Дисертації з теми "War and society – great britain"
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1
Oakes, Fergus Peter Wilfred. "The nature of war and its impact on society during the Barons' War, 1264-67." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2015. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6406/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis examines the nature of war and its impact on society in the English civil war, known as the Barons’ War, which was waged from1264-67 between King Henry III and a baronial opposition led by Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester. This is the first dedicated major study of the civil war as a war rather than as a political or constitutional event. While several of the war’s important campaigns have received individual study, the broader issues of the war, like the state and use of castles and town defences, guerrilla warfare and the impact of these on society have not received the same attention. Military history in general has received comparatively little study from the early to mid-thirteenth century and this thesis seeks to examine potential military developments between the civil war of 1215-17; the wars of Edward I in the late-thirteenth century and the Barons’ War’s possible impact upon these. Chapter one contextualizes the military experience and the types of men engaged in the civil war; the methods of recruitment and the general ‘customs of war’. This discussion will inform the discussion in the rest of the thesis. While castles were a crucial aspect of medieval warfare their role in 1263-1267 remains little studied, despite a considerable body of surviving documentation relating to them. Chapter two will therefore focus on the role, state and struggle for control of castles, particularly royal castles on the eve of the war. Chapter three will examine their use and effectiveness in warfare, the techniques and problems of besieging them and, in particular, will utilize a number of illustrative case studies of major sieges in the conflict. The fourth chapter will examine the previously unexamined role of town defences in the war, particularly their state and effectiveness. In chapter five, the thesis will bring a fresh focus by discussing the use of the wilderness by both sides as a tool of resistance, with its principal focus on the war waged by the Disinherited after the battle of Evesham until 1267 and its impact and significance. The final chapter examines the nature of warfare at a very local level, exploring how the issues and events described in the former chapters impacted on communities and also more local participation in waging war as well as examining the blurred lines between warfare and crime. The appendices include a discussion of the involvement of Robert de Ferrers, earl of Derby in the largely unexplored events of the siege of Gloucester in 1264.
2
Parker, Linda Mary. "Shell-shocked Prophets : the influence of former Anglican army chaplains on the Church of England and British society in the inter-war years." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4495/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The role of Anglican army chaplains in inter-war church and society will be examined and judgements made on the extent to which their ideas and actions were influenced by their war- time experiences, leading to an impact on the inter-war Anglican Church and British society. The extent to which the intervention of the Church of England in social and industrial issues in the inter-war years was shaped by the activities and opinions of former chaplains will be examined using examples such as as in the work of the Industrial Christian Fellowship and Toc H. The significance of former chaplains in rituals of remembrance and the development of pacifism will be assessed and their contribution to discussions on ecclesiastical controversies such as Prayer Book revision and unity will be analysed. Similarly their views on marriage, divorce, contraception and the proper uses of the new media will be judged in the light of their impact of their thoughts on wider opinion. The conclusion will make a judgement on the practical and ideological impact of their ideas and actions. It It will be argued that they were a significant minority who became the catalyst for change.
3
Farmer, John. "The deepest shelter in town : from the ruins to the bunker." Thesis, Royal College of Art, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.602324.
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4
Perrone, Fernanda Helen. "The V.A.D.S. and the great war /." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66086.
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5
Hansen, Harold Victor. "Men of war the seamen of HMS Mars and the Revolutionary era /." unrestricted, 2008. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04212008-161219/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2008.Title from file title page. Dr. Christine Skwiot, committee chair; Denise Z. Davidson, committee member. Electronic text (186 p. : col. ill.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed August 5, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 180-186).
6
Long, Paul Leslie. "The aesthetics of class in post-war Britain." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2001. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/36418/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Existing histories of post-war Britain offer limited perspectives on how, why and where working-class culture became the subject that Raymond Williams described as 'a key issue in our own time'. Little of the work that has attended to this issue has examined it beyond its anthropological sense as 'a whole way of life'. In contrast, a concept of the 'aesthetic' is enlisted here as an apposite way of approaching the idea of culture in its more limited sense, defuied by Williams as 'the arts and learning - the special processes of discovery and creative effort'. This thesis locates the issue of working-class culture in the context of the postwar settlement as an aspect of the mentalites of Welfare State Britain. It suggests that there was a re-imagining of the majority as part of a wider, democratic reconceptualisation of the public and cultural spheres. This idea is explored through the study of a range of contemporaneous projects designed to describe, validate, reclaim, rejuvenate and indeed generate an 'authentic' working-class culture. These projects include the wartime activities of the Council for the Encouragement of Music and the Arts (CEMA), the post-war Folk Revival, the work of Richard Hoggart, radio producer Charles Parker, Arnold Wesker's Centre 42 project and how creative practices pursued in post-war education engaged with concepts of working-class culture. The aesthetic framework is enlisted also to the framing of the discourses, assumptions and idealism that impelled these projects. What is revealed are the historically specific conceptualisations of class, culture and politics that informed and limited this work, the Utopian ambition behind it and the manner in which ordinary people were represented and encouraged to represent themselves.
