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1
Choi, Taelim. "Agglomeration Effect of Skill-Based Local Labor Pooling: Evidence of South Korea." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 15, 2020): 3198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083198.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Since workplace skills present diverse dimensions of a worker’s ability, it has recently received renewed interest by researchers examining the growth of cities. The purpose of the paper explores the advantage of regional concentrations of workers specialized in different types of skills. Specifically, the analysis estimates the agglomeration effects of skill-based labor pooling on wage levels and wage growth in South Korea. To this end, it constructs skill-based labor pool indices for cognitive, social, technical, and physical skills at a provincial level. The indices show an uneven geographical distribution in varying degrees across four types of skills. The regression results indicate that the urban wage premium of skill-based local labor pooling varies according to types of skills. The greatest magnitude of benefit is incurred by workers in cognitive-skill-oriented occupations and moderate benefits are found in technical- and physical-skill-oriented occupations. An urban wage premium is non-existent in social-skill-oriented occupations. In addition, the wage growth model with job mobility shows that the urban wage premium immediately affects workers who change jobs and relocate to denser areas. As high-wage occupations earn higher wage premiums when workers in these occupations are concentrated, it supports patterns of the polarization of both skills and their effects.
2
Neves, Pedro Cunha, Óscar Afonso, and Tiago Neves Sequeira. "Population growth and the wage skill premium." Economic Modelling 68 (January 2018): 435–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2017.08.019.
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3
Sampson, Thomas. "Selection into Trade and Wage Inequality." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 6, no. 3 (August 1, 2014): 157–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.6.3.157.
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This paper analyzes how intra-industry trade affects the wage distribution when both workers and firms are heterogeneous. Positive assortative matching between worker skill and firm technology generates an employer size-wage premium and an exporter wage premium. Fixed export costs cause the selection of advanced technology, high-skill firms into exporting, and trade shifts the firm technology distribution upwards. Consequently, trade increases skill demand and wage inequality in all countries, both on aggregate and within the upper tail of the wage distribution. This holds when firms receive random technology draws and when technology depends on firm-level R&D. (JEL F16, J23, J24, J31)
4
김영준 and 손종칠. "Changes in Skill Wage Premium: Facts and Factors." Review of International Money and Finance 2, no. 2 (November 2012): 43–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.34251/ifadoi.2.2.201211.003.
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5
Park, Kihong. "English Language and Skill Mismatch: The Case of South Korea." African and Asian Studies 12, no. 4 (2013): 391–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341274.
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Abstract Most prior research addressing the topic of job mismatch focuses on educational mismatch, while the economic analysis of skills-job mismatch in terms of skill utilization has received relatively little attention in the literature. Using the 2007 Korea Labor and Income Panel Survey (KLIPS), this paper examines the impact on wages of skills-job mismatch between acquired and required English language proficiency in the Korean workplace. The major findings confirm the validity of the assignment theory proposed by Sattinger (1993), which asserts that the returns to additional investment in human capital appear to depend in part on the quality of the assignment of heterogeneous workers to heterogeneous jobs, and thus returns to investment in skills are limited by how well jobs exploit workers’ skills. Specifically, the results are first, that skills-job mismatch based on English language job requirements has a strong statistically significant impact on wages, second, that the returns to over-skilling are negative (the wage penalty), while the returns to under-skilling are positive (the wage premium), and third, that the wage penalty associated with over-skilling is stronger than the wage premium associated with under-skilling.
6
Pargianas, Christos. "ENDOGENOUS POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, WAGE INEQUALITY, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH." Macroeconomic Dynamics 21, no. 1 (December 21, 2016): 183–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100515000449.
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The paper suggests that the political changes brought about by the increase in the proportion of college graduates in the U.S. labor force in the 1970s may have contributed to the decline in the college premium during the 1970s and its increase during the 1980s and 1990s. The study argues that the proportion of skilled workers in the labor force affected their relative importance in the political process. Thus, the increase in the proportion of skilled workers during the 1970s reduced the skill premium in the short run, but induced a change in policies that favored skilled workers and increased the skill premium in the long run.
7
Sill, K. "Widening the wage gap: the skill premium and technology." IEEE Engineering Management Review 31, no. 1 (2003): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/emr.2003.1201445.
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Ragan, James F., and Qazi Najeeb Rehman. "Earnings Profiles of Department Heads: Comparing Cross-Section and Panel Models." ILR Review 49, no. 2 (January 1996): 256–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399604900205.
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Academics who become department heads suffer declining research skills because of time spent performing administrative tasks, and this skill depreciation slows future wage growth. This study examines Kansas State University faculty who served as department heads during the period 1965–92. Cross-section estimates of the compensation for serving as department head are biased upward because of a correlation between unmeasured productivity characteristics and selection as department head. To correct for this bias, the authors reestimate earnings equations using a panel model that incorporates personal fixed effects. Although the average department head in the sample received a wage premium of 12%, the premium for past administrative service had completely disappeared for the typical former head. Another finding is that skill depreciation was most severe and wage growth most adversely affected in the sciences. As compensation, department heads in the sciences received a larger initial administrative premium than did other department heads.
9
Cravino, Javier, and Sebastian Sotelo. "Trade-Induced Structural Change and the Skill Premium." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 11, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 289–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20170434.
