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Статті в журналах з теми "Walloon coal measures"
1
Scott, S. G., and P. Crosdale. "THE WALLOON COAL MEASURES—THE NEXT COAL SEAM GASTARGET?" APPEA Journal 40, no. 1 (2000): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj99006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Queensland coal seam gas industry has grown over the last 12 years. During this time the vast majority of exploration wells have targeted the Late Permian coal measures in the Bowen and Galilee Basins. These formations have been the major target because they contain coals with a vitrinite reflectance ranging above 0.7%. This range has always been seen as the main period for methane generation.As well as containing vast quantities of Permian coal, Queensland also has vast quantities of Middle Jurassic coals within its Mesozoic Basins. These coals have received little-to-no exploration for their coal seam gas potential as they have always been interpreted as being immature for gas generation.Over 550 petroleum exploration wells drilled in the Mesozoic Surat Basin of eastern Queensland were reviewed to determine the coal volume of the intersected Walloon Coal Measures. A significant number have intersected large volumes of sub-bituminous to high volatile bituminous coals, in seams ranging up to 11.7 m in thickness. While the individual seams are not laterally persistent, the coal packages can be traced over hundreds of kilometres of the eastern Surat Basin.While only one well has tested the gas content, gas quality and saturation of the Walloon Coal Measures, numerous water bores have reported gas flows from the zone, and petroleum wells intersecting the formation have recorded high mud gas readings during drilling.The relatively shallow depth of the unit over much of the basin, the thickness of the coal packages, the proximity to major gas trunk pipelines and markets make the Walloon Coal Measures an ideal target for the next generation of coal seam gas explorers.
2
Hentschel, Astrid, Joan S. Esterle, and Sue Golding. "The use of stable carbon isotope trends as a correlation tool: an example from the Surat Basin, Australia." APPEA Journal 56, no. 1 (2016): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj15026.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Surat Basin’s Middle Jurassic Walloon Subgroup is a productive coal seam gas source in Queensland, Australia. The Walloon Subgroup can be subdivided into the Upper and Lower Juandah coal measures, the Tangalooma Sandstone, the Taroom Coal Measures, and the Eurombah/Durabilla Formation, from top to bottom. Correlation across the basin is challenging due to high lateral variability and lack of extensive stratigraphic markers. The Walloon Subgroup is also, in places, incised by the overlying Springbok Sandstone, sometimes interpreted as far down as the Tangalooma Sandstone. New age dates suggest that the Walloon Coal Measures are Oxfordian in age and mark a period of high rates of Corg production and burial, and an intermittent decrease of atmospheric pCO2. The un- or dis-conformable base of the Springbok Sandstone coincides with a turning point of this supposedly global phenomenon. This study uses organic stable carbon isotope trends as a correlation tool within the Surat Basin’s Walloon Subgroup and its overlying Springbok Sandstone. Analysis of a stratigraphic suite of coal samples from several wells across the Surat Basin shows a gradual enrichment in 13C up section from the Taroom to the Lower Juandah Coal Measures, with the most positive δ13C values within the Upper Juandah Coal Measures. Thereafter there is a rapid reversal to more negative δ13C values for coal samples of the Springbok Sandstone. The upward enrichment occurs well before the shift in maceral composition to increased inertinite content in the coals, suggesting more global allogenic processes are controlling the carbon isotopic trend. The consistency of these trends lends a more confident correlation for sub-units within the Walloon Subgroup, and assists in determining the level of incision disconformity of the Springbok Sandstone.
