Дисертації з теми "Wage Employment"
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1
Lever, Marcel Hendrik Christinus. "Union wage formation and (un)employment." Maastricht : Maastricht : Universitaire Pers Maastricht ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1993. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=5906.
2
PINOLI, SARA. "Essays on wage and employment flexibility." Doctoral thesis, Università Bocconi, 2008. https://hdl.handle.net/11565/4051225.
3
Onaran, Özlem. "The effect of foreign affiliate employment on wages, employment, and the wage share in Austria." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2008. http://epub.wu.ac.at/314/1/document.pdf.
Анотація:
This paper estimates the effects of outward Foreign Direct Investment (employment in the affiliates abroad) on employment, wages, and the wage share in Austria using panel data for the period of 1996-2005. There is evidence of significant negative effects of FDI on both employment and wages, and consequently on the wage share. The results are not limited to workers in low skilled sectors or blue collar workers. The negative employment effect is primarily due to the rise in the employment in the foreign affiliates in Eastern Euope. The negative wage effects are originating from affiliate employment in both the East and the developed countries in industry, but no effect is found in the total economy. (author´s abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
4
Skedinger, Per. "Essays on wage formation, employment, and unemployment." Uppsala : Stockholm, Sweden : [Uppsala University] ; Distributor, Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1992. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/26994528.html.
5
Lofstrom, Magnus. "Three essays on the role of skills and education in immigration and self-employment /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9938587.
6
Bucila, Laura M. "Employment-based health insurance and the minimum wage." Connect to this title online, 2008. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1219850385/.
7
Lu, Ruosi. "The minimum wage, inequality and employment in China." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6390/.
Анотація:
This study looks at the welfare implications of the minimum wage in China, and covers three topics: the minimum wage and wage inequality, the minimum wage and employment, and the minimum wage and the gender wage gap. The main finding is that the welfare implications of the minimum wage in China are mixed, with both positive and negative welfare effects. Four main conclusions are reached. Firstly, minimum wages can effectively reduce overall wage inequality at the municipal level (despite non-compliance) through raising individual wages at the lower end of the wage distribution. Secondly, minimum wages generally have significantly negative effects on urban employment with some indication of more marked effects for traditionally disadvantaged groups such as youth, older workers, and women. Thirdly, minimum wages significantly raise women’s wages relative to men’s at the lower quantiles of wage distribution, thus reducing the gender wage gap. Together with the second result, this means that the minimum raises women’s relative wages, while lowering their employment. Fourthly, these three results are especially robust during 2004-2007, when the minimum wage system was reinforced.
8
Lemos, Sara Eloisa Vilmar da Silva. "The effect of the minimum wage on wages, employment and prices in Brazil." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407159.
9
Ludsteck, Johannes. "Employment and welfare effects of centralisation in wage setting." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=970649975.
10
Aliev, Umid Farhodovich. "Wage and employment determination in Russia and central Asia." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.550335.
Анотація:
The political and economic fall of the socialist bloc in the late 1980s and the disintegration of the USSR in 1991 triggered the process of political and economic transformation from planned to market-based economies in over 20 countries in Eastern Europe, Caucasus, and Central Asia. One of the important aspects of the political and economic reforms was that they led to substantial changes in wage and employment determination in enterprises. In particular, prominent features of the Soviet economic system - administratively determined wages and full employment - were abolished with the end of the USSR. New, independent states had to create new systems, where market forces were to be given a bigger role than before. These changes profoundly altered employment relations and completely changed the processes of wage determination. However, it is not completely clear what we have at the end. In this thesis we try to establish if the labour markets in Russia and Central Asia are likely to have features of a competitive labour market or those of a monopsonistic labour market. Detailed analysis of the stylized facts and characteristic features indicates that the monopsonistic market structure is more relevant than the competitive market structure. We have undertaken an empirical test of this proposition. The estimation results indicate the presence of some evidence indicating that the labour markets in Russia and Central Asia are likely to be monopsonisitc. This conclusion has important policy implications because in a monopsonisitc market structure market interventions like unemployment benefits or minimum wages may improve efficiency. In contrast, in a competitive labour market these market interventions are not welcome due to the prediction that they reduce efficiency. We also examine if the firms with different ownership structures differ in their wage and employment decisions. Our estimation results report substantial differences in wage and employment determination across firms with different ownership structures.
11
Xue, Bai. "Revisiting the Minimum Wage-Employment Debate Using Univariate Regressions." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1355.