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We study how international trade affects manufacturing employment and the relative wage of unskilled workers when goods and services are traded with different intensities. Manufacturing trade reduces manufacturing prices worldwide, which reduces manufacturing employment if manufactures and services are complements. International trade also raises real income, which reduces manufacturing employment if services are more income elastic than manufactures. Manufacturing production is unskilled-labor-intensive, so that these changes increase the skill premium. We incorporate these mechanisms in a quantitative trade model and show that reductions in trade costs had a negative impact on manufacturing employment and the relative wage of unskilled workers. (JEL F16, J24, J31, L60)
10
Felgueroso, Florentino, Manuel Hidalgo-Pérez, and Sergi Jiménez-Martín. "The Puzzling Fall of the Wage Skill Premium in Spain." Manchester School 84, no. 3 (July 22, 2015): 390–435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/manc.12116.
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11
Amiti, Mary, and Lisa Cameron. "Trade Liberalization and the Wage Skill Premium: Evidence from Indonesia." Journal of International Economics 87, no. 2 (July 2012): 277–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2012.01.009.
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12
Autor, David H. "Work of the Past, Work of the Future." AEA Papers and Proceedings 109 (May 1, 2019): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20191110.
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US cities today are vastly more educated and skill-intensive than they were five decades ago. Yet, urban non-college workers perform substantially less skilled jobs than decades earlier. This deskilling reflects the joint effects of automation and, secondarily, rising international trade, which have eliminated the bulk of non-college production, administrative support, and clerical jobs, yielding a disproportionate polarization of urban labor markets. The unwinding of the urban non-college occupational skill gradient has, I argue, abetted a secular fall in real non-college wages by: (1) shunting non-college workers out of specialized middle-skill occupations into low-wage occupations that require only generic skills; (2) diminishing the set of non-college workers that hold middle-skill jobs in high-wage cities; and (3) attenuating, to a startling degree, the steep urban wage premium for non-college workers that prevailed in earlier decades. Changes in the nature of work--many of which are technological in origin--have been more disruptive and less beneficial for non-college than college workers.
13
Sun, Sharon Zhengyang, Samuel MacIsaac, Buck C. Duclos, and Meredith B. Lilly. "The effects of trade liberalization on skill acquisition: a systematic review." Journal of International Trade Law and Policy 18, no. 2 (June 17, 2019): 74–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jitlp-08-2018-0036.
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Purpose The benefits of trade liberalization on upskilling and skill-based wage premiums for high-skilled workers have recently been questioned in policy circles, in part because of rising income inequality and populist movements in developed economies such as the USA. The purpose of this paper is to determine the effects of trade liberalization on the relative supply and demand for skills. Design/methodology/approach Through the systematic review of the literature on trade and skill acquisition, this paper isolates a total of 25 articles published over the past two decades. Findings Key findings demonstrate the importance of the relative development of the trading partner, with more developed countries experiencing higher upskilling, while less developed countries experience deskilling. Technology, geographic level of analysis, sector and gender were also found to be important influences on human capital acquisition associated with international trade. Originality/value Overall, the authors find support for the idea that trade with developing countries places pressure on low-skill jobs in developed countries but increases the demand for educated workers. The implications of shifts in skills for public policy-making and in terms of the skill premium on wages are discussed.
14
Bhattacharya, Mita, and Kien Trung Nguyen. "Trade liberalization and the wage–skill premium: Evidence from Vietnamese manufacturing." Economics of Transition and Institutional Change 27, no. 2 (August 26, 2018): 519–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecot.12183.
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15
Salman, Zara, and Mariam Javed. "The Impact of Trade Liberalisation on Wage Inequality: Case of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 50, no. 4II (December 1, 2011): 575–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v50i4iipp.575-595.
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This paper examines whether trade liberalisation played a role in shaping the wage structure of Pakistan in the late 1990s and early 2000. It uses manufacturing workers data from LFS supplemented by external information to analyse the impact of trade liberalisation. In general, the results show that trade liberalisation, measured through import penetration ratio, export penetration ratio and relative prices of each industry, not only impacted wages but also increased wage inequality across skill levels from 1996-97 to 2005-06. The econometrics analysis confirms that increase in import penetration raises skilled premium while simultaneously reducing unskilled premium; a result in contention with the findings of the Stolper-Sameulson Theorem.
16
Roberts, Anthony, and Luoman Bao. "Financialization and Wage Inequality in Urban China." Sociology of Development 7, no. 4 (2021): 441–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sod.2021.0019.
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The growth of wage inequality during a period of rapid economic development and reform in China raises questions about the nature of economic stratification in contemporary Chinese society. The most prominent explanation is that the transition to a market economy contributed to the growth of wage inequality by increasing the returns to human capital and skill in China. However, recent research suggests that the labor market in China is highly segmented across economic sectors because of preferential state investment and reform of strategic sectors. We contend that the growth and prominence of the financial sector in China empowered financial labor to obtain greater compensation, which created a wage premium in the sector. Drawing on nationally representative data on Chinese urban households, we test this argument by estimating adjusted wage differentials between financial and non-financial sectors across the distribution of earnings since the late 1980s. Estimates show that a wage premium emerged in the mid-1990s for low, median, and high earners in the financial sector. Over the next two decades, wage disparities within the financial sector increased as the wage premium shrank for low earners in the sector while expanding for high earners in the sector. We find that this dynamic is explained by growing occupational stratification in the financial sector, where the wage premium greatly expanded for the highest-paid managers and executives. Overall, this study extends the literature on contemporary economic inequality in China by identifying how excessive compensation among top earners in the financial sector contributed to wage inequality.
17
Neto, Antonio, Oscar Afonso, and Sandra T. Silva. "HOW POWERFUL ARE TRADE UNIONS? A SKILL-BIASED TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE APPROACH." Macroeconomic Dynamics 23, no. 2 (June 9, 2017): 730–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100516001346.
