Дисертації з теми "Waste solidification"
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1
Lin, Sheng-Lung. "Effectiveness of sulfur for solidification/stabilization of metal contaminated wastes." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19475.
2
Asavapisit, Suwimol. "Solidification system for metal containing hazardous wastes." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287950.
3
DELLAMANO, JOSE C. "Uso de microssilica como aditivo na imobilizacao de rejeitos radioativos em cimento." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1995. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10413.
Анотація:
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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
4
Montgomery, Diana Margaret. "Organophilic clays in stabilisation and solidification of hazardous wastes." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/47574.
5
Lange, Lisete Celina. "Carbonation of cement-solidified hazardous waste." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1996. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/25540.
Анотація:
Solidification technology can be an effective process for treating a variety of difficult to manage waste materials containing heavy metals prior to reuse or disposal. There are numerous commercial solidification techniques spanning a spectrum of technical complexity and cost. The most common methods include those based on cement or cement/pozzolanic materials. These materials, which are used in many solidification processes, make the technology appear simple and inexpensive. However, there are significant challenges to the successful application of this technique. The morphology and chemistry of the solidified waste forms are complex, specially when the waste streams used contain components other than the metals that are likely to be effectively immobilised. Also, the selection of the binder, depends upon an understanding of the chemistry of both the contaminants and the binder itself, to ensure efficient and reliable results. Nevertheless,a number of complex interactions are known to cause significant retardation on normal hydraulic reactions of cement-based materials, causing numerous and controversial problems. In recent years there has been renewed interest in elucidating the binding mechanisms responsible for the fixation of waste species. Carbonation, which is known to affect a wide range of cementitious materials, is a phenomenon observed by many scientists and has received very little attention. The aim of this work has been to investigate the effects of natural and accelerated carbonation on the development of mechanical and microstructural properties of solidified products as well as on the binding of metallic waste components. Particular emphasis was paid to examine the influence of different binders on the properties of carbonated solidified waste forms. The kinetics of the carbonation reaction was thoroughly examined, particularly when mix parameters such as binder/waste type and water content were varied. An examination of the resulting products showed that carbonated solidified waste materials had improved mechanical properties and increased metal binding capacity, when compared to specimens cured in nitrogen or normal atmospheric conditions. Microstructural analysis showed that large amounts of calcite where characteristics of carbonated samples. The increased formation of calcite as a result of carbonation appeared to be directly linked with the development of strength and enhanced metals fixation. NMR and FTIR spectroscopy indicated that carbonation has a significant influence on the hydration of waste forms by increasing the degree of polymerisation of the silicate hydration phases, with a consequent acceleration of the hydration of the cement paste. Examination by SEM analysis confirmed an acceleration of C3S hydration, typified by a de-calcified hydration rims and a matrix of dense calcite intergrowth infilling porosity. Some metals appeared to be incorporated in the silica-rich rims and others in the calcite rich matrix, suggesting precipitation of metal as both carbonates, silicates and complex double-salts. An examination of the kinetic of the carbonation reaction revealed that the reactivity of the different cements was different in the presence of carbon dioxide, and that when metal wastes were added the susceptibility of the paste to react with carbon dioxide increased. In general the results of this work indicate the potential of carbon dioxide for incorporation into the treatment of wastes during solidification. However, further work is necessary to establish the long-term performance of these carbonated waste forms as well as the behaviour of carbon dioxide upon different waste streams.
6
Maffettone, Roberta. "Stabilization/solidification processes for the treatment of contaminated soil and waste." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/1753.
Анотація:
2013-2014Recovering industrial waste and contaminated soil is one of the main objectives in environmental management. Nowadays in Italy, landfilling is responsible for up to 40% of total soil contamination and up to 50% of the used remediation techniques involves excavation and disposal. On the other hand, the European Legislation has set key drivers to improve waste management, as setting recycling targets and limiting the use of landfilling with its rising cost. In this scenario, new technologies to reduce the toxicity of contaminated soil and hazardous waste before their disposal or to reuse them as aggregates are of great interest. Stabilisation/solidification (S/S) is a treatment for wastes and soils which mainly uses cementitious or pozzolanic binders to produce a solid monolith that incorporates the contaminants. This process is particularly effective on heavy-metals contaminated soils. Other additives/fillers can also be used during a pre-treatment phase to amend adverse chemical and physical characteristics, e.g. high moisture content. Alternative methods to treat contaminated waste and soil exploited the application of accelerated carbonation to cement-based S/S. This process can improve the characteristics of the stabilized products in terms of leaching, strengths or pH. Accelerated carbonation (ACT) is an enhanced form of natural carbonation that has been developed during the last years at industrial scale for the treatment of contaminated soil and industrial wastes. Accelerated carbonation induces a rapid reaction exposing the mineral or the reactive waste to a controlled atmosphere containing CO2 and promotes rapid hardening of the product. The resultant precipitation of calcium carbonate reduces the porosity of the material, and leads to further changes at the microstructure, aiding the retention of contaminants and improving the mechanical properties. The pH is also lowered with the result of reduced solubility of many heavy metals. Waste can be formed into aggregate by agglomeration. If the two processes are combined, it is feasible to produce hardened aggregate. The final product can be reused as aggregate in engineering fill or in concrete production. The aim of the research project conducted during the Ph.D. programme is the development of an innovative approach for the enhancing of stabilization/solidification treatment of contaminated soils and wastes. The research aimed at the identification of innovative formulation using cement and thermal wastes for heavy-metals contaminated soil treatment and at the investigation of the effect of the accelerated carbonation applied to cement-based stabilization/solidification. Tests of cement-based stabilization/solidification using Portland cement and the effect of accelerated carbonation on metals mobility were investigated on artificial heavy-metals contaminated soil at the Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division (SEED) at the University of Salerno. The process was assessed with further investigations on soil washing residues blended with thermal ashes and cement for the production of lightweight recycled aggregate. This part was conducted within the LLP Erasmus Placement Programme at the Centre for Contaminated Land Remediation (CCLR) of the University of Greenwich (UK). The process investigated entailed the mixing of soil washing residues with paper incineration ashes, reactive to carbon dioxide, or sewage sludge ashes followed by accelerated carbonation to produce the aggregate. Portland cement was used as the binder, which also has an ability to combine with CO2. The effect of accelerated carbonation on the cemented contaminated soil was evaluated by mineralogical and structural properties. Chemical stability was measured by leaching of heavy metals from the raw materials and the final products. The aggregates produced showed comparable strength to commercially lightweight aggregates. Accelerated carbonation increased the strength and the density of the aggregate compared to the hydrated one. Heavy metals leaching were substantially unaffected by carbonation, apart for copper and barium. Further investigation tested the aggregates for using in lightweight concrete block and for green roofing. The use of a synthetic CO2 flue gas lead to a capture of the carbon dioxide leading to a “low carbon” product. The study showed the applicability of the process for manufacturing lightweight aggregates from soil washing residues and ashes by enhanced cement based S/S as a good alternative for a wide range of civil engineering applications. The effect of accelerated carbonation has to be further explained. Future investigations are needed to enhance the process based on the variability of the wastes. Other waste and alternative carbon dioxide reactive fillers can be considered to be treated by the process. [edited by author]
XIII n.s.
7
Moore, Tiffany Len. "Treatment of inorganic hazardous waste constituents found in electric arc furnace dust by solidification/stabilization." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41698.
Анотація:
In this study, solidification and stabilization processes were evaluated for use as a treatment method for electric arc furnace dust. Specific objectives were (1) to develop a solidified material capable of meeting EPA requirements for heavy metal leaching, and (2) to develop a solidified material that could be used for construction.