Анотація:
This paper finds an insignificant negative correlation between youth employment and minimum wages for the panel of U.S. states, 1976-2015. Such a correlation is not observed in earlier panels. The source of the new results is traced to the greatest decline in employment-population ratio since the 1970s emerging during the financial crisis of 2008. Moreover, I discuss the likely causes of the recent sharp decline in employment-population ratio and propose that more factors should be taken into account when examining the effect of the minimum wage policy.
12
Damayanti, Maria Goreti Arie. "Studies on employment and minimum wage effect in Indonesia." Kyoto University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/136044.
13
Owens, Mark F. "The behavioral effects of wage and employment policies with gift exchange present." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1149002151.
14
Summerour, Alice Rebecca. "An investigation of the differential effect of employment risk and price risk on wage rates and compensation." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28555.
15
Senftleben-König, Charlotte. "Essays on the determinants of changing employment and wage structures." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17304.
Анотація:
Diese Dissertation umfasst vier Essays, die einen Beitrag zur empirischen Literatur über die Determinanten der Veränderungen in der Beschäftigungs- und Lohnstruktur in Deutschland leisten. Im ersten Aufsatz wird der Zusammenhang zwischen technologischem Wandel und Wachstum von Beschäftigung am unteren Ende der Lohnverteilung untersucht. Eine ökonometrische Analyse zeigt, dass technologischer Wandel die Arbeitsnachfrage von routine-intensiven Berufen hin zu Berufen verschiebt, die niedrig entlohnte manuelle Tätigkeiten erfordern und sich nicht zur Substitution durch Informationstechnologien eignen. Damit trägt er zur Polarisierung der Beschäftigungsstrukturen bei. Der zweite Aufsatz untersucht die Rolle von technologischem Wandel in der Entstehung räumlicher Lohnungleichheiten. Es wird gezeigt, dass technologischer Wandel zu einem Zuwachs in der Entlohnung von nicht-routine kognitiven Tätigkeiten und zu einem Rückgang der Entlohnung für routine und nicht-routine manuelle Tätigkeiten führte und damit zur Vergrößerung der inter- und intra-regionalen Lohnungleichheit beitrug. Der dritte Aufsatz untersucht die Beschäftigungswirkung von Produktmarktderegulierung am Beispiel der Liberalisierung der Ladenschlussgesetze, wobei regionale Variation in der Gesetzgebung zur Identifikation des kausalen Effekts dient. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Beschäftigung im Einzelhandel durch die Deregulierung um etwa 19.000 vollzeitäquivalente Stellen zurückging. Dem zugrunde liegt ein signifikanter Rückgang an kleinen Unternehmen, die personalintensiver arbeiten als große Unternehmen. Im vierten Aufsatz werden die Auswirkungen von öffentlicher Beschäftigung auf die Beschäftigung im Privatsektor untersucht. Ergebnis ist, dass die Schaffung öffentlicher Beschäftigung erhebliche Verdrängungseffekte auf die Gesamtbeschäftigung im Privatsektor hat, wobei hauptsächlich der handelbare Sektor von Beschäftigungsverlusten betroffen ist.This thesis consists of four essays that contribute to the empirical literature on the determinants of recent changes in the employment and wage structure in Germany. The first essay analyzes recent employment growth at the lower tail of the wage distribution and its relation to technological progress. An econometric analysis suggests that tech-nological progress has shifted the demand from routine intensive occupations towards low-paying service occupations that require non-routine manual tasks, which are difficult to be replaced by information technologies, thereby contributing to the polarization of the employment structure. The second essay explores the role of technological change in the evolution of spatial wage inequality. The results indicate technological change is one driver of wage inequality by increasing the compensation for non-routine cognitive tasks, and by decreasing the compensation for routine and non-routine manual tasks. The third essay exploits regional variation in the liberalization of shop-closing legislation in Germany to identify the causal impact of product market deregulation on employment outcomes in the retail sector. The results from the empirical analysis suggest that the deregulation had moderately negative effects on retail employment, leading to a loss of approximately 19,000 full-time equivalent jobs. The reason is that deregulation induced a change in the market structure by significantly decreasing the number of small retail stores which are relatively more personnel-intensive than larger formats. The fourth essay provides an empirical analysis of the impact of changes in public sector employment on employment in the private sector at the level of local labor markets. It shows that expansions in public employment can be associated with a sizeable crowding out effect on private sector employment. Moreover, the results indicate that employment losses are concentrated in the tradable sector.
16
Smith, Teresa L. "The role of ability to pay and internal labor market processes in wage and gender-related wage differentials." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54432.
Анотація:
This research attempts to identify factors that influence wage and gender-related wage differentials across organizations. Specifically, the purpose was to investigate the role of ability to pay, willingness to pay, and organizational characteristics in wage determination and the development of gender-related wage differentials at the organizational level.
