Готові списки джерел за темами / Warm cloud top mixing

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Warm cloud top mixing"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Warm cloud top mixing"

Small, Jennifer D., and Patrick Y. Chuang. "New Observations of Precipitation Initiation in Warm Cumulus Clouds." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 65, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 2972–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jas2600.1.

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Abstract The mechanism responsible for formation of rain in warm clouds has been debated for over six decades. Here, the authors analyze new measurements of shallow cumulus made with a phase Doppler interferometer during the Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean (RICO) experiment. These observations show that drops sufficiently large (>55-μm diameter) to initiate precipitation (termed collision–coalescence initiators or CCIs) are found preferentially at cloud top, tend to cluster with each other, and are found in environments that are thermodynamically, dynamically, and microphysically distinct from those of smaller drops. The CCI environments exhibit cloud spectra that are shifted to larger sizes, with enhanced broadening toward larger drop sizes. Increased entrainment is also associated with CCIs, suggesting that it is an important process in CCI production. A simple model combining inhomogeneous mixing and condensation is inadequate to explain these observations. It is hypothesized that CCIs are produced in cloud-top regions where turbulence generated by entrainment mixing locally enhances collision–coalescence rates.

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Bhowmick, Taraprasad, and Michele Iovieno. "Direct Numerical Simulation of a Warm Cloud Top Model Interface: Impact of the Transient Mixing on Different Droplet Population." Fluids 4, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids4030144.

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Turbulent mixing through atmospheric cloud and clear air interface plays an important role in the life of a cloud. Entrainment and detrainment of clear air and cloudy volume result in mixing across the interface, which broadens the cloud droplet spectrum. In this study, we simulate the transient evolution of a turbulent cloud top interface with three initial mono-disperse cloud droplet population, using a pseudo-spectral Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) along with Lagrangian droplet equations, including collision and coalescence. Transient evolution of in-cloud turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), density of water vapour and temperature is carried out as an initial value problem exhibiting transient decay. Mixing in between the clear air and cloudy volume produced turbulent fluctuations in the density of water vapour and temperature, resulting in supersaturation fluctuations. Small scale turbulence, local supersaturation conditions and gravitational forces have different weights on the droplet population depending on their sizes. Larger droplet populations, with initial 25 and 18 μ m radii, show significant growth by droplet-droplet collision and a higher rate of gravitational sedimentation. However, the smaller droplets, with an initial 6 μ m radius, did not show any collision but a large size distribution broadening due to differential condensation/evaporation induced by the mixing, without being influenced by gravity significantly.

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Jarecka, D., H. Pawlowska, W. W. Grabowski, and A. A. Wyszogrodzki. "Modeling microphysical effects of entrainment in clouds observed during EUCAARI-IMPACT field campaign." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 1 (January 15, 2013): 1489–526. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-1489-2013.

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Abstract. This paper discusses aircraft observations and large-eddy simulation (LES) of the 15 May 2008, North Sea boundary-layer clouds from the EUCAARI-IMPACT field campaign. These clouds were advected from the north-east by the prevailing lower-tropspheric winds, and featured stratocumulus-over-cumulus cloud formations. Almost-solid stratocumulus deck in the upper part of the relatively deep weakly decoupled marine boundary layer overlaid a field of small cumuli with a cloud fraction of ~10%. The two cloud formations featured distinct microphysical characteristics that were in general agreement with numerous past observations of strongly-diluted shallow cumuli on the one hand and solid marine boundary-layer stratocumulus on the other. Macrophysical and microphysical cloud properties were reproduced well by the double-moment warm-rain microphysics large-eddy simulation. A novel feature of the model is its capability to locally predict homogeneity of the subgrid-scale mixing between the cloud and its cloud-free environment. In the double-moment warm-rain microphysics scheme, the homogeneity is controlled by a single parameter α, that ranges from 0 to 1 and limiting values representing the homogeneous and the extremely inhomogeneous mixing scenarios, respectively. Parameter α depends on the characteristic time scales of the droplet evaporation and of the turbulent homogenization. In the model, these scales are derived locally based on the subgrid-scale turbulent kinetic energy, spatial scale of cloudy filaments, the mean cloud droplet radius, and the humidity of the cloud-free air entrained into the cloud. Simulated mixing is on average quite inhomogeneous, with the mean parameter α around 0.7 across the entire depth of the cloud field, but with local variations across almost the entire range, especially near the base and the top of the cloud field.