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This paper proposes a new theoretical framework aimed at understanding the link between technological change, skill premium, and employment. We build an endogenous growth model of directed technological change with vertical research and development (R&D) in which low-skilled workers might be organized in a trade union. This union can act as a monopoly seller of labor and decide unilaterally the low-skilled wage, or as a managerial union that bargains wage and employment with the employers' federation, i.e., firms. Our results suggest that (i) the impacts of trade unions on technological-bias and on the level of (un)employment crucially depend on their type and preferences; and (ii) trade unions can actually increase low-skilled wages and employment if they have some bargaining power and are employment-oriented. Furthermore, our framework provides some highlights to explain the relationship between wage dispersion and the deunionization process that occurred in the United Kingdom and the United States during the 1980s.
18
Zheng, Yu. "THE ROLE OF EDUCATION SIGNALING IN EXPLAINING THE GROWTH OF THE COLLEGE WAGE PREMIUM." Macroeconomic Dynamics 23, no. 3 (June 6, 2017): 1247–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100517000232.
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This paper incorporates an education signaling mechanism into a dynamic model of production and asks if “higher education as a signal” helps explain the simultaneous increase in the supply and price of skilled relative to unskilled labor in the United States since 1980. The key mechanism is that if college degrees serve as a signal of unobservable talent and talent is productive at the workplace, then improved access to college will enable a higher fraction of the population to signal talent by completing college, resulting in degrees being a better signal about talent and a widening skill premium. When I assess the contribution of signaling in the model calibrated to the US economy from 1980 to 2003, I find that about 10% of the increase in the skill premium can be attributed to the signaling mechanism, after adjusting for the potential decline in the quality of college graduates.
19
Li, Tailong, Shiyuan Pan, and Heng-fu Zou. "DIRECTED TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE: A KNOWLEDGE-BASED MODEL." Macroeconomic Dynamics 19, no. 1 (July 24, 2013): 116–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100513000308.
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In a knowledge-based growth model where skilled workers are used in innovation and production, skill-biased technological change may lower average R&D productivity via an innovation possibilities frontier effect that eliminates scale effects. We show that skill-biased technological change increases the skill premium even if the elasticity of substitution between skilled and unskilled workers is less than two. Trade between developed countries promotes skill-biased technological change, thus raising wage inequality. Trade between developed and developing countries has differing effects: it induces relatively skill-replacing technological change and lowers wage inequality in the developed country but has the opposite effects in the developing country. Finally, we show that trade can stimulate or hurt economic growth.
20
Parro, Francisco. "UNDERSTANDING THE SUPPLY AND DEMAND FORCES BEHIND THE FALL AND RISE IN THE US SKILL PREMIUM." Macroeconomic Dynamics 23, no. 06 (December 21, 2017): 2191–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100517000669.
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I develop an assignment model to quantify, in a unified framework, the causal effects of supply and demand forces on the evolution of the college wage premium in the US economy. Specifically, I quantify the relative contributions of four different forces: (i) a within-sector non-neutral technological change, (ii) the creation of new high-skill services/sectors, (iii) polarizing product demand shifts, and (iv) shifts in the relative supply of skilled labor. The model considers endogenous human capital accumulation. I find that positive supply shifts completely explain the fall of the skill premium during the period 1970–1980. Demand forces play a major role in the post-1980 period, when the skill premium rises. Among the demand forces, the results show an increasing contribution of polarizing product demand shifts over the decades. On the other hand, the effect of the within-sector non-neutral technological change is more important in the earlier decades of the post-1980 period.
21
SULEMAN, Abdul, Fátima SULEMAN, and Elizabeth REIS. "FUZZY APPROACH TO DISCRETE DATA REDUCTION: AN APPLICATION IN ECONOMICS FOR ASSESSING THE SKILL PREMIUM." Journal of Business Economics and Management 17, no. 3 (May 29, 2015): 414–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2014.978361.
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Measures of stock of skills alternative to human capital have raised fresh difficulties, especially in data managing. We propose to empirically compare the efficiency of a hierarchical cluster analysis and a fuzzy clustering in reducing discrete skill data. The outcomes of both methods are subsequently used to measure the impact of skills on earnings in addition to human capital. The proposed methodological comparison was made using an original dataset of retail bankers’ skills assessed by supervisors. Empirical evidence shows that the fuzzy approach is more efficient than the hierarchical clustering: the resulting clusters are fewer and easier to interpret. Furthermore, the earnings equation enriched with skill variables allowed us to correct the education premium, and provides information on monetary incentives related to individual skills. Our paper attempts to raise researchers’ and practitioners’ awareness of data reducing methods, and their implications for wage determinants.
22
Bongers, Anelí, Carmen Díaz-Roldán, and José L. Torres. "Highly Skilled International Migration, STEM Workers, and Innovation." Economics 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/econ-2022-0022.
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Abstract This article studies the implications of highly skilled labor international migration in a two-country dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model. The model considers three types of workers: Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics (STEM) workers, non-STEM college educated workers, and non-college educated workers. Aggregate productivity in each economy is a function of innovations, which can be produced only by STEM workers. The model predicts (i) the existence of a wage premium of STEM workers relative to non-STEM college educated workers, (ii) the skill wage premium is higher in the destination country and increases with positive technological shocks, (iii) a reduction in migration costs increases output, wages, and total labor in the destination country, with opposite effects in the country of origin, and (iv) high skilled immigrants reduce skilled native labor and do not affect unskilled labor. Finally, a migration policy designed to attract STEM workers generates similar effects to a positive aggregate productivity shock.
