems.  The received results of combine evaluation are used for... [to full text]

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24

Jirblom, Matilda. "Egenskaper och förtjockningspotential hos slam från MBR- respektive CAS-process." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-379202.

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För att kunna möta framtidens striktare reningskrav för avloppsvatten och en ökad belastning på grund av befolkningstillväxt bygger Stockholm Vatten och Avfall (SVOA) om Henriksdals reningsverk inom projektet Stockholms Framtida Avloppsvattenrening (SFA). En av de större förändringarna i det framtida Henriksdals reningsverk är införandet av MBR-teknik, där slam och vatten avskiljs genom membranfiltrering. Separationen medför förändrade egenskaper hos slammet då en större andel av partiklarna kan avskiljas från utgående vatten jämfört med avskiljning från konventionella sedimentationsbassänger. På Hammarby Sjöstadsverk drivs en pilotanläggning där MBR-teknik undersöks inför implementering i framtida Henriksdals reningsverk. Denna studie har undersökt skillnader i mängd partiklar, organiskt innehåll, filtrerbarhet, sedimenteringsegenskaper och förtjockningskapacitet hos överskottslam från MBR-linjen på Hammarby Sjöstadsverk (ÖS-MBR) och Henriksdals reningsverk (ÖS-CAS). Detta för att ge underlag till optimering av framtida slambehandling på Henriksdals reningsverk. Därutöver har massbalans för förtjockningsförsöken beräknats. Resultatet av studien visar att egenskaperna hos ÖS-MBR och ÖS-CAS skiljer sig tydligt för torrsubstans (TS), totalt suspenderade partiklar (TSS) och filtrerbarhet (TTF). Ingen skillnad i slamvolymindex (SVI) kunde verifieras i studien. Efter förtjockning av slammen i en trumsil, med olika polymertillsats, uppvisade ÖS-MBR högre TSS i rejektvattnet än ÖS-CAS. Denna skillnad indikerar att partiklar i ÖS-MBR har mindre benägenhet att binda till polymeren som användes, än partiklar i ÖS-CAS. Det är därför av betydelse att pröva ut rätt typ av polymer vid förtjockning av ÖS-MBR, för att nå målet på en TSS under 1000 mg/L i rejektvattnet. Därtill uppvisade ÖS-MBR högre TS i det förtjockade slammet än ÖS-CAS. Detta skulle kunna indikera att ÖS-MBR är lättare att förtjocka än ÖSCAS, men det kunde dock inte bekräftas av massbalanserna. Slutligen kunde denna studie inte samstämmigt visa på en skillnad i potentialen att förtjocka de båda slammen då fördelningen av partiklar mellan förtjockat slam och rejektvatten varierade i varje försök. Däremot minskade TSS i rejektvattnet med högre dos av polymer medan samma samband inte gällde för TS i det förtjockade slammet där dosen polymer, efter en viss mängd, hade en begränsad påverkan på TS. En viktig aspekt som påverkade förtjockningskapaciteten i denna studie var igensättning av trumsilen. Centrifuger, som kommer att användas i framtida Henriksdals reningsverk, kommer inte uppvisa samma typ av störningar i driften.
To comply with future stricter regulations on treated wastewater and an increasing load on the system due to a growing population, the Stockholm Vatten och Avfall Company (SVOA) is upgrading the Henriksdal wastewater treatment plant within the project Stockholm’s Future Wastewater Treatment (SFA). One of the main changes in the future plant is the introduction of MBR-treatment, where sludge and water will be separated through the use of membranes. This separation will change the composition of the sludge by removing a larger fraction of particles from the effluent than what can be achieved in conventional sedimentation basins. Hammarby Sjöstadsverk operates a pilot plant with a MBR-process, where the technology is evaluated before the implementation in the future Henriksdal wastewater treatment plant. This study examines the difference in the sludge characteristics, i.e. sedimentation, filterability, and the potential for thickening of excess sludge from the MBR-process in Hammarby Sjöstadsverk (ÖS-MBR) and from the activated sludge process in the current Henriksdal wastewater treatment plant (ÖS-CAS). Furthermore, a mass balance and a sensitivity analysis has been used within this study. The study aimed at providing decision support for optimisation of the sludge treatment at the future Henriksdal wastewater treatment plant once the MBR process is implemented. The results of this study show that the characteristics of ÖS-MBR and ÖS-CAS differ considerably in total solids (TS), total suspended solids (TSS) and filterability (TTF). No difference in sludge volume index (SVI) could be verified between the two types of sludges. After thickening in a rotary drum screen with different doses of polymer, the TSS in the reject water was higher for the ÖS-MBR than the ÖS-CAS. This difference indicates that particles in ÖS-MBR are less attracted to the particular thickening polymer used, than the particles in ÖS-CAS. Therefore, it is important to select the correct type of polymer when thickening ÖS-MBR in order to reach the target TSS of 1000 mg/L in the reject water. In addition, the thickened ÖS-MBR showed higher TS than ÖS-CAS. This could indicate that ÖS-MBR would be easier to thicken; however, this is not confirmed by the mass balances. In the end, this study could not conclusively show any trend in the level of thickening between the two types of sludges because the distribution of particles varied in each trial. Nevertheless, while a higher dosage of polymer evidently reduced the TSS in the reject water, the same was not true for the TS in the thickened sludge, which seems to be less affected by the dose of polymer after a certain level. An important consideration in this study was the clogging of the drum screen. However, centrifuges, which will be used in the future Henriksdal wastewater treatment plant, do not have the same operational problems.