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Freud, E., D. Rosenfeld, M. O. Andreae, A. A. Costa, and P. Artaxo. "Robust relations between CCN and the vertical evolution of cloud drop size distribution in deep convective clouds." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 5, no. 5 (October 19, 2005): 10155–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-5-10155-2005.

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Abstract. In-situ measurements in convective clouds (up to the freezing level) over the Amazon basin show that smoke from deforestation fires prevents clouds from precipitating until they acquire a vertical development of at least 4 km, compared to only 1–2 km in clean clouds. The average cloud depth required for the onset of warm rain increased by ~350 m for each additional 100 cloud condensation nuclei per cm3 at a super-saturation of 0.5% (CCN0.5%). In polluted clouds, the diameter of modal liquid water content grows much slower with cloud depth (at least by a factor of ~2), due to the large number of droplets that compete for available water and to the suppressed coalescence processes. Contrary to what other studies have suggested, we did not observe this effect to reach saturation at 3000 or more accumulation mode particles per cm3. The CCN0.5% concentration was found to be a very good predictor for the cloud depth required for the onset of warm precipitation and other microphysical factors, leaving only a secondary role for the updraft velocities in determining the cloud drop size distributions. The effective radius of the cloud droplets (re) was found to be a quite robust parameter for a given environment and cloud depth, showing only a small effect of partial droplet evaporation from the cloud's mixing with its drier environment. This supports one of the basic assumptions of satellite analysis of cloud microphysical processes: the ability to look at different cloud top heights in the same region and regard their re as if they had been measured inside one well developed cloud. The dependence of re on the adiabatic fraction decreased higher in the clouds, especially for cleaner conditions, and disappeared at re≥~10 µm. We propose that droplet coalescence, which is at its peak when warm rain is formed in the cloud at re~10 µm, continues to be significant during the cloud's mixing with the entrained air, canceling out the decrease in re due to evaporation.

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Freud, E., D. Rosenfeld, M. O. Andreae, A. A. Costa, and P. Artaxo. "Robust relations between CCN and the vertical evolution of cloud drop size distribution in deep convective clouds." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 6 (March 18, 2008): 1661–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-1661-2008.

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Abstract. In-situ measurements in convective clouds (up to the freezing level) over the Amazon basin show that smoke from deforestation fires prevents clouds from precipitating until they acquire a vertical development of at least 4 km, compared to only 1–2 km in clean clouds. The average cloud depth required for the onset of warm rain increased by ~350 m for each additional 100 cloud condensation nuclei per cm3 at a super-saturation of 0.5% (CCN0.5%). In polluted clouds, the diameter of modal liquid water content grows much slower with cloud depth (at least by a factor of ~2), due to the large number of droplets that compete for available water and to the suppressed coalescence processes. Contrary to what other studies have suggested, we did not observe this effect to reach saturation at 3000 or more accumulation mode particles per cm3. The CCN0.5% concentration was found to be a very good predictor for the cloud depth required for the onset of warm precipitation and other microphysical factors, leaving only a secondary role for the updraft velocities in determining the cloud drop size distributions. The effective radius of the cloud droplets (re) was found to be a quite robust parameter for a given environment and cloud depth, showing only a small effect of partial droplet evaporation from the cloud's mixing with its drier environment. This supports one of the basic assumptions of satellite analysis of cloud microphysical processes: the ability to look at different cloud top heights in the same region and regard their re as if they had been measured inside one well developed cloud. The dependence of re on the adiabatic fraction decreased higher in the clouds, especially for cleaner conditions, and disappeared at re≥~10 μm. We propose that droplet coalescence, which is at its peak when warm rain is formed in the cloud at re=~10 μm, continues to be significant during the cloud's mixing with the entrained air, cancelling out the decrease in re due to evaporation.

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Jia, Hailing, Xiaoyan Ma, Johannes Quaas, Yan Yin, and Tom Qiu. "Is positive correlation between cloud droplet effective radius and aerosol optical depth over land due to retrieval artifacts or real physical processes?" Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 13 (July 12, 2019): 8879–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8879-2019.

