Дисертації з теми "Wasted peat"
Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями
Ознайомтеся з топ-50 дисертацій для дослідження на тему "Wasted peat".
Біля кожної праці в переліку літератури доступна кнопка «Додати до бібліографії». Скористайтеся нею – і ми автоматично оформимо бібліографічне посилання на обрану працю в потрібному вам стилі цитування: APA, MLA, «Гарвард», «Чикаго», «Ванкувер» тощо.
Також ви можете завантажити повний текст наукової публікації у форматі «.pdf» та прочитати онлайн анотацію до роботи, якщо відповідні параметри наявні в метаданих.
Переглядайте дисертації для різних дисциплін та оформлюйте правильно вашу бібліографію.
PETRONI, SERGIO L. G. "Avaliacao cinetica e de equilibrio do processo de adsorcao dos ions dos metais cadmio, cobre e niquel em turfa." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2004. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11138.
Повний текст джерелаMade available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:01:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 09620.pdf: 6546860 bytes, checksum: eb65a0c5c525fc6fd0305ce23a55fd85 (MD5)
Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
Yu-Shah, Ho. "Adsorption of heavy metals from waste streams by peat." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1995. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.763933.
Повний текст джерелаHo, Yuh-Shan. "Absorption of heavy metals from waste streams by peat." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1995. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8742/.
Повний текст джерелаPrativadi, Bayankara Srinivas. "Sorption of cadmium and nickel from solution by peat and modified peat /." Internet access available to MUN users only, 2003. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses,153836.
Повний текст джерелаSmith, Graham David. "Estimating potentially mineralizable nitrogen in organic growing media." Thesis, Coventry University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323032.
Повний текст джерелаKopf, Sabrina. "Polymer rejuvenation of PET textile waste." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-23819.
Повний текст джерелаMagnusson, Evelina, Mattias Klang, and Moa Westlund. "PET-bottles: From waste to resource." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264432.
Повний текст джерелаEtt av Guatemalas största problem är avfallshantering. Många av Guatemalas vattendrag är fyllda av plastflaskor och annat avfall vilket har en negativ påverkan på både naturen och landets befolkning. Samtidigt har Guatemala stora problem med segregation mellan fattiga och rika. Mer än hälften av befolkningen lever under fattigdomsgränsen och i dåliga förhållanden. I städer hör det inte till ovantligheten att se hus som enbart består av lätta väggar med en aluminiumplåt som tak. I ett tidigare projekt har dessa två problem försökts sammanfogas och lösas genom en process där PET-flaskor omformas till takbrickor. Projektet har varit framgångsrikt men har ett flertal förbättringsområden. I denna rapport har dessa förbattringsområden undersökts och analyserats genom att bygga ett tak för en struktur vars bas är 9 kvadratmeter. Detta projekt har fokus på att utveckla en process och en produkt som är jämförbara med de aluminiumtak som används idag. I form av tester på de möjliga påfrestningar tak utsätts för i Guatemala har kvaliten hos taken bedömts samtidigt som processen har beprövats och jämförts med processen för en privatperson att konstruera ett aluminiumtak. Då alumniumtak är dyrt och svårt att reparera kan plasttaken vara ett alternativ. Dock kan det krävas en industrialisering av processen för att det ska vara kostnads och tidseffektivt. Produktionen av ett plasttak på en byggnad som är nio kvadratmeter kräver 600 plastflaskor och 41 timmars arbete.
Freitas, Dayane Taylor de. "Estudo da separação triboeletrostática de resíduos poliméricos pósconsumo e determinação do limite de contaminação entre PET e PEAD." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/97/97134/tde-04122018-141312/.
Повний текст джерелаThe use of polymers has increased significantly in several industrial sectors, replacing materials such as wood, metals, glass, etc. However, the constant generation of plastic wastes and their disposal generate environmental problems, because most of them are disposed to landfill. Thus, polymer recycling seems to be the most economical and environmentally friend alternative, since it contributes to minimize the consumption of non-renewable resources, as petroleum, also reducing the toxic gases emission generated during the production and decomposition processes. The polymer separation in their different types is one of the most important stages of the recycling process, because due to the diferences in their chemical and physical properties, when they are mixed and processed, low quality products are produced. In Brazil, manual separation is the most used method, but it presents great disadvantages, due to the unheathy conditions that the workers are subjected to and the possibility of human errors during the process. The aim of this work was to study different polymer separation methods, emphasizing the triboelectrostatic separation, besides determining contamination limits between polyterephthalate ethylene (PET) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) in the final recycled product. A device for triboelectrostatic separation of polymers was developed, which was effective in the separation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) / PET, PVC / acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and ABS / HDPE blends, reaching percentages of recovery greater than 80% and purity above 90%. Contamination between PET and HDPE was evaluated, based on the morphology and mechanical properties presented by the blends prepared. The limit of 3% of PET contamination in the HDPE was determined, but it was not possible to determine the limit for the contamination of HDPE in PET, because even in small concentrations of the contaminant, the blends presented unstable behavior in the mechanical tests performed, due to the morphological characteristics of the blends produced.
Nordin, Anders. "On the chemistry of combustion and gasification of biomass fuels, peat and waste : environmental aspects." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 1993. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-110672.
Повний текст джерелаPETRONI, SERGIO L. G. "Estudos de adsorcao de zinco e cadmo em turfa .Potencialidade de utilizacao de um bioadsorvedor natural em sistemas de tratamento de efluentes." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1999. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10746.
Повний текст джерелаMade available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 06525.pdf: 5042531 bytes, checksum: 3d56cd1bdaeef2f7545ae8a15cc447ab (MD5)
Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
ROSSINI, EDVALDO L. "Obtencao da blenda polimerica PET/PP/PE/EVA a partir de 'garrafas PET' e estudo das modificacoes provocadas pela radiacao ionizante." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2005. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11373.
Повний текст джерелаMade available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 11256.pdf: 8935213 bytes, checksum: f4e37ab5ffb1e214eed65095f6f82563 (MD5)
Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
Chilton, Tom. "Commercial Scale Recycling of Post-Consumer Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Waste." Thesis, Open University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.520774.
Повний текст джерелаStephenson, Gregg T. "The Effects of Agricultural Waste-Based Compost Amendments in Organic Pest Management." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2019. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2042.
Повний текст джерелаAbat, Benek. "Growth Of Agriculturally Important Pseudomonas Spp. And Azotobacter Chroococcum On Beer Waste And Observation Of Their Survival In Peat." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607750/index.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаC, 20 º
C and 30 º
C. However, peat couldn&rsquo
t support high numbers of Pseudomonas spp. at 30 º
C.
Vitkauskienė, Irena. "Chemical recycling of industrial poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste: synthesis of aromatic polyester polyols, their properties and use." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110920_152312-50729.
