Статті в журналах: "Warfare agents"

1

Ganesan, K., SK Raza, and R. Vijayaraghavan. "Chemical warfare agents." Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 2, no. 3 (2010): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.68498.

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2

Thavaselvam, Duraipandian, and Rajagopalan Vijayaraghavan. "Biological warfare agents." Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 2, no. 3 (2010): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.68499.

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3

Kamboj, Dev Vrat, Ajay Kumar Goel, and Lokendra Singh. "Biological Warfare Agents." Defence Science Journal 56, no. 4 (October 1, 2006): 495–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.56.1915.

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4

Shenoi, Rohit. "Chemical warfare agents." Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine 3, no. 4 (December 2002): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1522-8401(02)90036-4.

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5

Geoghegan, James, and Jeffrey L. Tong. "Chemical warfare agents." Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain 6, no. 6 (December 2006): 230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkl052.

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6

Chauhan, S., S. Chauhan, R. D’Cruz, S. Faruqi, K. K. Singh, S. Varma, M. Singh, and V. Karthik. "Chemical warfare agents." Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 26, no. 2 (September 2008): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2008.03.003.

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7

Sidell, Frederick R., and Jonathan Borak. "Chemical warfare agents: II. nerve agents." Annals of Emergency Medicine 21, no. 7 (July 1992): 865–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(05)81036-4.

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8

Spencer, R. C., and M. H. Wilcox. "Agents of biological warfare." Reviews in Medical Microbiology 4, no. 3 (July 1993): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00013542-199307000-00003.

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9

Song, Linan, Soohyoun Ahn, and David R. Walt. "Detecting Biological Warfare Agents." Emerging Infectious Diseases 11, no. 10 (October 2005): 1629–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1110.050269.

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10

Awaad, M. "Protection Against Chemical Warfare Agents." International Conference on Chemical and Environmental Engineering 7, no. 7 (May 1, 2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/iccee.2014.35464.

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11

Lazarus, Angeline A., and Asha Devereaux. "Potential agents of chemical warfare." Postgraduate Medicine 112, no. 5 (November 2002): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/pgm.2002.11.1350.

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12

Singh, Beer, Gangavarapu Prasad, K. Pandey, R. Danikhel, and R. Vijayaraghavan. "Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents." Defence Science Journal 60, no. 4 (May 25, 2010): 428–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.60.487.

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13

Yang, Yu Chu, James A. Baker, and J. Richard Ward. "Decontamination of chemical warfare agents." Chemical Reviews 92, no. 8 (December 1992): 1729–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr00016a003.

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14

Muir, Bob, Ben J. Slater, David B. Cooper, and Christopher M. Timperley. "Analysis of chemical warfare agents." Journal of Chromatography A 1028, no. 2 (March 2004): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2003.12.001.

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15

Muir, Bob, Suzanne Quick, Ben J. Slater, David B. Cooper, Mary C. Moran, Christopher M. Timperley, Wendy A. Carrick, and Christopher K. Burnell. "Analysis of chemical warfare agents." Journal of Chromatography A 1068, no. 2 (March 2005): 315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2005.01.094.

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16

Muir, Bob, David B. Cooper, Wendy A. Carrick, Christopher M. Timperley, Ben J. Slater, and Suzanne Quick. "Analysis of chemical warfare agents." Journal of Chromatography A 1098, no. 1-2 (December 2005): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2005.08.070.

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17

Newmark, Jonathan. "Chemical Warfare Agents: A Primer." Military Medicine 166, suppl_2 (December 1, 2001): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/166.suppl_2.9.

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18

Haas, Rainer. "Determination of chemical warfare agents." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 5, no. 1 (March 1998): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02986365.

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19

Haas, Rainer. "Determination of chemical warfare agents." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 5, no. 2 (June 1998): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02986387.

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20

Vogel, LTC Peter. "The Agents of Biological Warfare." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 278, no. 5 (August 6, 1997): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03550050102044.

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21

Vogel, P. "The agents of biological warfare." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 278, no. 5 (August 6, 1997): 438–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.278.5.438.

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22

Tokuda, Y. "Physicians and Biological Warfare Agents." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 279, no. 4 (January 28, 1998): 273–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.279.4.273.

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23

Arduini, Fabiana. "Nanomaterials and Cross-Cutting Technologies for Fostering Smart Electrochemical Biosensors in the Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020720.