The sample chosen for the study included 160 doctoral-granting, public universities across the United States. Average wages at three levels of full, associate and assistant professor ranks were examined. Results of the study indicate that ability to pay and willingness have a significant positive impact on wages across organizations. The organizational characteristics of size, geographic location and unionization also have a significant impact on wage determination.
Results also indicate that even after accounting for the influence of ability and willingness to pay and organizational characteristics on wages, the percentage of women in the organization still has a significant negative effect on wages at all ranks, and on the wages of both men and women. Findings further suggest that there is a significant differential between the average wages of men and women both within and across the universities that is not accounted for by the structural characteristics of the organization.Ph. D.
17
Pratomo, Devanto Shasta. "The effects of changes in minium wage on wages, employment and hours worked in Indonesia." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531720.
18
Yuen, Terence K. H. "Employment and wage dynamics, estimating the impact of labour market institutions." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0021/NQ53730.pdf.
19
Goos, Maarten. "Technology and regulation as determinants of employment rigidities and wage inequality." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2132/.
Анотація:
Chapter I, "Lousy and lovely jobs: the rising polarization of work in Britain", shows that the UK since 1975 has exhibited a pattern of job polarization with rises in employment shares in the highest- and lowest-wage occupations. This is not entirely consistent with the standard view of skill-biased technical change as a hypothesis about the impact of technology on the labor market. However, a more nuanced view of skill-biased technological change recently proposed by Autor, Levy and Murnane [2003] (ALM) is a better explanation of job polarization. ALM argue persuasively that technology can replace human labor in routine tasks, be they manual or cognitive, but (as yet) cannot replace human labor in non-routine tasks. Since non-routine tasks are concentrated at both ends of the earnings distribution, it is shown that ALM's routinization hypothesis can explain one-third of the rise in the log(50/10) and one-half of the rise in the log(90/50) wage differential. Chapter II, "The impact of shop closing hours on labor and product markets", adds to a small but growing literature related to the idea that product market regulation affects employment. More specifically, it is argued that shop closing hours can affect the level and composition of employment in retail industries. First, this chapter exploits recent changes in US Sunday Closing Laws to find that total employment, total revenue and the number of shops increase in deregulating industries and possibly decrease in non-deregulating industries. Second, building on what we know about retail markets, a model is presented to show how consumer behavior and retail competition can explain the observed impact of deregulation on retail labor and product markets and therefore ultimately employment. Chapter III, "The recent expansion of higher education in Britain, college premiums and wage inequality", examines the impact of changes in the relative supply of college workers on college premiums and wage inequality between 1975 and 2003 in the UK. First, it provides a test for the hypothesis proposed by Card and Lemieux [2001] (CL) that the inter-cohort slowdown in college attainment growth rates explains the higher college premiums for cohorts born between 1955 and 1970. More precisely, the chapter examines the expansion of Britain's higher education system between 1988 and 1994 to find lower relative earnings for college graduates born between 1970 and 1976, in line with the CL hypothesis. Second, accounting for a positive time trend in college attainment and a secular increase in the relative demand for college workers, it is shown that the slowdown in educational attainment for cohorts born between 1955 and 1970 can explain an important part of the increase in the average college premium and a significant part of the increase in wage inequality after 1980. Relative to the secular increase in the demand for and supply of college workers, the recent expansion of Britain's higher education system is thus expected to significantly reduce the average college premium and therefore wage inequality. Chapter IV, "Cyclicality and fixed effects in gross job flows: a European cross country analysis", uses information on manufacturing establishments during the 1990s in Belgium, France, Italy and the UK to examine whether time series of employment dynamics behave differently across countries and whether persistent differences exist in gross job flows that are country or industry specific. The results suggest job destruction is more cyclically volatile in the UK compared to Continental European countries. In the longer-run, a country fixed effect best captures the process of job reallocation whereas industry specific differences are not important. Symmetry of job creation and destruction over the business cycle and the existence of country specific differences in gross job flows most likely reflect the importance of different labor market regulations in Continental European countries.
20
Hector, Gage. "Economic Effects of Fracking on Wage and Employment: Story of Texas." OpenSIUC, 2019. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2615.
Анотація:
The study of this paper is to see the economic effects of fracking in Texas. We focus specifically on wage and employment change. We use quarterly data from the Bureau of Labor and Statistics at the county level, income data from the Internal Revenue Service, and quarterly level county drilling data from Enverus, from the years 2003-2019 quarter one. We focus on the Natural Resource & Mining sector and the Total, All Industries sector. We use a fixed effects linear model to see the changes of one-year employment and one-year weekly wage change. We find that one-year change in employment is positive and significant to the amount of oil drilled within the first sixty-months. One-year change in weekly wage was less significant due to the notion that prices are sticky.
