Статті в журналах: "Waste paper Australia Recycling"

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Statton, Peter, and Michael Salu. "Analysis, Design and Construction of Complex Concrete Structures for the Water Treatment Industry." Key Engineering Materials 400-402 (October 2008): 581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.400-402.581.

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The design and construction of concrete water treatment and storage structures in Australia has catered for the existing markets. The next generation of these structures needs a more sophisticated approach. Engineers who analyse and design water treatment plants, or water and liquid storage structures, as well as other complex reinforced and pre-stressed concrete structures, will find this paper of interest. Advanced water treatment plants and water factories for recycling domestic and industrial waste water have introduced new complexities into concrete tank design. Two recently constructed Australian water purifying plants provide examples of the theoretical and practical challenges of designing and constructing the large and complex process vessels required by modern plants to produce large volumes of high-quality water.

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Tamanna, Nafisa, and Rabin Tuladhar. "Sustainable Use of Recycled Glass Powder as Cement Replacement in Concrete." Open Waste Management Journal 13, no. 1 (March 20, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874347102013010001.

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Aims: This paper introduces a sustainable way of using Recycled Glass Powder (RGP) as a cement replacement in concrete. Background: In Australia, almost one million tons of glass waste is collected annually for recycling purpose. However, the inconsistency in chemical composition and the presence of impurities make glass recycling process difficult. Besides, the lack of local recycling plants coupled with high transportation costs makes the recycling process expensive. Objective: For the successful use of recycled glass in concrete for industrial applications, it is therefore, important to characterize the physical and chemical properties of recycled glass collected by the local councils. Furthermore, the effects of replacement levels of cement with recycled glass on the strength and durability properties of concrete need to be assessed as well. Methods: Mechanical strength and durability properties of concrete with 10%, 20% and 30% of RGP as a partial cement replacement were tested and compared with typical concrete and fly ash blend concrete. The relative strength test of mortar was conducted to assess the reactivity of glass powder with the cement. Results: RGP concrete showed an improvement in strength over time like fly ash. Using RGP significantly improved the resistance against chloride penetration with increasing glass powder content. Furthermore, RGP also met the relative strength requirement as per Australian Standard requirement to be considered as a supplementary cementitious material. Conclusion: This research showed that the use of RGP as cement replacement is feasible for replacement level up to 10%. The outcome of this research aims to contribute towards sustainable development by reducing the consumption of cement, as well as reduction of glass waste going into landfill.

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Forsythe, Perry, and Alireza Ahmadian Fard Fini. "Quantifying demolition fitout waste from Australian office buildings." Facilities 36, no. 11/12 (August 6, 2018): 600–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/f-11-2017-0114.

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Purpose The short life cycle replacement of fitout in modern high-rise office buildings represents an under-researched waste problem. This paper aims to quantify the amount of demolition waste from office strip-out including attention to waste streams going to landfill, reuse and recycling. Design/methodology/approach Quantitative waste data (by weight) were measured from 23 office fitout projects situated in “A” grade office building stock from the Sydney CBD. Waste streams were measured separately for landfill, reuse and recycled materials. Descriptive and clustering statistics are presented and analysed. Findings From a total of 9,167 tonnes office fitouts demolished, 5,042 tonnes are going to landfill. The main contributor to landfill stream is the mixed waste generated in a fast-track demolition process. This approach partly resulted from the office interiors lacking regularity and easy disassembly. Moreover, considerable variability is observed in the waste per area, the waste streams and the waste compositions. Also, it is noteworthy that the recycled waste stream considerably increases when there exist economically viable conversion facilities, as for metals, hard fills and plasterboards. Research limitations/implications The research is focused upon work practices that take place in Australia; therefore, generalisability is limited to situations that have similar characteristics. Future studies are needed to verify and extend the findings of this research. Practical implications A key area arising from the research findings is the need to design fitout with recycling and reuse in mind to divert more from landfill. This must explore and incorporate onsite demolition processes to ensure the design is well suited to commercially dominant processes in the overall demolition process, as well as attention to developing economies of scale and viability in re-sale markets for reused items. Originality/value Little empirical or quantitative research exists in the area of office fitout waste. This research provides entry to this area via quantifiable data that enables comparison, benchmarking and diagnostic ability that can be used to underpin strategic solutions and measurement of improvements.

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Imteaz, Monzur Alam, Arul Arulrajah, and Farshid Maghool. "Environmental and geotechnical suitability of recycling waste materials from plasterboard manufacturing." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 38, no. 4 (October 30, 2019): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19881213.

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This paper presents the geotechnical and environmental suitability of recycling gypsum-based waste material produced from plasterboard manufacturing. Most of the current plasterboard manufacturing industries are dumping these wastes to landfills. Among the major impediments to recycling such waste are environmental concerns around using such recycled material, as well as proper and suitable places to use it. To investigate these, such a waste from an Australian plasterboard manufacturing company was collected and a series of geotechnical properties were tested to evaluate the materials’ suitability for any engineering construction. It was found that the tested gypsum-based plasterboard materials are suitable to use as road subgrade, pipe bedding and pipe backfill material. To ascertain the environmental safety of using such material in regards to manual handling as well as contaminants’ leaching into the surrounding environment, materials were thoroughly tested for more than a hundred different contaminants. Tests were conducted to evaluate both the contaminants’ concentrations in the sample as well as the leaching behaviour of those contaminants. It was found that concentrations of the tested contaminants were either below the individual detection limit or the safe limit defined by the local regulatory authority.