23
Puhani, Patrick A. "Transatlantic Differences in Labour Markets: Changes in Wage and Non-Employment Structures in the 1980s and the 1990s." German Economic Review 9, no. 3 (August 1, 2008): 312–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2008.00435.x.
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Abstract Rising wage inequality in the United States and Britain and rising continental European unemployment have led to a popular view in the economics profession that these two phenomena are related to negative relative demand shocks against the unskilled, combined with flexible wages in the Anglo-Saxon countries, but wage rigidities in continental Europe (‘Krugman hypothesis’). This paper tests this hypothesis based on seven large person-level data sets for the 1980s and the 1990s. I use a more sophisticated categorization of low-skilled workers than previous studies, which exhibits differences between German workers with and without apprenticeship training, particularly in the 1980s. I find evidence for the Krugman hypothesis when Germany is compared with the United States. However, supply changes differ considerably between countries, with Britain experiencing enormous increases in skill supply explaining the relatively constant British skill premium in the 1990s.
24
Dai, Mi, and Jianwei Xu. "The Skill Structure of Export Wage Premium: Evidence from Chinese Matched Employer-Employee Data." World Economy 40, no. 5 (May 20, 2016): 883–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/twec.12397.
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25
Li, Hongbing, Hongbo Cai, and Suparna Chakraborty. "Market Access, Labor Mobility, and the Wage Skill Premium: New Evidence from Chinese Cities." Open Economies Review 30, no. 5 (August 20, 2019): 947–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11079-019-09546-6.
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Afonso, Oscar, and Manuela Magalhäes. "HOW POWERFUL ARE NETWORK EFFECTS? A SKILL-BIASED TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE APPROACH." Macroeconomic Dynamics 24, no. 4 (November 14, 2018): 882–919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100518000524.
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Even for the standard skill-biased technological change (SBTC) literature, the generic rise in the skill premium in the face of the relative increase in skilled workers since the 1980s seems a little puzzling. We develop a general equilibrium SBTC growth model that allows the dominance of either the price channel or the market-size channel mechanism through which network spillovers affect the technological-knowledge bias and, thus, the paths of intra-country wage inequality. The proposed mechanisms can accommodate facts not explained by the earlier literature.
27
Kurokawa, Yoshinori. "Fixed cost, number of firms, and skill premium: An alternative source for rising wage inequality." Economics Letters 108, no. 2 (August 2010): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2010.04.049.
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K. Haddad, GholamReza, and Nader Habibi. "Why the youth are so eager for university education? Evidence from Iran’s labor market." Journal of Economic Studies 44, no. 3 (August 14, 2017): 362–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-02-2016-0036.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to estimate the wage difference between overeducated and adequately educated workers in a sample of semi-skilled and low-skill occupations in Iran’s labor market. The objective is to see if overeducated employees in these occupations enjoy higher wages in comparison to their adequately educated co-workers. Design/methodology/approach The authors use the propensity score matching (PSM) model to estimate the wage difference between overeducated and adequately educated workers in a sample of semi-skilled and low-skill occupations in Iran’s labor market. The PSM method allows the authors to prevent selection bias by comparing each group of overeducated workers with a matched group of adequately educated workers with similar socio-economic characteristics. Findings The results show that in Iran’s labor market, the overeducated workers enjoy a wage premium in the range of 10-25 percent for their excess education when they have to work in semi- or low-skill occupations. While this relative advantage has gradually declined for private sector employees over the period 2001-2013, it has remained stable for public sector jobs. The result is attributable to the fact that salary and benefits for public sector employees are directly linked to education attainment and their work experience. The findings show that the relative wage advantage of overeducation is larger for the younger employees with ten or fewer years of experience who have more education than older workers. Overall these findings offer an explanation for the strong desire of Iranian youth for university education. If a university graduate finds a job that matches her/his specialization she/he will enjoy a higher salary than a high school graduate. If she/he has to accept a semi-skilled or low-skill job for which she/he is overeducated, she/he still enjoys a wage premium over her/his co-workers who are not overeducated. Originality/value The analysis makes three unique contributions: first, the authors use a unique and detailed micro-data for an economy (Iran) in which the public sector dominates the private sector. The authors investigate the hypothesis for private and public sectors separately. Second, the authors divide the sample of workers into market newcomers and experienced workers. The authors analyze the impact of overeducations on each group separately. Third, the authors use the treatment effect of being overeducated on the individual’s monthly wage by the PSM. The advantage of the PSM method is that it eliminates the selection bias in the wage effect of overeducation, whereas the traditional regression-based techniques may result in this type of bias.
29
Earle, John S., Álmos Telegdy, and Gábor Antal. "Foreign Ownership and Wages: Evidence from Hungary, 1986–2008." ILR Review 71, no. 2 (March 15, 2017): 458–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793917700087.
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This article estimates the wage effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) using firm-level and linked employer-employee panel data containing a large number of foreign acquisitions over a long period of rapid development in Hungary. Matching on pre-acquisition data, the authors find that much of the raw foreign wage premium represents selection bias, but that foreign acquisition nevertheless raises average wages by 15 to 29% when controlling for fixed effects for firms and highly detailed worker groups, and by 6% with firm–worker match effects. Acquired firms that are later divested to domestic owners experience a substantial reversal of the positive acquisition effect. No type of worker—defined by education, experience, gender, incumbency, and occupational group—experiences wage decline, but the patterns suggest skill bias in the gains from acquisition. The evidence implies a strong cross-firm correlation of FDI wage and productivity differentials, and an inverse relationship between FDI effects and economic development level of the sending country relative to Hungary.