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The smart, rapid, and customizable detection of chemical warfare agents is a huge issue for taking the proper countermeasures in a timely fashion. The printing techniques have established the main pillar to develop miniaturized electrochemical biosensors for onsite and fast detection of nerve and mustard agents, allowing for a lab on a chip in the chemical warfare agent sector. In the fast growth of novel technologies, the combination of miniaturized electrochemical biosensors with flexible electronics allowed for the delivery of useful wearable sensors capable of fast detection of chemical warfare agents. The wearable microneedle sensor array for minimally invasive continuous electrochemical detection of organophosphorus nerve agents, as well as the wearable paper-based origami functionalized with nanomaterials for mustard agents in the gas phase, represent two examples of the forefront devices developed in the chemical warfare agent detection field. This review will highlight the most promising electrochemical biosensors developed by exploiting nanomaterials and cross-cutting technologies for the fabrication of smart and sensitive electrochemical biosensors for the detection of chemical warfare agents.

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24

Moquin, Ross R., and Mary E. Moquin. "Weapons of mass destruction: biological." Neurosurgical Focus 12, no. 3 (March 2002): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.2002.12.3.3.

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Humans are susceptible to microbial infections from many sources. Biological warfare is the use of microbial forms of life to diminish the capabilities, disrupt the organization, and terrorize the noncombatant population of an adversary. This form of warfare has been used throughout history and has gained renewed interest with the current use of asymmetrical warfare. The civilized world has condemned its use by the implementation of treaties specifically against it. This is a brief review of some of the more easily used biological agents such as anthrax, plague, tularemia, Q fever, and smallpox. Each agent's biology, infectious route, and disease course will be discussed. Possible delivery systems and signs of outbreak will also be reviewed. There are few real neurosurgery-related implications in biological warfare. Neurosurgeons, as members and leaders of the healthcare community, must have the ability to recognize and initiate treatment when biological agents have been deployed. If there is widespread use of these inhumane agents, the neurosurgical community will not be able to practice the surgical art for which we have trained. New knowledge must be acquired so that we can best serve our patients and communities during times of extreme need.

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25

Shumeiko, Olexander E., and Mykola I. Korotkikh. "Chemical Warfare Agents: Structure, Properties, Decontamination (Part 2)." Journal of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry 22, no. 3 (December 23, 2024): 10–23. https://doi.org/10.24959/ophcj.24.313307.

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The review is aimed at summarizing and systematizing information about various methods of deactivation of chemical warfare agents that are necessary on the battlefield, as well as in laboratories, research institutions, and facilities of production, storage, and destruction of poisonous substances. The review presents the main directions of neutralizing warfare poisonous substances, which are the most effective in the conditions of their real use. In the second part of this work, the methods of deactivating warfare poisons using nucleophilic reagents, primarily α-nucleophiles, which have high efficiency and can react as nucleophiles and as oxidants, are considered in detail. A promising area of degradation of such products is the use of supernucleophilic systems based on functionalized detergents, as well as adsorption and photocatalytic deactivation methods. The material presented above shows the importance of general knowledge about the physical and chemical properties of chemical warfare agents, the rate of their decomposition, the advantages and disadvantages of certain available technologies for their application. This review can be useful for finding new and improving known methods for decontamination of chemical warfare agents and other ecotoxicants, and protecting the environment.

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26

Shumeiko, Alexander E., and Nikolai I. Korotkikh. "Chemical warfare agents: Structure, properties, decontamination (part 1)." Journal of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry 22, no. 2 (November 8, 2024): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24959/ophcj.24.312459.

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The review is aimed at summarizing and systematizing information on various methods of deactivation of chemical warfare agents required on the battlefield, in laboratories, research institutions, production facilities, as well as information on storage and destruction of poisonous substances. The review provides data on warfare poisons with different tactical and physiological characteristics and outlines the main directions of their neutralization, which are the most effective under the conditions of their real use. In the first part of this review, the methods of deactivation of warfare poisonous substances using functionalized metal-organic framework materials, on which reactions of their transformation into low-toxic products take place, are considered in detail. In addition, metal-organic frameworks are porous crystalline structures that have many areas of application and can be used as adsorbents and catalysts. The above material shows the importance of general knowledge about the physical and chemical properties of chemical warfare agents, the rate of their decomposition, the advantages and disadvantages of certain available technologies for their application. This review can be useful for finding new and improving known methods of decontamination of chemical warfare agents and other ecotoxicants, for environmental protection.