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Landells, Esther, Anjum Naweed, David H. Pearson, Gamithri G. Karunasena, and Samuel Oakden. "Out of Sight, Out of Mind: Using Post-Kerbside Organics Treatment Systems to Engage Australian Communities with Pro-Environmental Household Food Waste Behaviours." Sustainability 14, no. 14 (July 15, 2022): 8699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148699.

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Dealing with the wicked problem of global food waste and loss is a complex and challenging area. In Australia, increased political will has landed the diversion of domestic food waste from landfill squarely at the feet of local government (councils), often requiring significant change to kerbside collections systems. This paper discusses how post-kerbside household food waste treatment systems can encourage pro-environmental behaviours. To achieve this, current food waste literature is examined against kerbside domestic waste collection measurable outcomes (diversion rates, system uptake and contamination rates). The hypothesis is that specific interventions can establish, or rebuild, community trust, responsibility and pro-environmental behaviours around food waste avoidance and diversion. Two post-kerbside systems—commercial composting and anaerobic digestion—provided the framework. Two themes emerged from the study: (1) the benefits of connecting the community with the interactions of household food waste inputs with post-treatment outputs (compost, soil conditioners, digestates and biogases); and (2) providing engaged communities with pathways for sustainable, pro-environmental actions whilst normalizing correct kerbside food waste recycling for the less engaged (habitual behaviours, knowledge and cooperation). The paper contributes to understanding how councils can connect their communities with the issues of household food waste.

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Araujo, Francisco S. M., Isabella Taborda-Llano, Everton Barbosa Nunes, and Rafael M. Santos. "Recycling and Reuse of Mine Tailings: A Review of Advancements and Their Implications." Geosciences 12, no. 9 (August 27, 2022): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12090319.

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Mining is an important industry, accounting for 6.9% of global GDP. However, global development promotes accelerated demand, resulting in the accumulation of hazardous waste in land, sea, and air environments. It reached 7 billion tonnes of mine tailings generated yearly worldwide, and 19 billion solid tailings will be accumulated by 2025. Adding to this, the legacy of environmental damage from abandoned mines is worrying; there are around 10,000 abandoned mines in Canada, 50,000 in Australia, and 6000 in South Africa, as well as 9500 coal mines in China, reaching 15,000 by 2050. In this scenario, restoration techniques from mining tailings have become increasingly discussed among scholars due to their potential to offer benefits towards reducing tailing levels, thereby reducing environmental pressure for the correct management and adding value to previously discarded waste. This review paper explores the available literature on the main techniques of mining tailing recycling and reuse and discusses leading technologies, including the benefits and limitations, as well as emerging prospects. The findings of this review serve as a supporting reference for decision makers concerning the related sustainability issues associated with mining, mineral processing, and solid waste management.

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Kachmar, N., O. Mazurak, A. Dydiv, and T. Bahday. "Experience of certain countries in electronic and electric waste management." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 21, no. 90 (April 26, 2019): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-a9010.

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The paper present result of research concerning the problems of handling electronic and electrical waste that households produce at home and analysed the main problems associated with this issue in Ukraine and in the world. The object of the study was telephones (ukrainians use 53.6 million mobile communication devices), refrigerators, washing machines and TVs. The production of electrical and electronic equipment is one of the fastest growing global manufacturing activities. This development has resulted in an increase of waste electric and electronic equipment which constitute a risk to the environment and sustainable economic growth. Recycling of electronic and electrical waste is very expensive. There is a problem with electronic and electrical waste in Ukraine. To accumulate in the soil or to burn these waste is harmful. Every year on our planet about 50 million tons of electronic waste are generated. It was established that 53% of the interviewed students changed 1 phone in the last three years, 24% – 2 phones and 7% – more than 3. Students wanted a new phone. Most of the phones are at home, and the rest were given to their relatives or thrown into the trash. Ukrainians replace refrigerators, TVs and washing machines less often. Most Ukrainians change refrigerators. The largest amount of electronic waste is produced in Australia, New Zealand and Oceania (17.3 kg per inhabitant), in Europe – 16.6 kg per inhabitant and 11.6 kg waste per inhabitant of North and South America. In Japan, Norway, the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden and Poland, the process of disposal of used home appliances is well organized. However, economically developed countries utilize only part of the waste in their territory, while the rest are exported to landfills in Pakistan, Vietnam, Nigeria. The world's largest dump of electronic and electrical waste is in Ghana. To address potential environmental problems that could stem from improper management of WEEE, many countries and organizations have drafted national legislation to improve the reuse, recycling and other forms of material recovery from WEEE to reduce the amount and types of materials disposed in landfills.

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Afrin, Habiba, Nazmul Huda, and Rouzbeh Abbasi. "Study on End-of-Life Tires (ELTs) Recycling Strategy and Applications." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1200, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1200/1/012009.

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Abstract Due to modernization and urbanization, the number of vehicles on the road has been increased. Around 3 billion tires have been sold, and an equivalent number of tires have been discarded each year. Even though the lifetime of the tires has been increased but according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the number of end-of-life tires is going to rise approximately 5 billion in a year. Its complex composition, make it the most tricky and difficult waste in the world to handle. Because it creates significant health and environmental problem by emitting harmful chemicals in the environment, working as a birthplace for pests, and prone to fire hazards. Recycling waste tires can add economical value also creating a sustainable way to dispose of them. This paper presents different recycling strategies and civil engineering applications of end-of-life tires. Reduction, reuse, recovery, and recycling have been applied. Application of waste tire as reinforcing layers in landfill, road pavement, drainage system, fuel source in the kiln, playground surface makes it an ideal material for affordable, medium-density, low-rise buildings that are highly valued worldwide. Moreover, the sound insulation and absorption with enhanced seismic resilience properties of the end-of-life tire can provide novel and effective engineering solutions.