Повний текст джерелаŠiame darbe nuodugniai ištirtos gamybinių polietilentereftalato (PET) atliekų susidarymo vietos, priežastys bei jų savybės. Pasiūlyti skirtingi cheminio perdirbimo būdai ir sąlygos kiekvienai gamybinių PET atliekų rūšiai. Vykdant gamybinių PET atliekų glikolizę etilenglikoliu, pasiekta didesnė negu 85 % bis(2-hidroksietilen)tereftalatо išeiga. Peresterinant gamybines PET atliekas dietilenglikoliu (DEG) ir naudojant funkcinius priedus glicerolį (GL) ir/arba adipo rūgštį (ADR), susintetinta serija aromatinių poliesterpoliolių (APP), besiskiriančių savo klampa ir kitomis savybėmis. Pirmą kartą nuodugniai ištirta ir matematiškai aprašyta peresterinimo reakcijos mišinyje esančių funkcinių priedų įtaka APP klampai. APP, susintetinti peresterinant gamybines PET atliekas DEG ir turintys ADR ir/arba GL fragmentų, yra mažai linkę kristalintis ir stabilūs saugant juos kambario temperatūroje. APP klampa mažai priklauso nuo metaloorganinio katalizatoriaus cheminės sudėties ir jo koncentracijos. Naudojant PET peresterinimo metu gautus APP ir diizocianato perteklių, susintetintos poliuretano-poliizocianurato (PU-PIR) putos. Putos, gautos iš APP, kuriuose yra GL ir/arba ADR fragmentų, pasižymi geromis fizikomechaninėmis savybėmis ir dideliu terminiu stabilumu, joms degant išsiskiria mažesnis šilumos ir dūmų kiekis. Atliekant degumo bandymus nustatyta, kad PU-PIR putos atitinka reikalavimus, taikomus Е klasės statybinėms konstrukcijoms ir elementams.
Dias, Telmo Ricardo Duarte. "Co-digestão como solução para a valorização energética de resíduos de fruta e legumes." Master's thesis, ISA, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6784.
Повний текст джерелаThere is a need for new strategies for biodegradable municipal waste management, particularly fruit and vegetable wastes, which reduce the accumulation of waste in landfill. Co-digestion of pre-treated dairy cattle slurry (LS) with pear waste after a long storage period (180 days) was investigated. Pear waste liquid fraction (PLF) was tested in co-digestion with LS at four inclusion levels: 0, 25, 75 and 100%, keeping the organic loading rate around 1.1 ± 0.4 g SV L-1 d-1. The effect of substrate type and inclusion level on gas production rate (GPR) and specific methane production (SMP) was evaluated in a completely mixed stirring tank reactor (CSTR), performed at 37 0.5ºC for 126 days. Results showed that progressive increase of PLF percentage as co-substrate improves SMP in comparison to single substrate. On another hand, results showed that storing pear waste for long periods does not compromise AD performance. This is important as pear production is seasonal and storage will simplify the management of this co-substrate. Overall, it can be said that co-digestion of slurry and pear waste seams an interesting approach as a farm scale energy production and waste treatment solution at a regional level.
Oliveira, Catarina Chemetova Cravo Branco. "Valorisation of forest biomass side-streams in add value green products for horticultural industry." Doctoral thesis, ISA, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21210.
Повний текст джерелаHorticulture industry uses peat as the main constituent in growing media formulations due to its ability to support efficient plant production. However, peat is a non-renewable resource at its actual extraction rate, and environmental issues associated with greenhouse gases emission from peat harvest raised peatland ecosystem conservation awareness through environmental initiatives, organizations and politics worldwide, limiting its use. There has been an increasing demand for environmentally friendly peat alternatives focused on locally available, organic and renewable materials from industrial side-streams, mainly wood-based and forest biomass. Therefore, woody raw-materials physical, chemical and biological properties are important to determinate further pre-treatment identification and choice. This work evaluates bark-based growing media suitability from non-native forest species in Mediterranean region, Acacia melanoxylon – residual biomass from invasive species control – and Eucalyptus globulus – a pulpwood industrial waste-stream. Ageing, a zero-waste treatment, allowed A. melanoxylon mature bark to effectively replace half of container medium volume as peat alternative. Low-temperature hydrothermal treatment, a faster process, enabled E. globulus bark to substitute quarter container medium volume, ensuring equal plant performance as commercial material. Both raw-materials sieve size manipulation promoted its incorporation as aeration growing media component. Given the wood-based raw-materials nature, Nitrogen amendment should be provided according to plant and cultivation system’s needs. Furthermore, by replacing the ‘end-of-life’ biomass material into new potential horticultural products, circular economy approach was applied throughout this study. Thus, A. melanoxylon juvenile bark extracts phytotoxic effect showed a promising non-synthetic and natural bio-herbicide for weed control. In response to the potential circularity of invasive species biomass resources into add-value horticultural products, the present study outcome underlines Acacia species biomass commercial valorisation as alternative management tool to support the costs of control, avoiding the potential risk of conflict between economic exploitation and negative environmental impact
N/A
Ferreira, Hélen Farias. "Diagnóstico da geração e destinação de embalagens de Polietileno tereftalato (PET), direcionadas à atual área de disposição final de resíduos sólidos de Várzea Grande, Mato Grosso." Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, 2015. http://ri.ufmt.br/handle/1/513.
Повний текст джерелаApproved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-10-04T16:23:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Helen Farias Ferreira.pdf: 3348353 bytes, checksum: c898acdc440e13b18b8cba93a0670b6e (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-04T16:23:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Helen Farias Ferreira.pdf: 3348353 bytes, checksum: c898acdc440e13b18b8cba93a0670b6e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-22
O aumento do poder aquisitivo da população, aliada aos produtos tecnológicos e as mudanças no estilo de vida da população trouxeram grandes incrementos na geração de resíduos no país. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar o diagnóstico dos resíduos de Polietileno Tereftalato (PET) no Município de Várzea Grande, Mato Grosso. Foi realizada a caracterização, para quantificar os resíduos de PET coletados pelas cooperativas de catadores instaladas no lixão de Várzea Grande. No estudo verificou-se a falta de implementação da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, principalmente nas questões de logística reversa, coleta seletiva e disposição adequada. Alternativa para destinação adequada dos resíduos atualmente encontra-se subutilizada, uma vez que existe uma indústria recicladora de resíduos de PET instalada no município vizinho, esta processou no ano de 2014, 20% da capacidade produtiva, desestimulando a instalação de novos empreendimentos neste setor. Os resultados mostram que 3% dos resíduos coletados e descartados no lixão são de PET e que apenas 21% deste é retirado do local para reciclagem pelos catadores. Identifica-se a necessidade de realizar de forma emergencial a gestão e gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos gerados na cidade para que os resíduos sejam devidamente destinados. Valores reais demonstram que anualmente são enterrados R$ 2.298.240 ( dois milhões, duzentos e noventa e oito mil, duzentos e quarenta reais)em PET. Uma perda, que poderá ser diferente com investimentos básicos implantados no referido município.
The increase in purchasing power of the population, coupled with technological products and changes in people's living stylem, brought large increase in waste generation in the country. This study aimed to make the diagnosis of waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) in the city of Várzea Grande, Mato Grosso. The waste characterization was performed to quantify the PET waste collected by recycling cooperatives installed at the dump of Lowland Grande. In the study there was a lack of implementation of the National Solid Waste Policy, especially in the reverse logistics issues, selective collection and inadequate disposal. Alternative for appropriate disposal of waste are currently underutilized, since there is a recycling industry PET waste installed in the neighboring municipality, this sued in 2014, 20% of production capacity, discouraging the installation of new developments in this sector. The results showed that 3% of the collected waste and are disposed of in the landfill of PET and only 21% of this is removed from the site for recycling by scavengers. Identifies the need for an emergency basis to management and management of municipal solid waste generated in the city for that waste is properly designed. Actual figures show that annually are buried R $ 2,298,240 (two million, two hundred ninety-eight thousand, two hundred and forty dollars) in PET. A loss, which may be different with basic investments implemented in the municipality.
