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1
Kelly, Charles John. "English-speaking war correspondents of the Spanish Civil War : why was objectivity impossible?" Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2145.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Clear Blue Waters of the Danube was planned and drafted from October 2007 to December 2012. It is written from the perspective of Daniel Rourke, a young man whose life is changed forever by the arrival into the family home of Marija Kovač, a Croatian refugee. The wars leading to the break-up of Yugoslavia, notably the Croatian War of Independence from 1990-5 and the Bosnian Civil War from 1992-5, provide the novel's historical background. Preparation included interviews with conflict survivors, witnesses, soldiers who fought in the war, and those who were children during the fighting. Research visits to Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina took place during the summers of 2008 and 2009. I also drew upon conversations with former Yugoslav refugees from my time working in London during the 1990s and early 2000s. Other information was selected from biographies, historical records, documentary films, diaries and reports by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. Although the novel notes the key moments of Yugoslavia's violent break-up, Clear Blue Waters of the Danube is not a political thriller. It follows a young man on a journey of self-discovery that takes him away from the family home, first to London, then across the Balkans. By establishing the truth about terrible incidents from the past, he comes to a greater understanding about himself and his previous behaviour. More importantly he is able to re-evaluate the relationship with his father that lies at the heart of everything he does, and in whose shadow he has always lived. The question of whether a writer is truly able to separate himself from his/her subject matter is investigated in greater depth throughout my critical project. Planned between October 2007 and June 2008 then written over the following two years, the perspectives of English-speaking war correspondents during the Spanish Civil War from 1936-1939 are examined. Newspaper articles, memoirs, biographies and films are scrutinised. Although the allegiances of British newspapers were split more or less evenly, the majority of writers and reporters supported the Republican effort and invested huge amounts of personal feeling into their work. For a war fought over such contrasting values, a degree of bias was perhaps inevitable. As I began my research, my aim was to investigate to what extent objectivity in such circumstances was even possible. If news reports bore the hallmarks of fiction, what then of the Spanish Civil War novel? The final part of the project deals with Ernest Hemingway and For Whom the Bell Tolls. As a journalist, Hemingway had engaged in propaganda on behalf of the Republic and readily accepted the weak evidence behind the denunciation of Republican dissidents. Following the war‟s conclusion, he returned to Cuba to write his novel of the Spanish Civil War, For Whom the Bell Tolls. Ironically having written newspaper reports to spread misinformation, he elected to use the form of a novel to reveal his version of what had actually happened. Can fiction reveal the 'truth' about events when supposedly non-fiction texts cannot? My thesis asks fundamental questions about why we write and what we choose to write about. Can any writer truly separate him/herself from the subject matter? Can our understanding ever be full and free from bias and prejudice? Or do a writer's values permeate the work to the extent that, whether a newspaper article or a novel is written, genuine objectivity becomes impossible? Is the quest for objectivity a desirable or realistic aspiration?
2
Rose, Josh. "When Reality Was Surreal: Lee Miller's World War II War Correspondence for Vogue." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2003. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4357/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
During World War II, Lee Miller was an accredited war correspondent for Vogue magazine. Miller was trained as a surrealist photographer by Man Ray, and her wartime work, both photographic and written, is indicative of a combination of journalism and surrealism. This thesis examines Lee Miller's war correspondence within the context of Vogue magazine, establishing parallels between the photographs and writing to determine how surrealism informs it stylistically and ideologically. Using surrealist techniques of juxtaposition and an unmanipulated photographic style, and the surrealist concepts of the Marvelous and Convulsive Beauty, Miller presented the war as a surreality, or a surreal reality. This study concludes by using Miller's approach to suggest a new concept of journalistic practice: surrealist journalism.
3
Kim, Sang Ki. "Third-party intervention in civil wars: motivation, war outcomes, and post-war development." Diss., University of Iowa, 2012. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3483.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Why do third-party interventions in civil wars sometimes positively contribute to fast conflict resolutions and post-war development and sometimes backfire? To solve this puzzle, I present a conceptual framework that links the motives and methods of intervention to civil war outcomes and post-war development. Two contrasting motives, self-interest and humanitarian concerns, lead to different intervention types. Self-interest prompts states to undertake unilateral and biased intervention. Humanitarian concerns encourage states to engage in multilateral intervention through the UN with a biased position. Interveners are more prudent in the use of force. They resort to violent methods only when critical security interests are at stake or when extreme humanitarian disasters occur.
The method of intervention reflects interveners' motives and significantly influences civil war processes and post-war development. The effects of intervention on civil war duration and outcome, however, tend to be inconsistent with interveners' intentions. I find no empirical evidence that external intervention is likely to make civil war shorter. Whether interveners are motivated by humanitarian concerns or self-interest, they tend to fail to achieve their best outcome: a faster victory for their protégé or a faster negotiated settlement. Instead, biased interveners succeed in retarding military victory by their protégé's rival. Neutral interveners play a role in delaying time until government victory, regardless of their intention.
The effects of intervention on post-war development are somewhat consistent with interveners' intention. Multilateral intervention motivated by humanitarian concerns tends to promote post-war well-being by increasing resources available for post-war reconstruction. On the other hand, unilateral intervention tends to impede the improvement of post-war quality of life. The use of force also has negative impacts on post-war development. The reason is that those interventions pursing self-interest produce a less-respondent government and reduce available resources. Military victory is more likely to improve post-war quality of life than is a negotiated settlement. However, the positive effects of military victory are realized only when a group wins a victory without biased support from foreign powers. I find that multilateral intervention using nonviolent methods and having an unbiased stance may be the best way for the international community to help post-war development.