30
Nguyen, Kien Trung. "Wage differentials between foreign invested and domestic enterprises in the manufacturing." Journal of Economic Studies 42, no. 6 (November 9, 2015): 1056–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-05-2014-0075.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of trade and investment liberalization on the wage skill premium between skilled and unskilled workers in Vietnam. Design/methodology/approach – An analysis is undertaken by means of descriptive statistics and econometric investigation using a firm-level data set from the Enterprise Survey of Vietnam. Findings – It is shown that there has been a positive wage differential between foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs) and domestic enterprises over the period 2000-2009. More importantly, the FIE-domestic wage differentials are found to be significantly positive after accounting for differences in capital intensity, size, firm location, and industry features. Furthermore, statistical evidence shows that these wage differentials narrowed over the period 2006-2009. Originality/value – One of the first study examines the FIE-domestic wage differentials given the outward-oriented economic reforms since 2000 in Vietnam.
31
Schumacher, Edward J. "The Earnings and Employment of Nurses in an Era of Cost Containment." ILR Review 55, no. 1 (October 2001): 116–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979390105500107.
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Previous research has shown that from the 1980s through the early 1990s, nurses enjoyed substantial wage and employment gains that stemmed, to some extent, from increased labor demand. Using individual data for 1988–98 to compare nurses' fortunes with those of college-educated women and other workers in the health care industry, the author documents that nurses experienced a decline in real wages beginning in the early 1990s, at the same time that the skill premium for RNs, as reflected by the return to education and experience, was increasing. Changes in measured characteristics and their returns explain very little of the decline, consistent with the theory that the relative wage decrease was driven by a decline in the demand for RNs and increased cost constraints. The effects of HMO penetration are found to explain only a small part of the variation in wages across metropolitan statistical areas and across time.
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Angelopoulos, Konstantinos, Stylianos Asimakopoulos, and James Malley. "THE OPTIMAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE TAX BURDEN OVER THE BUSINESS CYCLE." Macroeconomic Dynamics 23, no. 06 (September 19, 2017): 2298–337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100517000700.
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This paper analyzes optimal capital and labor income taxation for households differentiated by labor skill, income, and wealth, under a balanced government budget, over the business cycle. A model incorporating capital–skill complementarity in production and differential access to labor and capital markets is developed to capture the cyclical characteristics of the US economy, as well as the empirical observations on wage (skill premium) and wealth inequality. We find that optimal taxes for middle-income households are more volatile than the remaining taxes. Moreover, the government re-allocates the total tax burden in bad times so that the share of total tax revenue paid by middle-income households rises. This share also rises for low-income households but by significantly less, whereas the tax share for skilled households falls.
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Sgobbi, Francesca. "The Borders of Inter-Firm Mobility for ICT Employees in Italy." International Journal of Human Capital and Information Technology Professionals 4, no. 1 (January 2013): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jhcitp.2013010104.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Workers with low skill transferability risk longer unemployment spells between jobs and face higher probability of poorer working conditions. Those risks are particularly strong for professionals in the area of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), due to fast changing technologies and processes. The empirical analysis provided in this paper tests the borders of skill transferability for ICT employees by assessing the return to employer mobility for firm changers in the same industry and firm changers moving outside the ICT industry compared to firm stayers. The 1990-2004 empirical analysis is based on WHIP, a longitudinal dataset including a representative sample of employment relationships in Italy. The results show that firm changers benefit from a wage premium, provided that they remain in the ICT industry.
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Markus, Bönisch, Peterbauer Jakob, and Stöger Eduard. "Skills Mismatch, Earnings and Job Satisfaction among Older Workers." Socio-Economic Dimensions in Extended Working Lives 68, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 339–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/sfo.68.4.339.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Skills are viewed as a major ingredient of knowledge-based economies. Individual level skills can support labor market success and can influence earnings and job satisfaction. But skills must be used in an efficient way to generate these positive labour market outcomes. Despite the fact that a lot of research on skill mismatch was done in recent years, little is known about the relation between age and skill mismatch. Therefore we explore the differences in skills and skills mismatch between younger (25 – 49) and older workers (50 – 65) on the basis of the PIAAC dataset for five countries (Austria, Germany, Spain, Belgium and the UK). We find that older workers have in general lower skills than younger workers but overutilize their skills more. Skill overutilization leads in general to a wage premium compared to well matched workers. Zusammenfassung: Arbeitsplatzanforderungen, Einkommen und Arbeitszufriedenheit älterer Arbeiter Kompetenzen stellen einen wichtigen Bestandteil wissensbasierter Gesellschaften dar. Individuelle Kompetenzen können den Erfolg am Arbeitsmarkt unterstützen und das Einkommen und die Arbeitszufriedenheit beeinflussen. Sie müssen jedoch auf effiziente Weise eingesetzt werden, um diese positiven Arbeitsmarktergebnisse zu erzielen. Trotz der Tatsache, dass in den letzten Jahren viele Forschungsarbeiten zum Verhältnis der individuell vorhandenen Kompetenzen und den Arbeitsplatzanforderungen (Skill Mismatch) durchgeführt wurden, ist wenig über den Zusammenhang zwischen Alter und Skill Missmatch bekannt. Daher untersuchen wir die Unterschiede zwischen jüngeren (25 – 49) und älteren Arbeitnehmern (50 – 65) anhand des PIAAC-Datensatzes für fünf Länder (Österreich, Deutschland, Spanien, Belgien und Vereinigtes Königreich). Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass ältere Arbeitnehmer im Allgemeinen über niedrigere Kompetenzen verfügen als jüngere Arbeitnehmer, jedoch diese stärker nutzen. Diese stärkere Nutzung (overutilization) führt im Allgemeinen zu einem Lohnvorteil.