7
Allwright, Lucy. "The war on London : defending the city from the war in the air 1932-1943." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/49641/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
During the 1930s the massive expansion of London and fears over the uncontrolled, unplanned modernity of the city coincided with fears over the ability of the new technology of the bomber and aerial warfare to decimate cities. This thesis explores the relationship between London as a governed, practiced and represented site, and aerial bombardment. It considers the impact of the new technology of aerial bombing on city space, by looking at the policies that emerged to deal with the consequences of bombardment, specifically through analysis of Air Raid Precautions. It follows these policies on a trajectory through to the actual bombing of the city and the public commemoration of that bombing in 1943. The thesis explores the competing visions of city life opened up by the lens of aerial warfare, providing a cultural history of the defence of London. It considers how fears about how to protect the city from bombs offered the opportunity for political commentators, local authorities, architects, engineers and planners to voice their concerns about how to protect the urban population at war. Contained within these debates are particular visualisations of the population of London. The thesis thus considers social imaginations of London between 1932 and 1943. It sugests that ARP offered a means to present and articulate different ideas about how to govern and manage an urban population. It also reflects on how these ideas changed over time. Ultimately it seeks to move between the universal and the particular, exploring how and why blitzed London came to stand for the nation during the war, and in so doing provided a collective consciousness for the nation at war. At the same time by interrogating the representations that made up that collective consciousness, I move to the particular, considering how representations of London under fire were mediated by local experiences and urban practices. The thesis seeks to offer a nuanced account of London's modernity through showing the compexity of responses to the problem of managing and imagining a city under fire.
8
Muir, Rory. "The British government and the Peninsula War, 1808 to June 1811 /." Title page, contents and preface only, 1988. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm953.pdf.
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9
Busch, Peter. "Britain and Kennedy's war in Vietnam, 1961-1963." Online version, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.311592.
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10
Derksen, Hanneke. "The role of Tony Blair's belief system in Great Britain's decision to support the war in Iraq." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1317324041&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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11
Neal, Derek. "Meanings of masculinity in late medieval England : self, body and society." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84534.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Masculinity is a set of meanings, and also an aspect of male identity. Understanding masculinity in history, therefore, requires attention to culture and psychology. The concept of a "crisis of masculinity" cannot address these dimensions sufficiently and is of little use to the historian.This analysis of evidence from late medieval England begins with the social world. Legal records show men defending, and therefore defining, masculine identity through interaction among male peers and with women. Defamation suits suggest a fifteenth-century identification of masculinity with "trueness": an uncomplicated, open honesty. A "true man," in late medieval England, was not just an honest man, but a real man.
Social masculinity constituted honest fairness, permitting stable social relations between men. Transparent honesty, good management of the household ("husbandry"), and self-command preserved males' social substance, their metaphoric embodiment represented tangibly by money and property. Lawsuits and personal letters show how masculine social identity took shape through competition and cooperation with other men. "Power," "dominance" and self-fulfilment were less important than sustaining this network of relations.
Men's relations with women are best understood within this homosocial dynamic. Men's adultery trespassed on other males' substance, while women's adultery indicated poor management of one's own. Sexual slander against men could injure their social identity, but was unlikely to demolish it, as it would for a woman. The celibate minority of men shared these concerns.
Medical texts, late medieval men's clothing, satirical poems, and courtesy texts prescribing self-control show that the male body provided important meanings (phallic and otherwise), through failure, inadequacy or excess as often as not. Sexual activity, and other uses of the body, might be managed differently as self-restraining or self-indulgent discourses of masculinity demanded.
A psychoanalytic reading of medieval romances reveals fantasized solutions to the problem of males' desire for feminine and masculine objects. Romance literature displays a narcissistic subjectivity created in defensive fantasies of disconnection. Such features derive from a culture demanding incessant social self-presentation of its men, which permitted very little in daily life to be kept from the scrutiny of others.
12
LaCoco, Kimberly Paz D. G. "British Prime Minister Tony Blair's decision to go to war in Iraq an evaluation of motivating factors /." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-9842.
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13
Russell, Peter David. "Politics and society in Nottinghamshire, 1327-1360." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2007. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12349/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis addresses the governance of Nottinghamshire during the first thirty three years of the reign of Edward III. The time-frame is significant as it seeks to re-dress an imbalance in the study of provincial societies during the later Middle Ages, which hitherto have largely concentrated on the second half of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The most important belief to be addressed is that those who were engaged in the governance of Nottinghamshire were drawn from a considerably wider section of society than is apparent from previous county or regional gentry-based studies. It will also demonstrate the close nature of the relationship between the shire and the crown, which manifested itself in a wide variety of channels of communication. Chapters one and two look at the formal structures of government in Nottinghamshire. The focus for these chapters will be upon the whole of the county, as this reflects the crown's approach to governance. Chapter one will address the offices of local government, and chapter two will look at the pivotal relationship between the locality and the crown, concentrating upon parliamentary representatives and petitions. These chapters will also assess the impact of war and the Black Death upon Nottinghamshire. For subsequent chapters, the geographical focus of the study will be reduced to that of south Nottinghamshire, which will facilitate a more in-depth analysis of law and order in chapter three, and landholding in chapter four. The study will then -conclude with a case-study upon a smaller area within south Nottinghamshire. Throughout, this thesis will address significant historiographical debates. The most important of which relates to the impact upon provincial societies and local government of bastard feudalism, and to the related debates over the vertical and horizontal ties of lordship, and to the existence or otherwise of an 'independent gentry', and of 'county communities'.