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Carmo, Francicleiton Freires do. "Alterações nas características do solo e no desempenho do sistema de irrigação (Bubbler) operando com água residuária." Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2013. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/498.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-31T13:24:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FrancicleitonFC_DISSERT.pdf: 2264503 bytes, checksum: 32bac5ee4fa11da99750236b5690bdc7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-26
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The utilization of treated domestic wastewater for irrigation is an alternative to control pollution of surface and groundwater, as well as a way to provide water and nutrients for plants. Thus, the present work was to study the changes in soil characteristics and performance of irrigation (Bubbler) operating system with wastewater from domestic sources. To this end, was mounted an experimental area of 576 m2 in the Miracles settlement in Apodi-RN, endowed with a system for primary treatment of domestic sewage, and four subunits of the irrigation system "Bubbler". The treatments were made up of different proportions of primary domestic sewage (PDS) and water supply (WS) were: T1 (0% of PDS and 100% of WS, more chemical fertilizer [witness]), T2 (33 % of PDS and 67% of WS), T3 (67% of PDS and 33% of WS) and T4 (100% of PDS and 0% of WS). To analyze the performance of the irrigation system, it was used a split plot arrangement having the plots and subplots evaluation times (0, 120 and 240 days of operation). In the analysis of soil physic-chemical characteristics was used split split plot scheme with the treatments on plots, the sampling depths on subplots (0 to 0.20 m and 0.20 to 0.40 m) and the evaluation periods on subsubplots (0, 120 and 240 days after transplanting). The experimental design used was the completely randomized blocks with four treatments and six repetitions. The Data were submitted to analyzes of variance and regression and tests in the average. During the experimental period was determined physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of the PDS and WS, and the results indicated that the quality of PDS and WS do not compromise the use for the agricultural crop, and may be used to management criteria. The highest levels of emitter clogging were found in T4 and T3. The T2 provides better performance of the irrigation system, showing better uniformity coefficient (CUC and CUD) and application efficiency (AE). With respect to soil characteristics, it was observed that the values of EC, P, K, Ca and Al there were no statistically significant changes in treatments, altering with only soil depth and the time of treatment application. The characteristics pH, V, SB and Zn tended to reduce with increasing proportion of PDS and the time of application. The characteristics N, MO, Mg, Na, PST, H + Al, m, t, CTC, Cu, Fe and Mn tended to be greater with increasing proportion of PDS and the time of application. The total coliforms and fecal coliform tended to be greater with increasing proportion of PDS and reduced with increasing soil depth
A utilização de esgoto doméstico tratado na irrigação é uma alternativa para controle da poluição das águas superficiais e subterrâneas, além de uma maneira de disponibilizar água e nutrientes para as plantas. Diante disso, o presente trabalho teve o objetivo de estudar as alterações nas características do solo e no desempenho do sistema de irrigação (Bubbler) operando com água residuária de origem doméstica. Para tal, foi montada uma área experimental de 576 m2 no assentamento Milagres em Apodi-RN, dotada de um sistema para tratamento primário do esgoto doméstico, e quatro subunidades do sistema de irrigação Bubbler . Os tratamentos utilizados foram compostos de diferentes proporções do esgoto doméstico primário (EDP) e de água de abastecimento (AA), sendo: T1(0% de EDP e 100% de esgoto AA, mais adubação química [testemunha]); T2(33% de EDP e 67% de AA); T3(67% de EDP e 33% de AA); e T4(100% de EDP e 0% de AA). Para análise do desempenho do sistema de irrigação, utilizou-se um esquema de parcelas subdivididas tendo nas parcelas os tratamentos e nas subparcelas os tempos de avaliação (0, 120 e 240 dias de operação). Na análise das características físico-químicas do solo foi utilizado o esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas tendo nas parcelas os tratamentos, nas subparcelas as profundidades de amostragem (0 a 0,20 m e 0,20 a 0,40m) e nas subsubparcelas os períodos de avaliação (0, 120 e 240 dias após o transplantio). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e de regressão e testes de média. Durante o período experimental determinou-se as características físico-químicas e microbiológicas do EDP e da AA, e os resultados indicaram que a qualidade do EDP e da AA não comprometem o uso para o cultivo agrícola, podendo ser utilizado com critérios de manejo. Os maiores níveis de entupimento de emissores foram encontrados nos tratamentos T4 e T3. O T2 proporcionou melhor desempenho do sistema de irrigação, apresentando melhores coeficientes de uniformidades (CUD e CUC) e eficiência de aplicação (EA). Com relação às características do solo, observou-se que os valores da CE, P, K, Ca e Al não sofreram alterações estatisticamente significativas dos tratamentos, alterando-se somente com a profundidade do solo e com o tempo de aplicação dos tratamentos. As características pH, V, SB e Zn apresentaram tendência de redução com o aumento da proporção de EDP e com o tempo de aplicação. As características N, MO, Mg, Na, PST, H+Al, m, t, CTC, Cu, Fe e Mn apresentaram tendência de aumento com o aumento da proporção de EDP e com o tempo de aplicação. Os coliformes totais e os coliformes termotolerantes apresentaram tendência de aumento com o aumento da proporção de EDP e redução com o aumento da profundidade do solo

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26

Anh, Pham Nguyet. "Study on household wastewater characterization and septic tanks' function in urban areas of Vietnam." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/192229.

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27

Hong, Eugene Ewe Jinn. "Studies on Rheological Characteristic of Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) Sludge and Process Optimization." Thesis, Curtin University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/68264.

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Rheological behaviour of sludge is a function of various operational parameters. This research is aimed at investigating rheological characteristics of sludge from different sections of a wastewater treatment plant under the influence of varying operational parameters and determining experimentally the optimum operating conditions. It also involved the development of predictive rheological model based on historical data so that rheology can be used as a tool for the monitoring, control, and optimization of dewatering process.

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28

Alderman, Lori A. "The evaluation and comparison of the extraction procedure toxicity test and the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure for the analysis of municipal wastewater sludges." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44103.

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A viable sludge management alternative is land application of waste sludge. However, it is necessary to implement efficient monitoring and analysis of land applied sludges in order to assess potential health risks associated with this means of disposal.

The State of Virginia is considering a proposal that requires land-applied wastewater sludges to undergo analysis by EPAâ s Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) (EPA, 1986b) to determine if the sludge exhibits hazardous characteristics, which preclude land application as a management alternative. The method currently used for the analysis of hazardous wastes is the Extraction Procedure (EP) Toxicity Test. Both of these test methods analyze for trace organic chemicals and heavy metals. However, the TCLP is designed to analyze for volatile organic chemicals to a greater extent than the EP. Because of the added complexity and the current expense of the TCLP, the State is concerned that the TCLP may not be warranted for the analysis of trace organic chemicals in land-applied sludges.

This research was designed to compare the abilities of the EP and TCLP for the analysis of trace organic chemicals in wastewater sludges. Samples from three municipal wastewater treatment plants that utilize secondary biological treatment, aerobic digestion and land-apply waste sludge were evaluated by both EP and TCLP methods. Both tests utilize a weak acid extraction to remove organic chemicals from the wastewater sample. The weak acid extract was subjected to liquid-liquid extraction (EPA Method 625) to partition and concentrate the organic chemicals into methylene chloride; this methylene chloride extract was then subjected to GC and GC/MS for quantitative analysis and qualitative identification of targeted and nontargeted organic chemicals.

In order to assess recovery and extractability efficiencies of each test, surrogate standards were added prior to the test procedure. These standards were bromoform, 1-chlorooctane, DDT, ethylene dibromide (EDB, a volatile fungicide), fusarex (tetrachloronitrobenzene), and heptachlor. Control samples were run for both EP and TCLP, in addition to a sludge samples with no surrogates added.

Analysis indicated that both the TCLP and EP tests showed high variability for the recovery of the sludge surrogates. The recoveries of the surrogate standards were low and varied between zero and 30 percent depending on the standard and the matrix. Surrogate recoveries were evaluated with respect to various physical/ chemical properties of the individual standard, the sample site, and the test method utilized. Although the TCLP recovered the volatile surrogate standards only slightly better than the EP, there was no statistically significant difference between the TCLP and EP for the recovery of the non- and semi-volatile surrogate standards.

Specific trace organic chemicals identified in the sludges included dimethylpentanol, dichlorodimethoxybenzene, 4-methylphenol, and tetrabutylphenol. Other chemicals, such as contaminants and artifacts resulting from laboratory processing and background contamination in the reagents, were also identified in the blank control samples as well as the sludge samples.