Results from the studies of the untreated electric arc furnace dust showed that the solubility of cadmium is controlled by the hydroxide species. Lead solubility is more complex because its solubility is controlled by a species other than hydroxide and therefore it is more difficult to predict. Studies also indicated that approximately 1.9% of the composition of the electric arc Furnace dust is made up of lead.
This study demonstrated that solidification and. stabilization is a viable treatment process for electric arc. furnace dust. Success in treating the electric arc furnace dust by this method, however, depends upon such factors as the compressive strength of the solidified waste, the amount of electric arc furnace dust incorporated in the concrete, and the ability of the solidified waste to remain intact during the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). Based on these factors, approximately 165 lb dust/cu yd concrete was determined to be the upper limit on the amount of electric arc furnace dust that can be incorporated in such a system. Efforts to improve the quality of the concrete by the addition of a chelating agent was moderately successful; however, the addition of salts to speed the concrete set times was not successful.
A model was developed which predicts the required compressive strength of the solidified dust based upon the amount of electric arc furnace dust that is incorporated in the concrete. The model effectively predicts, without performing the TCLP test, whether the solidified material will meet limits for heavy metal required by the EPA.Master of Science
8
Lampris, Christos. "Solidification/stabilisation of air pollution control residues from municipal solid waste incineration." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/18973.
Анотація:
Air pollution control (APC) residues are by-products of the flue gas cleaning process in energy-from-waste (EfW) plants treating municipal solid waste. They are classified as a hazardous waste in the EU Waste Catalogue and are a priority hazardous waste stream in the UK due to high alkalinity, concentrations of volatile heavy metals and soluble salts. Plans currently exist to increase the number of EfW plants in the UK, with the potential to increase future arisings of APC residues. Stabilisation/solidification (S/S) is an inexpensive treatment technology, involving mixing of the waste with cementitious binders. The main objective of this research is to assess the effectiveness of CEM I and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as S/S binders for the treatment of APC residues. The ultimate goal is to expand existing knowledge on S/S systems and assist development of more sustainable treatment methods for APC residues. S/S APC residue specimens were prepared varying the waste-to-binder and water-to-solids ratios and subsequently tested for physical properties and contaminant leaching according to international standards. Geochemical modelling was used to assess contaminant release-controlling processes and contribute to more efficient mix and treatment design. Results from this study indicate that mechanical properties of 50 wt.% CEM I and GGBS mixes exceed UK landfill disposal criteria (1.0 MPa), achieving unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values of up to 21 MPa. CEM I mixes with 10 and 20 wt.% binder addition also met the criterion of 1.0 MPa, achieving UCS values of up to 10 MPa. In contrast, 10 and 20 wt.% GGBS mixes exhibited inferior mechanical properties (UCS < 1.0 MPa). S/S is hampered predominantly by high concentrations of chloride in APC residues. All monolithic S/S samples exceeded relevant UK waste acceptance criteria (monWAC) for chloride (20,000 mg/m2) within the first two days of the 64-day monolithic leaching test. Altough partial immobilisation occurs through the formation of chloro-complexes, S/S of APC residues would require binder additions greater than 50 wt.% to meet UK requirements for landfill disposal. Leaching of Pb also becomes problematic for mixes with 10 and 20 wt.% binder addition, exceeding UK monWAC (20 mg/m2). Nevetheless, the amphoteric nature of heavy metals and the high solubility of chloride salts could favour extraction of potentially valuable elements through washing procedures. Modelling results indicate that a simple washing step may be able to extract 650 mg of Pb and 120 mg of Zn per kg of APC residues treated, while removing approximately 90% of available chloride.
9
Lu, Chen-Hong. "Evaluation of oil and freeze-thaw effects on cement hydration for waste solidification." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0003/MQ44210.pdf.
10
Hossein, Mohsen. "Role of ettringite formation in the stabilization/solidification of sulphide-bearing mine waste." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0030/NQ64573.pdf.
11
Betteker, James Michael. "A laboratory study of solidification/stabilization technology for contaminated dredged material." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45748.
Анотація:
Safe disposal of contaminated dredged material has become a significant issue especially as public environmental awareness and concerns increase. Solidification/ stabilization technology potentially may provide for a safer, more effective and more economical means of disposal.
This research investigated the technical feasibility of applying solidification/stabilization technology to contaminated sediment from Indiana Harbor Canal, Indiana. Specifically, physical strength and reduction of chemical leachability resulting from solidification/stabilization A with various cement based, pozzolanic, and proprietary additives were analyzed. Also investigated was the immobilization capability of a proprietary polymer for selected organic contaminants when used in conjunction with solidification/stabilization processes.
Physical strength is an important parameter in determining the ultimate bearing capacity, stability of embankments and pressure against retaining walls. Physical stabilization of contaminated dredged material is a viable treatment option. Application of cement-based and pozzolanic—based processes uses the sediment moisture to form hydration products, therefore dewaterimg is not required. All process formulations produced a solidified sediment.Master of Science
12
CARATIN, REINALDO L. "Estudo da imobilização de rejeitos radioativos em matrizes asfálticas e resíduos elastoméricos utilizando a técnica de microondas." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2007. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11574.
Анотація:
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Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
13
Dickson, Catherine Louise. "Immobilisation of actinide simulants in cement." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300954.
Анотація:
The current UK strategy for radioactive waste management is to permanently store the waste in an underground repository. Final disposal of the radwaste may then be preceded by chemical conditioning and physical encapsulation. The objective of this work was to determine the extent of actinide immobilisation in cement. Since actinides are hazardous and costly to study directly, a chemical analogue approach to studying actinide immobilisation was adopted. Th(IV), Ce(III, IV) and Eu(III) were chosen as actinide simulants and their suitability assessed by a critical review of the literature. Ca(OH)2 and C-S-H dominate the observed chemical properties of the aqueous phase in cement. As they are of such importance, it was these cement components which were used to investigate the reaction of the simulant elements with cement. The phases found to be predicted were ThO2, ThSiO4, Eu(OH)3, Ca2Eu8(SiO4)6O2, CeO2, CeSiO4 and Ca2(SiO4)6O2. CeSiO4 and Ca2Ce8(SiO4)O2 are newly reported phases, produced by hydrothermal synthesis. Rietveld refinement confirmed CeSiO4 to have the zircon structure, with space group 141/amd and cell parameters a = 6.9564(3) A, c = 6.1953 (4) A. Ca2Ce8(SiO4)6O2 exhibits the apatite structure, with space group P63/m and cell parameters a = 9.4343(3) a, c = 6.8885(4) A. Preliminary solubility studies were carried out on all of the solubility-limiting phases. Phase impurity, poor crystallinity and incongruent solubility of phases hindered the generation of solubility product data. Nevertheless, these phases have naturally occurring analogues which are known to be environmentally stable and have low solubilities. On the basis of the experimental results obtained, it may be concluded that cement has the potential to be a very effective immobilisation matrix for actinide elements. Recommendations for future experiments using active elements are discussed.
14
Bína, Tomáš. "Prověření možnosti transformace nebezpečného odpadu v nový materiál." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225901.
Анотація:
This work deals with the use of solidification technology for the disposal of hazardous waste with the aim of its material recovery. The goal of this Master's Thesis is to find and verify a new solidification way that will allow efficient transformation of hazardous waste into new material and its further use in civil engineering.
15
Andreou, Sean. "Intermediate and Low Level Nuclear Waste Stabilisation: Carbonation of Cement-based Wasteforms." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/1215.