4
Wileman, Julie. "War and rumours of war." Thesis, University of Winchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.502900.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the past, many assumptions have been made about warfare in prehistory, from beliefs in an almost constant pattern of aggression in early societies, to the imagination of a 'golden age' of peaceful societies. A major reason for these disagreements has been the limited range and nature of evidence used to identify warfare. The present paper attempts to develop a series of correlates intended to extend the range of evidence that could be utilised in this discussion with reference to warfare in pre-state communities. The proposed correlates are divided into four sections, comprising correlates related to possible causes of war, preparation for aggression, functional evidence of fighting and, finally, the possible after-effects of warfare. The paper suggests that war is a phenomenon that manifests itself over extended time scales, beyond the possibly short-lived episodes of actual combat; in seeking for symptoms of the 'before' and 'after' it may be possible to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the nature and effects of prehistoric warfare in general. Suggested correlates are compared against available evidence in three case studies, from differing periods in time, location, and types of society. The presence of much weaponry in the Later Bronze Age in the Middle Thames region suggests the possibility of an aggressive period, whereas in Gallia Belgica in the mid first century BC, there is historical confirmation of warfare. The evidence of the change in late prehistoric Hohokam communities of East Central Arizona has been widely regarded as indicating the probability of aggression. The results of the studies cannot confirm nor deny these assumptions, but may help to provide a more inclusive foundation for future discussion and research. The paper attempts to assess the potential usefulness of correlates as a tool to provide a methodological context for the study of complex human interactions such as war.
5
Baker, Gary Paul. "The English way of war, 1360-1399." Thesis, University of Hull, 2011. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:9036.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis challenges the orthodox view that the years 1360 to 1399 witnessed a period of martial decline for the English. Several reasons are advanced to support this hypothesis: the problems of hindsight and perception (as in a comparison with the periods directly before and after the one under consideration), the fact that the ‘strengths’ of England’s enemies have been overly praised, whilst the ‘weaknesses’ of the English have been overly emphasized and her achievements either ignored or belittled. There are, however, two central arguments against the hypothesis of decline. The first is that the changes that occurred in the structure and recruitment of armies in the first-half of the fourteenth-century had by the second-half of the century, and certainly after the resumption of the Anglo-French war in 1369, profoundly altered the composition of the English military-community; the men who fought within these armies. Increasing demands from the crown for military service, not to mention exogenous demands for English soldiers, coupled with increasing fiscal expense for the individual to fight, meant that the social composition of the community changed. War became increasingly the preserve of a nascent, professional, (at least by the standards of the day), fighting force whose military experience stretched over decades. That England possessed such a fighting force, compared to those of her enemies, strongly counters the notion of a military decline. The second major argument against military decline in this period is that the English ‘conduct of war’ has long been misunderstood, and overly denigrated, due to this lack of clarity. The English, far from being on the back-foot and at the mercy of their enemies, were actually pursuing an aggressive, battle-seeking strategy, to win a decisive engagement and quickly end the conflicts in which they fought. This strategy, also employed in the first-half of the fourteenth-century with great success, was both desirable, and a financial necessity, in the period under scrutiny.
6
Lovric, Ivo Mark. "Ghost Wars : the Politics of War Commemoration." Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150317.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ghost Wars: the politics of war commemoration: research into dissenting views to war and other aspects of the Australian experience of war that are marginalised by the Australian War Memorial. A study taking the form of an exhibition of a filmic (video) essay, which comprises the outcome of the Studio Practice component, together with the Exegesis which documents the nature of the course of study undertaken, and the Dissertation, which comprises 33% of the Thesis.
7
Grotelueschen, Mark Ethan. "The AEF way of war: the American army and combat in the First World War." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/569.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Many scholars of the First World War have examined the European armies in new ways that have shown not only how those armies actually fought along the Western Front, but how they changed their ideas and methods over time, and why they fought the way they did. This dissertation does the same for the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF). It examines how four AEF divisions (the 1st, 2nd, 26th, and 77th) planned and conducted their battles, what they learned about modern combat in those battles, and how they adapted their doctrine, tactics, and other operational methods during the war. Although this dissertation describes AEF training and operations, its focus is on ideas and methods, and the changes in both during the war. It shows that when the United States joined the war in 1917, the U.S. Army was doctrinally unprepared for the industrial combat of the Western Front. It demonstrates that General John J. Pershing and other AEF leaders accepted this inadequate prewar doctrine, with only minor modification, as the official doctrine of the AEF. Many early American attacks suffered from these unrealistic ideas, which retained too much faith in the infantry rifleman on a battlefield dominated by artillery, machine guns, and barbed wire. However, this dissertation also shows that AEF divisions adjusted their doctrine, tactics, and other operational methods, as they fought. Experienced divisions prepared more comprehensive attack plans, employed more flexible infantry formations, and maximized firepower to seize limited objectives. Although some of these adaptations were accepted by senior officers at AEF General Headquarters (GHQ), the American First Army, and the various corps, the lessons seem to have been learned first, and best, by officers and men within the combat divisions. Often the extent of these changes reduced the operational relevance of senior officers at GHQ, including Pershing, many of whom failed to make the same doctrinal adjustments. In short, this study exposes the battle of ideas waged within the AEF, between those who adhered to the traditional, human-centered ideas of the prewar army and those who increasingly appreciated the modern, industrial ideas then prevalent in the European armies.