3
Scott, Steven G., and Brent Glassborow. "The Reids Dome beds and its coal seam gas characteristics – Queensland’s latest coal seam gas target." APPEA Journal 62, no. 1 (May 13, 2022): 342–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21038.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Queensland’s coal seam gas production industry began in 1996 with production from the Permian Baralaba Coal Measures and Bandanna Formation located in the eastern and western Bowen Basin, respectively. It went to another level when production commenced from the Jurassic Walloon Coal Measures in 2005. Production in 2018/2019 amounted to nearly 1500 PJ with nearly 80% coming from the Walloon Coal Measures. The remaining 20% is sourced from the Late Permian Bandanna Formation, Baralaba Coal Measures and Moranbah Coal Measures. A minor volume comes from the Early Permian Cattle Creek Formation. The Early Permian Reids Dome beds are located in the Denison Trough, a graben complex located in the southwest Bowen Basin. The Reids Dome beds were deposited as the basal unit of variably sized grabens and half-grabens. The unit varies in thickness from 9 to >2770 m but the unit hasn’t been fully intersected where it is thickest. Net coal within the formation is also highly variable (<1 to >65 m). At present there has been no commercial production from the coals of the Reids Dome beds, but a number of small fields have reported commercial production from coals of the Early Permian Cattle Creek Formation. By definition, the Cattle Creek Formation was deposited in a marine environment and is contemporaneous with the upper Reids Dome beds. It is here suggested that coals intersected at these producing locations are located in the Reids Dome beds. The interpreted depositional centres for the Reids Dome beds underlie or are immediately adjacent to major Late Permian field developments with access to infrastructure and transmission. Ongoing exploration and appraisal work is continuing across the Denison Trough to fully understand the potential of these coals. Coals from the Reids Dome beds average >10 m3/tonne, >90% saturation >70% methane and up to 20% ethane.
4
Khorasani, Ganjavar Khavari. "Oil-prone coals of the Walloon Coal Measures, Surat Basin, Australia." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 32, no. 1 (1987): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1987.032.01.16.
Повний текст джерела
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Mosse, Laurent, Stephen Pell, and Thomas J. Neville. "Identification of Breakout Behind Casing: Methodology to Obtain Openhole-Equivalent Caliper Measurements Through Slotted Liner Using the Density Tool." Petrophysics – The SPWLA Journal of Formation Evaluation and Reservoir Description 62, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 651–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/pjv62n6-2020a5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Growth in the coal seam gas industry in Queensland, Australia, has been rapid over the past 15 years, with greater than USD 70 billion invested in three liquified natural gas export projects supplied by produced coal seam gas. Annual production is of the order of 40 Bscm or 1,500 PJ, with approximately 80% of this coming from the Jurassic Walloon Coal Measures of the Surat Basin and 20% from the Permian Coal Measures of the Bowen Basin. The Walloon Coal Measures are characterized by multiple thin coal seams making up approximately 10% of the total thickness of the unit. A typical well intersects 10 to 20 m of net coal over a 200- to 300-m interval, interbedded with lithic-rich sandstones, siltstones, and carbonaceous mudstones. The presence of such a significant section of lithic interburden within the primary production section has led to a somewhat unusual completion strategy. To maximize connection to the gas-bearing coals, uncemented slotted liners are used; however, this leaves fluid-sensitive interburden exposed to drilling, completion, and produced formation fluids over the life of a well. External swellable packers and blank joints are therefore used to isolate larger intervals of interburden and hence minimize fines production. Despite these efforts, significant fines production still occurs, which leads to the failure of artificial lift systems and the need for expensive workovers or lost wells. Fines production has major economic implications, with anecdotal reports suggesting up to 40% of progressive cavity pump artificial lift systems in Walloon Coal Measures producers may be down at any one time. The first step in solving this problem is to identify the extent and distribution of fines production. The wellbore completion strategy above, however, precludes the use of mechanical calipers to identify fines-production-related wellbore enlargement. A new caliper-behind-liner technique has therefore been developed using a multiple-detector density tool. Data from the shorter-spacing detectors are used to characterize the properties of the liner as well as the density of the annular material. This is particularly important to evaluate as the annulus fill varies between gas, formation water, drilling and completion fluids, and accumulated fines. The longer-spacing detector measurements are then used in conjunction with pre-existing openhole formation density measurements to determine the thickness of the annulus, and hence hole size, compensating for liner and annulus properties.