21
Schroeder, Daniel Gene. "Self-esteem moderates the effect of wage trends on employment tenure." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3035977.
22
Meschi, Maria Meloria. "Female labour supply and wage discrimination in the Italian labour market." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388640.
23
Rubart, Jens. "The employment effects of technological change heterogenous labor, wage inequality and unemployment /." Berlin : Springer, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69956-9.
24
Ragacs, Christian. "Employment, productivity, output and minimum wage in Austria: a time series analysis." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1993. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6296/1/WP_21.pdf.
Анотація:
This paper evaluates stylised facts for the Austrian industry. I execute a time series analysis for minimum wage, productivity, output and employment. Tests for cointegration
and Granger-causality are done. The results are in contrast to most empirical studies that analyse the empirical effects of minimum wages on employment. Especially no negative impact of minimum wage on employment was found.Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
25
Feder, Jade Kimlyn. "Employed yet poor: Low-wage employment and working poverty in South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6689.
Анотація:
Magister Commercii - MComWhilst paid employment has generally been considered as the predominant means of avoiding poor living standards, the past two decades has seen a rise in the complex phenomenon of employed poverty worldwide (Eardley, 1998; Nolan and Marx, 1999; Nolan et al., 2010; Cheung and Chou, 2015). Over time, low-wage employment has increased in both number and severity, resulting in or contributing significantly to household poverty (Nolan and Marx, 1999). While individuals are employed in paid work, salaries are too low for households to maintain “a reasonable standard of living” (Cheung and Chou, 2015 p. 318). Internationally, employed poverty has been a serious and well-researched problem in the United States of America (USA or US). More than 11% of the USA “population resided in poor households with at least one employed person” (Brady et al., 2010 p. 560). In Hong Kong, approximately 53.5% of the population living in poverty were working poor in 2012 (Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, 2013). Closer to home, Sub- Saharan Africa’s working poor rate for 2016 was estimated at 33.1% for workers earning less than US $1.90 per day and 30% for those earning between US $1.90 and $3.10 per day (International Labour Organisation, 2016).
26
Walsh, T. "Pay and employment in GB private service sector with particular reference to the hotel and catering and retailing industries." Thesis, University of Bath, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379580.
27
Pölder, Robert. "Wage Dispersion and Employment for People With Low Skill : Sweden Compared to Six European Countries." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-55590.
Анотація:
This paper investigates in what way employment for low-skilled workers is connected to the wage dispersion in a country by comparing Sweden to six European countries. Previous research on this topic used cross-section analysis, but this essay takes another approach by comparing the changes in the wage dispersion and employment and by breaking down the change in the wage dispersion into parts and studying the change in the wage for different percentiles. The paper finds that wages in Sweden have not converged, which likely contributed to the increase in the employment gap between people with high and low skills. Two countries with different development were Germany and Norway. In line with recent research, in Germany, wage inequality increased and the employment gap between people with high and low skills decreased. In comparison, the case of Norway has not received much attention among researchers. Wages converged more in Norway than in Germany, yet employment increased more in Germany. The paper suggests a potential explanation: wages for the bottom percentiles of the earnings distribution fell in Germany, which it did not in Norway.
28
Tuc, Mis Sine. "Informal Sector Wage Gap In Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613741/index.pdf.
Анотація:
Informality has been a widespread fact in most of developing countries. Especially after the implementation of liberalization policies in the 1980s, informal sector has expanded, and informal employment has been more attractive in the Turkish economy. The aim of this thesis is to examine whether there is wage gap between formal and informal employment in Turkey for the years 2007 and 2008. In order to test if the determinants of wages are different, selection corrected wage equations are estimated for manufacturing and service sectors for men and women separately by using the Household Labor Force Survey micro level data of TURKSTAT. We also estimated Multinomial Logit model in order to be able to take the sector selection process into account. According to our estimation results, there was a significant wage gap between formal and informal employment in Turkey for the years 2007 and 2008, even after controlling for a number of individual-specific characteristics. This indicates the existence of the segmented labor market in terms of wages in Turkey, as it is asserted by the number of researchers arguing against the neo-classical labor market theory.
29
Doiron, Denise J. "Wage and employment contracts as equilibria to a bargaining game : an empirical analysis." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27001.
Анотація:
The object of this research is to study how unions and firms divide the surplus or rents available to them. Many instruments are used in practice to make this division, but standard micro data only includes two: wages and employment. I use a new approach to study wage and employment contracts as I consider them equilibrium points in a noncooperative bargaining game.