Master of Science

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29

Chestnutt, Sheryl A. "Comparison of the extraction procedure toxicity test (EP) and the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) for the analysis of trace organic compounds in land applied municipal wastewater sludges." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44626.

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Анотація:

The current Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) method utilized for analysis of trace organic chemicals and heavy metals leached from solid waste is the Extraction Procedure (EP) Toxicity Test. Because of various operational problems and limitations of the EP, the EPA has developed and plans to implement the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP), which is an expanded version of the EP capable of analyzing more organic components, in particular volatile organic chemicals.

The purpose of this research was to investigate and compare the ability of the EP and TCLP test procedures to quantitatively recover added surrogate standards (1,2-dibromoethane, bromoform, 1â chlorooctane, fusarex, heptachlor, and DDT) and also qualitatively identify and evaluate unknown trace organic chemicals in domestic wastewater sludges. In order to meet the research objectives established, three small (approximately 1 MGD or less) municipal wastewater treatment plants that land applied their sludges were analyzed.

Master of Science

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30

Lee, Sue-Jean, and 李素珍. "Dewaterability and Rheological Characteristics of Wastewater Sludge." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/30976830518726275373.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
化學工程學研究所
90
Wastewater sludge conditioning is an essential step towards successful sludge management practice. This thesis focuses upon two fundamental characteristics of wastewater sludge subject to polyelectrolyte flocculation, restated, the rheological properties and the mechanical dewatering efficiencies. In the first part of this work, the rheological characteristics of the wastewater sludge were investigated by using a Haake Rheostress RS 75 rheometer. The shear creep compliance experiments and the dynamic viscosity measurements as well as the small-amplitude-oscillatory-shearing tests were conducted. The shear creep compliance experiments and the small-amplitude-oscillatory-shearing tests indicate the addition of polymer coagulants to the sludge samples will form more rigid structures. The elastic solid-like behaviors were always observed in the samples with addition of polymers. The Voigt model was successfully employed in modeling the viscoelastic retardation behavior of sludge samples in the shear creep compliance tests. Moreover, the dynamic viscosity curves of the sludge samples with/without addition of polymer could be described by the power-law model of Ostwald and de Waele at the medium shear rates, ca. 100 — 300 s-1. Consequently, addition of polymer to the sludge tends to extend the applicable ranges of the shear rates for the power-law model as well as to decrease the power-law index. The second part of this work aimed at exploring the consolidation dewatering and centrifugal-settling processes for the flocculated wastewater sludge. The results were reported for the dynamic response of sediment cake thickness (an index for cake compaction) under various doses of polymer conditioning, compression-permeability cell configuration and mode of operation (batch and continuous) in a centrifugal settling cell. The reduction in sediment thickness of sludge by consolidation and centrifugation was found to correspond mostly well with the optimal dose determined by the capillary suction time. The relaxation/rebound of cake thickness was observed in both consolidation dewatering and centrifugal dewatering with comparable compaction/relaxation time scale ratios. The experimentally determined dynamic time scale of the cake consolidation dewatering/centrifugal sedimentation agrees reasonably well with the theory by Landman and Russel (1993).

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31

Chang, Min-Jan, and 張閔然. "Characteristics of Nanoparticles in Wastewater of Hsinchu Science-Based Industrial Park and Dewaterability of Wastewater Sludge." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/81791177632871253365.

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Анотація:

碩士
國立臺灣大學
化學工程學研究所
91
There are a lot of industries involved with nanotechnology in Hsin chu science-based industrial park, so the waste water they drain contain huge amount of nanoparticles. In this study, we investigated the flocculated characteristics and sludge dewaterability of the waste water they made. There are three stable particle clusters existing in the waste water suspension. The smallest one is 1~5 cm existing independently and there is no gathering between them. We supposed that it comes from the SiO2 of the chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) waste water. About the medium one, its colloidal particles range from 50 to 200 nm, and each particle is gathering together. From the fractal dimension analysis, we found that the gathering condition changed to another model by adding PACl to coagulate. The biggest one is elliptical or stick-like particle with about 1 mm diameter. From observing by TEM, we knew that it exists independently in generally, and there is no trend for each other to gather together. In terms of COD, the COD remains had the same trend with Si level and there existed certain proportional relation between them. Analysis showed that the Si in solution composed of almost solids, it represented that COD remains had definite relation with particles in the suspension. Consideration of nanosized waste water, there always exist useless and overdose problems during the process of chemical coagulative treatment. Investigation from temperature, particles in the solution existed energy barrier between each other. When the temperature arose to 60℃, the particle size distribution curve was the same as the one of room temperature. It showed that there existed certain energy barrier between particles, so the particles didn’t gather together when particle collision frequency increased. But when the temperature arose to certain amount, this energy barrier became smaller immediately or disappeared. This caused particle collision became bigger gradually, and eventually precipitated to the bottom because of the gravity . Because the general processes of treatment always adopt with transitional feeding, the dewaterability of sludge is not very ideal. In this study, we use freeze/thawed as pretreatment particularly, and this promoted dewaterability substantially. Only gravity sedimentation could eliminate 87% of total water, and the flocculation couldn’t get this effect.

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Huang, Sue-Fen, and 黃淑芬. "Characteristics of fluoride particles formed in the fluoride-containing wastewater treatment." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/55809953272202064141.

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33

XIE, PIN-YI, and 謝品一. "A study on characteristics of wastewater investigation and classifiation of fermentation industry." Thesis, 1991. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84136220527710754410.

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34

lau, Po-Lin, and 劉柏麟. "Characteristics of Printed Circuit Board Producing Wastewater and Evaluation of Its Treatment Efficiencies." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/94500696524007291316.

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Анотація:

碩士
國立高雄第一科技大學
環境與安全衛生工程研究所
104
Abstract Printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing means engaged in printing, photography, etching, plating and other methods of producing a circuit board, as a support between electronic components and parts of business circuits. PCB manufacturing is one of the important industries in Taiwan. However, they are highly polluted and highly water resources consumed. Composition of PCB wastewater contained a large amount of heavy metals and organic pollutants. The present study selected a printed circuit board company as a case study. The investigated results are benefit to establish complete background information for an important reference for future factory management and treatment of the tube end. Some important results were achieved in the study: The current wastewater SS, COD, Cu, Pb removal efficiencies were 79%, 43%, 71%, 17%, respectively; Chemical coagulation test shows that copper waste water coagulation effect improved high performance under the pH= 9-10.3; pH= 3-4 was the best situation when Photograph explosion/Etch-Stip wastewater was added with H2SO4, and effect of removal of ink/film residue up to 64% while compared to COD without H2SO4. Key words: Printed Circuit Board, Copper, Heavy metal removal, Wastewater quality

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35

Chang, Shu Shuai, and 張書懷. "Application of Biological Agent in Wastewater Treatment - Establishment Product Characteristics and Operation Procedures." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77019096772063641890.