8
Mendel, Jonathan Michael. "Virtual wars : a comparative analysis of the 1991 Gulf War and the 'War on Terror'." Thesis, Durham University, 2007. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1319/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis maps out the development of virtual and networked warfare, from the anti-Soviet Afghan insurgency through to the 1991, Gulf War and the ongoing violence of the `war on terror'. I demonstrate that we have seen two parallel developments over the past few decades: the US has become able to dominate the fighting of large-scale, high-tech virtual wars, and opponents of US-led forces are able to deploy techniques of networked warfare that US-led forces cannot effectively combat. It is therefore the case that US-led `successes' in the major combat operations phases of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom are being followed by a US-led failure to deal with the networked warfare of Afghan, Iraqi and other insurgent groups. This thesis investigates the policy impact of these developments, and their broader ethical and political implications. I demonstrate that - if we are to ameliorate the ongoing bloodshed in Afghanistan and Iraq, and avoid carrying out additional military interventions that generate networked opposition to which we do not have an effective response- there is a real need for an ethical engagemenwt ith others,a nd for more effective participation in the ideational aspects of conflict.
9
McIntosh, Terresa (Terresa Ann) Carleton University Dissertation Canadian Studies. "Other images of war : Canadian women war artists of the first and second world wars." Ottawa, 1990.
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10
Singh, Sanjana P. "Framing Freedom Wars: US Rhetoric in Afghanistan During the Cold War and the War on Terror." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/541.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The United States has maintained a heavy military presence in Afghanistan for a little more than a decade however; the US has been involved in Afghanistan on and off for over three decades. The 2001 ‘war on terror’ in Afghanistan became framed around the goal of saving Afghan women. In order to understand how this framing came about and what the impact of this framing was I study US congressional documents, speeches and other public rhetoric by government officials in the 1980s and early 2000s. Analyzing rhetorical language and reoccurring themes helps us understand what major framing devices and narrative techniques were in play during these time periods. Ultimately I conclude that women’s safety was a post-facto justification for intervention; the framing techniques used during the 2001 were utilized in order to create a clear, coherent narrative that selectively ignores the impact of US involvement in Afghanistan during the Cold War.
11
Tolley, Rebecca. "Appalachian Mountains: American Indian Wars, Arabella Reynolds, Cora Weiss, War Correspondents: Mexican-American War, Isabella Edmondson." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5663.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Book Summary: Wars create important turning points in human history, defining our leaders and changing the lives of ordinary families and citizens. Whether fighting for independence, forging alliances, making a play for dominance, or battling a global threat, nations shape history—and the world—when they go to war. World at War: Understanding Conflict and Society presents overviews of 50 wars, rebellions, and revolutions, both those commonly taught and those less so, and provides additional analysis of causes and consequences and portraits of opponents. The effect is to elucidate the global impact of these military conflicts that have defined our world from antiquity to today such that students and researchers may develop a deeper, critical appreciation of both the history of the world and the human costs of war.
12
Musser, William G. "Terminating America's wars : the Gulf War and Kosovo." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/02Jun%5FMusser.pdf.
Повний текст джерела
13
Hermann, Rory Michael Jr. "Cyber War in a Small War Environment." Thesis, Utica College, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10271200.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper discusses applying cyber warfare techniques to small war environments. Small wars do not carry the prestige of larger, more traditional campaigns; additionally, most small wars involve non-state actors whose technological means are limited, thus reducing the impact of cyber operations against them. Yet, small wars are very common throughout the history of the United States, and the traditionally-postured military struggled with them in the high-profile examples of Vietnam, Iraq, and Afghanistan. Furthermore, the ease of entry into modern computing allows irregular forces equipped with an off-the-shelf laptop to perform cyberspace operations of one form or another. Not examining cyber war in the context of small wars needlessly blinds friendly forces to the threat posed by technologically inferior opponents and restricts what could otherwise be a potent tool. This paper covers several commonalities between small wars and cyber war; after they are established, it recommends methods to push cyber warfare to the tactical level and enhance the understanding of cyber operations in focused environments.
14
Heirich, Verena Eva Maria. "From War to War featuring Feminine Torture." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/16357.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
From War to War featuring Feminine Torture is an investigation of the trialectics of Transience, Liminal Space and Nomadic Movement. These ideas are researched through a durational performance that was transcribed into a novella titled From War to War, and a video work that responds to the novella's breakdown through ruptures and stutters in endurance.
15
Copping, Ryan. "The war as it was : historical reception of the Great War in American popular cinema, 1918-1938." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2016. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/396342/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis is an examination of the reception of selected films from the United States concerning the Great War during the interwar period. Despite the influential nature of these films at the time of their release, relatively few studies have been conducted on the response of contemporary audiences to these texts. Given the significance of the Great War as a critical event in modern history and culture, it is important to study the responses of audiences to works concerning the war during this period. Taking the war as a cinematic subject as opposed to a genre, I analyse both the content and reception of significant war-related films, using the movies themselves and contemporary newspaper and magazine articles and reviews, advertising and internal studio memoranda. I use this method in reference to the following films: The Heart of Humanity (1918), The Four Horseman of the Apocalypse (1921), The Big Parade (1925), What Price Glory (1926), Wings (1927), Hell’s Angels (1930), Journey’s End (1930), All Quiet on the Western Front (1930), Men Must Fight (1933), The Road Back (1937) and Three Comrades (1938). I argue that audiences often interpreted what they perceived to be honest portrayals of war trauma as ‘realistic’, there was no uniform definition as to what constituted an ‘anti-war’ film, Great War films from this period tended to blame Germany or humanity in general for the war, sometimes both, and that most war films performed a memorial function for audiences.
16
Welter, Franklin Michael. "The American Civil War: A War of Logistics." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1434019565.
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17
Romaya, Bassam. "Philosophizing War: Arguments in the War on Iraq." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2010. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/78961.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
PhilosophyPh.D.