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Abstract. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) C6 L3, Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) Edition-4 L3 products, and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA-Interim reanalysis data are employed to systematically study aerosol–cloud correlations over three anthropogenic aerosol regions and their adjacent oceans, as well as explore the effect of retrieval artifacts and underlying physical mechanisms. This study is confined to warm phase and single-layer clouds without precipitation during the summertime (June, July, and August). Our analysis suggests that cloud effective radius (CER) is positively correlated with aerosol optical depth (AOD) over land (positive slopes), but negatively correlated with aerosol index (AI) over oceans (negative slopes) even with small ranges of liquid water path (quasi-constant). The changes in albedo at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) corresponding to aerosol-induced changes in CER also lend credence to the authenticity of this opposite aerosol–cloud correlation between land and ocean. It is noted that potential artifacts, such as the retrieval biases of both cloud (partially cloudy and 3-D-shaped clouds) and aerosol, can result in a serious overestimation of the slope of CER–AOD/AI. Our results show that collision–coalescence seems not to be the dominant cause for positive slope over land, but the increased CER caused by increased aerosol might further increase CER by initializing collision–coalescence, generating a positive feedback. By stratifying data according to the lower tropospheric stability and relative humidity near cloud top, it is found that the positive correlations more likely occur in the case of drier cloud top and stronger turbulence in clouds, while negative correlations occur in the case of moister cloud top and weaker turbulence in clouds, which implies entrainment mixing might be a possible physical interpretation for such a positive CER–AOD slope.

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Pinsky, M., A. Khain, A. Korolev, and L. Magaritz-Ronen. "Theoretical investigation of mixing in warm clouds – Part 2: Homogeneous mixing." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 21 (November 4, 2015): 30269–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-30269-2015.

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Abstract. The evolution of monodisperse and polydisperse droplet size distributions (DSDs) during homogeneous mixing is analyzed. Time-dependent universal analytical relations of supersaturation and liquid water content, which depend on a sole non-dimensional parameter, are obtained for a monodisperse DSD. The evolution of moments and moment-relation functions in the course of the homogeneous evaporation of polydisperse DSDs is analyzed using a parcel model. It is shown that the classic conceptual scheme, according to which homogeneous mixing leads to a decrease in the droplet mass under constant droplet concentration, is valid only in cases of monodisperse or initially very narrow polydisperse DSDs. In cases of wide polydisperse DSDs, mixing and successive evaporation lead to a decrease of both mass and concentration such that the characteristic droplet sizes remain nearly constant. As this feature is typically associated with inhomogeneous mixing, we conclude that in cases of an initially wide DSD at cloud top, homogeneous mixing is nearly indistinguishable from inhomogeneous mixing.

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Pinsky, Mark, Alexander Khain, Alexei Korolev, and Leehi Magaritz-Ronen. "Theoretical investigation of mixing in warm clouds – Part 2: Homogeneous mixing." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 14 (July 28, 2016): 9255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9255-2016.

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Abstract. Evolution of monodisperse and polydisperse droplet size distributions (DSD) during homogeneous mixing is analyzed. Time-dependent universal analytical expressions for supersaturation and liquid water content are derived. For an initial monodisperse DSD, these quantities are shown to depend on a sole non-dimensional parameter. The evolution of moments and moment-related functions in the course of homogeneous evaporation of polydisperse DSD is analyzed using a parcel model.It is shown that the classic conceptual scheme, according to which homogeneous mixing leads to a decrease in droplet mass at constant droplet concentration, is valid only in cases of monodisperse or initially very narrow polydisperse DSD. In cases of wide polydisperse DSD, mixing and successive evaporation lead to a decrease of both mass and concentration, so the characteristic droplet sizes remain nearly constant. As this feature is typically associated with inhomogeneous mixing, we conclude that in cases of an initially wide DSD at cloud top, homogeneous mixing is nearly indistinguishable from inhomogeneous mixing.

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Yamashita, Tatsuya, Masatsugu Odaka, Ko-ichiro Sugiyama, Kensuke Nakajima, Masaki Ishiwatari, Seiya Nishizawa, Yoshiyuki O. Takahashi, and Yoshi-Yuki Hayashi. "A Numerical Study of Convection in a Condensing CO2 Atmosphere under Early Mars-Like Conditions." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 73, no. 10 (October 1, 2016): 4151–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-15-0132.1.