14
Hallifax, Stuart. "Citizens at war : the experience of the Great War in Essex, 1914-1918." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:73fe34ce-e418-414c-8939-819b14a1f81f.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis examines the experiences and attitudes of civilians in Essex during the First World War, 1914-1918. Through these it explores the reasons for people’s continued support for the war and how public discourse shaped conceptions of the war’s purpose and course and what sacrifices were needed and acceptable in pursuit of victory. This combination kept the war comprehensible and enabled people to continue to support it. Vital to getting a picture of how the war was understood is an account of the role of the local elites that sought to shape popular knowledge and attitudes about the war. The narratives of the war, the discourse of sacrifice, and elites’ roles evolved with events at home and at the front. Chapter 1 deals with the initial reactions to the war and growing acceptance of the major war narratives. The second and third chapters address two of their major features: attitudes towards the enemy and volunteering for the armed forces. The fourth chapter addresses the changes to the war's narratives and ideas of sacrifice as casualties and hardships increased from 1916, while Chapter 5 provides an in-depth case study of local military service tribunals. The final chapter deals with the crises of 1917-18, which covered both the expected course of the war and the image of equal sacrifice, and how local and national elites overcame these problems. The successful depiction of the Great War as necessary, just, winnable, and fought against an evil enemy allowed civilians to accept sacrifices in order to win. An evolving discourse of sacrifice framed what was expected of and acceptable to civilians. Local elites played an essential role: advocating sacrifice and endurance for the national cause while also working to ensure that sacrifices were minimised and borne equally. This combination of framing the war and mitigating its effects was vital in maintaining civilian support for the war effort.
15
Hefferan, Matthew. "Edward III's household knights in war and peace, 1327-1377." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/51579/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Over the last thirty years, Edward III has claimed his rightful place amongst the most successful kings of medieval England. A significant aspect of Edward’s reign that has as of yet been largely overlooked, however, is the place of the royal household knights within it. This is a significant omission for the household knights permeated many aspects of Edward’s reign and were integral to the way in which he conducted his wars and governed his kingdom. In order to provide a comprehensive investigation of Edward’s household knights, this thesis consists of four principal sections. The first concerns the composition of the knightly household under Edward III. It considers, in turn, the mechanisms by which the household knights were bound to the king and his household, and who Edward III’s household knights were and why they were retained. The second section focusses on the military duties of the household knights, examining their role in military organisation and financial administration, the conduct of foreign warfare, international diplomacy and defensive warfare. The third section investigates their place in national and local politics and government, and how this changed over Edward’s reign. Finally, the fourth section addresses the rewards on offer to the household knights in return for time in service. By providing a study of Edward’s reign through the prism of this group of knights, this thesis allows for a number of important revisions to be offered concerning late-medieval kingship, politics and warfare.
16
Gallagher, Niamh Aislinn. "Irish civil society and the Great War, 1914-1918." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283970.
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17
Isherwood, Ian Andrew. "The greater war : British memorial literature, 1918-1939." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3462/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis concerns non-fiction ‘war books’ published in the inter-war period. War books were mostly written by participants in the First World War who contributed to Britain’s memory culture afterwards through the publication of their accounts. The war books catalogue represents diversity in terms of the experiences depicted and the geographic locations represented. Though they went through distinctive periods of popularity, war books were published throughout the inter-war period, and in great numbers. The publishing industry was receptive to martial literature and encouraged its publication. The breadth of the war books catalogue challenges the cultural uniformity of an ‘age of disillusionment’ by demonstrating the different ways that the war was remembered by its participants. War books had widespread interpretative breadth on the meaning of the war to veterans/participants in the years afterwards.
18
Eirug, Aled. "Opposition to the First World War in Wales." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/99204/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis sets the opposition to the First World War in Wales in the context of the country�s tradition of activism in favour of peace and against a background of initial enthusiasm in favour of the War. It provides a critical assessment of the academic interpretation of Wales�s attitudes towards War, assesses the development of opposition to the continuation of the War from Autumn 1914 onwards, and describes the range of anti-war activity and analyses the sources of political and religious opposition to the War. It provides an analysis of the composition of opposition to the War on religious grounds in Wales, and considers the significance of the Christian pacifist organisation, the Fellowship of Reconciliation, together with a review of the extent of the opposition to the War within Nonconformist denominations. The significance of key individuals such as Principal Thomas Rees and key Welsh publications such as Y Deyrnas are highlighted, and particular consideration is given to the role of millenarian sects within the anti-war movement. The politically based anti-war movement in Wales is examined primarily through an analysis of the activities of the Independent Labour Party and its impact in two of its local strongholds, in Briton Ferry and Merthyr Tydfil. It also considers the role of the National Council for Civil Liberties and the No- Conscription Fellowship and those involved in industrial agitation against conscription in south Wales, and the extent to which this featured as part of the anti-war movement. This thesis provides an analysis of the numbers of conscientious objectors in Wales, their grounds for objection, their geographical distribution and their political and religious allegiances. It considers how the State dealt with the challenge of conscientious objection and how successful the anti-war movement was in challenging military conscription and support for the war in Wales.