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Venkatesan, Srikanth, Mahzabin Afroz, Satheeskumar Navaratnam, and Rebecca Gravina. "Circular-Economy-Based Approach to Utilizing Cardboard in Sustainable Building Construction." Buildings 13, no. 1 (January 10, 2023): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010181.

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Circular-economy-based sustainability approaches in construction are gaining wide acceptance due to the volume of waste generation and increasing demand for natural materials. Propelled by the recent timber shortage in Australia and the issues of waste management of cardboard, this study aims to analyse the possibilities of using cardboard as a construction material, based on its initial strength and multiple recycling options. A systematic review of research papers published in the last 40 years has been undertaken using a single keyword search to select the database. The review is presented in terms of the characteristics of the cardboard, dimensional stability, durability, structural strength, design, and analysis of cardboard. Recurring themes are evaluated using a latent Dirichlet allocation approach to identify the factors that ascertain the suitability of cardboard. Analysis reveals that despite certain constraints, such as water absorption and fire resistance, cardboard can be used as a replacement for timber by overcoming such limitations. This observation has benefits for the construction industry and the recycling industry. This study found that cardboard adheres to the circular economy principles, which should inspire policymakers. The paper concludes by highlighting the current circumstances and scientific challenges that impede the usage of cardboard in construction and recommends potential works needed to address these challenges for the benefit of practitioners and researchers.

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Mazhandu, Zvanaka S., Edison Muzenda, Tirivaviri A. Mamvura, Mohamed Belaid, and Trust Nhubu. "Integrated and Consolidated Review of Plastic Waste Management and Bio-Based Biodegradable Plastics: Challenges and Opportunities." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 12, 2020): 8360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208360.

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Cumulative plastic production worldwide skyrocketed from about 2 million tonnes in 1950 to 8.3 billion tonnes in 2015, with 6.3 billion tonnes (76%) ending up as waste. Of that waste, 79% is either in landfills or the environment. The purpose of the review is to establish the current global status quo in the plastics industry and assess the sustainability of some bio-based biodegradable plastics. This integrative and consolidated review thus builds on previous studies that have focused either on one or a few of the aspects considered in this paper. Three broad items to strongly consider are: Biodegradable plastics and other alternatives are not always environmentally superior to fossil-based plastics; less investment has been made in plastic waste management than in plastics production; and there is no single solution to plastic waste management. Some strategies to push for include: increasing recycling rates, reclaiming plastic waste from the environment, and bans or using alternatives, which can lessen the negative impacts of fossil-based plastics. However, each one has its own challenges, and country-specific scientific evidence is necessary to justify any suggested solutions. In conclusion, governments from all countries and stakeholders should work to strengthen waste management infrastructure in low- and middle-income countries while extended producer responsibility (EPR) and deposit refund schemes (DPRs) are important add-ons to consider in plastic waste management, as they have been found to be effective in Australia, France, Germany, and Ecuador.

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Zuo, Jian, Bo Xia, Jake Barker, and Martin Skitmore. "Green buildings for greying people." Facilities 32, no. 7/8 (April 28, 2014): 365–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/f-08-2011-0060.

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Purpose – This paper aims to identify the critical issues to be considered by developers and practitioners when embarking on their first green residential retirement project in Australia. With an increasingly ageing population and widespread acceptance of the need for sustainable development in Australia, the demand for green retirement villages is increasing. Design/methodology/approach – In view of the lack of adequate historical data for quantitative analysis, a case study approach is used to examine the successful delivery of green retirement villages. Face-to-face interviews and document analyses were conducted for data collection. Findings – The findings of the study indicate that one of the major obstacles to the provision of affordable green retirement villages is the higher initial costs involved. However, positive aspects were identified, the most significant of which relate to the innovative design of site and floor plans; adoption of thermally efficient building materials; orientation of windows; installation of water harvesting and recycling systems, water conservation fittings and appliances; and waste management during the construction stage. With the adoption of these measures, it is believed that sustainable retirement development can be achieved without significant additional capital costs. Practical implications – The research findings serve as a guide for developers in decision-making throughout the project life-cycle when introducing green features into the provision of affordable retirement accommodation. Originality/value – This paper provides insights into the means by which affordable green residential retirement projects for aged people can be successfully completed.

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Wuni, Ibrahim Yahaya, Geoffrey Qiping Shen, and Robert Osei-Kyei. "SUSTAINABILITY OF OFF-SITE CONSTRUCTION: A BIBLIOMETRIC REVIEW AND VISUALIZED ANALYSIS OF TRENDING TOPICS AND THEMES." Journal of Green Building 15, no. 4 (September 1, 2020): 131–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.15.4.131.

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ABSTRACT Off-site construction (OSC) involves the fabrication and assembly of building components in a purpose-built factory which are then transported to the job site for final installation. OSC has proven to be a greener construction approach, spurring research towards benchmarking the sustainable attributes of the technique. However, a quantitative statistical analysis of studies on OSC sustainability and a framework of the knowledge domain are not well-established. Drawing on 642 bibliographic records from Scopus, this paper conducted a bibliometric and visualized analysis of research on the sustainability of OSC from 1971 to 2019. The findings show that research publications on OSC sustainability only witnessed steady growth since 2000. A geospatial analysis revealed that at least 32% of countries are involved in the OSC sustainability research, of which the United States, China, Australia, the United Kingdom, and Canada make the greatest contributions. The hot topics in the contemporary OSC sustainability research were identified as embodied carbon, embodied energy, construction waste, post-occupancy evaluation, resources conservation, and recycling, and cost savings. The paper identified areas that require further research. Thus, the paper offers an all-embracing understanding of the core research themes, trends, and patterns on OSC sustainability to stakeholders.