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27

Huang, Taotao, Qian Chen, Hui Jiang, and Kui Zhang. "Research Progress in the Degradation of Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants Using Metal–Organic Frameworks." Nanomaterials 14, no. 13 (June 28, 2024): 1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14131108.

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Chemical warfare agents primarily comprise organophosphorus nerve agents, saliva alkaloids, cyanides, and mustard gas. Exposure to these agents can result in severe respiratory effects, including spasms, edema, and increased secretions leading to breathing difficulties and suffocation. Protecting public safety and national security from such threats has become an urgent priority. Porous metal–organic framework (MOF) materials have emerged as promising candidates for the degradation of chemical warfare agents due to their large surface area, tunable pore size distribution, and excellent catalytic performance. Furthermore, combining MOFs with polymers can enhance their elasticity and processability and improve their degradation performance. In this review, we summarize the literature of the past five years on MOF-based composite materials and their effectiveness in degrading chemical warfare agents. Moreover, we discuss key factors influencing their degradation efficiency, such as MOF structure, pore size, and functionalization strategies. Furthermore, we highlight recent developments in the design of MOF–polymer composites, which offer enhanced degradation performance and stability for practical applications in CWA degradation. These composite materials exhibit good performance in degrading chemical warfare agents, playing a crucial role in protecting public safety and maintaining national security. We can expect to see more breakthroughs in the application of metal–organic framework porous materials for degrading chemical warfare agents. It is hoped that these innovative materials will play a positive role in achieving social stability and security.

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28

Budiman, Harry. "ANALYSIS AND IDENTIFICATION SPIKING CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS RELATED TO CHEMICAL WEAPON CONVENTION IN UNKNOWN WATER SAMPLES USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY ELECTRON IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 7, no. 3 (June 20, 2010): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21672.

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The identification and analysis of chemical warfare agents and their degradation products is one of important component for the implementation of the convention. Nowadays, the analytical method for determination chemical warfare agent and their degradation products has been developing and improving. In order to get the sufficient analytical data as recommended by OPCW especially in Proficiency Testing, the spiking chemical compounds related to Chemical Weapon Convention in unknown water sample were determined using two different techniques such as gas chromatography and gas chromatography electron-impact ionization mass spectrometry. Neutral organic extraction, pH 11 organic extraction, cation exchanged-methylation, triethylamine/methanol-silylation were performed to extract the chemical warfare agents from the sample, before analyzing with gas chromatography. The identification of chemical warfare agents was carried out by comparing the mass spectrum of chemicals with mass spectrum reference from the OPCW Central Analytical Database (OCAD) library while the retention indices calculation obtained from gas chromatography analysis was used to get the confirmation and supported data of the chemical warfare agents. Diisopropyl methylphosphonate, 2,2-diphenyl-2-hydroacetic acid and 3-quinuclidinol were found in unknown water sample. Those chemicals were classified in schedule 2 as precursor or reactant of chemical weapons compound in schedule list of Chemical Weapon Convention. Keywords: gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, retention indices, OCAD library, chemical warfare agents

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29

HERNÁNDEZ-RIVERA, SAMUEL P., LEONARDO C. PACHECO-LONDOÑO, OLIVA M. PRIMERA-PEDROZO, ORLANDO RUIZ, YADIRA SOTO-FELICIANO, and WILLIAM ORTIZ. "VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY OF CHEMICAL AGENTS SIMULANTS, DEGRADATION PRODUCTS OF CHEMICAL AGENTS AND TOXIC INDUSTRIAL COMPOUNDS." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 17, no. 04 (December 2007): 827–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156407005016.

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This paper focuses on the measurement of spectroscopic signatures of Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants (CWAS), degradation products of chemical agents and Toxic Industrial Compounds (TIC) using vibrational spectroscopy. Raman Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy in liquid and gas phase and Fiber Optics Coupled-Grazing Angle Probe-FTIR were used to characterize the spectroscopic information of target threat agents. Ab initio chemical calculations of energy minimization and FTIR spectra of Chemical Warfare Agents were accompanied by Cluster Analysis to correlate spectral information of real agents and simulants.

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30

Capoun, Tomas, and Jana Krykorkova. "Study of Decomposition of Chemical Warfare Agents using Solid Decontamination Substances." Toxics 7, no. 4 (December 7, 2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics7040063.