19
Murphy, Mahon. "Prisoners of war and civilian internees captured by British and Dominion forces from the German colonies during the First World War." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3072/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis discusses the previously unstudied treatment of German civilian internees and prisoners of war taken from the German colonies by British and Dominion authorities during the First World War. Through this study the links between the First World War in the extra-European theatre and the conflict in Europe will be examined. Five key issues are posited for investigation. These are: the centralised internment policy of the British Empire, the effect of the takeover of German colonies on the cultural identity of the British dominions, the effect wartime captivity had on German settlers, what extra-European internment tells us about twentieth century mobility and warfare, and the integration of the extra-European theatre of the war into the overall Global War narrative. The establishment of a global camp system run from the British imperial metropole involved the coordination of the military, the Admiralty, Dominion governments, and the Colonial and Foreign Offices. The general principles of international law were followed but often overridden through the use of reprisals, and the notion of trying Germans for ‘war crimes’ had an impact far into the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The First World War and the internment of German civilians and military prisoners in the extra-European theatre undermined the notion of a common European civilising mission in the colonial world. It upset the established colonial racial hierarchies, and through ‘enemy alien' legislation helped establish European hierarchies of race as defined by nationality, disrupting the pre-war world order of cultural globalisation. Through the analysis of German colonial settlers and soldiers in British internment, this thesis demonstrates that the First World War was not just a conflict between the European Great powers but that it also involved a world-wide remaking of ideas, institutions and geopolitics.
20
Lawson, Kenneth Gregory. "War at the grassroots : the great war and the nationalization of civic life /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10723.
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21
Gleason, Mary Louise. "The Royal Society of London years of reform, 1827-1847 /." New York : Garland, 1991. http://books.google.com/books?id=_rHaAAAAMAAJ.
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22
Lautman, Emma. "The educational experiences of children in England during the Second World War." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/32934/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study explores the education of children living on the home front in England, and to a lesser extent Wales, during the Second World War. It uses oral histories, written memories and contemporary material, such as classroom work and children’s diaries, alongside archival documents. This multi-faceted approach allows us to ask what young people thought about school and in what ways their lives in the classroom adhered to or differed from the plans of political and educational authorities. In doing so, this thesis contributes to a growing literature which sets out to incorporate the child’s perspective into histories of education. Each chapter considers education from an increasingly broad perspective. It begins in the formal classroom familiar to children during the inter-war years but gradually expands to look at other sites of education – the outdoor environment of the countryside, the purpose-built camp schools, the wireless, and finally the streets and bomb-sites where children found themselves during long periods of school closures. Modes of learning beyond the traditional schoolroom reveal a more complete picture of children’s educational lives. Primarily, this research challenges the historiographical assumption that education was a ‘casualty’ of the Second World War. While acknowledging the disruptions facing the school system, it reveals the many ways in which individual institutions adapted to the circumstances of the conflict and took the opportunity to introduce a more child-centred curriculum suited to children dealing with difficulties elsewhere in their lives. This research also brings to light two models of citizenship underpinning state attitudes towards the education of children: the informed citizen and the participatory citizen. The authorities wanted to create a generation of active and educated young people and this took on a particular urgency during wartime. It is also possible to determine children’s reactions to this rhetoric. Some took great interest in the events of the conflict and joined local war efforts, but others rejected adult demands by becoming truants or recording discontent in their diaries. Although in many ways confined by adult structures, we see that children were able to negotiate agency over their learning lives within the context of these constraints.
23
Pringle, Susan Mary. "Automobility and injury inequality : road safety for a diverse society." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6378.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Most knowledge of road accidents patterns derives from datasets. Heightened risk of involvement in road accidents can be shown to be associated with, inter alia, membership of minority ethnic groups and poverty. In addition, males are involved in a greater number of road accidents than are females. Very little work has been done to explain why these patterns should occur or why some places are linked to a greater risk of road accidents for specific groups of road users. This thesis adopts qualitative methodologies to examine reasons for the apparent over-representation in road accidents of Black teenage male pedestrians living in London, an exercise that not only suggests why Black teenagers should be over-represented in datasets but identifies factors that may explain the dynamics behind many accidents in road space. The thesis focuses on the nature of road space as social space, and a road accident as a unique event that is brought into being through an interaction between users as they meet, each user importing his or her own expectations, feelings and interpretations to the experience. Data are used to argue that no one road user independently ‘causes' a road accident and the thesis concludes that an apparently higher rate of road accidents involving Black teenagers is a function of the constructed social space of the road. Rather than anything intrinsic to the individual, the circumstances of a road accident involving a Black teenage pedestrian can reveal many tensions that underpin society. The final chapter proposes a variety of ways of tackling road accidents, concluding that to be effective, road safety programmes should be developed for diverse societies or communities, rather than discrete groups within communities.
24
Attridge, Steve. "The soldier in late Victorian society : images and ambiguities." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1993. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4165/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis examines effects of the Boer War (1899- 1902) on images of the soldier. The thesis argues that the trauma of the Boer War for British political culture be may explored in changes in representations of the soldier to be found in the production and reception of contemporary literary genres and popular forms. This change cannot be theorized adequately in terms of an intensification of patriotism, the development of nationalism or a crisis of imperialism. A pervasive approach, often drawing on the work of Edward Said, has as its central premise that imperial polity imposes a discourse of domination on its relacitrant Other. This approach will be found to lack the conceptual nuances needed to address the different forms of representation examined in the thesis. These different forms of representation articulate a range of responses to the repercussion of the war on the relation between the shifting external boundaries of Empire and the internal boundaries of civil society between state and civil society, civilian and military identities, class antagonisms and national projections. Changes in the image of the soldier bear the irresistable politicization as well as the contrary paradoxical burdens of the attempted pacification of those related external and internal boundaries. The thesis includes a study of a range of sources, including as yet undiscussed texts, which verify and explore further the argument that literary and popular forms and representations display the changing fault lines of political culture rather than simply present or act as vehicles for a truiumphalist and unequivocal discursive domination.