6
Sobczak, Kasia, Heinz-Gerd Holl, and Andrew Garnett. "Estimating porosity and permeability in the Springbok Sandstone, Surat Basin (Queensland), using new wireline log-based workflow." APPEA Journal 61, no. 2 (2021): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj20201.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Upper Jurassic Walloon Coal Measures of the Surat Basin (Queensland) host some of the most prominent coal seam gas (CSG) resources in Australia. The Walloon Coal Measures are directly overlain by the Springbok Sandstone formation, historically referred to as a regional aquifer. An increasing number of studies and industry models suggest relatively limited hydraulic connectivity within the formation and between it and the underlying coal measures, due to extreme lithological heterogeneity. Accurate evaluation of the permeability, as well as lateral and vertical continuity of the lithological units within the Springbok Sandstone, is critical in reservoir models that form the basis of reasonable aquifer protection practices and impact prediction. This study presents a wireline log-based workflow applied to identify permeable zones within the Springbok Sandstone in 31 CSG wells across the Surat Basin that allows robust estimations of porosities and Klinkenberg permeabilities. The workflow primarily utilises spontaneous potential, density, neutron and resistivity logs, and was developed by integrating current industry practices implemented by operators on a local scale to identify risk (permeable) zones in the vicinity of targeted coal seams. The results of this case study indicate that permeable zones within the interval are volumetrically minor (on average 25% N/G) and likely isolated, with Klinkenberg permeabilities rarely exceeding 10–20mD. This evidence for low hydraulic connectivity, as well as significant local variations in the character of the Springbok Sandstone, suggests that the definition of the formation as a regional, continuous aquifer and the way it is modelled needs to be revised.
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Raza, Syed Shabbar, Julie Pearce, Pradeep Shukla, Phil Hayes, and Victor Rudolph. "Characterisation of Surat Basin Walloon interburden and overlying Springbok Sandstone: a focus on methane adsorption isotherms, permeability and gas content." APPEA Journal 60, no. 2 (2020): 748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj19078.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Surat Basin in Queensland is one of the world’s premier producers of natural gas from coal seams. We investigate the potential for clay-rich Walloon Coal interburden and the overlying Springbok Sandstone to hold or produce gas. Seventeen core samples were analysed from two wells from intervals within the Walloon Upper Juandah Coal Measures interburden and the Springbok Sandstone. Samples were characterised using high-pressure methane adsorption isotherms, canister gas desorption tests, moisture contents, ash contents, carbon contents, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, X-ray quantitative clay analysis, permeability, helium pycnometry and mercury intrusion porosimetry. Methane adsorption was conducted at 30°C with up to 8 MPa pressure on dried crushed samples. The adsorption capacity of methane at 8 MPa varied from 3 cc/g (calcite-cemented) up to 25 cc/g (standard temperature and pressure equivalent) (coal). Clay-rich interburden samples adsorbed ~5–14 cc/g (dry). The measured isotherms and methane content from canister desorption tests show that appreciable volumes of gas are contained within some portions of interburden and in the overlying Springbok Sandstone. Gas within the interburden likely represents a large volumetric resource, albeit in low permeability rock that restricts direct productivity. The gas adsorption and gas content results for the Springbok Sandstone help to explain field observations of high gas content in some landholder water wells.
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Zhou, Fengde, Daren Shields, Stephen Tyson, and Joan Esterle. "Nested approaches to modelling swamp and fluvial channel distribution in the Upper Juandah Member of the Walloon Coal Measures, Surat Basin." APPEA Journal 56, no. 1 (2016): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj15008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Laterally discontinuous coal measures are common in alluvial settings due to interaction with fluvial systems. Under these conditions it is difficult to accurately represent coalbeds and interburden sandstone bodies in static and dynamic models at a regional scale. These challenges are compounded in the Walloon Coal Measures by non-uniform drill spacing, which varies from clustered to sparse and insufficient outcrop exposures available to constrain the correlations. To address these issues, this study investigates a nested approach to facies modelling of the Upper Juandah Member of the Jurassic Walloon Coal Measures in the Surat Basin, Queensland, which contains some 3,600 wells, of which half were analysed for lithofacies distributions. This approach contrasts the application of truncated Gaussian simulation, object modelling and multiple-point geostatistical simulation. First, a regional scale structural model was developed based on the correlation of sub units within the basin and the lithofacies were then interpreted from normalised wireline logs. Then geometries of individual facies were defined from two local scale models (~6 × 6 km2) where dense drilling, 3D seismic and paleocurrent analysis data were available to constrain the models. Three training images, generated by object modelling, an analogue of one part of the Ob River, and an interactive method were subsequently used to model primary channels, channels and crevasse splays, respectively. Truncated Gaussian simulation was used in modelling the distribution of marginal and coal swamp. The final model is a combination of the model with primary channels and channels, and the model with marginal and coal swamp. This approach is the first trial in modelling swamp and channel distributions at a regional scale by integrating data from local models, depositional analogues and paleo-flow interpretation in the Surat Basin.