I set out to analyze four main philosophical arguments which have dominated the Iraq war debate. Each of these arguments has been used by philosophers to varying degrees to assess the circumstances surrounding the war. The discussions customarily focused on four key issues: just war theory, humanitarian intervention, democratization, and preventive war. In each case, I examine the argument's methods, shortcomings, and implications, to conclude that each fails to satisfactorily address, explain, or elucidate the highly controversial war. I argue that we simply cannot rely on a meager set of arguments to provide us with greater insight or genuine understanding of this war, as well as new or postmodern wars more generally. First, arguments that focus on the just war tradition overlook key events and underemphasize developments that have effectively eroded the tradition's defining concepts, such as the distinctions between combatant/noncombatant, states/non-states, victories/defeats, armies/non-state or non-nation actors. Second, theoretical analyses are routinely misappropriated or misapplied; this is especially evident in calls for humanitarian intervention, implemented for past harms committed, using backward-causing logic intended to make up for past inaction, rather than halting ongoing or imminent harm. Third, the focus on forcible democratization overlooks the high probability for failure in such pursuits and readily dismisses moral, legal, economic, educational, and cultural obstacles to democratic national building. Fourth, arguments which focus on preventive war suffer from similar problems encountered with the previous three, especially since it is unclear that the event could be characterized as a case of preventive war. The relationship between belligerent state and target state was not one in which the target state posed a future or distant threat to the belligerent state. Collectively, the arguments err in their uncritical acceptance of methodological analyses that have no genuine application to the matter at issue; that is, each misunderstands the nature of new or postmodern wars and clings to concepts relevant to modern wars, which do not factor in developments such as non-state actors, the spread of global capitalism, economic and cultural globalization, strategic objectives or military preeminence, imperialist aims or empire-building.
Temple University--Theses
18
McCandless, Richard Thomas. "Korean War and Vietnam War Strategies: A Comparison." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1236018769.
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19
Meyer, Christina. "War & trauma images in Vietnam War representations." Hildesheim Zürich New York, NY Olms, 2007. http://d-nb.info/991472861/04.
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20
Faugstad, Jesse A. "Ike's Last War: Making War Safe for Society." Chapman University Digital Commons, 2019. https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/war_and_society_theses/5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis analyzes how Eisenhower defined war and its utility in his New Look defense policy and the ramifications for America’s interactions with the world through its foreign policy. It argues that Eisenhower redefined the relationship between war and society as he executed his grand strategy, further removing society from the decision for war. To avoid what he believed to be the inevitable global destruction of a general war turned nuclear, Eisenhower broadened the scope of ‘war” to balance domestic opinion for containing communism while also avoiding the devastating consequences of war in American society. By authorizing coups in Iran and Guatemala, Eisenhower blurred the line between coercive diplomacy and violent political warfare. President Eisenhower’s reliance on covert action to achieve political outcomes prevented general or nuclear war but it strengthened an emerging model for society’s relationship with war. Political warfare and covert action increased the gap between society and the commitment of American power during the Cold War. In his effort to prevent war, Eisenhower expanded presidential power and set a precedent that continues today.
21
Rock, Adam. "The American Way: The Influence of Race on the Treatment of Prisoners of War During World War Two." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2014. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/6345.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
When examining the Second World War, it is impossible to overlook the influence race had in both creating the conflict and determining the intensity with which it was fought. While this factor existed in the European theater, it pales in comparison to how race influenced the fighting in the Pacific. John Dower produced a comprehensive study that examined the racial aspects of the Pacific theater in his book War Without Mercy. Dower concluded that Americans viewed themselves as racially superior to the Asian "other" and this influenced the ferocity of the Pacific war. While Dower's work focused on this relationship overseas, I examine the interaction domestically.
My study examines the influence of race on the treatment of Japanese Prisoners of War (POWs) held in the United States during the Second World War. Specifically, my thesis will assess the extent to which race and racism affected several aspects of the treatment of Japanese prisoners in American camps. While in theory the American policy toward POWs made no distinctions in the treatment of racially different populations, in reality discrepancies in the treatment of racially different populations of POWs (German, and Japanese) become clear in its application.
My work addresses this question by investigating the differences in treatment between Japanese and European POWs held in the United States during and after the war. Utilizing personal letters from both American policymakers and camp administrators, U.S. War Department POW camp inspection reports, documents outlining American policy, as well as newspaper and magazine articles, I attempt to demonstrate how treatment substantially differed depending on the race of the prisoner. The government's treatment of the Japanese POWs should illuminate the United States Government's racial views during and after the war.M.A.
Masters
History
Arts and Humanities
History
22
Willey, Amanda Mae. "Fashioning femininity for war: material culture and gender performance in the WAC and WAVES during World War II." Diss., Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20556.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of History
Sue Zschoche
In 1942, the U.S. Army and Navy announced the creation of their respective women’s military services: the WAAC/WAC and the WAVES. Although American women had served alongside the military in past conflicts, the creation of women’s military corps caused uproar in American society. Placing women directly into the armed services called into question cultural expectations about “masculinity” and “femininity.” Thus, the women’s corps had to be justified to the public in accordance with American cultural assumptions regarding proper gender roles. “Fashioning Femininity for War: Material Culture and Gender Performance in the WAC and WAVES during World War II” focuses on the role of material culture in communicating a feminine image of the WAC and WAVES to the American public as well as the ways in which servicewomen engaged material culture to fashion and perform a feminine identity compatible with contemporary understandings of “femininity.” Material culture served as a mechanism to resolve public concerns regarding both the femininity and the function of women in the military. WAC and WAVES material culture linked their wearers with stereotyped characteristics specifically related to contemporary meanings of “femininity” celebrated by American society, while at the same time associating them with military organizations doing vital war work. Ultimately, the WAVES were more successful in their manipulations of material culture than the WAC, communicating both femininity and function in a way that was complementary to the established gender hierarchy. Therefore, the WAVES enjoyed a prestigious position in the mind of the American public. This dissertation also contributes to the ongoing historiographical debate regarding World War II as a turning point for women’s liberation, arguing that while the seeds of women’s liberation were sown in women’s wartime activities, those same wartime women were firmly convinced that their rightful place was in the private rather than the public sphere. The war created an opportunity to reevaluate gender roles but it would take some time before those reevaluations bore fruit.