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Pittson, Jarrod, and Jeff Kerferd. "Working together to establish a world-class mercury recovery facility for the Australian liquefied natural gas industry." APPEA Journal 60, no. 2 (2020): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj19231.

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Mercury is a heavy metal that is widespread and persistent in the environment and, even at low concentrations, poses a risk of adverse effects to human health and ecosystems. Mercury is commonly found in hydrocarbon reservoirs. Approximately 1.5 tonnes of mercury arrive at the Karratha Gas Plant each year in feed gas from offshore platforms. Because mercury reacts with aluminium, it must be removed from the liquefied natural gas (LNG) process before the main cryogenic heat exchangers, which comprise ~1000 km of aluminium tubing. For over a decade mercury has been safely removed from the Woodside LNG process and sent to Switzerland for recovery of metals and complete recycling of waste constituents. Here we present the outcome of a 3-year collaboration between Woodside and Contract Resources that resulted in the opening of Australia’s first industrial-scale state-of-the-art mercury recovery facility in Karratha in July 2018. The AU$20 million plant is the largest of its type in the Southern Hemisphere and was underpinned by Woodside providing foundation funding through a long-term contract. The facility can handle all mercury-contaminated waste produced by the Australian oil and gas sector now and into the foreseeable future. An unparalleled project delivery taking 3 years to implement from initial discussion to the first batch of waste being processed in Karratha. This paper illustrates the collaboration, innovation and acceleration that occurred to deliver a sustainable outcome for Australian LNG.

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McGain, Forbes, Scott CY Ma, Rob H. Burrell, Vanessa G. Percival, Peter Roessler, Andrew D. Weatherall, Ingo A. Weber, and Eugenie A. Kayak. "Why be sustainable? The Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Professional Document PS64: Statement on Environmental Sustainability in Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine Practice and its accompanying background paper." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 47, no. 5 (September 2019): 413–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x19884075.

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Healthcare’s environmental sustainability is increasingly an area of research and advocacy focus. The Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA) has produced a professional document, PS64, Statement on Environmental Sustainability in Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine Practice, and a background paper, PS64 BP. The purpose of the statement is to affirm ANZCA’s commitment to environmental sustainability and support anaesthetists in promoting environmentally sustainable work practices. This article presents the main features of PS64 and its background paper, and the associated supporting evidence. The healthcare sector is highly interconnected with activities that emit pollution to air, water and soils, considerably adding to humanity’s collective ecological footprint. As anaesthetists, we are uniquely high-carbon doctors due to our work anaesthetising with greenhouse gases (particularly desflurane and nitrous oxide) and our exposure and contribution to large amounts of resource and energy use and waste generation in operating theatres. Discussion is made of the improving research base of anaesthetic life-cycle assessments—that is, cradle-to-grave studies of how much energy, water and so on a product or process requires throughout its entire life. Thereafter, reducing, reusing and recycling as well as water use are examined. Ongoing research efforts within environmentally sustainable anaesthesia are highlighted. Environmentally sustainable anaesthesia requires scholarship, health advocacy, leadership, communication and collaboration. The focus is placed on practical initiatives within PS64 and the background paper that can be achieved by all anaesthetists striving towards more sustainable healthcare practices that reduce waste, reap financial benefits and improve health.

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Nham Tran, Thi Linh, Ana F. Miranda, Adarsha Gupta, Munish Puri, Andrew S. Ball, Benu Adhikari, and Aidyn Mouradov. "The Nutritional and Pharmacological Potential of New Australian Thraustochytrids Isolated from Mangrove Sediments." Marine Drugs 18, no. 3 (March 6, 2020): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18030151.

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Mangrove sediments represent unique microbial ecosystems that act as a buffer zone, biogeochemically recycling marine waste into nutrient-rich depositions for marine and terrestrial species. Marine unicellular protists, thraustochytrids, colonizing mangrove sediments have received attention due to their ability to produce large amounts of long-chain ω3-polyunsaturated fatty acids. This paper represents a comprehensive study of two new thraustochytrids for their production of valuable biomolecules in biomass, de-oiled cakes, supernatants, extracellular polysaccharide matrixes, and recovered oil bodies. Extracted lipids (up to 40% of DW) rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (up to 80% of total fatty acids) were mainly represented by docosahexaenoic acid (75% of polyunsaturated fatty acids). Cells also showed accumulation of squalene (up to 13 mg/g DW) and carotenoids (up to 72 µg/g DW represented by astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, echinenone, and β-carotene). Both strains showed a high concentration of protein in biomass (29% DW) and supernatants (2.7 g/L) as part of extracellular polysaccharide matrixes. Alkalinization of collected biomass represents a new and easy way to recover lipid-rich oil bodies in the form of an aqueous emulsion. The ability to produce added-value molecules makes thraustochytrids an important alternative to microalgae and plants dominating in the food, pharmacological, nutraceutical, and cosmetics industries.

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Irinatsu, Yuichi. "Waste paper recycling." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 56, no. 7 (2002): 954–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.56.954.

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Hiraoka, Makoto. "Waste-paper recycling and chemicals." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 43, no. 3 (1989): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.43.297.

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TAKAHASHI, Hiromichi. "Waste-paper Recycling by Flotation." Journal of Japan Oil Chemists' Society 42, no. 10 (1993): 834–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/jos1956.42.834.

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Mairizal, A. Q., A. Y. Sembada, K. M. Tse, N. Haque, and M. A. Rhamdhani. "Techno-economic analysis of waste PCB recycling in Australia." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 190 (March 2023): 106784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106784.