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Анотація:

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
環境工程與科學系
91
Application of biological agents in wastewater treatment — establishment of product characteristics and operation procedures ABSTRACT Biological agents have long been utilized in biological wastewater treatment for years. The applied techniques in field test were not well documented in Taiwan. As foreign products are concerned, there is a broad range of varieties with various degrees of efficacy. Therefore, it is unclear how the industry can efficiently utilize biological agents for the improvement of biological wastewater treatment. It is the purpose of this study to establish a clear and quantified operation procedures on biological agents in order to protect terminal users. Based upon this goal, this study was aimed at investigating five common biological agents used in industrial wastewater treatment. The investigation was divided into two parts: (1) laboratory part, to establish standard operating procedures (SOP) for screening of biological agents. The fundamental physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of products were firstly classified and organized, followed by the use of a respirometer for functional tests on biodegradability in order to determine the most suitable biological agent. The results indicated that activities of five agents on petrochemical effluents is in the order of B>A>E>C>D; therefore, sample B was chosen as the biological agent for quantitative additive activity test; (2) on-site part, to perform quantitative additive activity tests on biologicalagents.The petroleum-industry-oriented Jenta Wastewater Treatment Plant was chosen for the field test verification. Firstly, functional diagnostic operation was performed, in parallel with the establishment of background information,on the wastewater plant in order to clarify the inherited characteristics of the problems as well as justifiable limits on water quality improvement. The results demonstrated that SS and BOD5 values of raw wastewate are 34.6 mg/L and 31.5 mg/L, respectively. The BOD/TCOD value was less than 0.2 and, more over, SCOD value was rather high in that it accounted for above 80% of TCOD value. The effluent SCOD of the raw wastewate was 112 mg/L, while the effluent SCOD was 64 mg/L after being treated with the PACT system. The efficiency was only 42.8%. Therefore, it should be considered as how to improve the removal efficiency of this unit. Moreover, the analysis from isothermal adsorption curve experiments demonstrated that the absorptive capacity of activated carbon on COD was only approximately 0.03. Therefore, activated carbon mainly plays as a carrier in providing growing attachment, as opposed to being functionally adsorptive, for micro-organisms. The VSS concentrations of the aeration tank were 12500 mg/L and 21920 mg/L for influent and effluent, respectively, indicating the presence of high concentrations of sewage sludge. How to clarify the effective biological mass and sewage sludge is associated with the efficacy of biological treatment. Therefore, it is proposed to add, in front of the PACT system, a fixed film module for biological treatment and to combine the biological agent screened out by the procedure in the first laboratory part for the addition. In accordance with the on-site operating requirement and the complete integration with the additive frequency and dosage, the goal of practical utilization of biological agents on improving function of biological effluents treatment can be reached. Keywords : water pollution, biological treatment, biological agent, standard operating procedures

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36

Chen, Yi-Cheng, and 陳逸晟. "A Study on COD Characteristics and Sludge Settling in Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8dyzw2.

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Анотація:

碩士
朝陽科技大學
環境工程與管理系
106
Environmental destruction following industrial development has raised concerns on environmental protection. The wastewater treatment plant plays a significant role in the sustainable development of an industrial park. The influent characteristics of Fangyuan Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant were investigated in this study, in which the dye wastewater from textile industries account for 76% of the total wastewater, whereas metal manufacturing and plastics manufacturing account for 8% and 6% respectively. This study focused on the high soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD) characteristic of dye wastewater. Sampling and analysis were carried out to study the characteristics of influent qualities, effluent from the primary and secondary sedimentation tanks, as well as the discharge. The COD of each treatment unit, as well as the mutual characteristics of sludge settling, soluble COD and suspended COD between each unit were studied. Also, the correlation between food-to-microorganism ratio, MLSS, SVI and transparency of the biological aeration tank of each unit were analyzed. This is to provide useful information for a stable and optimum operation mode of a wastewater treatment plant in the future, as well as to improve the overall treatment efficiency. Throughout this study, the SVI varied between 150-250 ml/g, SV30 was 240-520 mg/g, F/M ratio was 0.1-0.2 kgCOD/kg MLVSS-day,MLSS was 2200-3200 mg/L and the turbidity of the secondary sedimentation tank effluent was higher than 20 NTU, the tertiary tank did not require further dosage to archive discharge standards.

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37

RATHORE, PRAKHAR. "PERFORMANCE EVALUATION & STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT : A SUSTAINABLE STUDY OF CADBURY GWALIOR." Thesis, 2016. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/14885.

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The chocolate company is one of the most polluting food companies regarding its large water consumption. Due to the increased demand of chocolate, the chocolate companies in India are expected to grow rapidly and have waste generation & some relevant environmental problems are also assumed increased. Improper treated wastewater with the very increased level of pollutants can be caused by some improper design, process and operation or treatment systems create main environmental hurdles when these are discharged to the surface land or water. Considering the above included implications a good try has been done in this project to evaluate one of the Effluent Treatment Plant for chocolate wastes. The samples are collected from the various points to evaluate the performance of Waste Water Treatment Plant. Main parameters analysed for evaluation of performance of Effluent Treatment Plant are pH, TDS, TSS, Chloride, Oil & Grease, COD, and BOD. The pH, TDS, TSS, Chloride, Oil & Grease, COD and BOD removal efficiency of Effluent Treatment Plant were 33.47 %, 33.88 %, 90.09 %, 70.37 %, 97.39 %, 97.28% and 99.23% respectively.

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38

Su, Yu-Ya, and 蘇郁雅. "A study on the growth characteristics of microalgae cultivated in the synthesized domestic wastewater." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50342042850310156936.

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Анотація:

碩士
淡江大學
水資源及環境工程學系碩士班
98
Taiwan has been actively implementing the national sewage-based system, centralized sewage, reducing the amount of sewage discharged to rivers.It is the same way to cultivation of microalgae and sewage treatment system to provide a suitable environment and adequate nutrition source of biological purification mode of operation. It is replaced by cultivating microalgae to deal with sewage treatment, and it is not only improved the traditional sludge processing issue , producting algae can also made biofuel, feed and also other environmental and economical benefits. In this study, microalgae (Chlorella sp.) cultivated in synthesized domestic wastewater as the matrix,in a batch culture, culture environment is fixed at 25 ℃, light intensity was 90 μmol．m-2．s-1, photoperiod L：D=12：12 (h), ventilation air flow rate is fixed at 1 L．min-1. It is to explore Chlorella sp. cultivated in synthesized domestic wastewater growth characteristics and growth factors. And use the concept of controling activated sludge process ─ food：microorganism ratio(F/M) in order to explore the ratio of synthesized domestic wastewater and biomass of Chlorella sp. (F/M=TOC/ Biomass) range. The results showed that,the pH was relatively stable while using urea as the only nitrogen source to culture Chlorella sp.. Environment fix at pH 7.5 compared to pH 4 and pH 6 is good for the Chlorella sp. growth . And it is more efficient to removal nutrition. The F/M =0.05 and F/M= 4 are reached the limit,because lower or higher are not suitable for Chlorella sp.The F/M range of 0.5~2 cultivated in the synthesized domestic wastewater is more suitable.In this research, The main was to remove nutrition and the supplement by algae production. The best result was F/M=0.5,and the removal efficiency of carbon and nitrogen were 528.44 TOC mg / g-algae and 64.98 NH4-N mg/g-algae respectively, Algae production mainly supply by removing nutrition, the best result is F/M=1, the specific growth rate of 1.52d-1, and the removal efficiency of carbon and nitrogen is 398.0 TOC mg/g-algae and 47.17 NH4-N mg/g-algae respectively.