25
Fleet, Peter F. "The Isle of Axholme, 1540-1640 : economy and society." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2002. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13621/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, the rapid growth of population produced both pressure on land and an increase in the demand for com, the supply of which was inelastic, resulting in inflation of food prices compared with manufactured commodities. The consensus of many writers is that the rich grew richer while the poor grew poorer because the larger farmers who could market surpluses of food, and also increase their landholding, benefited at the expense of the smaller farmer, who produced only sufficient for subsistence. Economic change produced social change. Almost fifty years ago, Thirsk maintained that drainage schemes in the 1620s in the Isle of Axholme changed its agricultural economy from pastoral to arable. This thesis will add to her work by demonstrating that economic and social structures were the result of interactions between a number of elements within the Isle's communities of which inheritance practices were a major factor. Partible inheritance, by which landholdings could be divided successively to the point of being no longer able to support a family, had a number of effects: the availability of small plots of land, creating an active land-market, especially for the entrepreneurial farmer; emigration by those unable to make a living from any land they had held, which became available for others; immigration for the purpose of renting or buying these small parcels of land; the growth of debt (credit); and the development of secondary occupations. The economic and social structures of a community were consequently altered, particularly in favour of those who could offer security for their borrowings, and there was a widening divide between the richest and poorest members of society.
26
Ogier, Darryl Mark. "Reformation and society in Guernsey : c.1500-c.1640." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1993. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/34631/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The maintenance of civil order in Guernsey's pre-Reformation community was regulated by a variety of secular institutions, the most important of which was the Royal Court. Religious beliefs and practices helped to reinforce stability and legitimized traditional authority. Catholic practice, including charity and the activities of numerous fraternities - not hitherto noticed in Guernsey - engendered social cohesion. Any major changes in the island's religious life threatened this traditional polity. When religious alterations loomed in the wake of Henrician and Edwardian changes in England, the Guernsey authorities chose to conceal religious revenues and subvert English intentions. Traditional practices and institutions predominated until the reign of Elizabeth -a finding which contradicts previous studies. In the fifteen-sixties, however, the English Government appointed a series of commissions to seize Catholic dues and close down traditional institutions. The commissioners favoured local Protestants materially, and in 1565 elevated some of them to the Royal Court. The possibilities offered by a Calvinist system of social control appealed to the island's elite group. Calvinist organisation facilitated the enforcement of discipline, Catholic revenues were turned to private and secular purposes, and the elite retained power. The new Church depended on the secular authorities for its survival; it needed magistrates to allow foreign ministers to settle, to educate local ones, and to fend off the threat of an imposed settlement in line with the English settlement of 1559. The Church also repeatedly requested the Court to enact legislation in line with Calvinist principles, which it did. Although the records do not lend themselves to quantitative analysis, it is clear however that the Court often neglected to enforce such legislation. The Church's own remedies frequently were inadequate and ineffective. The secular power responded more positively in other areas. The Church's role in succouring the poor was encouraged, and the elite itself benefited materially as a consequence of Calvinist ideas. But the price paid for the retention of the elite's control and the material advantages it gained was the failure of the Calvinist dream and increased cultural differentiation in the community.
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Lehin, Barbara. "Cinema and society : Thatcher's Britain and Mitterand's France." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2003. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/1249/.
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This thesis examines the representation of society in British and French cinemas of the 1980s. In this comparative study, the choice of this particular decade was motivated by the coming to power of the Conservative Party in Britain and the Socialist Party in France. Since the two governments adopted 'extreme' policies increasing the strengths and weaknesses traditionally found in their film industries, British cinema struggled even harder while French cinema enjoyed a strong financial support from the state. A significant feature of these two national cinemas in relation to films about society was the predominance of the realist vein in Britain and the comedy genre in France. This generic discrepancy was highly influential in the way the two national cinemas referred to social issues in the 1980s and most scholars have argued that British cinema widely discussed the state of its society whereas, on the whole, French cinema avoided to do so. What this research hopefully demonstrates is that, despite different generic approaches, British and French cinemas equally contributed to depict their contemporary societies. To analyse how these two societies were represented on screen, three main areas are studied thematically: first people in power (public institutions and individuals), second the world of work, and third the family. After a brief summary of social issues in Britain and France in relation with the aforementioned themes, discussions of their filmic representations are based on the films themselves, the textual analysis of films taken as case studies and their critical reception. I will argue that in the 1980s, British cinema offered the overall image of a class-bound society where individuals - living side by side - were unable to escape their social fate. The paradox of this cinema made by a majority of left-wing filmmakers was that ultimately it favoured a rather traditional view of society. By contrast, my research shows that the idea of friendship and solidarity prevailed over economic and social hardship in French cinema. Although this depiction of society was largely consensual, it nevertheless opened the debate for social alternatives.
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Redfern, Neil. "The Communist Party of Great Britain, imperialism and war, 1935-45." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268242.