Анотація:
Carbonation is a naturally-occurring process whereby Ca-containing cement phases lose their hydration water and are converted to carbonate minerals by reaction with atmospheric CO₂. As these secondary minerals develop in the microstructure of hydrated cement, porosity, pore-size distribution and permeability are decreased. These are all considered desirable properties in a wasteform. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of carbonation and different pozzolans on the leach performance and mechanical strength of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) wasteforms. Two methods of accelerated cement carbonation were used: - A vacuum carbonation method, where wasteforms are placed in an evacuated, sealed cell and subjected to small additions of CO₂ over several days at near vacuum conditions; and
- A one-step carbonation method, where CO₂ gas is added to the wasteform paste as it is being mixed.
16
GONG, PENG. "A SUC MODEL STUDY FOR SOLIDIFICATION/STABILIZATION OF ORGANIC HAZARDOUS WASTES WITH REACTIVATED CARBON." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin983566537.
17
LOPES, VALDIR M. "Tratamento de solucoes contendo acido citrico e imobilizacao em cimento portland." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1998. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10692.
Анотація:
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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
18
Saouti, Leo. "Ordures ménagères résiduelles (OMR) : modèle, mise en monture et stabilisation/solidification." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023NORMR114.
Анотація:
Des millions de tonnes de déchets sont traités chaque année dans le monde entier. Il existe de grandes disparités dans les techniques de traitement des déchets en fonction du niveau de développement des pays. En France, une start-up angevine nommée Néolithe propose une nouvelle voie de traitement des déchets non dangereux non inertes, la fossilisation. Ce procédé est le suivant : broyage des déchets, mélange avec un liant hydraulique puis extrusion pour en faire des granulats appelés Anthropocite®. Les travaux de cette thèse concernent le traitement des ordures ménagères résiduelles (OMR). Ils comportent trois parties : la préparation d’un modèle représentatif des OMR, la valorisation de cendres en matrices liantes, et la solidification du modèle OMR avec différents liants retenus. La préparation du modèle représentatif des OMR nécessite pour les fractions organiques un séchage et un broyage adapté à la finesse de mouture souhaitée. Pour les déchets plastiques il convient d’utiliser des broyeurs spécifiques. Les cendres de biomasse - cendres volantes et de sous foyer - ont été étudiées : caractérisation et réactivité. Des essais d’activation (NaOH et Na2SiO3) ont porté sur les deux types de cendres avec comme variables : le ratio eau sur liant (E/B) et le ratio activateur sur précurseur (A/P). Un précurseur composé de cendres (P1) et de laitier (P3) a été proposé. Les conditions favorables pour l’obtention de résistances en compression minimales de 25 MPa à 28 jours sont un ratio de E/B de 0,4, un ratio A/P de 0,2 et un ratio P1/P3 de 1,50. Pour l’étude de mélanges avec les moutures d’OMR, les liants retenus ont été les suivants : un laitier activé, un précurseur composé de cendres et de laitier, un liant hydraulique dénommé Ligam et un ciment Portland (CEM I) Les premiers essais sur les mélanges ont permis d’établir les protocoles d’inclusion de fermentescibles d’ordures résiduelles (FOR). Tous les liants accusent des retards de prise et de solidification lors d’inclusion. Il est essentiel d’hydrater les déchets (FOR) lors du mélange avec les liants mais chaque liant présente un optimum d’ajout d’eau aux FOR différent. Il est possible de solidifier le modèle représentatif des OMR avec des liants hydrauliques comme avec des liants activés par des alcalins. Les liants hydrauliques semblent plus robustes quant à la nature des composants que représente l’inclusion du modèle OMR à des mortiers. Ces travaux permettent d’établir une base de données, nécessaire à la poursuite des travaux sur la solidification/stabilisation des OMRMillions of tonnes of waste are treated every year throughout the world. There are wide disparities in waste treatment techniques, depending on the level of development of individual countries. In France, an Anjou-based start-up called Néolithe is proposing a new way of treating non-hazardous, non-inert waste: fossilisation. The process involves shredding the waste, mixing it with a hydraulic binder and then extruding it to produce aggregates called Anthropocite®. The work in this thesis concerns the treatment of municipal solid waste (MSW). It consists of three parts: the preparation of a model representative of residual household waste, the use of ash as a binder matrix, and the solidification of the residual household waste model with various selected binders. For organic fractions, the preparation of a model representative of household waste requires drying and shredding to suit the fineness of grind required. Specific shredders should be used for plastic waste. The characterisation and reactivity of biomass ash - fly ash and underfired ash - were studied. Activation tests (NaOH and Na2SiO3) were carried out on the two types of ash with the following variables: water to binder ratio (W/B) and activator to precursor ratio (A/P). A precursor composed of ash (P1) and slag (P3) was proposed. Favourable conditions to obtain minimum compressive strengths of 25 MPa at 28 days are a W/B ratio of 0.4, an A/P ratio of 0.2 and a P1/P3 ratio of 1.50. The following binders were selected for the study of mixes with SRM grindings: an activated slag, a precursor composed of ash and slag, a hydraulic binder called Ligam and a Portland cement (CEM I). The initial tests on the mixes enabled protocols for the inclusion of fermentable residual waste (FRW) to be established. All binders show delays in setting and solidification during inclusion. It is essential to hydrate the waste (FRW) when mixing with the binders, but each binder has a different optimum to add water to FRW. It is possible to solidify the model representative of MSW with hydraulic binders as well as with alkali-activated binders. Hydraulic binders appear to be more robust in terms of the nature of the components than the inclusion of the MSW model in mortars. This work makes it possible to establish a database, which is necessary for further work on the solidification/stabilisation of MSW
19
VIEIRA, HEVELINE. "Obtenção e caracterização de vidros a base de lama vermelha visando a imobilização de rejeitos nucleares." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2015. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/23654.
Анотація:
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Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
20
Hodul, Jakub. "Solidifikát z nebezpečného odpadu a možnosti jeho uvedení na trh." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227239.
Анотація:
Diploma thesis deals with the possibility of using solidification technology to transform the hazardous waste with the aim to achieve the material utilization of solidification products. The aim of the thesis is to determine a suitable solidification formula for solidification product made of hazardous waste that will ensure properties of the solidification product, those will allow its placing on the market.
21
Le, Rouzic Mathieu. "Étude des propriétés physico-chimiques et mécaniques des matériaux cimentaires à base d’oxyde de magnésium." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1082/document.