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Gopal Das, Gouranga. "Ability-Biased Technical Change and Productivity Bonus in a Nested Production Structure: A Theoretical Model with Endogenous Hicks-Neutral Technology Spillover." Scientific Annals of Economics and Business 66, no. 3 (2019): 415–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/saeb-2019-0030.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper develops a model of endogenous trade-mediated productivity spillover in which jointly trade-intensity, capital-intensity of production, and skill-intensity for adoption of technology from an exogenously available stock of world knowledge determine firm’s productivity. The representative firm, in the process of maximising profit (or minimising costs), takes into account the benefits of technological improvements embodied in imported intermediates. Sectors with higher skilled labour intensity will have an advantage in extracting the ‘bonuses’ from spillovers. The framework is useful for exploring technology adoption, considering wage premium, investigating innovative changes in sectors, and analysing productivity differences.
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Hahn, Chin Hee, and Yong-Seok Choi. "Trade Liberalisation and the Wage Skill Premium in Korean Manufacturing Plants: Do Plants’ R&D and Investment Matter?" World Economy 40, no. 6 (September 29, 2016): 1214–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/twec.12438.
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Martin, Darius, and Yongli Zhang. "Changes in Relative Ability as a Determinant of the U.S. College Premium." Review of Economic Analysis 7, no. 1 (November 27, 2015): 84–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/rea.v7i1.1486.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We develop a macroeconomic framework to estimate the importance of fluctuations in relative ability in accounting for trends in the college premium in the United States since 1965. The theoretical scaffolding is a heterogeneous agent model with two dimensions of ability and endogenous schooling choice, with exogenous skill-biased technological change (SBTC), college tuition, and noneconomic social forces. We solve for conditions under which SBTC reduces the relative ability of college educated workers, and show that these conditions are met in the data. We attribute the drop in the college premium over the 1970s to a 25.5% drop in the mean relative quality of college-educated workers from 1968 to 1977. We find that SBTC explains about two thirds of the increase in college attendance since 1965, and that absent both supply shifts and a supply response to SBTC, the relative wage of highly educated workers would have been 77.1% larger in 2013.
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Pfister, Ulrich. "The Inequality of Pay in Pre-modern Germany, Late 15th Century to 1889." Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 60, no. 1 (May 27, 2019): 209–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2019-0009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The study explores relative labour scarcity in a broad range of activities and relates it to the long-run dynamics of structural change, supply and demand of human capital, and the inequality between men and women. It builds on two recent compilations of wage data and complements these with additional information, particularly on wages in agriculture. From the second quarter of the seventeenth century the skill premium was stable; the first phase of industrialization did not lead to a differentiation of the individual return to human capital. Labour demand from the modern sector stabilized real wages of males from the second quarter of the eighteenth century at least and increased them from the mid-1850s onwards. This opened a wedge between the agricultural and the non-agricultural sectors already for considerable time before the beginnings of industrialization. Finally, the modern era saw two phases of labour market segmentation along gender lines, one in the later sixteenth and the early seventeenth centuries, the other from the 1840s to the 1870s.
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Berlingieri, Francesco. "Local labor market size and qualification mismatch." Journal of Economic Geography 19, no. 6 (September 21, 2018): 1261–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lby045.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This paper investigates the effect of the size of the local labor market on skill mismatch. Using survey data for Germany, I find that workers in large cities are both less likely to be overqualified for their job and to work in a different field than the one for which they trained. Different empirical strategies are employed to account for the potential sorting of talented workers into more urbanized areas. Results on individuals who have never moved away from the place in which they grew up and fixed effects estimates obtaining identification through regional migrants suggest that sorting does not fully explain the existing differences in qualification mismatch across areas. This provides evidence of the existence of agglomeration economies through better matches. However, lower qualification mismatch in larger cities is found to explain at best a small part of the urban wage premium.
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Dill, Janette, and Adrianne Frech. "Providing for a Family in the Working Class: Gender and Employment After the Birth of a Child." Social Forces 98, no. 1 (December 12, 2018): 183–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/soy106.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractNavigating the labor market in today’s economy has become increasingly difficult for those without a college degree. In this study, we ask whether and how working-class men and women in the United States are able to secure gains in wages and/or earnings as they transition to parenthood or increase family size. We look closely at child parity, employment behavior (e.g., switching employers, taking on multiple jobs, increasing hours), and occupation in the year after the birth of a child. Using the 2004 and 2008 panels of the Survey for Income and Program Participation (SIPP), we employ fixed-effects models to examine the impact of changing labor market behavior or occupation on wages and earnings after the birth of a child. We find limited evidence that low- and middle-skill men experience a “fatherhood premium” after the birth of a child, conditional on child parity and occupation. For men, nearly all occupations were associated with a “wage penalty” after the birth of a child (parity varies) compared to the service sector. However, overall higher wages in many male-dominated and white-collar occupations make these better options for fathers. For women, we see clear evidence of a “motherhood penalty,” which is partly accounted for by employment behaviors, such as switching to a salaried job or making an occupational change.