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Lee, Yiu-wa. "The foreign policy of an incompetent empire : a study of British Policy towards the Sino-Japanese War in 1937-1941 /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20731632.
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30
Brader, Christopher. "Timbertown girls : Gretna female munitions workers in World War I." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2001. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/36426/.
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This thesis explores the relationship between age, class and gender among female munitions workers at the government explosives factory at Gretna in south-west Scotland during World War I. The Ministry of Munitions not only organised the construction of a factory nine miles in length, but also built two new townships to house a migrant workforce, which was drawn from all parts of the United Kingdom and Ireland. Teenage girls comprised a considerable proportion of this workforce. Significantly, welfare provision at Gretna, both inside and outside the factory, was far more extensive than at many other munitions establishments. This thesis focuses on the relationship between welfare supervisors, women police, social reformers and the female workers. While some middle and upper-class women attempted to claim new areas of social space during World War I, by embracing industrial welfare work or police work, their authority was often defined by their relationship with young, working-class females. Class was important in this relationship. However, welfare workers, for example, not only claimed authority because of their superior social standing, but also because they were often significantly older than much of the female workforce. The thesis concludes that the youthfulness of Gretna munitions workers was a significant component of their wartime identities and experience.
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Phillips, Jenna Frances. "British policy during the Korean War 1950-1951." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648129.
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Stout, Adam. "Choosing a past : the politics of prehistory in pre-war Britain." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2004. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683208.
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Hughes, Celia P. "The socio-cultural milieux of the left in post-war Britain." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/49428/.
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This thesis examines the relationship between activist subjectivities and the shaping of Britain’s late sixties extra-parliamentary left cultures. Based on the oral narratives of ninety men and women, it traces the activist trajectory from child to adulthood to understand the social, psychological, and cultural processes informing the political and personal transformation of young adults within the new left cultures that emerged in the wake of Britain’s anti-war movement, the Vietnam Solidarity Campaign (VSC). To this end the study charts the development of the political and cultural shifts on the left over the decade from the early 1960s to the early 1970s. It shows how throughout this period dialogue between inner and outer activist life occurred against a background of ongoing realignment on the left from a fluid, eclectic cultural network around the VSC to a demarcated post- VSC left after 1969, that saw increasing divergence between a non-aligned libertarian New Left on the one hand and a Trotskyist far left milieu on the other. The study seeks to claim a valid space for Britain’s left activist landscape within the political, social and cultural framework of ‘1968’ and British post-war historiography. Privileging individual and collective subjectivities, the thesis examines ways of belonging inside Trotskyist and non-aligned left milieux by situating the respondents, their radical histories and activist cultures within the changing post-war fabric. It shows that investigating individual and collective memories provides deeper understanding of the ‘cognitive maps’ that young men and women created, as they attempted to situate themselves as radical, global beings as well as local, gendered social citizens. As micro-studies the individual stories reveal how the experience of social, emotional and political maturation from child to adult intersected with a specific social and political moment – the formation of a new and distinctive left culture that came to full fruition only in the aftermath of 1968 with the arrival of Women’s Liberation and the new personal politics. Exploring the social and psychological impact of post-war childhood and youth, the study engages with the political and emotional impact of Women’s Liberation on the men and women within the cultural context of the different left milieux. Overall, the thesis questions how, from the mid-1960s to the early 1970s, the variant cultures of the milieux penetrated public and private spaces, and shaped early life experiences of work, political activity, family, and political and personal relations in order to understand how activism shaped social patterns and psychic being.
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Sävfors, Ragnar. "Great Britain after World War I & II: Studying the post-war sex-ratio imbalance." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-132076.
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One significant demographic outcome of armed conflicts is the influence on the popu- lation sex ratio. The sex ratio in this study refer to number of men versus number of women. The 20th Century experienced a shift from armed conflicts with high num- bers of military casualties and few civilian losses, to an opposite relationship with lower numbers of military losses but instead large numbers of civilian causalities, with a more balanced mortality between the sexes. During World War I and partly during WorldWar II, increased mortality of young men left more women in the age ranges of the ca- sualties, creating excess cohorts of women. The reported sex ratios relating to the two world wars were extraordinary. Sex ratios allegedly declined in almost all combatant countries, but not in the non-combatant countries. The declines were significant and substantial, and have been incomparable to subsequent conflicts. The aim of this thesis is to study how mortality in the cohort of men who were most active in World War I andWorld War II contribute to the sex ratio imbalance at the population level. The stud- ied case will be England and Wales with the population effects from World War I andWorld War II. This is the first study that focuses deeply on this subject. Observations of the surviving soldier cohorts reveal an amplifying effect on the sex ratio imbalanceon the population level. The study here addresses another type of sex ratio; sex ratio in mortality. After a severely increased mortality sex ratio during the war years and a drop immediately after the wars, post-war development for both World War I and World War II, display a regained high mortality ratio between males and females.
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Johnson, Matthew. "Militarism and the left in Britain, 1902-1914." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.547766.
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Farrell, Brian P. (Brian Padair) 1960. "War by consensus : power, perceptions and British grand strategy 1940-1943." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39350.