Анотація:
Les ciments phosphomagnésiens sont des ciments inorganiques de la famille des ciments activés par des acides. Malgré le fait qu'ils soient connus depuis le début du XXème siècle, leur utilisation reste assez limitée dans le génie civil. Ces matériaux sont utilisés dans le cadre de réparation notamment pour des réparations routières qui nécessitent un développement rapide des résistances en compression. Plus récemment, ces ciments ont été utilisés pour des applications de stabilisation/solidification (S/S) des déchets et notamment de certains types de déchets chimiquement incompatibles avec le ciment Portland. Toutefois, les défis de mise en œuvre de ce type de ciment sont liés à la nature même de la réaction, très exothermique et très rapide. La phase liante de ces ciments, la k-struvite (MgKPO4.6H2O), est obtenue par un mélange de magnésie (MgO) et de dihydrophosphate de potassium (KH2PO4) en présence d'eau. MgO + KH2PO4 + 5H2O MgKPO4.6H2OLes mécanismes qui régissent la prise de ce ciment sont encore mal connus et plusieurs théories, mettant en jeu ou non la formation de produits secondaires, ont été proposées. Nos travaux de recherche ont porté sur la compréhension des mécanismes de prise des ciments phosphomagnésiens ainsi que sur l'influence des paramètres de formulation sur les propriétés de ces ciments. L'étude a montré que la formation de la k-struvite passe par une réaction de précipitation-dissolution d'un produit intermédiaire, la newberyite (MgHPO4.3H2O). Les réactions de formation de ces deux produits sont contrôlées par le taux de sursaturation des espèces en solution et le pH du milieu réactionnel. L'étude met également en lumière la forte sensibilité de ces ciments à la quantité d'eau introduite. Avec un rapport E/C très faible comparativement à un ciment Portland (rapport E/C compris entre 0,1 et 0,25), une faible variation (0,02) entraine la ségrégation de la pâte de ciment et une hétérogénéité à la surface du matériau. Parmi les paramètres de formulation, le rapport molaire MgO/KH2PO4 (Mg/P) est le plus important. En effet, il influe sur la quasi-totalité des propriétés du ciment : résistance en compression, temps de prise, chaleur de réaction, fluidité de la pâte, …. L'utilisation de faibles rapports Mg/P entraine une mauvaise tenue à l'eau du ciment, la formation de cristaux à l'intérieur de la microstructure et visibles à la surface de l'échantillon (apparition d'une efflorescence) ainsi qu'un gonflement important de la pâte de ciment (pouvant aller jusqu'à la fissuration des échantillons). A l'issue de l'étude paramétrique une formulation d'une pâte a pu être définie. Des mesures de variations dimensionnelles, ainsi que des mesures de retrait chimique ont été effectuées, afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes mis en jeu pour induire les phénomènes de gonflement. En support, des analyses de la microstructure (MEB, DRX, ATG) ainsi que des essais de lixiviation viennent compléter la campagne expérimentale. Ces résultats viennent confirmer l'influence d'un rapport Mg/P faible sur le gonflement et la tenue à l'eau du ciment phosphomagnésien. Pour finir, une étude sur l'influence des divers ajouts, dans le but d'améliorer ses performances, a montré que les fillers inertes (sable siliceux ou cendres volantes) retardent le temps de prise et réduisent la chaleur d'hydratationMagnesium phosphate cements are the most representative cements of the activated-by-acid cements family. Despite the fact that they are known since the early 20th century, their use in civil engineering is fairly limited. These materials are used for road repairs where the fast compressive strength development is an advantage. Recently they have also been used in wastes stabilization/solidification (S/S), especially with wastes incompatible with Portland cement. The challenges of the use of these cements are related to the nature of their formation reaction: fast, very exothermic, with a very short setting time (only a few minutes).The bonding phase, k-struvite (MgKPO4.6H2O), is obtained from magnesium oxide mixed in water with monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4).MgO + KH2PO4 + 5H2O MgKPO4.6H2OThe setting mechanisms are still poorly known and various theories, involving or not secondary product formation, have been suggested. Our researches have aimed to understand the setting mechanisms, as well as the influence of the formulation parameters on the properties of the magnesium phosphate cement. Results show that the formation of k-struvite involved a precipitation-dissolution reaction of an intermediate product, the newberyite (MgHPO4.3H2O). Formation reactions of these two products are controlled by the supersaturation rate and the pH of the solution. The study highlights the strong effect of water on the properties of fresh cement paste. With a low mass ratio e/c in comparison of Portland cement (ratio e/c between 0,1 and 0,25), a slight modification of the ratio (0,02) leads to a segregation and a surface heterogeneity of the cement paste. Among the formulation parameters, the molar ratio MgO/KH2PO4 (Mg/P) seems the most important parameter. Indeed, it impacts most of the properties of the magnesium phosphate cement (compressive strength, setting time, reaction heat, paste fluidity …). Low Mg/P ratios lead to poor water resistance, to crystals formation inside the microstructure that can be seen on the surface of the sample (an efflorescence appearance), and to important swelling of the paste, leading to the cracking of the samples. After the parametric study, a magnesium phosphate cement paste has been defined. Dimensional changes and chemical shrinkage measurement were conducted to understand the mechanisms involved in this swelling phenomenon. In support, microstructural analyses (SEM, XRD, TGA) and leaching tests complete the experimental campaign. The results confirm the influence of a low Mg/P ratio on cement swelling and water resistance. Finally, a study on various additions to the paste has been conducted, with the purpose of improving the cement paste performances. It shows that the addition of an inert filler (siliceous sand or fly ashes) has a retarding effect and reduced the reaction heat
22
ARAUJO, LEANDRO G. de. "Degradação da resina de troca iônica utilizando o reagente de Fenton." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2013. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10534.
Анотація:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:41:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
23
Picquet, Isabelle. "Techniques de stabilisation physico-chimique à base de liant hydraulique appliquées aux résidus miniers sulfurés et arséniés." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPL141N.
Анотація:
En alternative aux solutions les plus communes de gestion des résidus miniers sulfurés générateurs d'eaux acides (AMD), les procédés de stabilisation à base de liant hydraulique développés dans le traitement des déchets sont envisagés comme barrière contre la dissémination des éléments toxiques, voire contre la diffusion des agents oxydants. En particulier, la fixation chimique de l'arsenic est recherchée. L’expérimentation est basée sur la préparation de mortiers de stérile sulfuré et arsénié et de ciment ou de chaux. L’influence de la nature du liant utilisé et celle de la teneur en chaux sont étudiées vis à vis de la rétention de l'arsenic et de la détérioration des mortiers due à la formation de composés gonflants (ettringité). Des essais de lixiviation par extracteur de Soxhlet permettent d'évaluer l'efficacité de l'inertage sous des conditions oxydantes. L’influence de la teneur en chaux sur la fixation de l'arsenic est clairement montrée et ce quelque soit le test utilisé. L’altération accélérée des échantillons montre le départ massif de la chaux et une perte de cohésion des mortiers faiblement dosés en liant qui coïncide avec une détérioration des qualités de rétention de l'arsenic. À long terme, des phases riches en fer, en arsenic et en calcium sont identifiées comme des phases possibles de stabilisation. Les mortiers riches en ciment et en chaux assurent la meilleure rétention de l'arsenic et ce même après un an de vieillissement. Dans une dernière partie, la protection des surfaces des sulfures par des hydroxydes métalliques est envisagée pour inhiber l'oxydation
24
Nogueira, Josiane Ramos. "Reciclando cinzas: estudo de viabilidade para produção de blocos para a construção civil a partir da cinza volante residual de um reator de leito fluidizado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18141/tde-19032012-104153/.