Karlsson, Lovisa. "Waste Water Treatment - A Case Study : Removal of Ni, Cu and Zn through precipitation and adsorption." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-26130.
Повний текст джерелаVitkauskienė, Irena. "Polietilentereftalato gamybinių atliekų cheminis perdirbimas: aromatinių poliesterpoliolių sintezė, savybės ir panaudojimas." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110920_152302-41359.
Повний текст джерелаIn this study, the generation points, reasons and properties of industrial PET waste were examined in detail. Different chemical recycling ways were suggested for each kind of industrial PET waste. Under glycolysis of industrial PET waste by ethylene glycol, the yield of the main product bis(2-hidroxyethylene) terephthalate was higher than 85 %. Several series of aromatic polyester polyols (APP) were synthesized by transesterification of industrial PET waste using diethyleneglycol (DEG) in the presence of functional additives glycerol (GL) or/and adipic acid (ADA). The effect of functional additives on transesterification process and viscosity of APP was thoroughly studied and mathematically described for the first time. APP synthesized by transesterification of industrial PET waste using DEG in the presence of ADA and/or GL fragments, had lower crystallinity and were much more stable during storage at room temperature. Viscosity of APP slightly depended on the catalyst type and its concentration. Polyurethane-polyisocyanurate (PU-PIR) foams were produced under the reaction of APP and an excess of diisocyanate. PU-PIR foams based on PET-waste-derived APP containing fragments of GL or/and ADA were characterized by excellent physical-mechanical properties, high thermal stability, low heat release and smoke production. The burning test confirmed that PU-PIR foams satisfied the requirements for class E of construction products and building elements.
Silva, Kethlen Rose Inacio da. "Biodegradação de polietileno tereftalato (PET) por fungos ligninoliticos." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/254727.
Повний текст джерелаDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T13:06:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_KethlenRoseInacioda_M.pdf: 2432672 bytes, checksum: 826723cb3719c2f7f07b98f8e74df361 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009
Resumo: Em 1977, o polietileno tereftalato (PET), produto derivado do petróleo, começou a ser utilizado como material de embalagem e plástico de engenharia. Porém, sob o ponto de vista ambiental, o uso de plástico é considerado problemático pela sua alta durabilidade e grande volume na composição total do lixo. Neste trabalho foi estudada a biodegradabilidade de polímeros sintéticos por ação de fungos basidiomicetos de podridão branca cultivados em resíduos agroindustriais envolvendo fermentações distintas, a fermentação semi-sólida e a fermentação submersa. Duas linhagens fúngicas de Pleurotus sp foram cultivadas em resíduos agroindustriais juntamente com os pellets ou quadrados de garrafa PET transparente sob fermentação semi-sólida e fermentação submersa e incubados, em estufa à 30ºC, durante 30, 60 e 90 dias. Após incubação, o material obtido após a filtragem das amostras e os polímeros em estudo foram analisados, quanto as atividades enzimáticas, a produção de biosurfactantes, a perda de massa, a morfologia do polímero em estudo, viscosidade intrínseca e a taxa de biodegradação do PET. Dentre todos os ensaios realizados o fungo Pleurotus 001 apresentou os melhores resultados após crescimento em pellets, produzindo alterações na estrutura do polímero, perda de massa e redução da viscosidade intrínseca, produção de biosurfactantes, produção de enzimas lignocelulolíticas e uma atividade respiratória baixa quando em comparação com os ensaios realizados. Comprovou-se que os microrganismos lignocelulolíticos podem proporcionar um grande progresso na degradação de materiais sintéticos, sendo de grande importância o estudo das condições ótimas de crescimento destes microrganismos aliado a combinações físico-químicas que podem auxiliar e/ou maximizar o processo de degradação
Abstract: In 1977, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a plastic derived from petroleum, started to be used as raw material for packaging material and engineering plastics. However, under an environmental point of view, the use of plastics is considered problematic because of their high durability and high volume when present in domestic and industrial solid wastes. This study investigated the biodegradability of synthetic polymers by white-rot basidiomycete fungi cultivated on agro industrial residues under two fermentation conditions, semi-solid state and submerged fermentation. Two Pleurotus strains were grown in agro-industrial residues with either PET pellets or squares of transparent PET¿s bottles under semi-solid and submerged fermentation and incubated at 30 C for 30, 60 and 90 days. After incubation, the material obtained following filtration of samples and polymers were analyzed for determination of enzymatic activities, production of biosurfactants, mass loss, modifications on the morphology of the polymer, intrinsic viscosity and determination of the rate of degradation. Pleurotus 001 showed the best results when incubated with pellets, showing changes in the structure of the polymer, weight loss and reduction of intrinsic viscosity, production of biosurfactants, and of lignocellulolytic enzymes and a low respiratory activity. These results show that ligninolytic fungi can help improve the degradation of synthetic materials. However, further studies to determine the optimum conditions for growth of these fungi associated with combinations of physical and chemical treatment to maximize the degradation process are still necessary
Mestrado
Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos
Blackburn, Cameron. "Waste / Mine: Re Interpreting mans' connection to the landscape through the conservation of a tin mine on Devils Peak." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13016.
Повний текст джерелаThe starting point of this study begins whilst driving through a field of vineyards just outside of Cape Town, about 15 kilometers from Napier. A sea of agricultural formlessness and sameness. This scene was interrupted by a large white blanket covering most of the hill side. It appeared ridged in its form yet fluid enough to take the shape of the landscape. The vast scale (or scale-less-ness) of the landscape became somewhat reduced to an area small enough to comprehend. This object lay seemingly foreign and unfamiliar and thus estranging my view of the landscape. This led me to question its meaning. A google earth image of the exact site fortuitously captured the assembly of this artefact. The image illustrates its agricultural use, but more interestingly its reveals a series of processes of working upon the landscape. The large seemingly monolithic object reveals its individual parts, method of assembly and human labour. Embedded within the artefact too are energies- human and mechanical- which are impossible to observe in the finished artefact. Through being able to unveil the various methods and steps of this process made richer my knowledge of the landscape and therefore, I argue, helped better understand the human connection to landscape.
Sobhee-Beetul, Laxmee. "Ground improvement using PET bottle waste as a potential reinforcement material for granular columns: an experimental approach." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30424.
Повний текст джерелаMatos, Tassio Francisco Lofti. "Avaliação da viabilidade de reintegração de resíduos de PET pós-consumo ao meio produtivo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-20012010-103411/.