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Pearce, J. K., S. D. Golding, P. Hayes, K. A. Baublys, H. Hofmann, S. J. Herbert, and G. Gargiulo. "Gas sources and concentrations in Surat Basin shallow aquifers: a field sampling method comparison, and isotopic study." APPEA Journal 61, no. 2 (2021): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj20061.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Surat Basin hosts various industries that extract groundwater including coal seam gas (CSG), feedlots, and agriculture. With water drawdown, gas has been observed in some bores drawing groundwater from different aquifers across the Basin. While methane can occur naturally in aquifers, biogenic CSG has been extracted from the Walloon Coal Measures raising questions on the sources of gas in overlying aquifers. Current standard monitoring uses a direct fill approach to measure dissolved methane concentrations in vials; however, this approach may lose gas present above solubility levels. Water and gas sampling was performed on bores in the Springbok, Gubberamunda, Mooga, Hutton, and Precipice Sandstones, the Orallo Formation, and the Condamine Alluvium. Water bores and CSG production wells from the Walloon Coal Measures were also sampled. We compared direct fill with a closed sampling method for dissolved gas, plus a method for sampling the total free and dissolved gas in the field. Higher dissolved and total methane concentrations were measured using closed sampling methods, especially in gassy bores. The majority of our sampled aquifer gases and waters have stable isotopic signatures distinct from CSG, where methane had likely been formed insitu in shallow aquifers by primary microbial CO2 reduction or fermentation processes. In several gassy bores, the source of the methane could not be clearly identified. This study indicates that (1) current monitoring methods may be underestimating methane concentrations above identified thresholds especially in gassy bores and (2) a combination of isotopic techniques may distinguish methane sources and interaquifer disconnectivity in the majority of cases.
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Wainman, Carmine, and Peter McCabe. "Revisions to the chronostratigraphic framework of the Upper Jurassic Walloon Coal Measures of the Surat Basin, Australia." APPEA Journal 59, no. 2 (2019): 965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18067.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Upper Jurassic Walloon Coal Measures (WCM) in the Surat Basin host the largest coal seam gas (CSG) resource in Australia. Despite this, a poorly defined lithostratigraphic framework hinders the development of reservoir models and groundwater flow simulations. Correlations in the WCM are challenging, owing to the complex arrangement of facies over short distances and the absence of a reliable regional stratigraphic datum. To better correlate the strata, 26 tuff beds were dated using the U–Pb chemical abrasion thermal ionisation mass spectrometry methodology across the Surat Basin CSG fairway. This initially suggested that coal-bearing strata in the basin were diachronous. However, the acquisition of a new date from the Surat Basin has identified a five million year time gap between dated tuffs ~20 m apart. This suggests the presence of an unconformity and that there were two independent episodes of coal accumulation in the basin. Above the unconformity, there are incised valleys with a sedimentary infill that transitions from fluvial- to tidal-influenced facies, as indicated by dinoflagellate cysts and tidal sedimentary structures, including double mud drapes. The cause of the unconformity is likely to be tectonic, as eustatic sea-level was rising during the Kimmeridigian. The marine incursion into the basin is the consequence of a highstand of sea-level during the early Tithonian. The application of the new chronostratigraphic framework should elucidate the evolution of fluviolacustrine systems in the basin and aid in resource prediction. Further dating of tuffs in the basin could refine the stratigraphic framework.