Анотація:
A reciclagem de resíduos tem sido tema de diversos estudos e pesquisas, já que o meio ambiente vem sofrendo muitos impactos ambientais por conta do desenvolvimento da indústria mundial. Nessa linha, muitas empresas têm adotado estratégias mercadológicas ditas sustentáveis, procurando atender a um requisito que, atualmente, interessa a toda a sociedade: desenvolvimento sustentável. E uma das maneiras de haver desenvolvimento econômico sustentável, minimizando os impactos ao meio ambiente, é utilizar os resíduos gerados aplicandoos em outros processos de produção. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho propõe utilizar a cinza, que resulta da queima do carvão mineral adicionado ao calcário dolomítico e a areia, gerada pelo reator de leito fluidizado circulante de uma indústria produtora de alumínio localizada na área industrial de São Luís do Maranhão. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a melhor utilização desse resíduo sólido industrial em matrizes cimentícias. A investigação experimental inicia com a classificação e caracterização do resíduo in natura, avaliando seu potencial pozolânico. Com os resultados dos ensaios foi possível indicar que o seu melhor uso é como agregado, devido sua característica de não pozolânico. Também, devido a sua composição granulométrica de característica mais fina e sua elevada superfície específica, propõese que a cinza seja adicionado como filler. A etapa seguinte compreende a produção de matrizes compostas de cimento, areia e cinza (utilizada como filler), nessa etapa foram testados vários traços, aferindo suas propriedades mecânicas e eficiência de estabilização da matriz. O traço que melhor respondeu a essas questões foi o 1 : 1,5 : 1,5 (cimento:areia:cinza), pois apresentou bom desempenho mecânico utilizando grande quantidade de resíduo. Definida a matriz, essa foi submetida a ensaios complementares, para então ser aplicada na produção dos blocos prensados. Os blocos apresentaram bom desempenho mecânico e físico. A eficiência da estabilização do resíduo na matriz apresentou bons índices nos extratos solubilizados e até 100% de estabilização por solidificação, porém alguns parâmetros ainda apresentaram resultado acima do estabelecido por norma. Concluise então, que os blocos de cinza volante podem ser utilizados na construção civil, desde que sejam seguidas algumas recomendações quanto a produção e utilização dos mesmos.The recycling of waste has been the subject of several studies and research, since the environment has undergone many environmental impacts due to the development of the industry worldwide. For that reason, many companies have adopted socalled sustainable marketing strategies, trying to meet a requirement that currently involves the whole society: the sustainable development. And one way to achieve sustainable economic development while minimizing impacts on the environment is the use of generated waste by applying it to different production processes. Therefore, this research proposes the use of ash from burning coal added to the lime and sand, generated by circulating fluidized bed reactor of an industry that produces aluminum located in the industrial area of São Luís, Maranhão. The aim of this study is to evaluate the best use of industrial solid waste in cementitious matrices. The experimental investigation starts with the classification and characterization of the waste in nature, evaluating its pozzolanic potential. From the test results it was possible to indicate that its best use is as an aggregate, due to its nonpozzolanic characteristic. Also, due to its small granulometry and high specific surface, it is proposed the ash to be added as a filler. The next step involves the production of matrices composed by cement, sand and ash (used as filler). At this stage various compositions were tested, assessing their mechanical properties and efficiency on the matrix stabilization. The composition that better responded to these questions was 1: 1.5: 1.5 (cement: sand: ash), once it showed good mechanical performance using large amounts of waste. This matrix was subjected to further testing and was subsequently used to produce the compressed blocks. The blocks showed good mechanical and physical performance. The efficiency of waste stabilization in the matrix showed good levels in solubilized extracts and up to 100% stabilization by solidification, but some parameters still showed results above the established by the norm. We conclude that the blocks made using fly ash can be used in construction, since some recommendations regarding their production and use are followed.
25
Djurdja, Kerkez. "Potencijal upotrebe piritne izgoretine u tretmanu otpadnih voda i mogućnost njene dalje sanacije primenom imobilizacionih agenasa." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2014. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=89491&source=NDLTD&language=en.
Анотація:
Predmet izučavanja ove disertacije bio je ispitivanje mogućnosti korišćenja piritne izgoretine u tretmanu otpadnih voda tekstilne industrije kao i dalji tretman mulja nastalog nakon ovog procesa. Naime, nakon iskorišćenja ovog otpada u Fenton procesima, iskorišćena piritna izgoretina u najvećem procentu čini mulj koji zaostaje nakon tretmana. Kako se piritna ruda još u procesu proizvodnje sumporne kiseline koristi neprečišćena, zaostali mulj koji je potencijalno toksičan i ne može se direktno odlagati bez prethodnog tretmana. Stoga, primenjena je tehnika stabilizacija i solidifikacija (S/S) uz korišćenje portland cementa, kalcijum-oksida, prirodnog zeolita, letećeg pepela, kaolinita, bentonita i autohtone gline za imobilizaciju metala. Istraživanja u ovoj disertaciji vršena su u dve faze. Prva faza imala je za cilj optimizaciju operativnih uslova Fenton tretmana pri kojima se postiže najviši stepen obezbojavanja i mineralizacije ispitivanih efluenata. Takođe ispitivanje je uključilo i karakterizaciju nastalih efluenata kako bi se procenila efikasnost primenjenog, i mogućnost daljeg tretmana. Druga faza uključivala je karakterizaciju nastalog mulja nakon tretmana obojenih efluenata i njegov tretman solidifikacijom i stabilizacijom. Vršeno je određivanje efikasnosti primenjenih imobilizacionih agenasa u S/S tretmanu i dominantnog mehanizma izluživanja metala koji opisuju njihov transport iz dobijenih solidifikata. Primenjeni su i modifikovani testovi izluživanja sa ciljem što bolje simulacije realnih uslova. Rezultati dobijeni simulacijom uslova će dalje omogućiti modelovanje ponašanja metala u smislu dugoročnog "izluživanja" iz tretiranog otpada kao i procenu najefikasnijih agenasa za imobilizaciju različitih metala u ovom tipu otpada. TakoĎe primenjeni su testovi izluživanja sa jednom ekstrakcijom kako bi se osiguralo slaganje rezultata sa maksimalno dozvoljenim koncentracijama aktuelnih pravilnika. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata zaključeno je da se piritna izgoretina može uspešno koristiti kao izvor katalitičkog gvožđa u Fenton tretmanima obojenih efluenata i može se smatrati efektivnom metodom predtretmana za nebiodegradabilne otpadne vode, čineći ih pogodnijim za konvencionalni biološki tretman. Takođe u drugoj fazi istraživanja, na osnovu dobijenih rezultata, zaključeno je da je mulj tertian sa navedenim imobilizacionim agensima uspešno solidifikovan i stabilizovan materijal. Optimalane su smeše koje kao jedan od imobilizacionih agenasa sadrže leteći pepeo, prevashodno u kombinaciji sa cementom i krečom. Dobijeni podaci su neprocenjivi sa aspekta ekonomski i ekološki prihvatljivog upravljanja opasnim industrijskim otpadom. This work is concerned with exploring the possibility of using pyrite cinders in the treatment of textile industry effluents and further treatment of sludge generated after this process. Namely, after the utilization of this waste in Fenton processes slag that remains after treatment is mostly composed of used pyrite cinder. As the pyrite ore, in the production of sulfuric acid, is used untreated, sludge that remains is potentially toxic and cannot be disposed directly without treatment. Therefore, the stabilization and solidification (S/S) technique with the usage of portland cement, calcium oxide, zeolite, fly ash, kaolinite, bentonite and native clay was used for metal immobilization. The research in this dissertation was carried out in two phases. The first phase aimed to optimize the operational conditions of Fenton treatment in which the highest degree of decolourization and mineralization was achieved in tested effluents. Also the research has included the characterization of generated effluents in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment applied, and the possibility of further treatment. The second phase involved the characterization of the generated sludge after the treatment of effluents that contained dyes and its treatment with solidification and stabilization technique. The determination of used immobilization agents effectiveness was Conducted to determine the efficacy of immobilization agents in S / S treatment and the dominant mechanism of leaching of metals that describe their transport from the received solidificate . Were applied and modified leaching tests with the aim of better simulation of real conditions. The results obtained by condition simulation will enable the modeling of behavior of metals in terms of long-term leaching period from the treated sludge and assess the most effective agents for the immobilization of various metals in this type of waste. Also, single-extraction leaching tests were applied to ensure the accordance of obtained results with the maximum permissible concentrations of current regulations. Based on these results, it was concluded that the pyrite cinders can be successfully used as a source of catalytic iron in Fenton treatment of effluents containing dyes, and can be considered an effective pretreatment method for non-biodegradable waste waters, making them amenable to conventional biological treatment. Also in the second phase, based on the results obtained, it was concluded that the sludge treated with aforementioned immobilization agents represents a successfully solidified and stabilized material. The optimal mixtures are those that contain fly ash as one of the used immobilization agents, primarily in combination with cement and lime. The obtained data are invaluable in terms of economic and environmentally sound management of hazardous industrial waste.
26
Savka, Adamović. "Elektrokoagulacioni i adsorpcioni tretmani efluenata u grafičkim procesima ofset štampe." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Fakultet tehničkih nauka u Novom Sadu, 2016. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=101054&source=NDLTD&language=en.