This work is an extension of wage-employment determination models, the extension being the incorporation of a bargaining model, specifically, a Rubinstein bargaining game. Given the objective functions of the two players, the wage and employment equations are specified by the equilibrium conditions for the game. Also, additional determinants of the contracts are identified. One of the characteristics of the model is that the wage and employment contracts are affected by the relative strike costs of the two negotiating parties even in the absence of strikes.
The data involve the B.C. wood products industry and the IWA, a powerful union believed to have been successful at capturing rents. The data include input and output quantities and prices and equations representing input demands and output supply are estimated simultaneously with the negotiated wage and employment equations. Four estimation models are derived corresponding to two bargaining frameworks and two sets of assumptions on the firms' technology. The two bargaining frameworks correspond to two polar cases that have been assumed in the wage-employment determination literature: in one case, the wage is set through bargaining while the employment level is chosen by the firm, in the second case, both the wage and employment level are negotiated. In one pair of models, output is treated as exogenous to the bargaining while in the second set of models, output is endogenous and capital is exogenous.
The bargaining game is successfully implemented in the sense that technology and union utility parameters are generally reasonable and comparable to previous estimates. Also, the determinants of relative strike costs enter significantly in the estimation. The union is seen to care about employment as well as the wage with slightly more weight being placed on the employment level. Rent maximization is always rejected. Bargaining powers are calculated at each data point and results indicate that the 1980's recession increased the relative power of the union. The hypotheses of equal bargaining powers and complete union bargaining power are tested and rejected. Also, the proportion of rents captured by the firm is found to be a poor indicator of its bargaining power.
Although the qualitative results mentioned above are robust across the four models, parameter values are generally sensitive to both the technology assumptions and the bargaining framework. Ignoring the simultaneity of wages, employment and other variables chosen by the firm can be very misleading. Finally, the model in which both wages and employment are negotiated consistently performs better than the framework in which employment is unilaterally set by the firm.Arts, Faculty of
Vancouver School of Economics
Graduate
30
Yueh, Linda Yi-Chuang. "Gender, discrimination and inequality in China : some economic aspects." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3e1a0432-9a88-4893-9959-5dc376f78698.
Анотація:
With the move to a more market-oriented economy in China, there is evidence of increased inequality in the incomes earned by men and women. To explore this outcome, we turn to an aspect of Chinese society that is pervasive in both economic and social contexts, namely, the Chinese variant of social capital, guanxi. It appears that in an imperfect labour market characterised by frictions, such as restricted mobility, costly job search, and limited employment alternatives, the cultivation of guanxi is important in reducing these transaction costs. The notion that investing in social capital can enhance an individual's opportunities leads to the development of a theory of discrimination that may explain the gender inequalities accompanying marketisation in China, and might be more generally relevant. The model of earnings discrimination is premised on imperfect product and labour markets. Under these conditions, we show that differential wages for similarly productive workers is a profit maximising outcome for firms. We apply this theory in an attempt to explain the trend of increasing gender inequality in earned income in urban China during the current reform period. First, pre-labour market gender inequality is investigated through developing a model of parental investment in children's human capital to discern whether there are productive differences between men and women prior to entering employment. In 1995, household expenditure on children's education is affected by perceived future earnings differentials and support of parents in retirement. Regarding labour markets, an original survey designed to test our model of social capital was administered in urban China in early 2000 and pertained to 1999. We find that there are differences between men and women in their investment in guanxi that correspond to gender inequalities in earned income and rates of re-employment. Both empirical chapters provide evidence in accordance with the predictions of the theory.
31
Edo, Anthony. "Immigration, wages and employment evidence from France." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010025/document.