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Kurmus, Halenur, and Abbas Mohajerani. "Leachate Analysis of Heavy Metals in Cigarette Butts and Bricks Incorporated with Cigarette Butts." Materials 13, no. 12 (June 25, 2020): 2843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13122843.

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Billions of cigarette butts (CBs) are discarded as litter in the environment every year worldwide. As CBs have poor biodegradability, it can take several years for them to break down while leaching toxic chemicals and heavy metals. Mohajerani et al. (2016), based on long-term research, developed a method for the recycling of CBs in fired clay bricks with promising results. This paper presents and discusses the leaching behavior of potentially hazardous metals from used, unused, and shredded used CBs, and unfired and fired clay bricks incorporating CBs. The leachate analysis was conducted according to the Australian Bottle Leaching Procedure (ABLP) for pH values 2.9, 5.0, and 9.2. The aim was to quantify the amount of heavy metals leached, determine the relationship between the metal concentration leachate, pH of the solution and condition of the sample, and examine the effect of firing on the leaching capability of bricks. The leachate results were then compared to the concentration limits for heavy metals set by the United States Environmental Protection Authority (USEPA) national primary drinking water and the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) solid industrial waste hazard categorization thresholds to assess the suitability of fired clay bricks incorporating CBs. Metals Cu, Zn, Mn, Al, Fe, Ti, and Ba demonstrated the highest leachate concentrations for pH 2.9 and pH 5.0 for used CBs. This suggests that used CBs are more prone to leaching heavy metals in areas with highly acidic rain compared to the natural range of precipitation. The leaching behavior of fired bricks incorporating CBs was considerably lower than that for the unfired bricks due to the immobilization of heavy metals during the firing process. However, the leaching of Cr and Ni was almost completely impeded after the firing of the bricks, and more than 50% of all the tested heavy metals were hindered.

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Ozola, Zanda U., Rudite Vesere, Silvija N. Kalnins, and Dagnija Blumberga. "Paper Waste Recycling. Circular Economy Aspects." Environmental and Climate Technologies 23, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 260–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2019-0094.

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Abstract Paper waste is a raw material for a lot of products with different added value. The engineering, economic and environmental aspects of paper waste recycling are analysed for production of composite material, cellulose nanofibers and nanocrystals, bricks with paper components, porous carbon, film of biopolymer, enzymatic sugar and bioenergy: bioethanol, hydrogen and biofuel. Through multicriteria analysis, it was possible to determine the most feasible paper waste recycling product in case of four product groups: egg packaging boxes, cardboard, reused paper, cellulose nanomaterials (nanofibers and nanocrystals). The production of cellulose nanofibres and cellulose nanocrystals has an advantage over egg packaging and cardboard production as well as reusable paper.

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Mirkovic, Ivana Bolanca, Igor Majnaric, and Zdenka Bolanca. "Ecological Sustainability and Waste Paper Recycling." Procedia Engineering 100 (2015): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.01.356.

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Mulligan, Daniel B. "Paper Recycling: Definitions and Developments." MRS Bulletin 19, no. 2 (February 1994): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400039245.

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With the northeastern United States leading the way, tipping fees paid to landfill owners for solid waste disposal have increased as much as 533% since 1980. Fueled by the rapidly diminishing number of available landfills, these rates are expected to go only higher, adding to the public's frustration. Local, state, and federal officials are seeking solutions to mitigate the problem and the public outcry.In an address at the May 14,1990 Waste-paper I Conference, James B. Malloy, president and chief operating officer of Jefferson Smurfit Corporation and Container Corporation of America, stated: “The bottom line is that our industry, not only in the U.S., but also around the world, must continue to strive for sensible waste reduction at the source as well as total integration of waste management options. In cooperation with, not in conflict with, the public sector we can continue to be positive, constructive participants in the search for workable solutions to the municipal solid waste challenge.”Recycling is part of the solution. Paper, which contributes up to 40% of solid waste, offers an obvious solution (see Figure 1). The focus on recycling must remain high, encouraging the public to collect and sort waste paper as well as purchase recycled material. What follows is a description of some attempts to inject order into this otherwise complex issue.

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Kim, Do-Hyun, Yong-In Cho, Jun Hee Choi, Hag-Soo Kim, Hyun Chang Shin, Tong Sun Lee, Jin Won Jung, Hong-Dae Kim, Dong-Jin Lee, and Gyu Tae Kim. "Conductive carbon nanotube paper by recycling waste paper." RSC Advances 5, no. 41 (2015): 32118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra02010g.

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MORISAWA, Shinsuke, Takashi SEKIGUCHI, and Yoriteru INOUE. "Recycling of Paper Resources and Paper Waste Treatment." Journal of the Japan Society of Waste Management Experts 4, no. 1 (1993): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/jswme.4.19.

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MORISAWA, Shinsuke, Takeshi HASEGAWA, and Yoriteru INOUE. "Recycling of Paper Resources and Paper Waste Treatment." Journal of the Japan Society of Waste Management Experts 6, no. 4 (1995): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/jswme.6.139.

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Islam, Md Tasbirul, and Nazmul Huda. "Assessing the recycling potential of “unregulated” e-waste in Australia." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 152 (January 2020): 104526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104526.

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28

Wei, Hai Min, and Hui Zhang. "Construction Waste Recycling Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 715–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.715.

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promoting the effective use of construction waste is the basic way to carry out construction waste comprehensive control; this paper introduces the current situation of the construction waste, and taking the construction waste of Beijing for example, by using linear regression model analysis. At last, according to the construction waste recycle, we put forward economy mode and reuse of the solution.

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29

Kokubun, Kiyoshi. "Recycling Technology of Waste Paper for Paperboard." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 51, no. 6 (1997): 861–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.51.861.