Дисертації з теми "Walloon coal measures"
1
Wainman, Carmine Christopher. "Controls on the geometry, stratigraphic distribution and quality of coals of Middle to Upper Jurassic strata in eastern Australia." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/122078.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Middle to Upper Jurassic Walloon Coal Measures of eastern Australia host petroleum resources mostly in the form of coal bed methane. The coals accumulated at a high-latitude (>75°S) during a greenhouse epoch and occur in regionally extensive fluviolacustrine successions. Previous studies have described the spatial relationship of facies using a variety of (and sometimes ambiguously defined) stratigraphic frameworks. This was complicated by the absence of marker beds or published radiometric dates. The coal beds are thin and laterally discontinuous and their origin, which has been poorly understood, has implications for consistent stratigraphic correlations. Improved correlation techniques and an understanding of the controls on coal bed geometry should allow better prediction of: 1) the location and architecture of prospective reservoirs, and 2) gas drainage patterns around individual wells. This study aims to address these questions by building upon pre-existing notions on the evolution of eastern Australia during the Middle to Late Jurassic using an integrated approach with new sedimentologic and palynologic data, combined with precise U-Pb dating of volcanic sediments and basin subsidence studies. Zircon from twenty-eight tuffs in 12 wells across the Surat and Clarence- Moreton Basins were dated using the high-precision chemical abrasion thermal ionization mass spectrometry (CA-TIMS) technique to within an error margin of ±40 ka. In addition, two volcanogenic sandstones from one well that intersected the Birkhead Formation in the Eromanga Basin were dated using the same methodology to within ±50 ka. On a 1237 km transect, five regional datums <420 ka in duration were defined for a chronostratigraphic framework using UPb dates. The dated zircons indicate that the Walloon Coal Measures that had previously been considered as Middle Jurassic (Aalenian-Callovian) are largely of Upper Jurassic age (Oxfordian-Tithonian). The new dates also reveal the diachroneity of coal-bearing facies across eastern Australia and inconsistencies in the correlation of lithostratigraphic units. Jurassic spore-pollen units of Price (1997) were also calibrated to the geologic time-scale using the same U-Pb dates to enable chronostratigraphic horizons to be correlated between basins where volcanic sediments are absent. The first occurrences of key taxa maybe younger than originally estimated, possibly by as much as ~4.2 Ma. These interpretations require further palynological analyses to confirm the age of first occurrences in wells to due to the rarity of key spore-pollen taxa. A high-resolution investigation on the roles of accommodation creation and climate on coal bed geometry suggest that, although subsidence was important in determining the abundance of coal, the climatic patterns contributed towards their thin, discontinuous character. Although the Walloon Coal Measures were deposited at high latitudes (>75°S), the coals originated from peats that accumulated in mires that experienced a warm temperate climate. Rapid and frequent climate change in the polar region may have limited the window of opportunity for thick, widespread coals to develop. New sedimentological and palynological data from the Surat Basin substantially revises interpretations of the environments of deposition. Sedimentary facies and spore-pollen assemblages confirm deposition in a predominately fluviolacustrine setting. However, the identification of tidally-influenced facies, acritarchs and dinoflagellate cysts (a first for Jurassic-aged strata in the basin) indicate periods of brackish water conditions. Marine incursions may have come from the north and the east during time of high eustatic sea-level during the Jurassic. Palaeogeographic reconstructions over 13 Ma reveal extensive fluviolacustrine systems draining from an eroding orogenic belt into proximal estuarine complexes. Allocyclic controls revealed by incised valleys and the deposition of transgressive estuarine facies strongly suggests the accumulation of coal (peat) was unlikely to be coeval with clastic sedimentation because of frequent changes in base level. This study illustrates that a multidisciplinary approach (notably the acquisition of precise U-Pb dates from volcanic sediments and the recognition of subtle indicators of marine influences) can be used to elucidate complex continental successions over large geographic areas. These type of studies will help in the search for subtle oil and gas reservoirs and better calculation of resource and reserve numbers. They may also be of use in better understanding sedimentary mineral resources and groundwater aquifer systems.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Australian School of Petroleum, 2018
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Walloon coal measures"
1
Yang, Yong, Yong Yang, Aifang Bie, Aifang Bie, Hanyu Bie, Hanyu Bie, Ming Zhang, Ming Zhang, Zhaohui Xia, and Zhaohui Xia. "Sedimentary Facies of the Coal-bearing Walloon Coal Measures in Tipton Field, Surat Basin." In International Workshop on Environment and Geoscience. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0007428602330238.