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39

Hsu, Chun-Chen, and 許峻誠. "The characteristics and treatment performance of water washing wastewater from an incineration bottom ash." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84636418087129901448.

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Анотація:

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
環境工程與科學系所
99
This study evaluated the influent characteristics and performance of a wastewater treatment plant in a bottom ash recycling factory in southern Taiwan. This plant received bottom ashes from incinerators in Chiayi, Pingtung and Kaohsiung counties. The wastewater samples from influents, physical and chemical treatment units were sampled to explore the variation of wastewater characteristics and the removal efficiency of each units. The results show that the pH values of wastewaters influent are all above 12. The characteristics of wastewater generated among batches of bottom ash washing vary significantly. The average concentration of COD, chloride and SS is 5760 mg/L, 3029 mg/L, and 41666 mg/L, respectively The average removal efficiency of COD, chloride, SS and heavy metals by sedimentation is 82.0％、39.9％、99.7％及96.5％, respectively. Although parts of heavy metals in bottom ashes are washed out along with particles, the concentrations of heavy metals in the effluent are below the discharge limits. All the sludge of sedimentation units pass the heavy metal regulation of TCLP test. The coagulation process after the sedimentation further increases the removal efficiencies (98.2% for COD, 55.2% for chloride, and 99.9% for SS). These results indicate that COD and heavy metals in the wastewater from bottom ash washing are in the form of suspended solids. If the resident time is long enough; sedimentation can achieve good removal efficiencies of COD and SS. Satisfactory removal efficiency can be obtained using sedimentation followed by coagulation. In addition, the odor problem is significantly reduced. Water washing of the bottom ash could wash out chloride ion, however, at the wash water/bottom ash (L/S) ratio of 0.6, about of 37.6% of chloride in the bottom ash is removed, which still could not meet the requirement of less than 0.024% chloride as a type I construction materials. It is recommend that the chemical dosage should be adjusted based on the influent characteristics. Enough hydraulic retention time, routine sludge excavation from sedimentation units and improved mixing during coagulation will help to improve the wastewater treatment efficiency.

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40

SU, SHIH-CHIEH, and 蘇世杰. "Investigation on the Characteristics of Management Performance Index of Douliou Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/wfcgt7.

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Анотація:

碩士
朝陽科技大學
環境工程與管理系
106
The Douliou Industrial Park Wastewater Treatment Plant (DIPWTP) has complied with the Industrial Development Bureau, MOEA user pays principle since its establishment. It has also used break-even analysis to maintain operations for sustainability, becoming a metaphorical guardian for water resources. Since the operation and management of wastewater treatment plants is of great importance to the Industrial Development Bureau to promote the business of industrial parks, the DIPWTP formulates various management, operation, maintenance and water quality performance indicators before every November 30 as implementation objectives for the next year. In this study, statistical methods such as linear regression and mass curves were used to investigate the correlation between the management and operation performance indicators of the DIPWTP. This can be used as a reference to evaluate the formulation rationale of performance indicators in the future. Results showed that as the amount of treated water increases, the tariff increases as well, and there is great correlation between the two. The overall tariff was up to 81.14%, indicating a good management performance. The COD tariff and SS tariff had no correlation with the treatment capacity of wastewater treatment plants, as the COD and SS tariffs were high even in small-scale plants. However, a correlation exists between the two tariffs, as the SS tariff increases with the COD tariff. Therefore, the sampling methods and representativeness of water samples is important during sampling in factories. However, there was no positive correlation between the unit sludge production rate and wastewater treatment capacity. It is recommended that more data should be collected for further investigation. The electricity tariff accounted for 17% of the wastewater treatment plant’s total operational cost. Despite the limited effect in operational cost reduction by reducing the electricity tariff, it abides to the current national energy conservation mentality.

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41

TANG, ZHI-XIANG, and 湯智翔. "Aggregation and Adsorption Characteristics of Micron-and Submicron-Sized Particles in High-Tech Wastewater." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/wej3cu.

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Анотація:

碩士
東海大學
環境科學與工程學系
107
Micronparticles and Submicronparticles are ubiquitious in aqueous environments. However, the characteristics of these environmental particles are still unknown. This study is mainly divided into two parts：the study of nanoparticles in the environment and the standard silicon dioxide nanoparticles prepared in the laboratory. The environmental particles are collected from the wastewater discharge from the Wu-Shi River Basin in the Taichung area. These micro-nano particles are screened out for analysis of the aggregation and adsorption characteristics, and then are compared with the aggregation characteristics of the standard particles. The experimental methods used include the dynamic light scattering (DLS), the total organic carbon analyzer (TOC) and the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of pH, ionic strength and TOC on aggregation of adsorption of nanoparticles. Based on the results, aggregation of silicon dioxide (SiO2) particles can be completed in 4 hours. The rate of aggregation increases as ionic strength & TOC increase. When the pH is close to pHzpc, particles can gradually aggregate from the initial size of 50 nm - 70 nm to 1~2 μm. The aggregation of nano and sub-micron particles in a river water environment has a strong dependence on time, pH, and ionic strength. Results of batch adsorption of indium, gallium, and molybdenum indicate that when the pH is controlled at 5, the adsorption is higher than at other pH values. It is speculated that the adsorption of nano-particles in the water has not yet reached the adsorption maximum. At this stage, the adsorption of all three contaminants are very effective.

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42

Cheng, Ming-Yu, and 鄭明瑜. "Investigation on the Characteristics of Management Performance Index of Wastewater Treatment Plant in Industrial Area." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/42287771127709044247.

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Анотація:

碩士
朝陽科技大學
環境工程與管理系
105
Industrial Development Bureau (IDB), Ministry of Economic Affairs in Taiwan aggressively supervises the wastewater treatment plants in various industrial areas by user charge, as well as balancing the revenue and expenditure. These efforts are used to reduce the cost of plants, to increase the revenue of government, to sustain the operation of plants, and IDB will be the guard to protect the water resource and environment. Therefore, the operation and management of wastewater treatment plants in various industrial areas are emphasized when IDB runs the routine business for industrial affairs. The key performance indices (KPIs) of plants are set for management performance, operational performance, maintenance performance and water quality in the beginning of a business year. This study uses statistical method: linear regression and cumulative curve to analyze the data of management performance, operational performance and monthly capacity of processing wastewater from plants, the research results are valuable to set the goals of KPIs. Research results indicate that if a plant has a larger capacity of processing wastewater, then its charged quantity of processing wastewater is huge, and its wastewater pricing is high. In addition, the pricing of COD and SS are independent from the scale/capacity of plant. The pricing of COD and SS are higher for a small or medium size of plant. There is a positively linear relationship between COD pricing and SS pricing: if the COD pricing is high, then the SS pricing is high. Thus, the water inspector should watch out the sampling and adequate samples when collecting the water data. Finally, consider a plant, the generated quantity of wastewater sludge is also independent from the capacity of processing wastewater, and the electricity fee contributes the minor percentage of total cost for a wastewater treatment plant. Therefore, reducing the electricity fee will not strongly stimulate the plants for investing capacity, it only matches the national policy for saving energy and emission of carbon.