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30

Ball, Robert, and Nicholas Tavitian. "Public response to waste paper recycling schemes." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 6, no. 2 (February 1992): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-3449(92)90038-4.

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31

Fang, Chang Qing, Ying Zhang, Jing Bo Hu, Min Zhang, and Rui En Yu. "The Status and Progress of Waste Paper Recycling." Applied Mechanics and Materials 52-54 (March 2011): 612–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.52-54.612.

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Rapid economy development and upsurge of paper consumption cause the shortage of paper material. Waste paper recycling can solve this problem effectively. This paper analyses the status of waste paper recycling in China and abroad，also the technology development trend. According to the situation of our country, suggestions for strengthening recycling of waste paper are proposed.

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32

Dorofeeva, N. L., and A. P. Vikulowa. "Recycling methods." XXI Century. Technosphere Safety 7, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2500-1582-2022-1-21-25.

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The paper addresses the issues of recycling, which contributes to the environment protection. Recycling contributes to the use and circulation of industrial or household waste, or its conversion into energy. Recycling is a labor-intensive and energy-intensive process which can reduce the volume of primary raw materials used, the level of air, water and soil pollution. There are different processing technologies for each type of raw material: metals are melted; waste paper is crushed, dissolved and cleaned; plastic is sorted, foreign objects are removed and crushed. The method of removal and subsequent recycling of waste can have a positive impact on the environment pollution. Safety of the most common methods of waste disposal, such as burning, burial and composting, for humans and the environments was analyzed. It is difficult to select a recycling method, since each one has both advantages and disadvantages. Separate collection of household waste and pre-sorting make it possible to reuse most materials. The development of processing factories and enterprises can reduce the area of landfills.

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33

Ma, Yong Sheng, Lin Tong Wang, and Xian Hui Sun. "Deinking Technology and Deinking Agent of Waste Paper." Advanced Materials Research 335-336 (September 2011): 1340–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.335-336.1340.

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Recycling of waste paper is one of pop topics of pulping and papermaking industry. Deinking technology is the key of recycling of waste paper. It is briefly introduced that methods of waste paper deinking and mechanism of deinking and constitute of deinking agent.

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34

Mari, E. L., A. S. Torres, and C. O. Austria. "Recycling Mimeograph-Printed Newsprint Paper." ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 28, no. 2 (November 20, 2011): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.42.

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Virgin newsprint paper from thermo-mechanical pulp was subjected to a laboratory recycling scheme, which involved mimeograph-printing, re-pulping, de-inking, washing, refining, and handsheetforming, without adding other fibre in between cycles. Fibre dimension, pulp freeness and paper properties were determined after each cycle until the fifth, at which about 20% of the original material remained. The remaining fibre was then mixed with virgin pulp, the original newsprint and unsorted mixed office waste to determine the proportion necessary for acceptable properties. The results indicated remarkable modification in distribution of fibre properties, a decreasing amount of long fibre with corresponding increase of short fibre in the course of recycling and loss of fibre. Refining generally improved the strength properties of paper from recycled fibre. About 20 % to 30 % of either thermo-mechanical pulp or unsorted mixed office waste was found sufficient for blending with recycled fibre to obtain acceptable strength properties.

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35

Shang, Jie, and Yuan Yao. "Research on Degree Evaluation of Rural Waste Recycling of Heilongjiang Province Based on the Integrated Evaluation Method." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 1735–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.1735.

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This paper has analyzed the degree of agricultural waste recycling utilization, and problems existing in current rural calculated degree of waste recycling in Heilongjiang province, using AHP and entropy weight method integrated and construct the rural waste recycling system, and points out that the evaluation index system of agricultural waste recycling after the development direction.,This paper has analyzed the degree of agricultural waste recycling utilization, and problems existing in current rural calculated degree of waste recycling in Heilongjiang province, using AHP and entropy weight method integrated and construct the rural waste recycling system, and points out that the evaluation index system of agricultural waste recycling after the development direction.

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36

Ng, Anne W. M., Srenghang Ly, Nitin Muttil, and Cuong Ngoc Nguyen. "Issues and Challenges Confronting the Achievement of Zero Plastic Waste in Victoria, Australia." Recycling 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling6010009.

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Despite the increase in popularity of the zero waste (ZW) concept, the successful implementation of this concept in waste management is still facing many challenges. The plastic recycling rate in Australia is at only about 9.4% (in 2017–2018). The state of Victoria (in Australia) has proposed an ambitious 10-year plan to upgrade its waste and recycling system and to divert about 80% of waste from landfills by 2030. The aim of this research is to study this currently proposed waste management plan and to develop a simulation model to assess the feasibility of achieving 80% diversion rate by 2030. The feasibility of achieving zero plastic waste by 2035 has also been assessed. In this direction, the existing knowledge of global ZW implementation has been reviewed to gain understanding of the challenges, obstacles, and uncertainties in achieving the ZW target. A simulation model is established using a method called double baselines. This method was developed to address the limitation of data availability for the model development. The model was run in 4 scenarios including one for Victoria’s current 10-year plan. Outcomes from the model are produced using six key considerations, including the rate of plastic consumption, waste to landfill, diversion rate, recycling rate, relative accumulative effort, and cost. The findings of this study point out that Victoria’s current plan for achieving an 80% diversion rate by 2030 is possible. On the other hand, the study results also suggest that achieving zero plastic waste by 2035 is less likely to happen. Hence, opportunities for improvement especially towards achieving the zero plastic waste are also presented.

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37

Meena, Jagram. "A Brief Study on Recycling of Waste Paper." Journal of Advance Research in Applied Science (ISSN: 2208-2352) 2, no. 3 (March 31, 2015): 01–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nnas.v2i3.681.