Повний текст джерела
2
Mosse, Laurent, Stephen Pell, and Thomas Neville. "IDENTIFICATION OF BREAKOUT BEHIND CASING: METHODOLOGY TO OBTAIN OPENHOLE EQUIVALENT CALIPER MEASUREMENTS THROUGH SLOTTED LINER USING THE DENSITY TOOL." In 2021 SPWLA 62nd Annual Logging Symposium Online. Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/spwla-2021-0046.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Growth in the coal seam gas industry in Queensland, Australia, has been rapid over the past fifteen years, with greater than USD 70 billion invested in three liquified natural gas export projects supplied by produced coal seam gas. Annual production is of the order of 40 Bscm or 1,500 PJ, with approximately 80% of this coming from the Jurassic Walloon Coal Measures of the Surat Basin and 20% from Permian coal measures of the Bowen Basin. The Walloon Coal Measures are characterized by multiple thin coal seams making up approximately 10% of the total thickness of the unit. A typical well intersects 10 to 20 m of net coal over a 200 to 300 m interval, interbedded with lithic-rich sandstones, siltstones, and carbonaceous mudstones. The presence of such a significant section of lithic interburden within the primary production section has led to a somewhat unusual completion strategy. To maximize connection to the gas-bearing coals, uncemented slotted liners are used; however, this leaves fluid-sensitive interburden exposed to drilling, completion, and produced formation fluids over the life of a well. External swellable packers and blank joints are therefore used to isolate larger intervals of interburden and hence minimize fines production. Despite these efforts, significant fines production still occurs, which leads to failure of artificial lift systems and the need for expensive workovers or lost wells. Fines production has major economic implications, with anecdotal reports suggesting up to 40% of progressive cavity pump artificial lift systems in Walloon Coal Measures producers may be down at any one time. The first step in solving this problem is to identify the extent and distribution of fines production. The wellbore completion strategy above, however, precludes use of mechanical calipers to identify fines production-related wellbore enlargement. A new caliper-behind-liner technique has therefore been developed using a multiple-detector density tool. Data from the shorter spacing detectors is used to characterize the properties of the liner as well as the density of the annular material. This is particularly important to evaluate as the annulus fill varies between gas, formation water, drilling and completion fluids, and accumulated fines. The longer spacing detector measurements are then used in conjunction with pre-existing open-hole formation density measurement to determine the thickness of the annulus, and hence hole size, compensating for liner and annulus properties. This methodology has been applied to several wells completed in the Walloon Coal Measures. Results have demonstrated the ability to identify zones of borehole enlargement behind slotted liner, as well as intervals of either gas or fines accumulation in the annulus. In addition, the technique has been successful in verifying the placement of swellable packers and their integrity. The application of this solution has been used to drive improvements in the design of in-wellbore completion programs and in the future will help drive recompletion decisions and trigger proactive workovers.
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Wainman, Carmine, and Peter McCabe. "Tectonic and climatic controls on facies distribution in the Jurassic Walloon coal measures, Surat basin, Australia." In International Conference and Exhibition, Barcelona, Spain, 3-6 April 2016. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/ice2016-6283742.1.
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Hamerli, Zsolt, Mark Reilly, and Suzanne Hurter. "Spectral Decomposition of the Heterogeneous Springbok Sandstone and Walloon Coal Measures in the Surat Basin, Australia." In SPE/AAPG/SEG Asia Pacific Unconventional Resources Technology Conference. Tulsa, OK, USA: Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15530/ap-urtec-2019-198227.