Повний текст джерелаPost-consumer polymer materials in household wastes (HW) represent approximately 27% of the total volume of conventional garbage collections, according to Matos (2006). The degradation of these wastes is extremely slow, thus compromising the useful life of sanitary landfills and polluting the urban environment. PET poly(ethylene terephthalate) stands out among these polymer wastes, since it is widely used in food packaging and especially for bottling carbonated drinks and mineral water with gas. The use of PET packaging has been increasing steadily, leading to its ever greater presence in the environment. The reintegration of post-consumer PET into production represents an alternative to mitigate the environmental impacts caused by this waste, as well as to optimize the life cycle of the resin contained in PET bottles. Post-consumer PET is already being recycled into a variety of products for purposes other than their original one (bottles) and recycling rates are increasing yearly. However, many recycled products have a very short service life due to the applications in which they are used. An alternative to lengthen the service life of recycled PET would be its application in civil construction, whose components have long-term uses. This would also represent an additional option to help meet this industrys high demand for natural resources. The present study evaluated the feasibility of reintegrating post-consumer PET into production, in view of the large potential availability of this raw material and the intrinsic properties and technological performance of the recycled product for the construction industry. The methodological strategy of this research comprised two lines of investigation: evaluation of waste management, and evaluation of the properties and technological performance of the recycled product. The evaluation of waste management comprised an exploratory and documental research to identify the product recovery model associated with the basic dimensions of reverse logistics, as well as the potential of the direct and reverse supply chains of PET bottles. The technological evaluation was based on experimental research, which involved the mechanical recycling, since the revaluation processes and transformation for injection of post-consumer PET, followed by several tests to characterize its intrinsic properties and technological performance. With regard to waste management, the results highlight the fact that the reverse logistics of PET bottles is driven mostly by economic factors. From the technological standpoint, the results indicate that recycled PET products show a loss in performance after the 4th cycle of recycling due to the degradation of their polymeric chains in response to successive recycling. An analysis of the results leads to the conclusion that it is feasible to reintegrate post-consumer PET into production, applying it as a component material for civil construction, based on the recycling conditions adopted in this research, the potential availability of post-consumer PET and its properties of technological performance.
GABRIEL, LEANDRO. "Preparação, irradiação e caracterização de blendas PEAD reciclado/EPDM." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2016. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/26946.
Повний текст джерелаMade available in DSpace on 2016-12-22T16:34:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
A reciclagem de refugos é um processo estratégico que viabiliza a expansão do mercado de plásticos, podendo gerar novos produtos. A obtenção de blendas poliméricas é uma alternativa nesse processo, já que é conhecida a perda de propriedades mecânicas dos termoplásticos nas etapas de reprocessamento. Neste trabalho, o polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) reciclado teve adições de borracha do monômero etileno-propileno-dieno (EPDM) puro em baixos teores (1 %, 5 % e 10 %), cujo objetivo foi formar blendas miscíveis e um produto final mais resistente ao impacto. O PEAD foi submetido a quatro ciclos de moagem, extrusão e injeção (reprocessamento) e misturado ao EPDM puro por extrusão sem o uso de qualquer aditivo. Os grânulos da blenda formada foram usados para confeccionar os corpos-de-prova por injeção para seu uso nas distintas metodologias analíticas. O processo de irradiação gama foi aplicado nas doses de 50 kGy e 100 kGy e os parâmetros físico-químicos e mecânicos dessas amostras foram comparados aos das não irradiadas. Tanto as blendas irradiadas como as não irradiadas mostraramse visualmente e microscopicamente homogêneas, indicando a compatibilidade da mistura, que também é verificada por seu comportamento térmico. Os parâmetros mecânicos provenientes dos ensaios de tração e flexão, foram semelhantes nas amostras do termoplástico virgem e do reciclado; o processo de irradiação nas blendas gerou sua reticulação, sendo esta verificada não só pelo aumento dos valores desses parâmetros como também pelo aumento da fração gel. A resistência ao impacto aumentou cerca de duas vezes e meia nas amostras com maior teor de EPDM e cerca de 6 a 7 vezes nestas mesmas amostras irradiadas a 50 kGy e 100 kGy respectivamente. O novo material obtido tem fortes indicativos para a sua utilização na pequena e média indústria de plástico, uma vez que já com 1 % de EPDM apresentam melhores características mecânicas em relação ao termoplástico reciclado quatro vezes e essas características foram incrementadas após o processo de irradiação gama.
Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
Eik, Arne. "Eco-efficiency of waste management : A case study of the Norwegian deposit and recycling system for PET bottles." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-674.
Повний текст джерелаThe Norwegian system for depositing and recycling of PET bottles (Resirk/PET system)started in May 2000, and is based on Norsk Resirk's mission of improving cost- and environmental efficiency of this system. Has this been achieved? What can explain the changes that occurred in the system during recent years? I have found that the eco-efficiency of the Resirk/PET system increased considerably every year between 2000 and 2003. The net greenhouse gas (GHG emission was improved from -562 kg CO2e (562 kg CO2 equivalents avoided generated) for waste management of one tonne consumed bottles in 2000 to -1442 kg CO2e per tonne in 2003, while the net cost was reduced from 4062 €/tonne in 2000 to 2683 €/tonne in 2003. This eco-efficiency improvement was very much driven by the increased volume and return rate of PET bottles during this period. The environmental performance of the Resirk/PET system was high compared to other waste management systems for PET bottles, while the economical performance was considerably lower. The interactive development of the bottled non-carbonated mineral water Imsdal contributed significantly to the increase of the Resirk/PET system’s volume and return rate and hence the system’s improved eco-efficiency. A white spirit sabotage on Imsdal in August 2002 contributed to the development of Imsdal as well as the Resirk/PET system’s change of the design and material specification for participating PET bottles. By combining the quantitative eco efficiency framework with the qualitative framework of interactive resourced development, information about how much eco-efficiency of a defined system has changed, as well as an understanding of reasons for changes within the system, has been acquired. Such a combination should be possible to apply for analysis of other systems as well, and may be a valuable contribution to the field of industrial ecology since the methods complement each other in a fruitful way. The eco-efficiency of the Resirk/PET system can be improved further by:
- Regarding used PET bottles as a resource to be applied for production
- Reducing packaging tax for PET bottles
- Increasing the bottle deposit
- Keeping the PET specification updated
- Improving collection efficiency
- Improving cost efficiency of marketing and information
- Increasing compaction and filling degree of reverse vending machines
- Considering automatic sorting
- Keeping focus on producing high quality PET flakes.
In addition to having showed that the approaches of eco-efficiency and interactive resource development can be combined, this thesis may have implications on how ecoefficiency can be quantified in waste management systems, and how the concepts of adaptation and friction in resource structures are dealt with.
Dang, Yu. "Value-added Conversion of Waste Cooking Oil, Post-consumer PET Bottles and Soybean Meal into Biodiesel and Polyurethane Products." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1468591615.
Повний текст джерелаCorrea, Priscila Marques. "Estudo comparativo da influência da adição de pet e pp pós-consumo na produção do concreto estrutural." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/130090.