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Energy harvesting also known as power harvesting or energy scavenging is the process by which energy is derived from external sources solar power, thermal energy, wind energy, salinity gradients, and kinetic energy, captured, and stored for small, wireless autonomous devices, like those used in wearable electronics and wireless sensor. Energy harvesters provide very small low-energy electronics. While the input fuel to some large-scale generation costs money (oil, coal, etc.), the energy source for energy harvesters is present as ambient background and is free. For example, temperature gradients exist from the operation of a combustion engine and in urban areas, there is a large amount of electromagnetic energy in the environment because of radio and television broadcasting

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38

Feofanov, Ju A. "BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE PAPER RECYCLING PLANT WASTEWATER." Water and Ecology 25, no. 3 (2020): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/2305-3488.2020.25.3.14-21.

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Introduction. Among characteristic features of waste paper recycling plant wastewater, the following can be distinguished: significant fluctuations in consumption and composition, high content of undissolved and dissolved substances (in particular, starch, fiber, dispersed thermoplastic and other substances). Local wastewater treatment can reduce the concentration of undissolved and — partially — dissolved contaminants. Besides, it makes it possible to reuse valuable substances and treated water in production. However, a significant amount of dissolved contaminants is dumped by factories at off-site biological treatment plants. In this case, bioreactors with suspended activated sludge (aeration tanks) as well as bioreactors with attached biomass are used for wastewater treatment. Methods. The purpose of the study was to determine the consumption and composition of wastewater discharged by waste paper recycling plants, as well as the technological parameters and performance of biological treatment facilities, including a moving bed biofilm reactor and aeration tanks. In-process control over the operation of treatment plants was carried out by means of instrumental measurements and laboratory analyses conducted according to standard methods. Results. The article examines the results of the operation of biological wastewater treatment facilities used to treat wastewater from a paper mill, where different grades of waste paper are used as raw materials. The main characteristics of biological wastewater treatment facilities’ operation have been identified. Relationships between the oxidation capacity and the load in terms of organic pollution have been obtained for a bioreactor with a moving bed (1st stage) and aeration tanks (2nd stage of biological wastewater treatment). Measures have been proposed to improve the performance of existing treatment plants.

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39

HIJIYA, NAOHIRO. "Present Situation of Waste Paper Recycling in Japan." Sen'i Gakkaishi 50, no. 4 (1994): P137—P140. http://dx.doi.org/10.2115/fiber.50.4_p137.

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40

Le Fur, X., M. Galhac, M. Zanetti, and A. Pizzi. "Recycling melamine-impregnated paper waste as board adhesives." Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 62, no. 6 (October 26, 2004): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-004-0519-5.

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41

Tsatsis, D. E., D. K. Papachristos, K. A. Valta, A. G. Vlyssides, and D. G. Economides. "Enzymatic deinking for recycling of office waste paper." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 5, no. 2 (April 2017): 1744–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.03.007.

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42

Lai, Han. "Recycle of Materials of Waste Mobile Phones." Advanced Materials Research 529 (June 2012): 497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.529.497.

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This paper introduces environmental pollution and damage to human health caused by materials of waste mobile phones, discusses the necessity of recycling materials of waste mobile phones, analyzes the value of recycling materials in waste mobile phones and researches methods of recycling high molecular materials and metal materials in waste materials of mobile phones. This paper also put forward suggestions for China’s current situation about recycling materials of waste mobile phones, aiming to realize the sustainable development of resources recycling.

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43

Fogarty, Ellen, Beverley Clarke, and Kirstin E. Ross. "Investigating Food Waste Recycling in Local Food Service Businesses: A Case Study from a Local Government Area in Australia." Sustainability 13, no. 24 (December 15, 2021): 13846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413846.

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Worldwide, over 1.3 billion tonnes of food goes to waste each year, and much of this is disposed of in landfill, which is costly to the economy and the environment. This study targeted food waste management in local food service businesses as the third largest producer of food waste and a sector that has received less academic attention than other food waste producers (such as household food waste). Questionnaires and interviews were used to investigate current food waste management practices within food service businesses in a Local Government Area in Adelaide, South Australia. Twenty-two respondents completed the online questionnaire and three of these businesses also participated in an interview—two in-person at their business premises and one via an online teleconferencing system. It was found that 54% (n = 12) of these businesses have practices in place to recycle their food waste, while 46% (n = 10) do not. Insufficient kitchen space and the difficulty of separating food waste from non-compostable rubbish were reasons given for not recycling food waste, and the single most important factor that would encourage food waste recycling cited by businesses was the provision of a free, green organics bin. Motivations for recycling food waste included compassion for the environment and the desire to divert waste from landfill. These insights may help local government implement solutions to reduce food waste from entering landfill.

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44

Chen, Zicheng, Xiaopeng Yue, Zhibin He, and Lanhe Zhang. "China’s new regulations on waste paper importing and their impacts on global waste paper recycling and the papermaking industry in China." BioResources 13, no. 3 (May 2, 2018): 4773–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.13.3.4773-4775.

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China is the largest waste paper importing market in the world. Due to more and more demands and awareness of environment/ safety issues, in recent years the Chinese government has implemented a number of new regulations on waste paper importing, for example, prohibiting importing of unsorted waste paper and lowering the foreign (non-paper) content in the imported waste paper from 1.5% to 0.5%. Small-scale (less than 50,000 tons per year capacity) paper mills are not eligible for importing waste paper. These new regulations have had profound impacts on the global waste paper recycling practice and the papermaking industry in China. At the same time, these new regulations bring up new challenges to the global waste paper recycling practices, such as increased labor costs and decreased recycling efficiency.