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Akhtar, Sajjad, and Maqsood Sadiq. "Occupational Status and Earnings Inequality: Evidence from PIHS 2001-02 and PSLM 2004-05." Pakistan Development Review 47, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 197–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v47i2pp.197-213.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Wage/earnings inequalities are one source of overall inequality in a country. The former inequalities in turn are closely linked with differential occupational status either defined in a contractual or productive/skill sense. Using the Pakistan Standard Classification of Occupations [PSCO (1994)], this paper estimates Gini coefficients for three types (all types, employee, selfemployed) of individuals/earners by occupational status from the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (PIHS) 2001-02 and Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM) 2004-05. Long-term trends in earnings inequality from 1992-93 to 2004-05 are documented with the benchmark estimates in the Ahmad (2002) study, while the short-term trends are measured from 2001-02 to 2004-05 for self-employed and paid employee. The long- as well as the short-term trends indicate rising earnings disparities within each occupational category. Over the longer period, these disparities have risen in the range of 50 to 100 percent. Shifts across occupation and across employment status indicate doubling of the share of Shop and Market Sales and Services Workers and the transition towards becoming self-employed. A few tentative explanations for the observed increasing occupational inequalities at the individual level are: (a) Availability of credit and improved efficiency of capital market may have relaxed capital constraints of former employees and enabled them to transit as self-employed. Right-sizing and down-sizing in public organisations may also have pushed the previous employees into utilising the ‘golden handshake’ packages towards self-employment. Assuming that returns on capital (internal or borrowed) are higher and financial contracts are more lucrative than wage contracts, the situation can lead to wider disparities. (b) At the paid employee level, the fall in the share of workers in elementary occupations improved the wage contracts of those still remaining in this occupation, and thereby increased the income/earnings inequality within this category. (c) Premium on skills, education, experience, and talent, in spite of the entry of a large number of individuals in the Service, Shop and Market Sales Workers category, has widened the inequalities within this category.
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Das, Satya P., and Anuradha Saha. "Land acquisition and industrial growth." Indian Growth and Development Review 8, no. 2 (November 9, 2015): 163–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/igdr-06-2015-0025.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose – This paper aims to understand the impact of land acquisition and the provision of rehabilitation and remuneration (R & R) transfers included in it, toward the short-run and the long-run growth of an economy as well as on the welfare of farmers and industrialists over time. Design/methodology/approach – The authors develop a two-sector model of growth with agriculture and manufacturing in which land is an essential input to production in both sectors. Industrialists buy land from farmers and deals include R & R payments. Individuals live for one period and at its end, bequeath land and capital assets to their child. There is Hicks-neutral technical progress in each sector. Findings – The R & R policy has no effect on the long-run sectoral growth or land allocation. While such a policy benefits the farmers initially, after a certain period, it reduces their welfare. The R & R scheme makes the industrialist worse-off in all periods. It was found that besides the standard convergence effect, land acquisition by the industrial sector increases the growth rate of capital. This may lead to non-monotonic growth rate of capital. Research limitations/implications – The two-sector model abstracts from labor and labor markets. Hence, sectoral employment mobility or changes in the skill-wage premium over time are not captured. Originality/value – First, this paper developed a two-sector growth model with land as a factor of production and an asset. Second, it examined growth and distributive impacts of the R & R package embodied in land transactions.
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Marinescu, Ioana. "HIV, wages, and the skill premium." Journal of Health Economics 37 (September 2014): 181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2014.06.010.
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Liwiński, Jacek. "The wage premium from foreign language skills." Empirica 46, no. 4 (September 21, 2019): 691–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10663-019-09459-0.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The globalisation of labour markets makes language skills one of the key competences required by employers nowadays. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the wage premium from the foreign language skills earned by Poles. Poles seem to be a good case study, because the Polish language is not used for international communication and as many as 58% of Poles command at least one foreign language. I use data from three waves (2012–2014) of the Human Capital Balance survey with a pooled sample of about 35,000 individuals. I estimate a wage equation with the Heckman correction for selection to employment and I check for robustness with propensity score matching. I find that the advanced command of a foreign language yields a wage premium of 11% on average. Interestingly, I find a much higher wage premium from proficiency in Spanish (32%), French (22%) or Italian (15%) than from proficiency in English (11%) or German (12%).
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Astorga, Pablo. "REAL WAGES AND SKILL PREMIUMS IN LATIN AMERICA, 1900-2011." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 35, no. 3 (November 10, 2017): 319–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s021261091700009x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThis paper discusses and documents a new data set of real wages for unskilled, semi-skilled and relatively skilled labour in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Venezuela (LA-6) over the period 1900-2011. Three interrelated aspects are examined: the wage growth record associated with periods dominated by a particular development strategy; developments in the wage share of income; and movements in skill premiums and their links with fundamentals. The key findings are: (i) the region’s unskilled wage rose by 147 per cent compared to rises of 254 per cent in the average wage and 440 per cent in income per worker (including both property and labour income); (ii) the average LA-6 wage share started a secular fall in the 1950s; (iii) skill premiums tended to peak during the middle decades of the 20thcentury, coinciding with the acceleration of industrialisation and the timing of the demographic transition. Movements in the terms of trade are broadly associated with both fluctuations and trends in wage premiums, though the direction of the link is country and time specific.