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Abstract Cloud convection of a CO2 atmosphere where the major constituent condenses is numerically investigated under a setup idealizing a possible warm atmosphere of early Mars, utilizing a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model forced by a fixed cooling profile as a substitute for a radiative process. The authors compare two cases with different critical saturation ratios as condensation criteria and also examine sensitivity to number mixing ratio of condensed particles given externally. When supersaturation is not necessary for condensation, the entire horizontal domain above the condensation level is continuously covered by clouds irrespective of number mixing ratio of condensed particles. Horizontal-mean cloud mass density decreases exponentially with height. The circulations below and above the condensation level are dominated by dry cellular convection and buoyancy waves, respectively. When 1.35 is adopted as the critical saturation ratio, clouds appear exclusively as intense, short-lived, quasi-periodic events. Clouds start just above the condensation level and develop upward, but intense updrafts exist only around the cloud top; they do not extend to the bottom of the condensation layer. The cloud layer is rapidly warmed by latent heat during the cloud events, and then the layer is slowly cooled by the specified thermal forcing, and supersaturation gradually develops leading to the next cloud event. The periodic appearance of cloud events does not occur when number mixing ratio of condensed particles is large.

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Jarecka, D., H. Pawlowska, W. W. Grabowski, and A. A. Wyszogrodzki. "Modeling microphysical effects of entrainment in clouds observed during EUCAARI-IMPACT field campaign." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 16 (August 27, 2013): 8489–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8489-2013.

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Abstract. This paper discusses aircraft observations and large-eddy simulation (LES) modeling of 15 May 2008, North Sea boundary-layer clouds from the EUCAARI-IMPACT field campaign. These clouds are advected from the northeast by the prevailing lower-tropospheric winds and featured stratocumulus-over-cumulus cloud formations. An almost-solid stratocumulus deck in the upper part of the relatively deep, weakly decoupled marine boundary layer overlays a field of small cumuli. The two cloud formations have distinct microphysical characteristics that are in general agreement with numerous past observations of strongly diluted shallow cumuli on one hand and solid marine stratocumulus on the other. Based on the available observations, a LES model setup is developed and applied in simulations using a novel LES model. The model features a double-moment warm-rain bulk microphysics scheme combined with a sophisticated subgrid-scale scheme allowing local prediction of the homogeneity of the subgrid-scale turbulent mixing. The homogeneity depends on the characteristic time scales for the droplet evaporation and for the turbulent homogenization. In the model, these scales are derived locally based on the subgrid-scale turbulent kinetic energy, spatial scale of cloudy filaments, mean cloud droplet radius, and humidity of the cloud-free air entrained into a cloud, all predicted by the LES model. The model reproduces contrasting macrophysical and microphysical characteristics of the cumulus and stratocumulus cloud layers. Simulated subgrid-scale turbulent mixing within the cumulus layer and near the stratocumulus top is on average quite inhomogeneous, but varies significantly depending on the local conditions.

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Дисертації з теми "Warm cloud top mixing"

Horner, Michael S. "Determining the fine structure of the entrainment zone in cloud-topped boundary layers." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Mar%5FHorner.pdf.

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Книги з теми "Warm cloud top mixing"

Cartelli, Thomas. High-Tech Shakespeare in a Mediatized Globe. Edited by James C. Bulman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199687169.013.9.

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Abstract In successive single-set productions of Coriolanus, Julius Caesar, and Antony and Cleopatra, Ivo van Hove’s Roman Tragedies transforms the stage into a high-tech version of Shakespeare’s Globe, mimicking how global media stage political debates and generate the simulacrum of war and social conflict. Mixing live actors with video projections displayed on monitors spaced on and above the stage, van Hove encourages spectators to move from one viewing space to another, to order drinks, check email, or tweet on desktop computers. Extending Shakespeare’s ‘all the world’s a stage’ conceit to a world connected by ‘clouds’ of information transported on viewless wings and deposited in airy drop boxes, van Hove’s stage is everywhere and nowhere at once. But in replicating the aesthetic design of global media, while suppressing the populist components of Coriolanus and Julius Caesar, van Hove arguably extends only the illusion of emancipation to spectators ‘immersed’ in competing demands on their attention.

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Частини книг з теми "Warm cloud top mixing"

Mellado, J. P., H. Schmidt, B. Stevens, and N. Peters. "DNS of the turbulent cloud-top mixing layer." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 401–4. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03085-7_96.