23
Hall, Joshua Ryan. "The Tyrrhenian way of war : war, social power, and the state in Central Italy (c.900-343 BC)." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/91117/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis examines warfare, social power, and the state in central Italy for the period between 900 and 343 BC.1 The goal of this research is to better understand how warfare fit into the dialogue of social power in Etruria and Rome. This is achieved through the fulfilment of a number of aims. The first is to understand the patterns of warfare present in central Italy, as these can help us better understand the social aspects of conflict in the region. The project assumes that the practice of warfare is important for understanding its role in this dialogue, and thus an analysis of arms, armour, and tactics is also necessary. The second aim is to understand how warfare and politics affected one another. The condottieri paradigm is challenged and the strength of central Italian states asserted. The third aim is to explain the interaction between warfare and economic power, and the interaction between these two aspects of social power. The fourth aim is similar, and analyzes the connections that are visible between warfare and religion. Through these aims, this project creates a clearer picture of warfare in Etruria and Rome from the Iron Age to the Archaic Period. It argues that the exchange and dialogue of social power was not alienated from the state, and that independent warfare would have been of less value than it was probably worth. To this end, the Servian Constitution is re-examined and the idea of an early Roman hoplite phalanx, and single class army, is rejected. The original contribution of this work is in reasserting the position of the state in Tyrrhenian warfare and rejecting the idea that private interest was more powerful.
24
Huang, Qiang. "'Forgotten wars' : war in the writings of T.S. Eliot." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2017. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/88144/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Drawing on a large number of newly-published materials, my study, first of all, explores the connection between war, as both a literary theme and historical circumstance, and Eliot’s writings, and casts light on the transformation of both the degree to which war shapes Eliot’s writings and the ways in which Eliot responds to war in his writings. As a timely contribution to Eliot scholarship, my thesis aims at complicating the existing understanding of Eliot’s writings, suggesting political corollaries to the personal, psychological, aesthetic, or philosophical issues that previous critics have explored in depth. In general, the organisation of chapters in this thesis will follow a historical sequence, and each chapter will correspond with one particular stage in the development of Eliot’s writings. In total, there are four chapters in this thesis. Drawing upon Eliot’s wartime biography and correspondence during the First World War, the first chapter explores Eliot’s wartime writings in relation to their historical context, and suggest that, while the War affected young Eliot’s life, war, as a literary theme, also made its presence felt in his writings, sometimes in rather obscure ways. The second chapter scrutinises Eliot’s post-WWI writings between 1919 and 1925, and suggests the ways in which his post-war writings signal both a reflection of the First World War and an observation of the disintegrated Europe in the aftermath of the War. The third chapter investigates the ways in which Eliot sought intelligent debates on political theories as responses to the feverish political climate of the time in a series of cultural conversations that Eliot participated or formed in the Criterion, and argues that the Criterion’s involvement in the discussion of post-war European cultural politics shows not only the War’s impact on the ensuing intellectual debates in interwar Britain, but also that “[a] war of cultures” (CP3 346) was created on the pages of the Criterion. The fourth chapter focuses on Eliot’s writings after 1939, particularly the wartime Four Quartets and the post-war Notes towards the Definition of Culture. First of all, it explores Four Quartets in relation to wartime England during the Second World War, investigating the ways in which Eliot’s three wartime quartets are “patriotic” poems. On the other hand, this chapter explores Eliot’s Notes towards the Definition of Culture, and suggests that Eliot advocates the means of “cultural reconstruction” in a war-torn society after the Second World War. By doing so, I aim to show the way in which war, especially the Second World War, contributes to the formation of Eliot’s cultural theory in the late 1940s.
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Mills, Criss Bentley. "War game." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/23092.
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Conner, John. "Shadow War." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2010. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1120.
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Licha, Jacques Emanuel. "War hotels." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2015. http://research.gold.ac.uk/14835/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
When a conflict breaks out and whenever it is possible, foreign media workers travelling to cover it congregate in the same hotel to live and to work. This is where they cross paths with other protagonists of the conflict, thus converting this space into a site of strategic importance to the overall conduct of warfare. As the architectures from which conflicts are observed, analysed, discussed, and enunciated, ‘war hotels’ must be understood as playing an active role in the framing of conflicts: both the ways they are publically represented and the ways that we in turn see them unfold. Despite extended research into the mediatisation of conflict, little is known about the role of ‘war hotels’ as a crucial staging ground for the production of these representations. Through practice-led research, writing, and the making of a feature-length film, the past and present role of the phenomena of war hotels is examined in detail. While the film creates spatial and temporal conflations to depict what is, in effect, a non-specific meta-war hotel in a post-conflict environment, the written portion of the dissertation proceeds from an analysis of specific cases. A US Army training facility in California with its mock Iraqi villages and provisional hotel serves as a point of departure to establish and explore the concept of the war hotel as an optical device complicit in the production, representation and reception of conflict. With the advent of social media and distributed journalism conventional modes of war correspondence and coverage have been challenged and with it perhaps the necessity of a war hotel. Nevertheless, this thesis argues that this architectural-optical device has shaped the complex media constructions through which conflicts are seen and consumed and thus demands to be assessed theoretically and practically.