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From 1940 through 1943, British grand strategy was shaped by a broad consensus, generally accepted and understood in the central direction of the war. This consensus was based on the assumption of relative weakness, and was expressed by what may be termed the "wear down" approach: "to knock out the props" from under Axis military power by a combination of blockade, bombing, raids, subversion and sabotage, and peripheral campaigns. An ultimate direct assault would only be launched after enemy power had visibly declined. The balance, emphasis, and specific thrust of this outline changed; its essence did not. Even as a powerful Grand Alliance emerged, the British remained convinced that the assumption of relative weakness must continue to guide its grand strategy. This assumption was finally rejected by the coalition as a whole, but it proved well founded for the British themselves. Ultimately, however, this formulation of grand strategy by consensus was, in general, a sober and responsible interpretation of the overall British situation.
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Woodfine, Philip. "The Duke of Newcastle's war : Walpole's ministry and the war against Spain, 1737-1742." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 1994. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/5980/.
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This thesis examines the last years of the Walpole ministry. It attempts to shed light on the inner workings of that ministry through an examination of its foreign policy, exploring the origins and impact of the 1739 war with Spain. This dissertation is the only extended modem study of the Anglo-Spanish diplomacy in these years. It is the only work to give adequate consideration both to the varying influence of British domestic pressures and to Spanish concerns. The thesis attempts to treat Spain's negotiations as variable, contingent on chance and on personalities, as well as on certain intractable beliefs and principles. Events are viewed largely from the perspective of the centre, the handful of leading ministers and diplomats who discussed and made political and diplomatic decisions. The personalities of ministers both in Spain and England, their interactions and rivalries and their differing views, are important to understanding how diplomacy worked. Though concentrating mainly on such interactions, and particularly the growing rivalry between Newcastle and Walpole, the thesis tries to show how influential others were. The inner circle of British ministers was preoccupied with the voice of those `without doors', and public opinion set limits to diplomacy even in Spain. The domestic context of British foreign policy included also a developing popular patriotism. The thesis contends that the Walpole ministry nearly succeeded in procuring a genuine commercial peace with Spain, and that the reasons for failure did not arise exclusively from domestic political clamour. Royal prestige and individual ministerial personalitites, in both countries, affected the outcome at least as much. The full explanation of a complex breakdown can only be found in a close attention to the chronology of negotiation. The thesis is therefore mainly chronological in form. In each chapter, though, an attempt is made to take up relevant themes and develop them with a less strict regard to chronology. Some issues, such as the role of monarchy, and of public opinion, the press campaign and Opposition tactics, the contribution of the South Sea Company, recur.
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O'Connell, Barry John. "British intelligence during the war against Napoleon, 1807-1815." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709285.
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McFadden, Yvonne. "Creating a modern home : homeowners in post-war suburban Glasgow, 1945-1975." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2016. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7410/.
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This thesis examines how married couples bought and created a modern home for their families in suburban Glasgow between 1945-1975. New homeowners were on the cusp of the middle-classes, buying in a climate of renters. As they progressed through the family lifecycle women’s return to work meant they became more comfortably ensconced within the middle-classes. Engaged with a process of homemaking through consumption and labour, couples transformed their houses into homes that reflected themselves and their social status. The interior of the home was focused on as a site of social relations. Marriage in the suburbs was one of collaboration as each partner performed distinct gender roles. The idea of a shared home was investigated and the story of ‘we’ rather than ‘I’ emerged from both testimony and contemporary literature. This thesis considers decision-making, labour and leisure to show the ways in which experiences of home were gendered. What emerged was that women’s work as everyday and mundane was overlooked and undervalued while husband’s extraordinary contributions in the form of DIY came to the fore. The impact of wider culture intruded upon the ‘private’ home as we see they ways in which the position of women in society influences their relationship to the home and their family. In the suburbs of post-war Glasgow women largely left the workforce to stay at home with their children. Mothers popped in and out of each other houses for tea and a blether, creating a homosocial network that was sociable and supportive unique to this time in their lives and to this historical context. Daily life was negotiated within the walls of the modern home. The inter-war suburbs of Glasgow needed modernising to post-war standards of modern living. ‘Modern’ was both an aesthetic and an engagement with new technologies within the house. Both middle and working-class practices for room use were found through the keeping of a ‘good’ or best room and the determination of couples to eat in their small kitchenettes. As couples updated their kitchen, the fitted kitchen revealed contemporary notions of modern décor, as kitchens became bright yellow with blue Formica worktops. The modern home was the evolution of existing ideas of modern combined with new standards of living. As Glasgow homeowners constructed their modern home what became evident was that this was a shared process and as a couple they placed their children central to all aspects of their lives to create not only a modern home, but that this was first and foremost a family home.
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Gregory, Andrew G. ""They look in vain" : British foreign policy dissent and the quest for a negotiated peace during the Great War with particular emphasis on 1917 /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ30142.pdf.
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Jenkins, Ellen Janet. ""Organizing Victory:" Great Britain, the United States, and the Instruments of War, 1914-1916." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1992. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279079/.
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This dissertation examines British munitions procurement chronologically from 1914 through early 1916, the period in which Britain's war effort grew to encompass the nation's entire industrial capacity, as well as much of the industrial capacity of the neutral United States. The focus shifts from the political struggle in the British Cabinet between Kitchener and Lloyd George, to Britain's Commercial Agency Agreement with the American banking firm of J. P. Morgan and Company, and to British and German propaganda in the United States.
42
Neville, Peter. "The diplomacy of Sir Nevile Henderson, 1937-9." n.p, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/.