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de Lózar, A., and J. P. Mellado. "DNS of a Radiatively Driven Cloud-Top Mixing Layer as a Model for Stratocumulus Clouds." In Direct and Large-Eddy Simulation IX, 419–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14448-1_53.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Warm cloud top mixing"

Mellado, Juan Pedro, Heiko Schmidt, Bjorn Stevens, and Norbert Peters. "ANALYSIS OF THE CLOUD-TOP MIXING LAYER USING DNS." In Sixth International Symposium on Turbulence and Shear Flow Phenomena. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/tsfp6.1840.

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Menouer, Tarek, and Bertrand Le Cun. "A Parallelization Mixing OR-Tools/Gecode Solvers on Top of the Bobpp Framework." In 2013 Eighth International Conference on P2P, Parallel, Grid, Cloud and Internet Computing (3PGCIC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/3pgcic.2013.42.

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Cândido, Sílvio, José Páscoa Marques, António Tomé, António Amorim, and Stefan Karl Weber. "CFD Analysis of Flow Structures in a Mixing Chamber." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11747.

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Abstract Special mixing chambers are usually used to perform scientific experiments or for routine industrial production processes. This is the case, typically, of fan mixers in a baffled tank. Mixing chambers comprise, among other alternative elements, two counter-rotating fans at the bottom and top. These will eventually allow a mixing effect on the chamber with an adequate level of uniformity. Herein a computational flow simulation is performed for the mixing conditions of air and SO2 inside the chamber used in the CLOUD experiment, by studying in detail the flow structures and uniformity inside the chamber. This Unsteady Navier-Stokes computation is performed using the kω-SST and SAS turbulence models. A first validation step is performed by using an experimental test case, comprising a T-junction geometry, that performs the mixing of air and N2. Following this validation step a detailed analysis of the flow structures inside the 3D chamber is conducted, and specific insights are given regarding the flow uniformity. A detailed analysis of the computed mixing flow structures for the SST and SAS turbulence models is also described. It is shown that the SAS model captures with more detail the macro and meso-mmixing process with an accuracy of, at most, 6%. This value can be further reduced to values around 2% by resorting to high density meshes, with the associated computational burden.

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Cain, Stuart A., Lewis A. Maroti, and Fangbiao Lin. "Prediction of Stack Plume Downwash Using Computational Fluid Dynamics." In ASME/JSME 2003 4th Joint Fluids Summer Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2003-45183.

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Accurate prediction of the fluid dynamic and thermodynamic characteristics of saturated buoyant plumes at power plant chimneys is important in developing reliable methods for controlling stack plume downwash. In particular, the accurate prediction and abatement of stack plume downwash is critical in northern climates where, under downwash conditions, the interaction of the saturated, warm plume with the cold outer chimney surface can lead to hazardous ice formation and buildup near the top of the chimney. When a stack is in downwash mode the plume leaving the stack turns downward and flows down along the leeward side of the shell. This is a direct consequence of the wind dynamic pressure acting on the plume and the low pressure in the wake of the shell. In downwash model it is not uncommon to see the plume travel down the shell one third to one half the chimney height and extend radially away from the shell a distance of twenty to thirty feet. This complex interaction of a turbulent thermally buoyant jet entering a cross wind has been studied extensively in the past both experimentally and theoretically with emphasis on the introduction of the jet through an orifice in an infinitely long flat plate. In the case of stack plume downwash the drag of the cylindrical stack in cross flow interacts with the plume under certain “worst-case” ambient wind conditions for the geographic location of the plant and draws the swirling plume into the wake region behind the stack. Once in this region, the distance the plume will travel down the leeward side of the chimney is a function of the ambient wind velocity and the plume velocity. Prediction of this complex, turbulent, three dimensional swirling flow including mixing of different temperature gases and the development of remedial devices to control, in particular, the problem of plume downwash has traditionally required an extensive and expensive wind tunnel model study. Results of these wind tunnel tests include empirical correlations and charts which have been used in the industry for decades. Advances in the capabilities of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) have allowed engineers the ability to reliably study this flow phenomena in greater detail than attainable in a typical wind tunnel model study. In this paper Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used to predict downwash as a function of flue gas discharge velocity, wind velocity and temperature and the geometry of the stack near the discharge elevation. Further, two devices for minimizing plume downwash in a prototype stack installation are discussed and evaluated by the authors using CFD. Model validation simulations against experimental data and theoretical predictions of buoyant jets in cross flow are also presented and discussed.

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