Анотація:
Predmet doktorske disertacije je uklanjanje neorganskih i organskih polutanata iz efluenata ofset tehnike štampe (otpadnog razvijača i otpadnog sredstva za vlaženje) u cilju minimiziranja njihovog štetnog uticaja na životnu sredinu. Uklanjanje polutanata sprovedeno je primenom elektrokoagulaciono/ flotacionog (EKF) tetmana, adsorpcionog (AD) tretmana i kombinacijom navedenih tretmana. Izvodljivost i efikasnost tretmana analizirana je ispitivanjem uticaja karakterističnih operativnih promenljivih u okviru procesa na smanjivanje količine polutanata. Mehanizmi EKF i AD tretmana definisani su na osnovu teorijskih matematičko kinetičkih modela. Za rešavanje problema odlaganja mulja nastalog nakon EKF tretmana primenjen je solidifikaciono/stabiliza-cioni tretman sa odgovarajućim imobilizacionim agensima. Razvijen je efikasan model kombinacije tretmana efluenata grafičkih procesa ofset štampe kojim je omogućena konverzija efluenata u proizvode kompatibilne sa principima i normativima životne sredine.The topic of this doctoral dissertation is the removal of inorganic and organic pollutants from the offset printing effluents (waste developer and waste fountain solution) in order to minimize their damaging influence onto the environment. The removal of the pollutants has been performed by electrocoagulation/flotation (ECF) treatment, adsorption (AD) treatment and the combination of the two said treatments. Feasibility and efficacy of the treatments has been analyzed by investigating the effect of characteristic operational variables within the process on the decrease in the quantity of pollutants. The mechanisms of ECF and AD treatments have been defined on the basis of theoretical mathematical-kinetic models. For the solution of the problem of sludge disposal, originating from the ECF treatment, a solidification/stabilization treatment with immobilization agents has been applied. An efficient model that combines the offset printing effluent treatments has been developed, the one which enables the conversion of effluents into products compatible with environmental principles and norms.
27
Semerádová, Nikol. "Fixace těžkých kovů v cementové matrici s příměsí přírodního zeolitu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-265514.
Анотація:
Heavy metals released to the natural ecosystem constitute significant risks not only for organisms, but also for water supplies in the nature. There are a number of analytical methods for the determination of heavy metals. Each of them is suitable for different element and its character. Since the results of the analysis are applied during the solidification and stabilization, it is necessary to ensure the highest correlation between hazardous waste and solidification medium for maximum inhibition of toxic ions. This work investigates the stabilization of heavy metals binders based on cement base with admixture of the natural zeolite and its possible use for the solidification of heavy metals in soluble form.
28
Stodolovská, Šárka. "Vývoj nového chemicky odolného nátěrového systému s obsahem druhotných surovin." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-432472.
Анотація:
New types of highly chemically resistant coating systems, primarily designed for concrete and metal substrates are designed and experimentally verified within the diploma thesis. Secondary raw materials, including solidified hazardous waste, are used as microfillers. The developed coating system is solved in two quality levels – PREMIUM and ECOLOGY. The level of PREMIUM is mainly designed for environments where extreme chemical stress is occurring. The polymer coating systém ECOLOGY can be used in environments where aggressive chemical media also act, however the ecological foot of the input raw materials is most important. The diploma thesis is dealing with current issues in the practice and it is the part of the research project.
29
Dufournet, Françoise. "Adaptation des ciments magnesiens au stockage souterrain des dechets nucleaires." Paris, ENMP, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ENMP0088.
Анотація:
Une etude de la composition mineralogique des ciments fait apparaitre un enrichissement en mgo et un appauvrissement en mgcl::(2) et en eau. La maniabilite, avant prise, est regie par la teneur en mgcl::(2). Les ciments riches en mgo varient beaucoup avec leur composition. Deux ciments de composition tres differente sont soumis a lessivage intensif en soxhlet double. Cela provoque l'augmentation de la permeabilite et la migration des acces de pores vers des acces plus gros pour l'un des ciments et l'inverse pour l'autre qui est un ciment hypermagnesien
30
Micheli, Paola. "Assessment of available technologies for treatment of drilling cuttings considering economical and geographical conditions." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.
Анотація:
The aim of the thesis is to outline why hydrocarbons still so important nowadays and how to manage the environmental impact in a sustainable way, in particular the management and disposal of the waste stream of drilling cuttings.
The paper present the importance of the Oil and Gas sector, the petroleum generation, the Oil and Gas exploitation and production and the waste stream generated by it with a particular focus on drilling muds and drilling cuttings.
An analysis among the different types drilling muds (i.e. drilling fluids) in particular on the oil-based (OBM) one has been performed because of the important environmental impact and the consequently waste management needed. Among the different possible technologies have been analyzed in detail the more reliable one according with the economical, legal and environmental constrains. The chosen technologies are Solidification/Stabilization (S/S), Composting (bio-pile technology), Thermal desorption, Cement Plant AFR (Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials and Eko/grid technology.
A business plan has been implemented to understand which one between those technologies is the more suitable in some possible different scenarios where the main driver take in account are local actual economical, social and political situation, law limits, logistic and duration of the project
Ten different cases have been studied, two different scenarios for each of the five chosen technologies.
The two different chosen scenarios are Europe and North Africa
The results presented shall be taken as an exercise the demonstrate how to approach a new business in the field of Drilling Waste Management (DWM) and calculate a DWM Company start-up costs and finance required and a basic P&L (Profit & Loss).
The business plan model in the way has been implemented can be used to assess quickly the convenience of one technology with respect another for a Start Up company or can be a tool used for assessing a new investment linked to a project.
31
ZHANG, JIAN. "STABILIZATION/SOLIDIFICATION TREATMENT OF MERCURY CONTAINING WASTES USING REACTIVATED CARBON AND CEMENT." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1035207019.
32
Poirot, Isabelle. "Etude du neptunium dans un verre borosilicate." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376004621.
33
冼蘊芝 and Wan-chi Vivian Sin. "A review of stabilization and immobilization technologies for hazardous wastes." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3125505X.
34
Hung, Chien-ho. "Evaluation of leaching mechanisms and long-term leachability of metallic contaminants solidified/stabilized by cement matrices." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20761.
35
Melchert, Maura Berger Maltez. "Solidificação e estabilização de resíduos de catalisadores contendo níquel e alumínio em cimento Portland." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3137/tde-03042013-160220/.