Повний текст джерелаRecycling is an alternative to the use of plastic residues, thus contributing to the reduction of costs and preserving non-renewable natural resources. The construction sector has absorbed part of these residues, by transforming them into important by-products, which can have similar performance as the existing products and can also be considered as an environmentally friendly product. This study focus on the use to these residues to partially replace natural sand by PET and PP (both post-consumer) flakes in different contents (by volume), aiming to produce structural concrete with lightweight aggregate for civil construction use. The study was divided into two stages: in the first stage the ideal polymer content was evaluated at different curing ages in terms of compressive strength. In this this stage, the ideal polymer content that provided the best result was 10% for both PET and PP. In the second stage, this ideal polymer content was used to verify the influence of the use of these residues on the mechanical performance and durability of concrete for 28 and 90 days of curing. Mechanical characterization tests were performed, followed by physical, chemical, thermal and morphological characterization of specimens with and without the addition of polymer flakes. In the first stage of the research, it was observed a reduction in the compressive strength as the polymer content increases, except for the 10% content, which did not show major differences compared to the reference mix. In the second stage, it was observed a small decrease in the mechanical behaviour for the samples with polymer addition compared to the reference mix. In terms of durability, the specimens with PET addition presented lower void content and lower water absorption when compared to PP, which may indicate an improved interaction of PET flakes to the cementitious matrix. The specimens with PP presented higher void content and water absorption when compared to PET and reference mixes. However, the addition of PP seems to have acted as a barrier to the penetration of chloride ions, reducing the percentage of passing load compared to PET and reference mixes, which leads to the fact that this polymer (PP) may be a good option as sand replacement in structural concrete.
Yusran, Fadly Hairannoor. "Soil organic matter decomposition : effects of organic matter addition on phosphorus dynamics in lateritic soils." University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0120.
Повний текст джерелаPires, Giselle Waldtraut Mathes Orcioli. "Avaliação de blocos intertravados manufaturados com concreto dosado com resíduos de PET como alternativa sustentável na construção civil." Universidade Nove de Julho, 2015. http://bibliotecadigital.uninove.br/handle/tede/1164.
Повний текст джерелаMade available in DSpace on 2015-07-30T14:32:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Giselle Waldtraut Mathes Orcioli Pires.pdf: 3258295 bytes, checksum: 754b5158d66e7e2ed1ce48e89d4dd537 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-12
The construction sector is responsible for consuming a large portion of non-renewable natural resources and generate significant environmental impacts, showing the need for actions that enable new constructive practical alternatives to mitigate damage to the environment caused by this sector. Faced with this panorama, technological innovation is necessary to achieve the intended objectives, the study of new technologies using the most different segments of industry waste and reinserting them into new products, and meet the need of environmental management mitigating the impacts generated It contributes to the development of a sustainable building segment. This time, this work aimed to propose an alternative material in the form of a concrete block interlocked floor, manufactured with part of their natural aggregates replaced by PET waste. To use this material in construction is necessary to meet the technical parameters required by NBR 9781: 2013 "Concrete paving pices". Among the parameters required is the block characteristic resistance, which must be greater than or equal to 35 MPa. To obtain this, studies of dosage were conducted contemplating the running 14 concrete mixtures divided into two groups, in which one was compound without PET waste and the other group containing PET waste, which have replaced part of the natural aggregate in percentages ranging between 10% and 60%. The concrete block with PET waste reached to 40,5 MPa with 33,8% of PET content demonstrating its technical feasibility. Following was carried out a comparison between the estimates of production costs between conventional material and with PET, which proved more costly for regions with abundant natural aggregates, however became alternative in places where there is a shortage of these materials. Finally, it was shown that the use of concrete with PET could fail to consume the total of 608 kg of natural aggregates per cubic meter of concrete and have recycled 72.2 kg of PET waste or 1,588 PET bottles per cubic meter of concrete. This exchange of materials allowed assist in the mitigation of environmental impacts caused by the construction and suggested a new alternative recycling of PET waste.
O setor da construção é responsável por consumir uma grande parte dos recursos naturais não renováveis e de gerar impactos ambientais significativos, mostrando a necessidade de ações que possibilitem novas práticas construtivas alternativas que mitiguem os danos ao meio ambiente causados por este setor. Diante deste panorama a inovação tecnológica faz-se necessária para o alcance dos objetivos pretendidos, o estudo de novas tecnologias utilizando resíduos dos mais diferentes segmentos da indústria e reinserindo-os em novos produtos, além de atender a necessidade da gestão ambiental mitigando os impactos gerados, contribui para o desenvolvimento de um segmento de construção sustentável. Desta feita, este trabalho teve o objetivo de propor um material alternativo sob a forma de um bloco ode concreto para pavimento intertravado, manufaturado com parte de seus agregados naturais substituídos por resíduo de PET. Para a utilização deste material na construção civil é necessário o atendimento aos parâmetros técnicos exigidos na NBR 9781:2013 “Peças de concreto para pavimentação”. Dentre os parâmetros exigidos, está a resistência característica do bloco que deve ser maior ou igual a 35 MPa. Para a obtenção desta característica foram realizados estudos de dosagem que contemplaram a execução total de 14 traços de concreto divididos em 2 grupos, no qual um deles foi composto por traços sem o resíduo de PET e o outro grupo com resíduos de PET que substituíram parte do agregado natural em porcentagens que variaram entre 10% e 60%. O bloco de concreto com resíduo de PET atingiu o valor de 40,5 MPa com 33,8% de teor de PET demonstrando sua viabilidade técnica. Na sequência foi realizado uma comparação entre as estimativas de custo de produção entre o material convencional e o com PET. O concreto com PET se mostrou mais oneroso para regiões com abundância de agregados naturais, entretanto tornou-se alternativo nas localidades onde existe escassez destes materiais. E por fim foi demonstrado que a utilização do concreto com PET poderia deixar de consumir o total de 608 kg de agregados naturais por metro cúbico de concreto e ter reciclado 72,2 kg de resíduo de PET ou 1.588 garrafas PET por metro cúbico de concreto. Esta troca de materiais permitiu auxiliar na mitigação dos impactos ambientais causados pela construção civil e sugeriu uma nova alternativa de reciclagem do resíduo de PET.
Metcalfe, Carol. "New ash glazes from arable crop waste : exploring the use of straw from Pisum sativum (combining pea) and Vicia faba (field bean)." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2008. http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/3657/.
Повний текст джерелаJunior, Ney Joppert. "Otimização da co-pirólise de gasóleo pesado com embalagens de PEAD pós-uso utilizando planejamento fatorial." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2015. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8681.
Повний текст джерелаIn this work it was studied the co-pyrolysis process applied to HDPE plastic package with motor oil residues with Heavy Gas Oil and FCC Catalyst. The main objective of this work was to find the experimental conditions that enhanced the diesel fuel fraction in the pyrolitic oil. Factorial Design Methodology (FDM) was developed to enhance diesel fuel fraction (C9-C23) from waste high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and heavy gas oil (HGO) through copyrolysis. FDM was used for optimization of the following reaction parameters: temperature, catalyst and HDPE amounts. The HGO amount was constant (2.0 g) in all experiments. The model optimum conditions were determined to be temperature of 550 C, HDPE = 0.20 g and no FCC catalyst. Under such conditions, 94% of pyrolytic oil was recovered, of which diesel fuel fraction was 93% (87% diesel fuel fraction yield), no residue was produced and 6% of noncondensable gaseous/volatile fraction was obtained. Seeking to reduce the cost due to high process temperatures, the impact of using higher catalyst content (25 %) with a lower temperature (500 C) was investigated. Under these conditions, 88% of pyrolytic oil was recovered (diesel fuel fraction yield was also 87%) as well as 12% of the noncondensable gaseous/volatile fraction. No waste was produced in these conditions, being an environmentally friendly approach for recycling the waste plastic. The diesel fuel fraction obtained in this study achieved heating value (44.0 MJ/Kg) similar to commercial diesel oil. This paper demonstrated the usefulness of using FDM to predict and to optimize diesel fuel fraction yield with a great reduction in the number of experiments. Based on experimental results, co-pyrolysis can represent a significant role in future in the recovery of both energetic and organic content of HDPE plastic package with motor oil residues
Hrubý, Jan. "Ekonomika odpadového hospodářství." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-12164.