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43

洪啟倫. "Growth characteristics and lipid content of indigenous freshwater algae grown in dairy cattle wastewater effluent." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95642043204233456816.

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Анотація:

碩士
逢甲大學
環境工程與科學學系
104
Every country should pay great attention to global warming caused by CO2, and treat carbon emission reduction as a primary concern. Algae photosynthesis during algae growth can aid in carbon reduction. High lipid content algae can also be used as feedstock for biodiesel. Algae can be grown in autotrophic medium (3N-BBM+V) or heterotrophic Proteose medium. The generation time for Neochloris aquatica and Golenkinia longispicula in Proteose medium was 2.48±0.28 d and 2.69±0.18 d, respectively. This revealed that these two freshwater algae are mixotrophic algae. The lipid productivity of N. aquatica and G. longispicula in the autotrophic medium was 78.84±10.17 mg/l/d and 97.13±13.08 mg/l/d, respectively. Their productivity in heterotrophic medium was 66.90±7.1 mg/l/d and 147.33±14.67 mg/l/d, respectively. This revealed that these two algae accumulated lipids in their cells under both autotrophic and heterotrophic environments. N. aquatica and G. longispicula may grow and accumulate lipids in effluent dairy cattle wastewater containing low NH4+-N. The lipid productivity was 89.54±37.97 mg/l/d and 131.13±52.23 mg/l/d, respectively. The lipid productivity of N. aquatica and G. longispicula in dairy cattle wastewater was similar to that in Proteose medium, indicating that the algae medium can be replaced with dairy cattle wastewater. After N. aquatica and G. longispicula were cultivated in the wastewater, over 90 % of the PO43--P and NO3--N in the wastewater was removed.

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44

Lin, Hung-Lin, and 林宏霖. "Study on reaction kinetics characteristics of Thin-film transistor liquid crystal display wastewater by SBR bioreactor." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85818759161977365861.

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Анотація:

碩士
國立成功大學
環境工程學系碩博士班
94
Due to the increasing production rate of the Opto-electronic industry in Taiwan, the amount of pollutants produced in the manufacturing process of TFT-LCD (Thin-film transistor liquid crystal display) also increases. In the year of 2003, the amount of TFT-LCD manufacturing solid waste was 25,723.5 ton/year. Also, the amount of wastewater in TFT-LCD wastewater manufacturing process will be approximately 200,000 CMD in the near future. According to some studies, organic wastewater accounts for more than 33% of the total TFT-LCD manufacturing wastewater. The main components of this organic wastewater are composed of the stripper (DMSO&MEA), developer (TMAH) and chelating agents. In this study, the performance of A/O (anoxic/oxic) and aerobic SBR (sequencing batch reactor) in treating TFT-LCD manufacturing wastewater is discussed. A/O SBR achieved good removal rate for DMSO, MEA and TMAH. In run I and run II, the removal rate of all three substance is more than 98%. For aerobic SBR, the removal rate of MEA and TMAH achieved 100%. But the removal rate of DMSO is not good at the beginning. After 71 days, the removal rate improved to 100%. Hence, A/O and aerobic SBR can treat TFT-LCD manufacturing wastewater effectively. On the other hand, batch tests are conducted to study the mechanism of the degradation of TFT-LCD manufacturing wastewater. In the tests, the degradation of DMSO, MEA and TMAH under aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic condition is discussed. The substrate of the tests contains DMSO, MEA and TMAH. For DMSO, specific DMSO utilization rate under aerobic and anoxic condition is both lower than 5 mg DMSO/g VSS-hr. In anaerobic condition, the specific DMSO utilization rate of group (250mg/L DMSO, 150mg/L MEA and 70mg/L TMAH) is 24.54 mg DMSO/g VSS-hr. The specific DMSO utilization rate of the other group (400 mg/L DMSO, 250 mg/L MEA and 100 mg/L TMAH) is 14.06 mg DMSO/g VSS-hr. Therefore, the degradation of DMSO under anaerobic condition is better than the other two. But for getting better specific DMSO utilization rate under anaerobic condition, additional carbon source other than DMSO is necessary. For MEA, specific MEA utilization rate under anaerobic condition is low (under 5.6 mg MEA/g VSS-hr). The best specific MEA utilization rate is 51.81 mg MEA/g VSS-hr in group (50mg/L DMSO, 130mg/L MEA and 30mg/L TMAH) under anoxic condition. The specific MEA utilization rate of other groups under aerobic and anoxic condition lies between 12 and 27 mg MEA/g VSS-hr. Hence, the specific MEA utilization rate is better under aerobic and anoxic condition. For TMAH, specific TMAH utilization rate is low under anaerobic and anoxic condition (< 3.3 mg TMAH/g VSS-hr). Under aerobic condition, the specific TMAH utilization rate lies between 5.3 and 17.5 mg TMAH/g VSS-hr, which is the best among the three conditions. Overall, DMSO can be effectively degraded under anaerobic condition. But for TMAH degradation, aerobic condition gets the best result. MEA can degraded efficiently under both aerobic and anoxic condition.

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45

Sie, Cheng-Hang, and 謝承航. "Impact of micellar characteristics on chromate recovery from wastewater by micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration combined with membrane electrodialysis." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/q7mcg9.

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Анотація:

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
環境工程與管理研究所
100
Recovering the surfactant and the chromate from the spent plating solution was proposed using a two-stage process: (1) concentration by micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration and (2) separation by electrodialysis (ED).The purpose is to discuss the impact of micellar characteristics on the technology and try to increase the chromate recovery rate by electrodialysis. The micelle size of different CTAB concentration was measured in this study, and estimated a formula about micelle size and surfactant concentrations. [CTAB] / [chromate] = 3 were select for best parameter of micelle by consider the membrane pore size and micellar characteristics (micelle size and micelle adsorption). Search for the membrane pressure suited to the micelles, the results showed that when the operating pressure changes from 80 psi to 90 psi, the rejection of chromate and CTAB had a downward trend. It showed that the CTAB micelles destroyed into a large number of monomer, and passed through the membrane to the permeate side. So 80 psi as the maximum pressure was setted in this study. The chromate removal efficiency can reach 97.74% under operation pressure 80 psi, [CTAB]/[ chromate] = 3, pH = 3, after long time operation. In the ionic competition effect, when there were two anions in the solution simultaneously, the affect of the divalent anion was greater than the monovalent anion. In the electrodialysis procedures, the chromate recovery efficiency were enhanced by increase the membrane operation pressure, system volume ratio, current density, and add electrolytes salt in electrodialysis wastewater tank. The experiment condition was under operation pressure 80 psi, [CTAB]/[ chromate] = 3, current density 30 mA/cm2, 0.1 M NaCl, then the chromate recovery efficiency will reached 78.73%, after 360 minutes. After Statistical multivariate regression analysis, the current density and the concentration of salt and system volume ratio have statistical significant effect to chromate recovery efficiency, but the other parameters were weaker for influence.