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Jami, M., and S. Tyson. "Empirical estimation of the rock strength of Walloon coal measures, Surat Basin Australia using sonic log." In 7th Brunei International Conference on Engineering and Technology 2018 (BICET 2018). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2018.1585.
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Cardwell, Joshua. "Dynamic Modelling of Walloon Coal Measures: An Unsavoury Cocktail of Reservoir Variability, Mismatched Resolutions, and Unreasonable Expectations." In SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/191917-ms.
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Pandey, Vibhas J., Sameer Ganpule, and Steven Dewar. "Optimization of Coal Seam Connectivity via Multi-Seam Pinpoint Fracturing Operations in the Walloons Coal Measures, Surat Basin." In SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204190-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The Walloons coal measures located in Surat Basin (eastern Australia) is a well-known coal seam gas play that has been under production for several years. The well completion in this play is primarily driven by coal permeability which varies from 1 Darcy or more in regions with significant natural fractures to less than 1md in areas with underdeveloped cleat networks. For an economic development of the latter, fracturing treatment designs that effectively stimulate numerous and often thin coals seams, and enhance inter-seam connectivity, are a clear choice. Fracture stimulation of Surat basin coals however has its own challenges given their unique geologic and geomechanical features that include (a) low net to gross ratio of ~0.1 in nearly 300 m (984.3 ft) of gross interval, (b) on average 60 seams per well ranging from 0.4 m to 3 m in thickness, (c) non-gas bearing and reactive interburden, and (d) stress regimes that vary as a function of depth. To address these challenges, low rate, low viscosity, and high proppant concentration coiled tubing (CT) conveyed pinpoint stimulation methods were introduced basin-wide after successful technology pilots in 2015 (Pandey and Flottmann 2015). This novel stimulation technique led to noticeable improvements in the well performance, but also highlighted the areas that could be improved – especially stage spacing and standoff, perforation strategy, and number of stages, all aimed at maximizing coal coverage during well stimulation. This paper summarizes the findings from a 6-well multi-stage stimulation pilot aimed at studying fracture geometries to improve standoff efficiency and maximizing coal connectivity amongst various coal seams of Walloons coal package. In the design matrix that targeted shallow (300 to 600 m) gas-bearing coal seams, the stimulation treatments varied in volume, injection rate, proppant concentration, fluid type, perforation spacing, and standoff between adjacent stages. Treatment designs were simulated using a field-data calibrated, log-based stress model. After necessary adjustments in the field, the treatments were pumped down the CT at injection rates ranging from 12 to 16 bbl/min (0.032 to 0.042 m3/s). Post-stimulation modeling and history-matching using numerical simulators showed the dependence of fracture growth not only on pumping parameters, but also on depth. Shallower stages showed a strong propensity of limited growth which was corroborated by additional field measurements and previous work in the field (Kirk-Burnnand et al. 2015). These and other such observations led to revision of early guidelines on standoff and was considered a major step that now enabled a cost-effective inclusion of additional coal seams in the stimulation program. The learnings from the pilot study were implemented on development wells and can potentially also serve as a template for similar pinpoint completions worldwide.
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Flottmann, Thomas, Vibhas Pandey, Sameer Ganpule, Elliot Kirk-Burnnand, Massoud Zadmehr, Nick Simms, Jeslie George Jenkinson, Tristan Renwick-Cooke, Marco Tarenzi, and Ashok Mishra. "Fracture Stimulation Challenges in Tight Walloons Coal Measures: Surat Basin Queensland, Australia." In SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/191958-ms.
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Acuna, Pedro Elias Paris, Petrina Weatherstone, and Brett Pidgeon. "Reservoir Modelling and Probabilistic Forecasting of the Walloons Coal Seam Gas Measures: Unique Challenges and Solutions to Regional CSG Reservoir Performance Prediction." In SPE Asia Pacific Unconventional Resources Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/176862-ms.
Повний текст джерела