Анотація:
Em processo de fabricação de polióis, são gerados dois resíduos de catalisadores (RNi e RAl) considerados perigosos ao meio ambiente, devido aos seus respectivos altos teores de níquel e alumínio. A presente Tese trata do estudo da solidificação/estabilização simultânea desses dois resíduos catalíticos com cimento Portland tipo II, com o intuito de minimizar os impactos ambientais e verificar a possibilidade de uso do produto solidificado como elemento estrutural. Os ensaios realizados consistiram em: análise térmica diferencial não convencional (NCDTA), análises termogravimétricas (TG/DTG), análise de difração de raios X (DRX), ensaios de fluorescência de raios X (FRX), ensaio de lixiviação e resistência mecânica. A análise das primeiras etapas de hidratação do cimento assim como de amostras hidratadas em diferentes idades nos primeiros 28 dias, possibilitou avaliar os efeitos da presença dos rejeitos no processo, identificar as etapas onde ocorrem e permitiu quantificar as principais fases do cimento hidratado. Pastas com relação água/cimento igual a 0,5 foram utilizadas, às quais diferentes quantidades de cada resíduo foram adicionadas. Foi verificado que nos estágios iniciais de hidratação do cimento ocorrem efeitos de retardamento e aceleração, respectivamente, devido à presença de RNi e RAl. A utilização simultânea dos dois resíduos de catalisadores no processo de solidificação/estabilização em cimento, indica a ocorrência de um efeito sinérgico, permitindo melhores condições de solidificação do que quando cada resíduo é tratado separadamente. Os ensaios de lixiviação feitos para pastas e argamassas após 28 dias de solidificação, prazo padrão para avaliação de processos de solidificação, apresentaram valores abaixo dos limites permitidos para a concentração final de Ni e Al nos extratos de lixiviação, indicando que o processo de solidificação simultânea dos rejeitos atende à legislação ambiental e elimina o seu impacto ambiental original. Pastas e argamassas analisadas também após 28 dias por testes de resistência à compressão, apresentaram resultados aceitáveis para possível uso na construção civil.In polyols production two catalyst wastes (RNi and RAI) are obtained, which are considered hazardous, due to their respective high nickel and aluminum contents. This Thesis presents the study of the simultaneous solidification/stabilization of both wastes with type II Portland cement (CPII), in order to avoid environmental impacts and to check the possibility of the use of the solidified products as structural elements. The experimental research performed for this study consisted of non-conventional differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, X ray diffraction, X ray fluorescence, leaching and compressive strength tests. The analysis of the first stages of the cement hydration, as well as of samples hydrated at different ages during the first 28 days of hydration, allowed evaluate the effects of the presence of the wastes on the process, identify the steps where the changes occur and have a quantitative information about the main cement hydrated phases. Pastes with water/cement ratio equal to 0.5 were used, into which different amounts of each waste were added. In the early stages of cement hydration retarding and accelerating effects occur, respectively due to RNi and RAl presence. During the simultaneous use of the two waste catalysts for their solidification/stabilization in cement, there is a synergic effect, which allows better operating conditions than when each waste is solidified separately. The leaching tests done for solidified pastes and mortars, after the standard evaluation period of 28 days of solidification, presented values for the final concentration of Ni and Al below accepted limits, indicating that the simultaneous solidification process attends environmental legislation, as well as eliminates the original environmental impact of the wastes. Pastes and mortars analyzed also after 28 days by compressive strength tests, presented acceptable results for the possible use of the solidified products in construction industry.
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Pablos, Javier Mazariegos. "Estudo para a reutilização do resíduo sólido constituído pelas areias de fundição aglomeradas com argila, através da técnica de solidificação/estabilização em matrizes de cimento Portland, para aplicação no setor da construção civil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18141/tde-27022009-093112/.
Анотація:
A presente pesquisa realizou um estudo que investiga a viabilidade técnica para a reciclagem do resíduo sólido gerado pelo descarte das areias de fundição aglomeradas com argila, para aplicação no setor da construção civil. Para isso, o trabalho estabelece uma metodologia, a qual avalia a estabilização do resíduo em matrizes solidificadas de cimento Portland, melhoradas através de adições de argila bentonita sódica e/ou sílica ativa. A estabilização do resíduo foi verificada através de ensaio de solubilização, o qual submete as matrizes solidificadas a contatos dinâmico e estático com água destilada. Os desempenhos mecânico e físico das matrizes foram avaliados em ensaios de resistência à compressão, absorção de água e permeabilidade ao ar. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que, tanto a bentonita sódica, quanto a sílica ativa contribuem para o aumento da eficiência de fixação dos metais \'AL\', \'FE\' e \'CR\' por parte das matrizes de cimento Portland. As composições que obtiveram os melhores desempenhos mecânico, físico e químico foram utilizadas na confecção de tijolos maciços, visando aplicação na execução de alvenarias. Para a moldagem dos tijolos foi empregada uma prensa hidráulica, o que possibilitou manter a regularidade dimensional das faces. Ao mesmo tempo, o formato dos tijolos foi concebido com design diferenciado, proporcionando modulação e encaixes que podem reduzir significativamente o consumo da argamassa de assentamento. Os tijolos foram submetidos aos ensaios de solubilização, resistência à compressão e absorção de água, apresentando resultados satisfatórios e comprovando a viabilidade técnica para aplicação na execução de alvenarias.In this research, a study that investigates the technical feasibility for the recycling of solid waste generated by the disposal of the foundry sands bonded with clay, for implementation in the construction industry, was conducted. For this reason, the work establishes a method, which assesses the stabilization of waste in solidified matrices of Portland cement, improved by the additions of sodium bentonite clay and/or silica fume. The stabilization of the waste was verified by solubilization test, which puts the solidified matrices in static and dynamic contacts with distiled water. The mechanical and physical performances of the matrices were evaluated in tests of resistance to compression, absorption of water and air permeability. The results show that both the sodium bentonite, and the active silica contribute to increase the fixation efficiency of the metals \'AL\', \'FE\' and \'CR\' by the matrices of Portland cement. The compositions that have the best mechanical, physical and chemical performance were used in the manufacture of massive bricks, seeking their use in the implementation of masonry. For the molding of bricks a hydraulic press was used, which allowed to keep the dimensional regularity of the faces. At the same time, the format of the bricks was designed with different shapes, providing modulation and fitting that can significantly reduce the consumption of settlement mortar. The bricks were subjected to tests of solubilization, resistance to compression and absorption of water, showing satisfactory results that confirm the technical feasibility for being used in the implementation of masonry.
37
黃朝琴. "Solidification of Waste Rubber with Cementitious Materials." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25092295118155635791.
Анотація:
碩士國立中正大學
化學工程研究所
90
To date, the research and application of scrap tire on pavement engineering have attained to a certain success; while little research that used crumbed scrap tire mixing into concrete or cement mortar as filler has been reported. The research is mainly discussing the effect of resistance compression, bending strength and tensile strength of cement mortar which is adopted with the rubber and changed property rubber (soaked in the 5% NaOH solution and black-oil ) that processed with cutting scarp tire. Within the range of experiment instrument we can acquire, we experiment on the strength. Finally, we collect the sample which have been processed by the strength experiment, then we observe the crystal structure with microscope of the sample to further discuss the factor on the mechanic strength of cement mortar. From the test results most of the strengths of crumbed-scrape. Tired cement mortar are lower as compared normal cement mortar. The resistance compression of rubber cement mortar is 20%~30% lower in comparison with that of control. changed property of rubber particle surface, will enhance the physical Behavior of Cement.
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LI, PEI-CHENG, and 李培誠. "The Study on Polymer Concrete-based Solidification of Ground Rock-wool Waste." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35581124046286380888.
Анотація:
碩士逢甲大學
材料與製造工程所
96
The unsaturated polyester, was added to concrete in order to form a conglomerate concrete. The concrete material, have not only the properties of both concrete and plastics, but also have the advantages of swift hardening, high strength and free corrosion. By replacing some amounts sand with rock wool powder, the waste, from factory pipelines can be recycled. The best formulation was to replace 3% of the gravel sand with rock wool powder in order to mix with cement, gravel sand, unsaturated polyester to make the polymer concrete material. The compressive strength of this type of complex concrete material is higher than 100 kgf/cm2. This effects of water content, ingredients and process conditions on acid and base resistance, mechanical strength and hardening time were studied. Waste solidification technology of the rock wool was develope. This research also explored the feasibility of applying this type of the waste solidification material to the wave breaker.
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CHIU, TE-CHENG, and 邱德丞. "Study of Solidification of Hazardous Industrial Waste by Using Alkali-Activated Slag." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/weheak.