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The decontamination of chemical warfare agents is important for the elimination or reduction of the effects of these substances on persons. Solid decontamination (degradation) sorbents that decompose dangerous substances belong among modern decontamination substances. The aim of the study was to design a procedure for monitoring the degradation of chemical warfare agents using such sorbents. The degradation of soman, VX [O-ethyl-S-(diisopropylaminoethyl)methylphosphonothioate] and sulphur mustard (chemical warfare agents) was monitored using FTIR spectrometry with the attenuated total reflection (ATR) technique. During the development and validation of this process, bonds were found in the substance molecule that decomposed and the positions of the absorbance bands corresponded to the vibration of these bonds. The evaluation of the degradation efficiency procedure for sorbents on chemical warfare agents was designed based on this study. We present the result of the measurements graphically as the time dependence of the distributed chemical warfare agent ratio, and the reaction times required to decompose 50% and 90% of the original amount of the substance.

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31

Polat, Seyhan, Mehmet Gunata, and Hakan Parlakpinar. "Chemical warfare agents and treatment strategies." Annals of Medical Research 25, no. 4 (2018): 776. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/annalsmedres.2018.08.166.

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32

Butera, Ester, Agatino Zammataro, Andrea Pappalardo, and Giuseppe Trusso Sfrazzetto. "Supramolecular Sensing of Chemical Warfare Agents." ChemPlusChem 86, no. 4 (April 2021): 681–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cplu.202100071.

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33

Claborn, David M. "Environmental Mimics of Chemical Warfare Agents." Military Medicine 169, no. 12 (December 2004): 958–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed.169.12.958.

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34

Chan, JTS, RSD Yeung, and SYH Tang. "An Overview of Chemical Warfare Agents." Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 9, no. 4 (October 2002): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102490790200900404.

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Chemical warfare agent is defined as a chemical which is intended for use in military operations to kill, seriously injure, or incapacitate humans (or animals) through its toxicological effects. Chemical agents are relatively simple to make and easy to transport. Moreover, their effects are immediate and dramatic. Therefore chemical weapons are commonly used by terrorists to kill or injure in order to achieve certain political purposes. Although chemical incident is uncommon, however, once it occurs, the consequence will be great. Therefore, fundamental knowledge about the basic concepts, toxicity, personal protection, decontamination and treatment with respect to chemical incident are very important.

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35

Schwenk, Michael. "Chemical warfare agents. Classes and targets." Toxicology Letters 293 (September 2018): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.11.040.

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36

Borak, Jonathan, and Frederick R. Sidell. "Agents of chemical warfare: Sulfur mustard." Annals of Emergency Medicine 21, no. 3 (March 1992): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(05)80892-3.

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37

Carrick, Wendy, Linda Fernee, and D. Francis. "Heat characteristics of chemical warfare agents." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 79, no. 1 (January 2005): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-004-0569-2.

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38

Witkiewicz, Z., M. Mazurek, and J. Szulc. "Chromatographic analysis of chemical warfare agents." Journal of Chromatography A 503 (January 1990): 293–357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(01)81514-4.

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39

Ler, Siok Ghee, Fook Kay Lee, and P. Gopalakrishnakone. "Trends in detection of warfare agents." Journal of Chromatography A 1133, no. 1-2 (November 2006): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.078.

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40

Liu, Xiaoling, Changkun Qiu, Linfeng Cui, Wei Xiong, and Yanke Che. "Fluorescence detection of chemical warfare agents." SCIENTIA SINICA Chimica 50, no. 1 (August 13, 2019): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/ssc-2019-0079.

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41

Cieslak, T. J., G. W. Christopher, M. G. Kortepeter, J. R. Rowe, J. A. Pavlin, R. C. Culpepper, and E. M. Eitzen. "Immunization against Potential Biological Warfare Agents." Clinical Infectious Diseases 30, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 843–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/313812.

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42

Barnaby, Frank. "The Destruction of Chemical Warfare Agents." Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 19, no. 3 (September 1994): 190–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/isr.1994.19.3.190.

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43

Ginghina, Raluca Elena, Gabriela Toader, Tudor Viorel Țigănescu, Panaghia Deliu, and Dănuț-Eugeniu Moșteanu. "Ultrasonic Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 29, no. 3 (June 1, 2023): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2023-0069.

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Abstract Sonochemistry studies the physical and molecular level changes induced by ultrasonic energy on solutions. Sonochemical degradation of the chemical warfare agents (CWA) may occur due to three successive phenomena based on the principles of acoustic cavitation phenomena: nucleation, growth, and implosive collapse of microbubbles. The sonolytic degradation of CWA was quantified by GC-MS technique, considering the variation of some parameters such as frequency of ultrasonic waves, power control, temperature, and addition of nanoparticles as catalysts to the solution.