Повний текст джерелаBadía, Valiente José David. "Strategies and analytical procedures for a sustainable plastic waste management. An application to poly (ethylene terephthalate) and polylactide in the packaging sector." Doctoral thesis, Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/12890.
Повний текст джерелаBadía Valiente, JD. (2011). Strategies and analytical procedures for a sustainable plastic waste management. An application to poly (ethylene terephthalate) and polylactide in the packaging sector [Tesis doctoral]. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/12890
Palancia
Cuvier, Alicia. "Accumulation de l'uranium, de ses descendants et des éléments traces métalliques dans les sols des zones humides autour des anciennes mines d'uranium." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015INPT0104/document.
Повний текст джерелаUranium mining and uranium ore processing increase the environmental activity of U and Th decay products and trace elements, in particular in case of releases to the adjacent rivers. Contaminants accumulate then preferentially in sedimentation areas (such as ponds or lakes) or in wetlands (peatlands, marshes or riverbanks) located downstream to the mine. Wetlands – generally located at the head of watershed – are particularly sensitive to environmental changes and anthropogenic pressure. This poses a risk of release of contaminants from these accumulation areas. The objective of the present study is to propose an easily reproducible methodology – in particular for the orphan mining sites – to identify and characterize accumulation areas. This study also aims to improve our understanding of the mechanisms of accumulation and release, in these areas. This study was performed around the former mining site of Bertholène (France). Standing and mobile in situ gamma spectrometry is used to accurately locate the accumulation areas. Soils, sediments, vegetation, water and peat are also sampled upstream and downstream of the mine, in order to (a) characterize the activities and the disequilibria of the U-Th decay chains and the associated trace elements according to the scale of observation, (b) understand the mechanisms of accumulation and release and (c) identify the potential sources using geochemical proxies and isotopic analyses. The results obtained show that radionuclides are mainly accumulated in a flooding area located downstream the mine. Strong U-238 activities (> 20000 Bq.kg-1) and strong Ra-226/U-238 and Th-230/Ra-226 activity ratios are recorded, involving preferential inputs of U-238 and Th-230 during flooding events. Trace element contamination is low, except for Mn, Ba and S. Such contaminations are potentially explained by the geochemical composition of the uranium ore and by the past and current processes of ore and water mine. Sequential extractions highlight the importance of the acido-soluble and the amorphous oxides in the trapping of contaminants. Thus, pH or Eh potential changes could induce major releases of uranium to the environment. The large differences in Pb isotope composition between natural soils and uranium ores, as well the activity ratios of the U-238 and decay chain products, make these indicators helpful to identify the soils and the sediments impacted by uranium mining
Söderlundh, Sussie. "Rening av avloppsvatten från biltvättar med filter av torv och inblandad kolaska : en utvärdering av effektivitet och avfallshantering ur ett miljöperspektiv." Thesis, Kristianstad University College, Kristianstad University College, Department of Mathematics and Science, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-6617.
Повний текст джерелаFiltermaterial av 75 % torv och 25 % kolaska har använts under 2 respektive 4 år för rening av avloppsvatten från två biltvättar. Jämförelse med Kristianstads kommuns riktvärden för avloppsvatten från fordonstvättar visar att filtren fungerat. För avfallsklassning krävs kunskap om innehåll av miljöfarliga ämnen i produkter som använts i tvätthallarna. I brist på kunskap om innehåll av ej analyserade miljöfarliga ämnen i filtren anses förbränning vara ett bra omhändertagande ur miljösynpunkt, då energi och aska återvinns.
Sewage water from two car washes has been treated during 2 and 4 years respectively, using a filter made of 75 % peat and 25 % carbon-containing ash. A comparison with the guiding values for car wash sewage water in Kristianstad municipality shows that this type of filter works well. Classification of the filter as waste requires knowledge about the content of environmentally harmful substances in products used in the car washes. Because of the lack of knowledge about the content of non-analyzed substances in the filters, combustion must be regarded as an environmentally good way of disposing the filter material, as both energy and ashes are recycled.
Robinson, Travis. "Bubbling Fluidized Bed Gasification of Biomass and Refuse Derived Fuel." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/33157.
Повний текст джерелаLi, Ruihua. "Single polymer composites made of slowly crystallizing polymer." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/33925.
Повний текст джерелаReimer, Johanna [Verfasser]. "Untersuchung der MR-PWI Parameter Cmax, MS und CBVctc hinsichtlich der Detektion der oberen Penumbragrenze bei Patienten mit akutem ischämischen Schlaganfall : eine Validierung mittels 15 O-Wasser PET / Johanna Reimer." Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1228861048/34.
Повний текст джерелаBluffstone, Zoe. "Seeking Redemption in a World of Waste: A Comparative Analysis of Bottle Deposit Systems and Campaigns and a Consideration of Their Comprehensive Sustainability." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1462983935.
Повний текст джерелаPatwary, Shah Miran. "Antimony diffusion from polyester textiles upon exhaust dyeing." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-12807.
Повний текст джерелаWang, Yung-Tai, and 王永泰. "Pyrolysis of PLA and PET wastes." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40165755217872591981.
Повний текст джерела國立高雄第一科技大學
環境與安全衛生工程研究所
101
In Taiwan, the rise of environmental awareness has prompted companies to introduce large amounts of degradable bioplastics to control the environmental impacts caused by the non-degradable plastics in recent years. However, the difficulties of identifying waste bioplastics and traditional plastics, particularly PLA and PET, resulting in the decrease of the recycling values. To solve this problem, the techniques of pyrolysis recycling is an possible option apart from material recycling. This study investigated the reaction dynamics of waste PLA, waste PET, and the mixture of waste PLA and PET (with various ratios), and the optimum conditions for pyrolysis. Results showed that the PLA contained 0.41% of moisture, 0.01% of ash, and 99.57% of combustibles while the PET contained 0.41% of moisture, 2.84% of ash, and 96.75% of combustibles. The calorific values of the PLA and PET are 4,361 and 5,458 kcal/kg respectively. The elemental composition of the PLA was 54.80% of carbon, 6.00% of hydrogen, 39.20% of oxygen, and 0% of nitrogen while the PET was 66.64% of carbon, 4.44% of hydrogen, 28.92% of oxygen, and 0% of nitrogen. According to the results described above, the waste PLA and PET are suitable for the process of pyrolysis treatment and making into RDF. The products can be substituted for parts of the fossil fuels to decrease the environmental impacts. Furthermore, the ash residue produced by pyrolysis is very few, which indicating significant reductions in volumes and the charges for final disposal. After analyzing the waste PLA, waste PET, and the mixture of PLA and PET with various ratios (100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, and 0:100), we found that according to the relation of the DTG curve obtained from thermal gravimetric analysis and the reacting temperature, the maximum decomposition temperature of PLA is 602~638K, and the maximum decomposition temperature of PET is 716~740K with heating rates of 5, 10, and 15 ℃/min. The optimum condensing temperature to obtained optimal yield is -10 ℃. From the point of view of the heating rates, the optimum heating rate to obtain optimal char and condensate yield is 5 ℃/min, and 15℃/min for the optimal gas yield. We used Friedman method to obtain the dynamic parameters of the waste PLA and PET with various ratios in TGA and reactor. Among the parameters, the activation energy and frequency factor increased with increased contents of PET, which meant the process of decomposition PET would require more energy.