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46

Chen, Yi-Ru, and 陳怡如. "A study on the optimum operation parametersand growth characteristics of Chlorella sp. in thehigh concentrations nitrogen wastewater treatment." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92023127084494240786.

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Анотація:

碩士
淡江大學
水資源及環境工程學系碩士班
99
The high concentration nitrogen wastewater supplies microalgae with enough nutrient and suitable environment when using the microalgae treated the wastewater. The microalgae is provided with the characteristics of reproduce rapidly and quick adaptation, which have high efficiency to treat high carbon and high nitrogen concentration of wastewater. The microalgae would be a new clean energy source in this energy crisis days. In order to find the optimum parameters of Chlorella sp. to treated wastewater, the aim of this study is to treat the high concentration of nitrate-based wastewater and observe the growth characteristics of Chlorella sp. The results indicated that the efficiency of the treatment is limited. The concentration of the nitrate nitrogen was decreased form 38 mg/L to 28 mg/L during treated time of 72 h. The removal efficiency only has 27%. But that would get the best removal efficiency and growth characteristics when the glucose was added as the carbon source. Furthermore, the removal efficiency of the nitrate nitrogen will up to 80% when the reaction obtained enough phosphorous and the reaction time was within 20 h. At this condition, the study could gain the highest specific growth rate 1.93 day-1 during 16-20 hours. Therefore, the carbon source is the main impact factor for treating the high concentration nitrate-based wastewater.

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47

Tung, Cheng-Hung, and 唐政宏. "The study on the yield of hydroxyl radical and characteristics alteration of raw wastewater by the electrocatalytical technique." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50678028526513849219.

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Анотація:

博士
國立中興大學
環境工程學系所
102
Hydroxyl radicals can be produced by water molecule interacting with the catalytic materials in the aquatic system. Hydroxyl radicals are effectively able to oxidize the organic pollutants into harmless water and carbon dioxide, therefore, they have been applied to wastewater and air pollution treatment extensively. This study has been composed by three parts such as the yield of hydroxyl radicals, treatment of real municipal and printing wastewater with an electrocatalytic process, respectively. The 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA) was served as a trapping reagent to determine the concentration the concentration hydroxyl radicals. The 4-HBA reacts with hydroxyl radicals to from 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHBA), which can be used as an indicatiors of hydroxyl radicals concentration. Results showed that the equilibrium concentration of derivatives (3,4-DHBA) could be reached after 30-second reaction in electrocatalyst system. The electrolyte of NaNO3 was relatively appropriate for producing hydroxyl radicals. In addition, production rate of hydroxyl radicals possessed linear correlation with energy application. High pH conditions were beneficial to the production of hydroxyl radicals in comparison with pH neutrality and acidity. The highest hydroxyl radicals concentration of 1.57×10-2 M could be obtained by using the TiO2 electrode. The yield rate of hydroxyl radicals in the electrocatalyst system was about 4.5×10-5 M W-1cm-2, based on the electrode area and energy application. For the experiments of degrading organic pollutants in municipal wastewater, the commercially available and nano scale titanium dioxide electrode plate were used. By conducting experiments, the degradation phenomenon of municipal wastewater by the above electrocatalytic electrodes was investigated. Through analysis of COD, pH, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen (DO), the degradation efficiency was evaluated. According to experimental results, the proper treatment parameters include: the voltage gradient of 7.0 V cm-1 and the electrode of commercially available TiO2 (punctured). After 60-minute treatment under such conditions, the COD of wastewater can be roughly degraded from 400 ppm to 40 ppm, the conductivity degraded efficiency roughly is 30%, the pH of wastewater can maintain at neutral range, and the DO of wastewater can be enriched to 6 mg L-1. As for the remediation of printing wastewater, wastewater with lower conductivity could lead to greater electrical voltage thus contributing to the higher removal efficiency of TOC and chroma. With current density at 50 mA cm-2 by one pair of electrodes (IrO2 + stainless steel), the TOC and chroma removal efficiencies was 53.0% and 71.0% after 60-min treatment. Based on the same operation conditions but two pairs of electrodes, the removal efficiency of TOC and chroma was enhanced to 75.41% and 82.0%; TOC and chroma removal efficiencies was improved to 90.0% and 92% by integrated with the activated carbon absorption.

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48

Tung, Cheng-Hung, and 唐政宏. "The study on the yield of hydroxyl radical and characteristics alteration of municipal wastewater by TiO2 catalytical electrode." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/81312550470862395566.

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Анотація:

碩士
朝陽科技大學
環境工程與管理系碩士班
95
Hydroxyl radicals can be produced by water molecule interacting with the catalytic materials in the aquatic system. Hydroxyl radicals are effectively able to oxidize the organic pollutants into harmless water and carbon dioxide, therefore, they have been applied to wastewater and air pollution treatment extensively. This study has been composed by three parts such as manufacture method and characteristic analysis of different catalytic electrodes, the yield of hydroxyl radicals by the catalytic electrode of titanium dioxide, and the COD removal efficiency of municipal wastewater decomposed by the electrocatalytical technique , respectively. In the aspect of manufacturing different catalytic electrodes, three types of electrodes were used. One is the electrode plate of cuprous oxide that was made by the electroplating process. The other is a titanium-dioxide electrode with nano scale net-shaped which is supplied from the surface treatment laboratory of professor Tsong-Jen Yang at department of materials science and engineering in Feng Chia University. Another is the commercially available titanium dioxide electrode which manufactured by the sputtering process. The surface features and element composition of all electrodes were observed by field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), individually. According to the FE-SEM image of Cu2O electrode under pH=9 manufacturing condition, it can be seen that the cuprous oxide crystals pile on the substrate, the stainless steel plate, and the diameter of surface particles smaller than 50 nm. For the FE-SEM images of nano scale electrode of titanium dioxide, it can be observed that the titanium dioxide is columnar on the substrate. This type of electrode will be corrosive after used several times. For the commercially available TiO2 electrode, the texture of the TiO2 electrode is quite tight and includes a small number of pores. However, there is no nano-scale particles found on the electrode surface. The surface of TiO2 electrode remains even after used several times. This type of electrode possesses high reactive and stable characteristics based on the EDS images of all electrodes. Aiming to the yield of hydroxyl radicals produced by TiO2 electrode under direct current, the main operational parameter is the voltage magnitude. The hydroxyl radicals trapped in the known concentration of propionaldehyde and measured by HPLC. According to experimental results, the yield of hydroxyl radical maintains steady after 40-second operation under certain of voltage applicaiton. Under the voltage gradient of 5.0 and 7.0 V cm-1, the yield is 0.496 10-3 M/sec and 0.93 10-3 M/sec, respectively. The yield of hydroxyl radicals presents positive linear correlation with voltage gradient, and the electrocatalytic process produces more hydroxyl radicals than Fenton technology (about 1.39 10-9 M min-1). For the experiments of degrading organic pollutants in municipal wastewater, the commercially available TiO2 electrode, nano scale titanium dioxide electrode, and self-manufactured cuprous oxide electrode plate were used. By conducting experiments, the degradation phenomenon of municipal wastewater by the above electrocatalytic electrodes was investigated. Through analysis of chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen (DO), the degradation efficiency was evaluated. According to experimental results, the proper treatment parameters include: the voltage gradient of 7.0 V cm-1 and the electrode of commercially available TiO2 (punctured). After 60-minute treatment under such conditions, the COD of wastewater can be roughly degraded from 400 ppm to 40 ppm, the conductivity degraded efficiency roughly is 30%, the pH of wastewater can maintain at neutral range, and the DO of wastewater can be enriched to 6 mg L-1.