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45

Grubor, Marina, Oliver Dimitijević, and Miodrag Šmelcerović. "WASTE MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF MUNICIPAL COMMUNAL WASTE." Knowledge International Journal 31, no. 3 (June 5, 2019): 657–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij3103657g.

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The key goal of this work is to analyze the process of municipal waste recycling in the European Union and in Serbia, as well as to identify the economic instruments which are missing in this field. The work is intending to answer to the several related questions: first, the economic basis of recycling, that is to establish a general framework in which this process can fulfill its economic viability; second, to analyze the present state, effects and problems in which recycling operations are performing in the European Union and the position of Serbia in this context; thirdly, to establish economic instruments and measures to promote recycling of municipal waste in Serbia. The paper proposes a set of economic instruments in the field ofresolving these issues are at the basis ofstandards established in the European Union.

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46

Cáceres Ruiz, Ana María, and Atiq Zaman. "The Current State, Challenges, and Opportunities of Recycling Plastics in Western Australia." Recycling 7, no. 5 (September 6, 2022): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling7050064.

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In 2018–2019, 85% of discarded plastics were landfilled in Australia. In Western Australia (WA), only 5.6% of plastics were recovered for reprocessing. With several Asian Countries imposing import restrictions, which were the prime destination for recyclables from Australia, the whole scenario for the waste industry has changed. Australia has now adopted export bans for recyclables, including plastics. WA is at a fork in the road; WA needs to rethink its relationship with plastic materials. This study explores how to create local markets for recycled plastics underpinning circular principles. The study examines barriers and drivers to enable markets for recycled plastics in WA through questionnaires, surveys, and interviews with relevant stakeholders. Poor source separation, low and inconsistent plastic waste feedstock, and virgin plastic competition are some of the challenges, while new investments in recycling infrastructure, WA’s take-back scheme for beverage containers and circularity frameworks are drivers. This study concludes that a modulated fee-based product stewardship model focused on product design, along with strategies such as green procurement and landfill management modifications would promote a circular plastic waste economy in WA. This can create markets for secondary recycled plastics, minimize the over-reliance on fossil fuels and prevent plastics from leaking into ecosystems.

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47

Huang, Jie Feng, Qi Bin Liang, He Wang, Shu Yuan Xu, Li Shan Zhang, and Yan Xing. "Comprehensive Recycling of Construction Waste." Applied Mechanics and Materials 117-119 (October 2011): 385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.117-119.385.

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With China's urbanization process accelerated ceaselessly, construction developing rapidly, the great architectural waste discharge. At present, construction waste production but also has far exceeded the rate of domestic can bear. Meanwhile, the disposing mode, such as mechanical landfill and burned, resulting in huge waste of resources and environmental pollution. So how to efficiently processing and using reasonable construction wastes have become our country now faces a severe environmental and ecological problem. This paper discusses the causes, construction waste handling and processing components, the problems existing in the detailed analysis is introduced, and introduces some developed countries and regions with the application of construction waste disposal of the newest research achievement, and comparing and analyzing current construction waste comprehensive treatment of some problems existing in China, and finally puts forward some construction waste comprehensive reuse countermeasures.

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48

Qu, Chenrui, Lenan Liu, and Zhenxia Wang. "Research on Waste Recycling Network Planning Based on the “Pipeline–Vehicle” Recycling Mode." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (October 26, 2022): 13889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142113889.

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To achieve the principles of reduction, resource, and harmless disposal of domestic waste, the circular economy prolongs the life cycle of resources by converting waste into renewable resources through sorting, recycling, and other ways. There are still noticeable problems in domestic waste recycling in China, such as poor waste classification and low recovery rate of resource-based waste with no or low economic value. In this paper, Van Waden’s seven-dimensional classification model of policy networks is adopted to analyze and compare domestic waste recycling (DWR) management modes at home and abroad. The domestic waste recycling mode of “pipeline collection and vehicle transfer” based on China’s national conditions is proposed. Then, the planning model of the domestic waste recycling network is further built. Taking Xiaolan Town, Zhongshan City as an example, the pipeline laying design and route planning of the pneumatic transportation and collection system for material in the new recycling mode are optimized. The examples verify the superiority of the greedy dropping heuristic algorithm in solving large-scale recycling network planning problems. This paper is of great significance to improve the recycling of renewable resources in domestic waste and realize the circular economy.

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Zhao, Yu. "Research on Electronic Products Recycling." Applied Mechanics and Materials 416-417 (September 2013): 1959–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.416-417.1959.

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This paper summarizes the characteristics of the waste electronic products,and its classification, comparative analysis of the domestic and foreign current development in the reverse logistics of waste electronic products. The article summarizes the foreign countries, especially Japan's successful experience and analysis of domestic problems exist in the recovery part .The paper proposes a mode suited to China's development of reverse logistics of waste electronic products, while establishing a network model of the recycling of waste electronic products, and examples of the model is validated.

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50

Li, Qin, Peng-Zhi Xiang, and Chunhong Zhang. "Feature Information Recognition of Waste Recycling Resource Set Based on Data Mining." International Journal of Information Systems in the Service Sector 14, no. 2 (April 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijisss.290545.

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Based on data mining, this paper analyzes the development characteristics of waste recycling resources, classifies the characteristics of waste recycling resources, constructs the evaluation level of characteristic information of waste recycling resources set, and quantitatively analyzes the factors influencing the development of waste recycling resources by using data mining method. This paper analyzes the cause and effect classification and importance, analyzing the main factors affecting the development of renewable resources recovery, putting forward to the countermeasures and suggestions on how to develop the recycling of renewable resources and further improving the overall operation and supervision system of waste chain.

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