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Mallett, Robert. "Italian naval policy and planning for war against Great Britain, 1935-1940." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.551158.
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O'Gorman, Aoife Siobhán. "Wissenschaft at war : British and German academic propaganda and the Great War." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0fd95e59-568d-48e4-8b72-302757436f84.
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This thesis explores academic propaganda in the first two years of the First World War, examining the activity of the university men in Britain and Germany who were left behind when their students went to the Front. Using pamphlets and manifestoes, it seeks to highlight the way the War split the international academic community and the creation of a debate which examined not only the causes of the War, but the reasons for which the nations were fighting. By exploring the propaganda organisations of both countries, as well as the academic milieu in which the subjects of this thesis worked, it hopes to provide the context within which this propaganda was created, before turning to an examination of the content of the propaganda - an aspect which has often been overlooked in propaganda studies. The investigation of the content looks first at the outbreak of war and the reaction of the academic community to a shock which shook their community. It then turns to the arguments expounded on culpability for the War, and the ideals for which each side felt they were fighting, illustrating the shift in emphasis from a political war to an ideological conflict between two opposing world views. Finally, the thesis considers perceptions of the War in the early years of the conflict, and the way in which it was seen both as a panacea to overcome social divisions and a catharsis which would lead the way to a new world - ideas which would provide the foundation for later war aims. In taking this comparative approach, the aim is to provide new insights into a fascinating and relatively little-known aspect of the history of the First World War.
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Varble, Derek. "The Atlantic partnership and Middle Eastern strategy in the early Cold War." Thesis, Search "ADA381603" in "Accession number" field, 2000. http://stinet.dtic.mil/str/tr4%5Ffields.html.
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Kimball, Toshla (Toshla Rene). "Women, War, and Work: British Women in Industry 1914 to 1919." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500947/.
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This thesis examines the entry of women, during World War I, into industrial employment that men had previously dominated. It attempts to determine if women's wartime activities significantly changed the roles women played in industry and society. Major sources consulted include microfilm of the British Cabinet Minutes and British Cabinet Papers; Parliamentary Debates; memoirs of contemporaries like David Lloyd George, Beatrice Webb, Sylvia Pankhurst, and Monica Cosens; and contemporary newspapers. The examination begins with the early debates concerning the pressing need for labor in war industries, women's recruitment into industry, women's work and plans, the government's arrangements for demobilization, and women's roles in postwar industry. The thesis concludes that women were treated as a transient commodity by the government and the trade unions.
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Lloyd, David. "Tourism, pilgrimage and the commemoration of the Great War in Great Britain, Australia and Canada, 1919-1939." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260427.
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Sutcliffe-Braithwaite, Florence Anne. "Class, community and individualism in English politics and society, 1969-2000." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708279.
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Bronner, Laura. "Competition and communication : the development of campaigning in Britain from the Second Reform Act to the First World War." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2018. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3776/.
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This thesis traces the development of political competition in Britain by exploring the relationship between politicians and their constituents; in particular, it examines the decisions rank-and-file politicians made when choosing how to run election campaigns. Between the pre-Reform period and the First World War, three major developments changed campaigning. Firstly, campaigning shifted from clientelistic to programmatic. Secondly, competition became polarized along an economic left-right dimension. And thirdly, elections became a venue for holding incumbents accountable by means of retrospective voting. Together, these three changes transformed political competition in Britain. Each of the three papers in this dissertation addresses one of these changes. The first paper shows how the Second Reform Act caused a shift in politicians’ preferences away from clientelistic campaigning. It uses a difference-in-differences strategy to estimate the causal impact enfranchisement had on how MPs spoke in the House of Commons, finding that reform increased the extent to which MPs – particularly Liberals – discussed corruption. It argues that this increase raised the salience of corruption so much that previously abstaining or opposing Liberals came around and passed the Ballot Act in 1872. The second and third papers get more directly at the relationship between politicians and constituents by introducing a new dataset of all ‘election addresses’ issued by all parliamentary candidates in the six elections between 1892 and 1910, which provide, for each candidate, a comparable text advertising their political positions and personal qualities. The second paper, joint work with Daniel Ziblatt, uses these manifestos to show how campaigning became concentrated on an economic left-right dimension, and increasingly polarized. It also addresses the long-running debate over whether the rise of Labour doomed the Liberal Party into third place, showing that while Labour did initially stake out a unique programmatic identity, by 1910 the Liberals moved to occupy the same ideological space, positioning themselves as the natural party of progressivism going into World War I. Finally, the third paper shows the rise of retrospective accountability in campaigning. It uses a regression discontinuity design to show that the way candidates appealed to their constituents depended on their position: incumbent candidates’ campaign addresses are more positive than those of challengers, indicating that politicians appeal to their constituents on the basis of their record in government. I show that this effect developed around the turn of the century, and is particularly strong in those constituencies in which the Third Reform Act of 1884 enfranchised more people. Together, the papers capture these three distinct facets of the transformation of campaigning. By using quantitative text analysis to explore parliamentary speeches and campaign manifestos, I am able to examine how rank-and-file politicians spoke about – and to – their constituents, and how this changed. Focusing on rank-and-file politicians rather than party leaders, the thesis shows the importance of the decisions made by backbench politicians in changing how they related to their voters.
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West, Kieran Martin. "Intelligence and the development of British grand strategy in the First World War." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609487.
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