Анотація:
En France, en 2010, un dixième de la population active était immigrée. Quel impact cet apport d’actifs a-t-il eu sur les salaires et l’emploi des natifs ? Une analyse centrée sur la substitution entre natifs et immigrés montre d’abord que l’immigration n’a eu qu’un faible impact sur le salaire des natifs de même niveau d’éducation et d’expérience. Une hausse de 10% de la part d’immigrés réduit le salaire mensuel des natifs de même qualification d’environ 0,6%. Ce résultat n’est pas surprenant compte tenu de la forte rigidité salariale qui caractérise le marché du travail français : l’existence d’un salaire minimum national et d’indemnités chômage élevées peut expliquer l’absence d’ajustement des salaires suite à une augmentation de l’offre de travail. Dans ce contexte de fortes rigidités salariales, l’ajustement porte sur le taux d’emploi. Nos résultats indiquent qu’une hausse de 10 % de la part des immigrés dégrade d’environ 3 % le taux d’emploi des natifs ayant des caractéristiques individuelles similaires : âge, formation, expérience professionnelle. L’emploi des natifs diminue au profit de celui des immigrés puisque ces derniers sont relativement plus attractifs pour les entreprises. Les immigrants sont notamment plus enclins à accepter des salaires plus faibles et des conditions de travail plus difficiles que des natifs de même qualification. Cette première analyse de court terme n’est que partielle puisqu’elle omet les effets de complémentarité que l’immigration devrait induire sur les travailleurs dont les qualifications différent de celles des immigrants. En tenant compte de ces effets de complémentarité, une seconde analyse montre que si l’immigration n’a aucune incidence sur le salaire moyen des natifs à long terme, l’immigration a produit en France des gagnants et des perdants depuis les années 1990. Dans la mesure où la population immigrée est de plus en plus qualifiée, l’immigration a réduit le salaire des natifs très qualifiés et augmenté celui des natifs faiblement qualifiés. L’immigration a donc contribué à la réduction des inégalités salariales entre les travailleurs qualifiés et non qualifiés constatée en France durant cette période. De même, nous montrons que la forte féminisation de la population immigrée a eu un impact différencié sur les salaires des natifs selon leur genre. Depuis 1990, nos estimations indiquent que l’immigration a diminué le salaire des femmes et augmenté celui des hommes. Cet effet asymétrique s’explique par le fait que les hommes et les femmes tendent à être imparfaitement substituables dans le processus productifIn the past two decades, the fraction of the population in developed countries that is foreign-born increased from 7% in 1990 to 10% in 2010. The rise in the demographic importance of international migration led to a parallel increase in the amount of time and effort that economists devote to studying the consequences of immigration. One of the main questions raised by economists is related to the labor impact of migration in receiving economies. What is the impact of immigration on the employment and earnings of native workers ? This dissertation contributes to the immigration literature through a deep empirical investigation on the effects of immigrants on native wages and employment in France over the 1990-2010 period. This dissertation is composed of two main parts. The first part investigates the short-run effects of immigration on the outcomes of competing native workers (who have skills similar to those of the migrants). I find that immigration has a very small negative impact on the wages of competing natives. This result is consistent with the prevalence of downward wage rigidities in France. However, I show that immigration decreases the employment rate of natives with similar education and experience : a 10% increase in the immigrant share due to an influx of immigrants is associated with a 3% fall in the employment rate of competing natives. Since immigrants are relatively more attractive for firms (while they are identical to natives in all other respects), a substitution mechanism operates between natives and immigrants. The second part extends the analysis by providing a full picture of the wage impact of immigration in France. In this part, I allow the labor market to adjust to immigration in the long-run. In addition, I account for the complementarity effects induced by immigration on the wages of natives with different skills. The estimates indicate no detrimental impact of immigration on the average wage of natives. This part also provides the distributional effects of immigration by education and gender. In as much immigrants to France has been disproportionately high educated in the past two decades, I find that immigration has reduced the wage of highly educated native workers and has contributed to raise the wage of low educated. Thus, immigration-induced shocks to French labor supply have served to reduce wage inequality between low educated and high educated workers. Moreover, I find that immigration has lowered the relative wage of female natives and increased the wage of male natives. This asymmetric effect is due to the facts that immigration has disproportionately increased the number of female workers since 1990, and also that men and women of similar education are imperfect substitutes in the production process
32
Wallace, Leslie Renee. "The emergent contingent workforce." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3291253.
Анотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2008.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed Feb. 14, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
33
Andrews, Lauren. "Spatial Mismatch for Low-Wage Workers in post-Katrina New Orleans." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2011. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1292.
Анотація:
The theme of this study is spatial mismatch, a concept that gave rise to an ever-expanding body of research concerned with how and why residential and employment distributions have shifted within cities and across metropolitan areas. The concept grew out of John F. Kain's research on how racial discrimination and segregation affects the spatial patterns of people/subgroups and jobs in the postwar American urban environment. Specifically, "Housing Segregation" posits that housing-market discrimination is at the root of increased unemployment among inner-city, nonwhite workers; concurrently, the pace and volume of decentralization (of residents and employment) from central-cities reinforces low-income, overwhelmingly African-American isolation and immobility. This study contributes to the New Orleans literature by providing a pre- and post-Katrina snapshot of spatial mismatch. The analysis addresses research questions aimed at gauging the extent to which mismatch and job-isolation have changed for poor workers in the New Orleans metro area since Hurricane Katrina.
34
Hector, Christopher James. "Wage Structures and Employment Outcomes in New Zealand, and Their Relationship to Technological Change." The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2663.