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44

Aas, Pål. "The Threat of Mid-Spectrum Chemical Warfare Agents." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 4 (December 2003): 306–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00001254.

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AbstractThere is a spectrum of several threat agents, ranging from nerve agents and mustard agents to natural substances, such as biotoxins and new, synthetic, bioactive molecules produced by the chemical industry, to the classical biological warfare agents. The new, emerging threat agents are biotoxins produced by animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria. Examples of such biotoxins are botulinum toxin, tetanus toxin, and ricin. Several bioactive molecules produced by the pharmaceutical industry can be even more toxic than are the classical chemical warfare agents. Such new agents, like the biotoxins and bioregulators, often are called mid-spectrum agents. The threat to humans from agents developed by modern chemical synthesis and by genetic engineering also must be considered, since such agents may be more toxic or more effective in causing death or incapacitation than classical warfare agents. By developing effective medical protection and treatment against the most likely chemical and mid-spectrum threat agents, the effects of such agents in a war scenario or following a terrorist attack can be reduced.

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45

Ustinova, L. A., V. A. Barkevych, N. V. Kurdil, R. M. Shvets, V. I. Saglo, and O. A. Yevtodiev. "Current state and trends in the development of identification tools of the Chemical Warfare Agents in Ukraine: ways of harmonization in accordance with EU and NATO standards. Part I." Ukrainian Journal of Modern Toxicological Aspects 86, no. 2 (July 10, 2019): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33273/2663-4570-2019-86-2-44-52.

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Relevance. Nowadays, Ukraine, where armed conflict takes place, has the highest risk of chemical hazard among countries of European region that induces the need for completing medical service and specialforces of Ukrainian Armed Forces with modern chemical-warfare reconnaissance means. Objective: analysis of modern methods for identification of chemical warfare agents and chemical-warfare reconnaissance means that are assured by the Ukrainian Armed Forces in terms of correspondence with current EU and NATO standards. Materials and methods. Analysis of domestic and foreign sources of scientific information in terms of use of chemical warfare agents and chemical weapon in modern warfare and armed conflicts was performed. Traditional methods and means for identification of chemical warfare agents were reviewed. The following methods of scientific study were applied: analytical, historical, bibliographic, systemic and informational approach. Results and discussion. Authors have performed the analysis of technical characteristics of chemical-warfare reconnaissance means and controls used in the Ukrainian Armed Forces, and have determined promising trends in retooling of outmoded devices. It has been emphasized that historical problem for Ukraine is the lack of own industrial production basis for technical modernization and development of novel devices for chemical-warfare reconnaissance, chemical analysis and appropriate consumables (indicator kits, indicator tubes, chemical reagents, etc.). Proposals are provided in terms of improvement of the abilities of the medical service for the assurance of medical protection of military servants under conditions of terrorist threats and warfightings, when an enemy uses mass destruction weapons. Authors underline that current technical chemical-warfare reconnaissance and chemical control means that are in the operational service of medical service and Special Forces of the Ukrainian Armed Forces require refitting and modernization via import phase-out of the current Soviet (Russian) pieces with analogues that are produced and are in the operational service of NATO countries. The specified way will significantly reduce time to retool the military forces and will not require special retraining of professionals. Conclusion. Modern tasks of chemical-warfare reconnaissance require principally new approach to the development of the methods and technologies for creation of the technical means basis in Ukraine that would provide the required sensitivity, efficiency and specificity in terms of identification of chemical warfare agents and chemical weapons. Key words: military toxicology, chemical weapon, identification of chemical warfare agents.

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46

Pohanka, Miroslav. "Current Trends in the Biosensors for Biological Warfare Agents Assay." Materials 12, no. 14 (July 18, 2019): 2303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12142303.

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Biosensors are analytical devices combining a physical sensor with a part of biological origin providing sensitivity and selectivity toward analyte. Biological warfare agents are infectious microorganisms or toxins with the capability to harm or kill humans. They can be produced and spread by a military or misused by a terrorist group. For example, Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis, Brucella sp., Yersinia pestis, staphylococcal enterotoxin B, botulinum toxin and orthopoxviruses are typical biological warfare agents. Biosensors for biological warfare agents serve as simple but reliable analytical tools for the both field and laboratory assay. There are examples of commercially available biosensors, but research and development of new types continue and their application in praxis can be expected in the future. This review summarizes the facts and role of biosensors in the biological warfare agents’ assay, and shows current commercially available devices and trends in research of the news. Survey of actual literature is provided.