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Glays, Brent. "War Pig." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1880.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
War Pig is a series of short stories and poems that follow the protagonist, Christopher Lambert, as he embarks on training exercises and multiple deployments. It culminates with Lambert coming home and reintegrating into civilian life.
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Schultz, Sarah J. "The just war or just a war : a proposal for ethical joint doctrine of war /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Sep%5FSchultz.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Civil-Military Relations))--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2005.Thesis Advisor(s): Karen Guttieri. Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-95). Also available online.
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Zausmer, Stephanie. "A Just War Framework: Analyzing the 1991 Persian Gulf War and the 2003 Iraq War." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2004. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/735.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucfBachelors
Arts and Sciences
Political Science
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Randell, Karen Mary. "Hollywood and war : trauma in film after the First World War and the Vietnam War." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2003. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/50596/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis examines war trauma in film; it is a comparative reading that aims to study the relationship between films made after the First World War in the 1920s and films made during and after the Vietnam War. I use thirteen focus film texts, some which explicitly engage with war and some that do not. This thesis will argue that the production of these particular films was inflected by the collective trauma that the wars produced in American society. There was not, for example, an explicit combat film made for seven years after the First World War and thirteen years after the Vietnam War. This gap, I will argue, is symptomatic of the cultural climate that existed after each war, but can also be understood in terms of the need for temporal space in which to assimilate the traumas of these wars. An engagement with recent debates in Trauma Theory will be utilised to explore this production gap between event and film, and to suggest that trauma exists not only within the narratives of these focus films but also within the production process itself. This thesis contributes significantly to recent debates in Trauma Studies. As it presents film history scholarship, First World War and Vietnam veteran experiences and archive newspaper research as compatible disciplines and uses the lens of trauma theory as a methodological thread and tool of analysis.
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Proctor, Patrick E. "The Vietnam War debate and the Cold War consensus." Diss., Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18665.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of History
Donald Mrozek
Both Presidents Johnson and Nixon used the ideology of military containment of Communism to justify U.S. military intervention in Vietnam. Until 1968, opponents of this intervention attacked the ideology of containment or its application to Vietnam. In 1968, opponents of the war switched tactics and began to focus instead on the President’s credibility. These arguments quickly became the dominant critique of the war through its end and were ultimately successful in ending it. The Gulf of Tonkin incident and the Tonkin Gulf Resolution were central to the change of opposition strategy in 1968. For Johnson, the Gulf of Tonkin incident had provided the political impetus to pass the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, which the administration used as an insurance policy against Congressional dissent. For Congressional dissenters in 1968, inconsistencies in Johnson’s version of the Gulf of Tonkin incident allowed them to undermine the Resolution as a weapon against Congress. For the American people, revelations about the administration’s dishonesty during the incident simply added to grave doubts that Americans already had about Johnson’s credibility; the American people lost confidence in Johnson, ending his Presidency. The dramatic success of this new strategy—attacking the administration’s credibility—encouraged other opponents to follow suit, permanently altering the framework of debate over the war. This change in opposition strategy in 1968 had a number of important consequences. First, this change in rhetoric ultimately ended the war. To sustain his credibility against relentless attack, President Nixon repeatedly withdrew troops to prove to the American people he was ending the war. Nixon ran out of troops to withdraw and had to accept an unfavorable peace. Second, after the war, this framework for debate of military interventions established—between advocates using the ideology of containment and opponents attacking the administration’s credibility—would reemerge nearly every time an administration contemplated military intervention through the end of the Cold War. Finally, because opponents of military intervention stopped challenging containment in 1968, the American public continued to accept the precepts of containment and the Cold War consensus survived until the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War.
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Montgomery, Emilie L. 1961. ""The war was a very vivid part of my life" : British Columbia school children and the Second World War." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31243.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis examines the influence of the Second World War on the lives of British Columbia school children. It employs a variety of primary and secondary sources, including interviews with adults who, during 1939-1945, attended school in British Columbia. War time news and propaganda through such means as newspaper, movies, newsreels and radio broadcasts permeated children's lives. War influenced the whole school curriculum and especially led to changes in Social Studies, Physical Education and Industrial Arts. The war also created a wide range of war-related extra curricular activities for children. War also altered the routine of childrens1 daily lives. Blackouts, air raid drills, rationing, prosperity, people in uniform, fear of invasion, and loved ones killed overseas all contributed to making life during the Second World War different from the eras that preceded and followed it.Education, Faculty of
Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of
Graduate
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Springer, Paul Joseph. "American prisoner of war policy and practice from the Revolutionary War to the War on Terror." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3727.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
American prisoner of war (POW) policy consists of repeated improvisational efforts during wartime followed by few efforts to incorporate lessons learned. As such, in every war, the United States has improvised its system of POW maintenance and utilization. At no time prior to World War II was the United States military prepared to capture and maintain the prisoners taken in any American conflict. The United States has depended upon reciprocal treatment of enemy prisoners and threatened retaliation for mistreatment of American captives in every war. It has also adhered to accepted customs and international law regarding prisoners, providing housing, food, and medical care to POWs at least the equal of that given to American prisoners. However, the U.S. military has often sought the most expedient methods of maintaining prisoners, a practice that has led to accusations of neglect. In the nineteenth century, American wars were typically fought upon the North American continent and were limited in scope, which facilitated the maintenance of enemy prisoners and eased the improvisation of policy and practice. In the twentieth century, the United States participated in conflicts in Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, complicating POW issues. World War II and subsequent conflicts show a radical departure from earlier wars, as the army planned for the capture of enemy troops and was better prepared to maintain them. However, the War on Terror represents a return to improvisation, as a lack of planning and a failure to follow established policies contributed to allegations of mistreatment in Iraq and Guantanamo Bay.