Анотація:
碩士國立雲林科技大學
營建工程系
107
Conventionally, landfill of hazardous industrial waste applies solidification by using cement as its intermediate process. However, Portland cement is an useful material and can be replaced or partially replaced by alkali-activated slag which is another waste of steel industry. Using slag reduces the cost of the solidification and also is an excellent process for waste final treatment. However, some industrial waste contains complicated ingredients and some specific ingredients do block the solidification of cement. Great amount of cement must be applied to conquer the ingredients, to fit the two requirements of the standard for the waste final treatment, which are: 1. The Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure and 2. at least 10 Kgf/cm2 strength, for final landfill. In this study, cement is replaced by slag which is activated by different alkali agents to avoid the interferences of those ingredients to the solidification of cement. In comparison with cement, the rate of solidification and strength of the solidified waste are considered. Those agents activating the slag to yield higher strength in shorter time than cement are chosen and mixed in different ratios to be tested to form a better and more inexpensive mixed agent.
40
Bao, Yun. "Design and characterization of microporous zeolitic hydroceramic waste forms for the solidification and stabilization of sodium bearing wastes." 2005. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-471/index.html.
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Lee, Chuen-Ming, and 李春明. "A Study on the Solidification of Fly Ash by Using Waste Silicon Sand." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10028243088276856586.
Анотація:
碩士國立高雄第一科技大學
環境與安全衛生工程所
95
The purpose of this study is to research the feasibility of mixing the waste silicon sand with fly ash and the possibility of replaceing the cement by the waste silicon sand for fly ash solidification treatment. The waste silicon sand is a industry waste after steel blasting process and is pure silicon sand, which is higher than 95% content and mixed with fewer rust and paint powder only, however, it is defined as a hazardous material per industry waste regulation. In hence, that will be a serious problem to environment protection if people don’t well treat the waste silicon sand. Due to the waste incineration policy in Taiwan, every year, it produces 170,000 tons of fly ash, which has to be solidified, and needs to mix with 20% cement on solidification process. That means the solidification treatment will consume more than 34,000 tons cement every year. In hence, if we can replace the cement by using waste silicon sand and reuse of trashed materials, the benefits will not only reduce the usage of the cement resource but also reduce the environment impact to the minimum. Basically, the strength of cement solidification is due to chemical process after mixing the cement and water and then cause the hydration reaction to produce C-S-H gel. The cement essential component is CaO, SiO2 and Al2O3, and the waste silicon sand is by SiO2 primarily and few Fe2O3. The component of the fly ash and the slag powder also include CaO, SiO2 and Al2O3 and equally close to the cement component. Therefore, they are possible to substitute for the cement in fly ash solidification treatment. The method of this study is to test the strength of the sample which is mixed fly ash, 20% cement and 6% slag powder. On the cement portion, we adjust the combination on cement and waste silicon sand from 10% to 100%. As the standard, the test sample is made by 2 inches in diameter, 4 inches in high, and cure for 28 days. After curing, the tests are to carry out the single axle compression test and the toxicity character leaching experiments (TCLP). Further more, it also requests to observe its microstructure and composition material by Scranning Electron Microscope and X-ray diffraction analysis. The test result shows that compressive strength enhance from 61.5kg/cm2 to 88 kg/cm2 which is from the test sample by adding 6% slag powder. It shows there is good pozzolanic reaction in slag powder. However, the compression strength reduces by the increasing percentage of waste silicon sand. The results show us that if we substitute for cement with 100% waste silicon sand completely, its compression strength is still bigger than 10 kg/cm2, which still meets the requirement on the regulations. The TCLP test result also indicates that the heavy metal content is under the standard of regulation when we increase the waste silicon sand to substitution cement from 10% to 100%. As a result, it is feasible under current regulation requirement to replace the cement by the waste silicon sand for fly ash solidification treatment.
42
Wang, Chieh-hao, and 王階豪. "Cement-based solidification and heavy metal extraction for municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/n2fk3b.
Анотація:
碩士國立中山大學
環境工程研究所
101
Incineration and recycling had became the main way to dispose of wastes in Taiwan, the data recently published by the Environmental Protection Administration in Taiwan indicate that in 2011 about 83% of municipal refuse collected in Taiwan was treated by incineration. The incinerated refuse is reduced to 20% of its original weight, and it contains about 20% fly ash. Fly ashes were classified as hazardous wastes because they may contain high concentrations of heavy metal, so they should be adequate processing before landfill. This research focus on one of municipal solid wastes incineration plant in Taiwan, and its incinerator fly ashes was solidified by cement and chelant solidification method. Observed the different solidification ratio and curing period, the leaching of heavy metals concentration and solidified volume changes, and find out the most adequate solidification ratio, which can meet the leaching standard, and can be moderately reduced the body volume, improve the utilization efficiency of the landfill. The TCLP(Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure) testing result shows that, lead leaching concentration is 38.84 mg/L higher than hazardous wastes limit 5 mg/L, and other heavy metal leaching concentration is lower than hazardous wastes limit. With 30 % water/ash ratio, the solidified with 3% chelant/ 8% cement/ 3 days curing period, lead leaching concentration is 3.43 mg/L, it can meet TCLP lead leaching concentration regulation limit. In optimize test, regardless of the amount of water added for 25, 20 or 10%, the amount of chelating agent of 3, 3.5% and 8, 10% of the amount of cement can meet TCLP lead leaching concentration regulation limit. Under the conditions of 10% water added, the amount of chelating agent 3 or 3.5%; cement dosage 8 or 10% can meet the solidified weight / fly ash weight < 1.35. When the amount of water added to 20%, regardless of amount of chelating agent for 3 or 3.5%, only cement dosage 8% can meet the solidified weight / fly ash weight < 1.35.The amount of water added 10%, chelating agent 3% and cement 8% can make the solidified weight / fly ash weight of a minimum range of 1.20 to 1.23.
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WANG, CHIEN-SHUN, and 王建順. "Evaluation on the Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag used in Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Fly ash Solidification/Stabilization Treatment." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44028894590700152730.
Анотація:
碩士國立屏東科技大學
環境工程與科學系所
99
MSWI were the most popular of the current MSW treatment, but after incineration will be generated fly ash which substance dioxins and heavy metals. There are solidification, stabilization and recycling such like water washing, acid extraction, melting, etc. of fly ash treatment process. At present, most of domestic MSWI fly ash were still use add chemical chelating agent and cement called solidification / stabilization process. The purpose of this study is evaluation on the ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) used in MSWI fly ash solidification/stabilization Treatment. The results showed that addition of GGBFS on MSWI fly ash treatment has a positive effect and add 20% GGBFS to treatment with chelating agent ratio of 3% of total lead dissolution rate of more than 95% reduction. And fly ash containing CaO, MgO, SiO2, Al2O3 ratio, the more similar to those with cement, the better treatment effect. In addition, the treatment given after 14 days curing period, Pb leaching will be more reduced. Practical use mode between GGBFS and cement were same but GGBFS was low-cost, it means GGBFS substitution treatment available to reduce the cost down. But if overused, they will increase weight and cause transportation and land filled costs increased. Comparison GGBFS and cement manufacture with CO2 emissions and energy consumption, GGBFS is better than cement in environmental protection and save energy benefits.
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CHEN, XU-ZONG, and 陳旭宗. "Solidification/stabilization of hazardous industrial wastes by polymer cement mortar." Thesis, 1991. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/56298323634901933335.
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Leist, Michael Andrew. "The fixation of arsenic wastes." Thesis, 2001. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/15321/.
Анотація:
Arsenic has found widespread use as a component in a variety of formulations designed to control or eliminate a variety of insect and fungicidal pests. Arsenical wastes are also often produced during the extraction of metals such as copper, gold, nickel and tin. Consequently, there are large numbers of sites contaminated with toxic arsenic residues. The environmental treatment of arsenic is complicated by the fact that it has a variety of valence states. This, coupled with the plurality of regulatory
leaching test variants used, has made it impossible to gauge which of a number of Solidification/Stabilization (S/S) processes are the most effective. Cement based Solidification/Stabilization technology currently provides the most promising solution for the disposal of arsenic wastes.