Kao, Chih-Yu, and 高志宇. "Process Development of Depolymerizing PET waste." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99897388374815427198.
Повний текст джерела國立臺灣大學
化學工程學系研究所
85
The process development of depolymerizing polyethylene terephthalate(PET) waste was studied in this dissertation. The reactions of hydrolytic depolymerization, alkaline hydrolysis, and glycolytic depolymerization were investigated using a batch pressurized reactor and thermal analysis techniques. The characterization of depolymerization reactions, the examination of catalytic activities, and the discussion of kinetic mechanisms were presented. Besides, the process design and economic evaluation of PET depolymerization were performed, and the profits of capital investment on the reclaiming plant was estimated. The hydrolytic depolymerization of PET catalyzed by metal acetates was carried out in a stirred batch reactor at 220-265 oC under autogenous pressure. The solid products mainly composed of terephthalic(TPA) were obtained in the experiments with high conversions of PET hydrolysis. The liquid products were mostly ethylene glycol(EG) and its dimer. A second-order model including forward and backward reactions for the PET hydrolysis was found to well fit the experimental data. The kinetic model also suggests an autocatalytic mechanism which indicates that some of the hydrolytic depolymerization of PET was catalyzed by the carboxyl groups produced during the reaction. The yield of ethylene glycol largely increased as the conversion of PET hydrolysis approached the complete level. It suggest a random-scission pattern for the hydrolysis of ester linkage. Tin(II) acetate, among the catalysts studied, showed the highest activity for the PET hydrolysis. The catalyst effectively enhanced the reaction rate and lowered the activation energy of PET hydrolysis from the value of 123 kJ/mol to 90-100 kJ/mol. The results of thermal analysis showed that potassium hydroxide in its solid state possessed hydrolytic activity of depolymerizing PET into small molecules; in contrast, sodium hydroxide did not. However, the results of reactions in the agitated solutions showed that potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide had the comparatively similar activities for the alkaline hydrolysis of PET. The products of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol were obtained in all experiments and no oligomeric products were found. It suggests a model of chain end scission for the alkaline hydrolysis of PET linkage. The result of kinetic analysis showed that the hydrolysis rate was the first order in alkaline hydroxide and the half order in PET. This indicates that the PET linkages may sequentially react with the hydroxides on the surface of solid flakes. The Arrhenius plot gave the activation energy of 84 kJ/mol for the alkaline hydrolysis of PET, which are in agreement with the result obtained by the kinetic study of thermal analysis. The glycolysis of PET resin with excess amount of ethylene glycol, using metal acetates as catalysts, was examined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and in an agitated batch reactor. The DSC experiments were carried out under a nitrogen atmosphere of 600 psi. The efficiency of glycolysis was measured from peak temperature associated reaction endotherm. Zinc acetate among the catalysts studied was confirmed to be the most effective one for the PET glycolysis. Two isoconversion methods of kinetic analysis were applied for estimating the activation energy of PET glycolysis. The apparent activation energy was lowered either by adding zinc acetate or by decreasing resin size. The experimental results obtained in batch reactor with efficient agitation showed that adding zinc acetate as catalyst can effectively enhance the glycolysis rate. The complete depolymerization and monomeric products of bis- hydroxyethyl terephthalate(BHET) were then obtained in the presence of the catalyst. Based on the economic scale of reclaiming 8640 tons of PET per year, the plant design and cost estimation were made for three kinds of processes of PET hydrolysis. High reclaiming cost was required for the process catalyzed by sulfuric acid or ammonium hydroxide; therefore, the process of PET hydrolysis at high temperatures showed the most interests. The capital investiment of this process is about $2.3 million, and the annual cost of operating is $1.7 million. The economic evaluation of this process showed that the pretax return of this reclaiming plant was 28% when the average products price of TPA and EG were $400 /ton and the cost of PET feed was $200/ton. The main achievement and contributions of this work including the following aspects: newly efficient catalysts in the application of PET depolymerization were developed and the invention was asked for a patent; the kinetic data and mathematic models of PET hydrolysis were first obtained and the results were applied in the process design of reclaiming plants; the techniques of thermal analysis were first applied in the measuring the catalytic activities of PET depolymerization; the economic evaluation of PET depolymerization was first performed, and the commercial profits and the critical points of this process were judged.
Xie, Wen-Sheng, and 謝文生. "Utilization of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ashes with Blended Waste Polethylene Terephthalate (PET)." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/58706716595397106711.
Повний текст джерела萬能科技大學
工程科技研究所
99
The aim of this work is to prepare harmless blends of waste polethylene terephthalate (PET) and fly ashes (FA). Systematically investigations of the physical and chemical properties of the PET/FA blends are reported. First, the aim of this study is the production of composites from waste PET and FA by means of a melt blending method using a twin-screw extruder. The PET/FA blends are expected to provide that the fly ashes are well encapsulated with PET/FA blend utilization technology, which is shown by the results of toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test. Then, FA was washed by water (WFA) to comprehend the effect of pre-treatment of FA on the physical and chemical properties of the PET/FA blends before blending with PET. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) analysis of the FA/PET, WFA/PET specimens reveal that the decomposition temperatures (Td) reduce as their FA or WFA contents increase. As evidenced by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, no significant effect on the Tg and Tm values of FA/PET and WFA/PET specimens when their FA or WFA contents increase. The values of tensile strength of the PET/FA blends increase with the FA contents from 0 to 5 wt%. In contrast, the elongation at break obviously decreases with their FA contents. However, the tensile strength and the elongation at break of the WFA/PET blends decrease as their WFA contents increase from 0 to 5 wt%. As evidenced by the impact strength and abrasion testing, no significant effect on the impact strength of FA/PET and WFA/PET blends when their FA or WFA contents increase. Although the rate of wear loss of FA/PET and WFA/PET specimens increases as their FA or WFA contents increase, but the results of weight loss is much lower than the addition weight of FA or WFA. The results from the TCLP test illustrate that heavy metals can be encapsulated in PET and the maximum percentage of FA allowed in the blends is above 20%. Therefore, fly ashes blend with waste PET is a valuable technology for the utilization of fly ashes and waste PET.
Lim, Tiong-Ti, and 林忠治. "Rice Straw and Pea Waste Composts and Their Fertilizer Characteristics." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/37758706125656391202.