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Furtado, Delia, and Tao Song. "Intermarriage and Socioeconomic Integration." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 662, no. 1 (October 11, 2015): 207–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716215594629.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Previous studies show that immigrants to the United States married to natives earn higher wages than immigrants married to other immigrants. Using data from the 1980 to 2000 U.S. censuses and the 2005 to 2010 American Community Surveys, we show that these wage premiums have increased over time. Our evidence suggests that the trends are unlikely to be explained by changes in the attributes of immigrants who tend to marry natives but might instead be a result of changes in how these attributes are rewarded in the labor market. Because immigrants married to natives tend to have more schooling, part of the increasing premium can be explained by increases in the value of a college education. We find, however, that even when allowing the value of education and English-speaking ability to vary, intermarriage wage premiums have increased over time. We believe these patterns might be driven by changes in technology and globalization, which have made communication and management skills more highly rewarded in the U.S. labor market.
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Saharuddin, Saharuddin, and Mohammad Ghufron Az. "Pemenuhan Hak bagi Narapidana Berupa Upah Kerja pada Lembaga Pemasyarakatan di Indonesia." Bhirawa Law Journal 3, no. 1 (May 27, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26905/blj.v3i1.7986.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
One form of guidance for inmates is training in the field of skills that will be very useful for the prisoner's life after leaving / being released from the correctional facility. Every prisoner has the right to receive a wage or premium for the work he has done. The formulation of the problem raised is how the arrangements regarding the provision of wages / premiums for inmates who work in prisons and whether the granting of rights in the form of wages / premiums for inmates who work in prisons has fulfilled the principle of justice. The research method used is normative juridical, namely research using primary legal materials in the form of laws and regulations, secondary legal materials in the form of literature related to the rights of prisoners in correctional institutions, especially those related to work wages. The result of this research is that the regulation regarding the rights of prisoners, especially those related to the provision of wages, is Article 14 of Law Number 12 of 1995, Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 32 of 1999 and Decree of the Minister of Justice of the Republic of Indonesia Number. M.01-PP.02.01 Year 1990. According to the author, the percentage of wages to inmates has met the principle of justice considering that in addition to getting wages, prisoners also get training regarding skills which later can be used as provisions when leaving the correctional institution for free.
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McAdam, Peter, and Alpo Willman. "UNRAVELING THE SKILL PREMIUM." Macroeconomic Dynamics 22, no. 1 (January 24, 2017): 33–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100516000547.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
For the United States, the supply and wages of skilled labor relative to those of unskilled labor have grown over the postwar period. The literature has tended to explain this through “skill-biased technical change” (SBTC). Empirical work has concentrated around two variants: (1) capital-skill complementarity, (2) skill-augmenting technical change. Our purpose is to nest and discriminate between these two explanations. We do so in the framework of multilevel Constant Elasticity of Substitution (CES) production function, where factors are disaggregated into skilled and unskilled labor, and capital into structures and equipment capital. Using a five-equation system approach and several nesting alternatives, we retrieve estimates of the substitution elasticities and technical changes. Our estimations can produce results in line with capital-skill-complementarity hypothesis. However, those results are outperformed where the only source of the widening skill premium has been skill-augmenting technical change. We also show that the different explanations for SBTC have different implications for projected developments of the premium.
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del Carpio, Ximena, José A. Cuesta, Maurice D. Kugler, Gustavo Hernández, and Gabriel Piraquive. "What Effects Could Global Value Chain and Digital Infrastructure Development Policies Have on Poverty and Inequality after COVID-19?" Journal of Risk and Financial Management 15, no. 2 (January 19, 2022): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15020043.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It is clear that in the transition out of the COVID-19 crisis in Colombia there will be great need for formal job creation. One source that has been widely discussed in policy circles is strengthening linkages of Colombian firms with Global Value Chains (GVCs). Another source that has received recent attention, and deservedly so, is digital infrastructure development (DID)—which can boost telework and virtual human capital accumulation. Reduction in poverty and inequality through more and better formal employment is an important aspect of a jobs and economic transformation (JET) agenda. In this paper, we explore—through a computable general equilibrium model (CGE) and a microsimulation framework—to what extent reforms of the type envisioned in the JET agenda and which could generate GVC linkages, as well as through DID, for Colombia, and we project their impact on poverty and inequality up to 2030. Our findings show limited impact of the three types of policy changes considered for GVCs—namely (i) fall in barriers for seamless business logistics, (ii) reductions in tariffs, and (iii) lower barriers to foreign direct investment (FDI). The impact of DID on inequality is also moot. There is however a modest impact on poverty reduction in the combined policy of digital infrastructure with a boost in skilled labor. This finding can be linked to different factors. First, there are relatively few direct jobs created to benefit households with low levels of human capital. Second, there might be indirect job creation through backward linkages to local suppliers by firms linked to GVCs, but this effect would be a general equilibrium effect that our CGE model with a partial equilibrium microsimulation distributional module does not fully capture. Third, the positioning of Colombian firms to latch onto GVCs, and also generate demand for local intermediate inputs and services, is not optimal. Fourth, DID may generate more general labor market opportunities through telework and virtual learning expansions but could also induce larger wage gaps as the skill premium rises so that the net effect on inequality is ambiguous.
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Santos, Marcelo, and Tiago Neves Sequeira. "SKILLS MISMATCH AND WAGE INEQUALITY: EVIDENCE FOR DIFFERENT COUNTRIES IN EUROPE." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 19, Supplement_1 (January 28, 2014): S425—S453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2013.880086.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper studies the relationship between mismatch between workers’ skills and labour market requirements throughout different European Countries. It reports evidence that in several countries, over-skilled people tend to have a wage penalty and under-skilled people tend to have a premium. Interestingly, despite the typical effects of education, tenure, experience, and gender in wages being very similar, the effects of mismatch between skills and labour market requirements differ considerably across the wage distribution and the European Countries.