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Nordhag, Anders. "War, Peace and Ideologies : Approaching peace in war through Democratic Confederalism and the war in Rojava." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-162558.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Traditionally, war and peace have been approached as incompatible entities; where war and violence are present, peace has been assumed to be absent. Recent studies of peace in conflict have started to undermine this assumption, since expressions of peace and attempts at building peace have been found among individuals and communities entangled in violent conflicts. This thesis explores peace in war via democratic confederalism, an ideology that is being implemented in northern Syria. An ideational analysis is used to approach the ideology, which is later compared with an analytical framework developed from liberal and critical peacebuilding to explore democratic confederalism’s similarities and deviations in regard to the two theories. Afterwards, the findings are analysed in the context of northern Syria. The study shows that there are several intersections between aspects of critical peacebuilding and democratic confederalism. Discussed through the war in northern Syria and it is argued that the self-defence part of democratic confederalism has taken a prominent and necessary role, but one that might obscure the aspects of democratic confederalism that are peace-conducive. The research paper concludes that while this might make democratic confederalism as a whole appear less peaceful, it should be understood through the context of war and aspects that contribute to peace should be interpreted as expressions of peace in violent conflict.
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Reyeg, Fernando M., and Ned B. Marsh. "The Filipino way of war: irregular warfare through the centuries." Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10681.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Filipino Way of War is the dominant irregular warfare strategy executed by the Filipino warrior throughout the centuries. Armed with severely limited resources, a strong fighting spirit, and deep traditions, the Filipino warrior has always had to look for another method of warfare other than direct and total war. This has led to the indirect path, the path of irregular warfare. This tradition, built upon a foundation of tribal warfare, shaped by resistance to Spanish and American colonization, and honed during the guerrilla campaign against the Japanese occupation, has emerged in the modern era as the predominant Filipino military strategy. Entering the 21st century, conflict in the Philippines has not been focused on external invaders, but on internal division. In this era, both government and anti-government forces have recalled their traditions and experiences and predominantly used irregular warfare strategies, often through unconventional warfare, insurgency, or special operations. As external military influences wane, it is important to understand and prepare the Armed Forces of the Philippines for the future by understanding their past history, so that the Filipino warrior will be better prepared for tomorrow.
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Quek, Ch-yuan Kaiy. "Rationalist causes of war : mechanisms, experiments, and East Asian wars." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84849.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Political Science, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
This dissertation specifies and tests rationalist mechanisms of war. Why would rational states fight each other despite their incentives for peaceful bargains that would avoid the costs of war? In the rationalist theory of war, private information and the commitment problem are the key causes of war. I study the effects of these factors - and the mechanisms regulating their effects - through randomized experiments, historical analysis of the decision processes in three wars, and a comparative study of all international wars fought in East Asia in the last century. This is the first integrated study of rationalist causes of war that combines randomized experiments with historical cases. Despite a wide theoretical literature, there are few empirical tests of rationalist explanations for war. I use experimental and historical evidence to show that the commitment problem has strong positive effects on conflict. The effects of private information are less clear. Next, I specify six mechanisms that regulate the effects of the commitment problem and the private-information problem: three mechanisms (exogenous, endogenous, and inadvertent enforcement) for the first problem and three mechanisms (signaling with sunk cost, implementation cost, and salient contradiction) for the second. The experimental and historical evidence largely converge. Each of the three enforcement mechanisms calms the commitment problem and reduces the risk of conflict. Evidence for the three signaling mechanisms is mixed. Finally, I use the case universe of East Asian wars to assess the relevance of the mechanisms, suggest theoretical refinements, and infer alternative theories of war.
by Ch-yuan Kaiy Quek.
Ph.D.
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Willett, Adrian Schultze Buser. "Our house was divided Kentucky women and the Civil War /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3344610.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of History, 2008.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Oct. 6, 2009). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-02, Section: A, page: 0667. Adviser: Steven Stowe.
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Sturm, Beate. ""wat ich schuldich war" : Privatkredit im frühneuzeitlichen Hannover (1550-1750) /." Stuttgart Steiner, 2009. http://d-nb.info/996716963/04.
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Wise, Nancy Ridgway Van Buren. "The Cold War Cultural Accord: How the East Was Won." W&M ScholarWorks, 1994. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625902.
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Sullivan, Patricia Lynne. "The utility of force : war aims and asymmetric war outcomes /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2004. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Wilson, Carolyn R. C. "Writing the war the literary effects of World War One /." Connect to resource, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/6588.
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Thesis (Honors)--Ohio State University, 2006.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages: contains 87 p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-87). Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.
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Foisy, Cory A. "Soviet war-readiness and the road to war : 1937-41." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79938.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This is a study of the foreign and domestic policies of the USSR as they pertain to its war-readiness, as well as the degree to which these policies presumably opened the door to the European conflagration and, in 1941, to the Nazi-Soviet war. Topics to be discussed include: (1) the crash industrialization of the Soviet Union and industrial war preparations from 1928--41; (2) the development of Soviet military doctrine before and after 12 June 1937; (3) a critical re-examination of the popularly accepted reasons for the devolution of the Soviet armed forces; and (4) Soviet foreign policy from 1937--41. The chronological end of the paper (1941) is followed by a brief epilogue discussing the evident success of the Soviet industrialization program by reference to Soviet industrial performance during the Nazi-Soviet war. Furthermore, the epilogue will challenge the popular depiction of the German invasion as an effortless, seamless advance into the Soviet heartland.