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47

Kangas, Michael, Adreanna Ernest, Rachel Lukowicz, Andres Mora, Anais Quossi, Marco Perez, Nathan Kyes, and Andrea Holmes. "The Identification of Seven Chemical Warfare Mimics Using a Colorimetric Array." Sensors 18, no. 12 (December 6, 2018): 4291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124291.

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Chemical warfare agents pose significant threats in the 21st century, especially for armed forces. A colorimetric detection array was developed to identify warfare mimics, including mustard gas and nerve agents. In total, 188 sensors were screened to determine the best sensor performance, in order to identify warfare mimics 2-chloro ethyl ethylsulfide, 2-2′-thiodiethanol, trifluoroacetic acid, methylphosphonic acid, dimethylphosphite, diethylcyanophosphonate, and diethyl (methylthiomethyl)phosphonate. The highest loadings in the principle component analysis (PCA) plots were used to identify the sensors that were most effective in analyzing the RGB data to classify the warfare mimics. The dataset was reduced to only twelve sensors, and PCA results gave comparable results as the large data did, demonstrating that only twelve sensors are needed to classify the warfare mimics.

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48

Jain, Neha. "Terrorism at Rise with the Chemicals Insight: Use of Chemical Warfare Agents an Issue of Global Concern." Journal of Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology 9, no. 1 (June 15, 2023): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/jfct.2454.9363.9123.3.

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Crime has led to a worldwide increase with a main weapon of offence including not only a physical object but show the incidences of involvement of chemicals also. Chemical warfare agents are one such example commonly employed by large group of people, mainly violent criminals who not only wants to create a terror or threat in the world but to cause war scale destruction. There are numerous of incidents reported from past showing the involvement of hazardous chemicals for committing crimes. Chemical Warfare Agents (CWA) are synthetic chemicals used in the warfare as weapons, which are highly toxic and lethal to the extent that can cause temporary incapacitation, permanent health damage and even death of the targets. Common examples of these agents are nerve agents, vesicants, incapacitating agents, blood agents, and riots control agents. These agents are variedly classified as per the above-mentioned categories depending onto the effects and adverse effects they poses on human health and on society. The rate of crime commission using these hazardous agents is very rapid, thus making it an issue of serious concern to take measures to prevent innocent individuals.

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49

İLBASMIŞ TAMER, Sibel, and İlkay ERDOĞAN ORHAN. "KİMYASAL SİLAHLARA VE BİYOTERÖRE KARŞI TEDAVİDE KULLANILAN UYGULAMALAR." Ankara Universitesi Eczacilik Fakultesi Dergisi 48, no. 2 (February 27, 2024): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.1363452.

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Objective: In the present study, the chemical and physical properties of various chemical warfare agents, general information about medical protection methods, current analysis methods equipment, decontamination techniques and pharmaceutical formulations used when exposed to chemical agents will be discussed. Result and Discussion: Among weapons of mass destruction, chemical warfare agents are one of the most brutal dangers posed to humanity compared to biological and nuclear weapons. These war agents can be produced easily, cheaply and can cause mass casualties in small amounts with chemicals that are easily obtained in our daily lives, even by small terrorist groups. Chemical warfare agents can enter the body through various routes; and symptoms may vary accordingly. When inhaled, gases, vapors and aerosols can be absorbed through any part of the respiratory tract, from the mucosa of the nose and mouth to the alveoli of the lungs. The eye may able to absorb these agents directly. Liquid droplets and solid particles can be absorbed from the surface of the skin and mucous membranes. Toxic compounds that have a characteristic effect on the skin can demonstrate their effects when they accumulate on the skin as solid or liquid particles. The vapors of some volatile substances can penetrate intact skin and subsequently cause poisoning. Wounds or abrasions are more permeable than intact skin. Chemical warfare agents can contaminate food and beverages and absorbed into the gastrointestinal tract. While chemical warfare agents penetrate through various transmucosal routes, they can cause irritation or damage to the surfaces. In addition, toxic substances can pollute groundwater, leaking into the environment by soil and air and cause long-term harmful effects on living organisms.

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50

Patočka, Jiří. "HIGHLY TOXIC RIBOSOME-INACTIVATING PROTEINS AS CHEMICAL WARFARE OR TERRORIST AGENTS." Military Medical Science Letters 87, no. 4 (December 7, 2018): 158–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31482/mmsl.2018.027.

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