Анотація:
After 100 years at an historically low level, inequality began to rise in the late 20th century, a trend which was especially marked in the English-speaking countries including New Zealand. Various explanations have been advanced, but internationally the most favoured theory is skill-biased technological change, driven by the new information and communication technologies. This thesis used income and wage data from the New Zealand Population Census and the New Zealand Income Survey to examine wage trends between 1991 and 2004. As in other developed countries wage dispersion was increasing in the 1990s, though it appears to have slowed since 2001, and the increased inequality is strongly correlated with workers' skills and qualifications. There is also a correlation between new technology and earnings inequality, but this appears to be attributable to the demand for skills in the industries which are changing fastest, rather than anything intrinsic to the new technology.
35
Chiwele, Dennis Kaputo. "Stabilisation, the real wage, employment and welfare : the case of Zambia's formal sector employees." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358175.
Анотація:
According to orthodox theory, a key objective of stabilisation policies is to raise the relative price of tradeables to that of nontradeables. This should lead to a relative expansion of tradeables production. The factors of production that would benefit most are those intensively utilised in the expanding (tradeables) sector. Where nontradeables are more labour intensive, the real consumption wage will fall with the implementation of stabilisation policies. This prediction is tested in this thesis within the context of Zambia's effort to adjust its economy in the 1980s. Applying a Stolper-Samuelson-Rybczynski (SSR) model, it is concluded that stabilisation policies did indeed result in the fall of the real wage. This finding is in line with the experience of other countries, suggesting that real wages were more flexible than would be justified by concerns of orthodox theorists. However, it is shown that the responsiveness of employment to variations in the real product wage was statistically insignificant. Furthermore, despite the fact that the real product wage of tradeables relative to nontradeables moved in the desired direction, the expected relative rise in tradeables employment failed to occur. This demonstrates the ract that getting the prices right may not always be a sufficient condition for labour reallocation. The rapid fall in the real consumption wage made it difficult for an average formal sector household to meet its nutritional needs. These households could be classified as poor by the end of the 1980s. Workers responded by moonlighting, engaging in corrupt practices and allowing their households to increase their labour participation. The adverse effects associated with such survival strategies demonstrate the limit to which a government could rely on real wage flexibility in macroeconomic adjustment.
36
Bazen, Stephen Laurence. "Minimum wage legislation : the likely impact on earnings, poverty and employment in the UK." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319349.
37
Carneiro, Francisco Galrao. "Labour market institutions, insider power and informal employment in Brazilian wage determination : 1980-1993." Thesis, University of Kent, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308838.
38
Niehaus, Isak Arnold. "Wage workers in a 'homeland township' : their experiences in finding, maintaining and losing employment." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22390.
Анотація:
Bibliography: pages 254-266.Workers domiciled in Qwaqwa, South Africa's smallest 'homeland', experience high rates of unemployment and job instability. Yet most terminations of employment are employee-instigated. This dissertation examines the reasons for employment instability among wage workers resident in a housing section in Phuthaditjhaba, the 'homeland's' only urban area. The approach adopted in the dissertation is primarily ethnographic. It describes the everyday experiences of African workers and treats their own perspectives of their working lives as central. Quantitative and qualitative data, collected from two samples drawn from the population in the housing area selected for study, are presented. It is argued that employment instability must be understood as a consequence of a web of interrelated circumstances and cannot be explained in terms of any one single causal factor. The following employment and employment-related circumstances are examined: workers' views of, and reactions to, wages and working conditions; problems with transport between places of work and home, and with workplace accommodation; conflicts of interest arising from domestic pressures undermining workers' ability to remain in a job; and the experience of joblessness. These various factors are then drawn together to show that workers do not perceive these factors in isolation from one another, but that they experience the oppressive conditions of their domestic and working lives as a totality. Any attempts to find ways to increase workers' job stability will have to look both within and beyond the workplace.
39
Ariza, Bulla John Fredy. "Essays on wage inequality in developing countries." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/283355.
Анотація:
El principal objetivo de la tesis es aportar evidencia empírica sobre los determinantes de los recientes cambios en la desigualdad de ingresos y salarios en América Latina. En el primer capítulo se documenta la evolución de la desigualdad de ingresos en la región durante el 2001-2012. Después de testear si los cambios en la desigualdad son estadísticamente significativos, se descomponen dos índices de desigualdad por fuentes de ingreso y subgrupos de población. Adicional a la revisión de literatura, se estudian los recientes efectos distributivos del ciclo económico. Los resultados indican que los ingresos laborales para los hogares y los salarios para los individuos son las principales fuentes que explican la desigualdad de ingresos en la región. De acuerdo con las estimaciones econométricas, la tasa de desempleo tuvo un efecto positivo y estadísticamente significativo sobre la desigualdad en ingresos laborales explicando cerca del 30% de la caída en el índice de Gini en países como Brasil, Colombia y Argentina. Más de la mitad de la caída en la desigualdad de ingreso para Brasil y México y en menor medida para Colombia y Argentina fue explicada además por la reducción en el índice de Gini de años de educación. El efecto del salario mínimo fue también importante para Colombia y Argentina. Los resultados de la tasa de desempleo y el Gini en educación son robustos a diferentes especificaciones, inclusión de más países y al uso de una base datos alterna.