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49

Norman, Keri Noelle. "Comparison of the Prevalence and Genotypic Characteristics of Clostridium difficile in a Closed and Integrated Human and Swine Population in Texas." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2010-08-8536.

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Clostridium difficile has been recognized as one of the leading causes of nosocomial diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis in human hospitals and nursing homes since the 1970s; however, recent occurrences of community-acquired cases have led researchers to search for additional sources of these infections. Some of the possible sources being investigated include food animals and retail meat. The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence and genotypic characteristics of C. difficile isolated from a closed population in Texas consisting of both humans and swine. Implicit in this objective, we seek to investigate the possible food safety and occupational risks associated with swine and C. difficile. Isolation of C. difficile was performed utilizing an enrichment technique and restrictive media. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to test for the presence of the toxin A and B genes, the tcdC gene deletion, and the binary toxin gene. Genotypic characteristics were compared using PCR toxinotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using commercially available tests (ETest®) for 11 different antibiotics. Statistical comparisons (both parametric and non-parametric, and appropriate to the data) were performed both between and among host species. We tested 2,292 aggregated human wastewater samples and 2,936 swine fecal samples from 2004 to 2006 and found 271 (11.8 percent) and 252 (8.6 percent) to be positive for C. difficile, respectively. The prevalence of C. difficile among swine production groups differed significantly (p<0.05); however, prevalence in the human occupational group cohorts (swine workers and non-workers) did not differ (p=0.81). The majority of the human and swine isolates were a PFGE NAP7 (a variant pattern with 90.5 percent similarity) toxinotype V strain. Antimicrobial resistance levels and multi-resistance patterns were generally similar between host species; however, there was decreased susceptibility (p<0.05) to ampicillin, clindamycin, and imipenem observed in swine isolates, whereas there was decreased susceptibility (p<0.05) to ciprofloxacin in the human isolates. The similarity in C. difficile prevalence between swine workers and non-workers suggests a low occupational hazard of working with swine as it relates to C. difficile source. We also found that there is a decreased prevalence of C. difficile in late production groups in swine suggesting a lowered risk of food-borne exposure. However, the majority of the isolates derived from the human wastewater and swine appeared to be of very similar strain types, suggesting that a common environmental point source predominates for both hosts.

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50

Chen, Wen-Chin, and 陳文欽. "Characteristics of Immobilized Cell in Fluidized Bed Process in Treatment of Resin Manufacturing Wastewater with High-Strength Nitrogenous Compounds." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/07977354684175208141.

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博士
國立成功大學
環境工程學系
85
Acrylic plastic resin of acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene (ABS) is manufactured in a world-graded refractory in Taiwan. The ABS resin manufacturing wastewater contributed to a significant amount of pollutant which consists of various species of biologically inhibitory organic compounds. Due to the inhibition effects, the biodegradation characteristics of organic-nitrogen compounds from the resin manufacturing wastewater are quite different to that of the natural organic- nitrogen compounds, such as protein or amino acid. Meanwhile, few research work was done to deal with the biodegradation of the synthetic organic nitrogen presented in the plastic manufacturing wastewater. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the biodegradation mechanism and biokinetic of the organic-nitrogen wastewater with the cell immobilization technology in instead of the suspended sludge process for converting the organic-nitrogen compounds to chemically stable nitrogen gas out of liquid through the process control of nitrification and denitrification.By the water quality analysis of the ABS resin manufacturing wastewater, high concentration of organic-nitrogen and acrylonitrile were found and the TKN/COD ratio was achieved 0.15 that indicated the complicated characteristics for biodegradation. Therefore, a series of batch tests were conducted to investigate the biodegradation characteristics of both resin wastewater and acrylonitrile by the electrolytic respirometry. The biokinetic study clearly showed that high concentration of the resin manufacturing wastewater would inhibit the bioactivity of nitrifying bacteria. Meanwhile, the acclimated aerobic sludge would convert 500 mg/L of acrylonitrile through the acrylamide to the acrylic acid and ammonium within 6 hours. Then, the ammonium was oxidized to nitrite and nitrate with the increasing rate while the inhibition effects of acrylonitrile and acrylamide were eliminated. In order to reduce the inhibition effects and to enhance the nitrification, the technology of immobilized cell was employed in this study instead of the activated sludge process.With immobilization technology, alginate gel and granular activated carbon were employed to immobilize the acclimated microorganism. As the result, the immobilized cell was characterized to diffusion limitation of oxygen, the nitrifying bacteria were concentrated within the shallow surface region of gel beads while the dissolved oxygen was depleted in the interior of the gel, creating an anoxic condition. Denitrification could occur in the bead if sufficient denitrifying bacteria were presented and organic substrate was available. However, the gel structure of alginate was unable to resist the high-strength of shear stress and was destroyed in the fluidized bed within 30 days'' of operation. On the other hand, the diffusion limitation of biofilm on GAC was lower than the gel, the bioactivity of biofilm was higher than the gel. But the disadvantage of GAC biofilm process was the time requirement of aerobic biofilm formation. In order to enhance biodegradation of nitrogenous compounds and to eliminate retard the inhibition effects of nitrifying bacteria, a combined process of aerobic and anoxic GAC fluidized beds was employed to treat the resin wastewater. The results of long term operation indicated clearly that the performance of GAC fluidized bed process in organic removal, deamination rate, capability of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria were higher than the activated sludge process. The GAC fluidized bed process provided a stable and effective performance which could degrade the inhibitory substrates and remove the nitrogenous pollutants in this study. Therefore, the cell immobilization technology in instead of the suspended sludge process was successful for resin wastewater treatment. In this work, not only the biodegradation and biokinetic studies were established for effective removal of the organic-nitrogen compounds, but also the methodologies were developed for immobilized biomass measurement and bioactivity assessment. The mechanism of acrylonitrile biodegradation and the operational parameters of GAC fluidized bed process may serve a basic information for the further research and engineering design.

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