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Kennedy, Rosalind Joan Sarah. "The Children's War : British children's experience of the Great War." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2006. http://research.gold.ac.uk/10996/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The First World War placed children at the heart of the debate about Britain's future. In the face of the enormous destruction of human life and the sacrifice of the economy to the needs of war, children held the promise of a brighter future. Britain was looking not just to rebuild what it had lost but to rebuild a Britain better than it had been before. Children were seen as the key to that process of reconstruction. To prepare them for the task children needed to understand the sacrifices that had been made for them and the importance of accepting their role as responsible citizens of the future. The ways war was represented to children through the school curriculum, their participation in school/youth organisations, and the production of toys and games highlight the way adults felt this could be achieved. Teachers and youth group leaders harnessed children's genuine interest in the war to teach them lessons at school and give them practical examples of the desired characteristics of obedience and self-sacrifice that would help Britain win the war and maintain its Empire in the future. Children were surrounded by the war everyday, at home, at school and in their youth groups. They read about it in books, magazines and newspapers, studied it at school and re-enactedi t in their private games. The separation from fathers and brothers, when they volunteered or were conscripted to fight, meant that the wider international conflict took on a personal significance, endangering the men these children loved. Children's experience explored through memory, personal documents, institutional experience and play, shows the diversity of children's response to war and the significance of war in the context of their lives. Children struggled to make sense of the war by combining what they learnt from adults with. what they came to understand about it for themselves.
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Luther, Damien Eileen. "Reconceptualizing the just war tradition : the morality of asymmetric war." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.675849.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis in political theory explores the salient moral problems of asymmetric war. It begins with the assumption that the just war tradition provides an important language for addressing asymmetric war. I argue, however, that the modern conception of the tradition is statist and it should be reconceptualized from a cosmopolitan perspective. This claim is applied to four problems. The first problem is that asymmetric war involves non-state actors who, under the modern account of the principle of legitimate authority, cannot have the authority to engage in war. After challenging prevailing conceptions of the relationship between sovereignty and authority, I argue that non-state actors can have legitimate authority. The second problem is that non-state actors often look more like civilians than soldiers and use the civilian population as cover and, thus, questions arise about combatant equality and responsibility. Contrary to dominant conceptions of combatants and responsibility, I argue that non-state actors can be considered combatant equals and that certain 'non-state' tactics do not affect their status since such tactics are not necessarily irresponsible. The third problem is whether assassination is a justifiable tactic. Three positions are evaluated: a policy of absolute prohibition; assassination justified as a means of state-sanctioned revenge and punishment of terrorists; and assassination justified as 'named killing.' None, however, are successful. Nevertheless, I argue that assassination is a justifiable tactic of war, within some limitations, since it can be more discriminate and proportionate than other tactics. The fourth problem is whether terrorism is a justifiable tactic, whether as a means of bringing people out of 'bad lives,' equalizing or redistributing rights violations, or necessary in a supreme emergency. I conclude that regardless of how terrorism is justified, the tactic is immoral and its use entails a flagrant disregard for the principle of noncombatant immunity.
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Pohl, Jill Hannah. "Al Qaeda's Propaganda War: A War for Hearts and Minds." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1389654137.
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Romarheim, Anders Grindlia. "War at home : strategic narratives of the war on terrorism." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2015. http://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/war-at-home-strategic-narratives-of-the-war-on-terrorism(34944367-6a3a-4a28-9758-454bcd9ff276).html.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study reconstructs the main strategic narratives of the war on terrorism, as they appeared in American editorials. The study analyses 1002 selected editorials from five major news outlets in America. The analysis is structured around six salient events in the war on terrorism: the 9/11 attacks, the Iraq invasion, President Bush’s re-election, the Iraqi surge, Barack Obama replacing Bush, and Osama bin Laden’s death. The study also tests critical hypotheses from the literature on media, war and support. Are the media left to echo the rhetoric of the elites as wars break out? Or do media organizations develop independent news frames about wars as they progress? This study finds that the literature rightly favors the persuasive power of elite rhetoric early on in conflicts. Yet, important exceptions to this pattern are found. The study challenges the notion of elite rhetoric dominating news coverage through the case of The Wall Street Journal’s editorializing of war with Iraq. The Journal supported war with Iraq before the Bush administration. They called for toppling Saddam Hussein right after the 9/11 attacks. Therefore, the Bush administration adopted the Journal’s position, and not the other way around. Additionally, the study argues that Obama ended the war on terrorism, and the study considers the killing of Osama bin Laden to demarcate the end of America’s war on terrorism. The study also documents the emergence of a torture narrative that hijacked the war on terrorism, rendering it of limited use to Obama. The media were crucial in developing this narrative. This also challenges elite rhetoric domination. The study concludes that the home front is of increased importance due to new media realities. The dissertation shows that right after 9/11, the news outlets were overwhelmingly unison in their support for the war on terrorism. They openly called on Americans to sacrifice and support the war. With the Iraq war, unity and public support was fractured along ideological lines, resulting in a War at Home.
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Ziino, Bart. "A distant grief : Australians, war graves and the Great War /." Crawley : University of West Australia Press, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41067725t.
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Seidl, Carolin. "Es war einmal." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-23600.
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Boadu, Kwame Annor. "War and fertility." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22516.pdf.
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