Повний текст джерела國立臺灣大學
農業化學研究所
88
Using directly farm waste or animal manure without composting on vegetable corp or on fruit trees would cause insanitary impact on environment. The farm waste can produce organic acids and deplete much oxygen that would hurt the plant root physiology. If farm waste could be composted adequately to become high quality organic fertilizer and then applied to the farm, it would not only increase the corp yield, but also reduce the unfavorable to the environment. We have used straw and pea seedling residues as composting material by adding urea as nitrogen source, C/N ratio adjusted for both straw and pea series t have initial value of 30, 20 and 10. Three replicates of each plot, were composted for 21 (A), 42 (B) and 63 (C) days. The changes of temperature, pH, water content, ash content, total nitrogen concentration, soluble nitrogen concentration, total carbon concentration during composting period have been determined for understanding the characteristics of composting process. The fertilizer characteristics were evaluated by using a modified Neubauer test and a pot culture with mustard plant. Results have shown that pea seedling residue as raw material composted more easily than rice straw. The reaction rate of pea residue was faster than rice straw, so that pea residue composting has appoached completion in rather shoter time, and much longer in rice straw plot. The changes of temperature, increase of total nitrogen content, decrease of organic carbon content and decrease of C/N ratio are evidence for characteristing the composting process. Too much nitrogen addition to the composting materials has caused ammonia loss and toxicity. High ammonia partial pressure has harmed the growth, especially in S 10 and P 10 plot. The application of compost to the Pieng-Zhrng soil has resulted in less soluble nitrogen. The highest Neubauer bioavailable nitrogen coincide with the time when the concentration of NH4-N was highest but not at the time when concentration of soluble nitrogen. The highest Neubauer bioavailable nitrogen of Qi-Kuai-Cuo soil was different form Pieng-Zheng soil. Even at highest concentration of NH4-N in Qi-Kuai-Cuo soil the Neubauer bioavailable nitrogen was low. The highest yield of pot test in Pieng-Zhrng soil was obtained in plot: S 30B, P 30B and P 10B, and the yield of S 20B is even lower than those of chemical fertilizer plot and non-fertilizer plot . The yield of mustard plant from Qi-Kuai-Cuo soil was lower than from Pieng-Zheng soil, and yields obtained from S 30, S 20 and P 30 plot, were even lower than that of non-fertilizer plot. The results suggested that fertilization with those unmaturated composts could harm the plant growth.
LI, FEI-LONG, and 李飛龍. "The planning model for recovery of waste PET bottles in Taiwan." Thesis, 1991. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82104483802718474317.
Повний текст джерелаKelly-Hooper, Francine Teresa. "F2:F3b Ratio and BOC-Adjusted PHC F3 Approach to Resolving False Detections of Crude Oil and Diesel Drilling Waste in Clean Soils and Manure Compost." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/7877.
Повний текст джерелаNagel, Rhianna. "Waste system responses to peak tourist visitation periods: case study of Barra de Valizas, Uruguay." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/7287.
Повний текст джерелаGraduate
0366
rhianna@uvic.ca
Hagman, Henrik. "Co-firing animal waste, sludge, residue wood, peat and forest fuels in a 50MWth CFB boiler : ash transformation, availability and process improvements." Licentiate thesis, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-114736.
Повний текст джерелаDen direkta rörliga kostnaden för värme-och elproduktion baserad på fast biobränsle är ungefär 3-5 gånger lägre än kostnaden för fossiloljebaserad produktion. Avfallsklassade fasta biobränslen är vidare oftast betydligt billigare än fasta biobränslen som inte är klassade som avfall. Införandet av de avfallsklassade bränslena; reningsslam, rivningsvirke, och animaliskt avfall i en 50MWth cirkulerande fluidiserad bädd (CFB) -panna, ledde till kraftig beläggningstillväxt i överhettare och ackumulering av aska i ekonomisers, samt haveri av panntuber och centrumrör i cyklonerna, som tvingade fram frekventa pannstopp. Detta ökade i sin tur användningen aveldningsolja (fossilt bränsle) i reservkrafts-pannor vilket resulterade i ett större CO2 utsläpp och en högre kostnad för energiomvandlingen på siten. Detta arbete syftar till att öka den allmänna mekanistiska förståelsen av förbränningssystem som använder komplexa bränslen, och omfattar; haveri- och underhållsstatistik, elementarsammansättningsanalys av aska, beläggningar och bränslefraktioner, rökgasens sammansättning, kemisk specificering av askor och beläggningar, ett försök att beskriva de övergripande askomvandlingsreaktionerna, samt en massbalans för förbränningsprocessen. Svepelektronmikroskop (SEM) utrustat med energidispersiv röntgenspektroskopi (EDS) användes för att analysera den elementära sammansättningen av aska och beläggningar. SEM-EDS-resultaten användes tillsammans med pulverröntgendiffraktionsanalys (XRD), termodynamiska fasdata, och jämviktsberäkningar i ett försök att kvantifiera de kristallina faserna och de övergripande askomvandlingsreaktionerna i processen. Baserat på resultaten rörande askomvandling och haveristatistik, har det varit möjligt att identifiera generiska nyckelparametrar gällande panndesign och processparametrar, som möjliggjort stora förbättringar av CFB pannans tillgänglighet, en lägre totalkostnad för energiomvandlingen på siten samt ett minskat CO2-utsläpp.
HSU-FAN and 徐凡. "A Feasibility Study on Producing Derived Fuel from Waste PET Bottle Label and Biomass." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/npf2s9.
Повний текст джерела國立高雄科技大學
環境與安全衛生工程系
107
Waste bottle label is a kind of waste generated from the process of recycling and treating waste bottles. Since the composition of the waste label is complicated and is difficult to distinguish as well as separate, most recycle dealers aren't willing to recycle these waste labels. As a result, the current processing method for the waste labels is incineration, which is less than ideal. Consequently, we could reduce its impact to environment by taking advantage of its high-calorific-value characteristic. Palimara Alstonia (Alstonia scholaris) is a common tree species in Taiwan, which also produces a large amount of yard waste. If we could use waste bottle label and yard waste to produce residue derived fuels, the life cycle of these waste would be extended, and so did its added value. Therefore, this study is aimed to take waste bottle label and Palimara Alstonia as raw materials; samples were collected and analyzed with experimental parameters designed in advance. The feasibility of producing residue derived fuels was evaluated by conducting experiments including pyrolysis, RDF-5 extrusion test, and pyrolysis kinetic models. The parameters of pyrolysis and RDF-5 extrusion expriments were determined based on the results of basic property analysis. Furthermore, the feasibility of producing derived fuels was investigated by analyzing the products produced under various conditions. The results revealed that, both waste bottle label and Palimara Alstonia samples contained high combustible components and possess high calorific value. In addition, the results of pyrolysis kinetic analysis indicated that the activation energy required for the pyrolysis process decreased with the amount of Palimara Alstonia added. The pyrolysis experiment performed with a terminal temperature at 500 ℃, and heating rates of 5, 10, and 15 ℃/min revealing that both energy yield and solid product yield dramatically increased when Palimara Alstonia was added to waste bottle labels, and the characteristics of the produced char was similar to those of coal and anthracite. The extrusion experiment performed with a pressure of 150 Kg/cm2, and a temperature at 120~200 ℃ showing that the mix ratio of 75% to 25% (as waste bottle label to Palimara Alstonia) produced the sample with highest energy yield (112.1%). To sum up, it's feasible to produce derived fuels from waste bottle label and Palimara Alstonia, such derived fuels with optimal energy yield and unit volume calorific value could be produced under the application of extrusion technology.