En el segundo capítulo se estiman los efectos distributivos de la escolaridad y la informalidad laboral sobre la desigualdad de salarios en Brasil, México, Colombia y Argentina. Por medio de técnicas semiparamétricas se estudian los efectos marginales de la escolaridad en diferentes partes de la distribución de salarios y se descomponen los cambios en la desigualdad entre efectos precio y composición. En particular se usa la metodología propuesta por Machado y Mata (2005) para estimar densidades marginales y contrafactuales. Los resultados indican que la escolaridad tiene un efecto positivo creciente a lo largo de la distribución de salarios. De acuerdo con los resultados de la descomposición, la caída en la desigualdad se explica principalmente por cambios en la distribución de coeficientes. Una distribución más igualitaria de la escolaridad tuvo un efecto no igualador sobre la desigualdad de salarios mientras que una mayor proporción de trabajadores con contrato escrito o con cobertura de salud tuvo un efecto igualador.
En el capítulo final se considera un enfoque basado en tareas para estudiar la demanda de “skills” en la región. Se analizan los patrones de empleo en diferentes tipos de ocupaciones en mercados de trabajo urbanos para Brasil, México y Colombia. Basado en la propuesta de Autor, Leavy y Murnane (2003) y de Acemoglu y Autor (2012) se estudian los cambios en el empleo entre ocupaciones rutinarias, no rutinarias, cognitivas y manuales. Para testear la hipótesis de rutinización en un margen extensivo, se descomponen los cambios en el empleo por industria entre un componente “within” y un componente “between”. Los resultados sugieren que el empleo cayó para ocupaciones en la parte media de la distribución de skills tales como secretarias, operadores de maquinaria y artesanos, y creció levemente tanto para ocupaciones altamente cualificadas como bajamente cualificadas. De acuerdo con los resultados de la descomposición, la caída en el empleo para ocupaciones rutinarias cognitivas como secretarias y oficios relacionados se explica por un efecto within mientras que la caída en el empleo para operadores de maquinaria y artesanos se debe a un efecto between que se vincula poco al cambio técnico.The aim of this thesis is to provide empirical evidence on the determinants of the recent changes in income inequality and wage inequality in Latin America. In the first chapter, we document the evolution of in income inequality in the region during the 2000s. We test the robustness of the drops in inequality and decompose inequality indices both by income sources and by population subgroups. After survey the literature, we study the distributional effects of the business cycle. According to the results, labour income for households and wages for individuals remain as the most relevant sources of income inequality in the region. We found that the unemployment rate had a positive and statistically significant effect on labour income inequality accounting for about 30% of the change in the Gini coefficient for Argentina, Brazil, and Colombia. More than a half of the fall in income inequality for Brazil and Mexico and in a lesser degree for Argentina and Colombia was explained by the drop in the Gini of years of education. Minimum wages played also a relevant role in Argentina and Colombia. Results for unemployment rate and Gini in education are robust to different specifications, to the inclusion of more countries, and to the use of a different database. In the second chapter, we estimate the distributional effects of schooling and job informality upon wage inequality for Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico. By means of semi-parametric techniques, we study the marginal effects of schooling at different parts of the wage distribution, and we also decompose changes in inequality into composition and price effects. We use the methodology proposed by Machado and Mata (2005) to estimate marginal (and counterfactual) densities. Our main contribution deals with the study of the changes in the composition of workforce in terms of education, written contract, and health coverage on wage inequality. We found that schooling has a positive effect within group wage inequality. The fall in inequality was explained mainly by the changes in the distribution of coefficients or returns to characteristics of the workforce. According to the results, a more equal distribution of education had an un-equalizing (quantity) effect on wage inequality for all countries while the higher proportion of workers with written contracts or with health coverage had an equalizing impact among wage earners. This latter result is novel in the literature despite the highest levels of job informality in these economies. In the final chapter, we consider a task-based approach to study the demand for skills in the region. We analyse employment patterns in high-skilled, middle-skilled, and low-skilled jobs in urban labour markets in Brazil, Mexico, and Colombia. Have job opportunities polarised in Latin America? To what extent does technological change explain an employment shifts for middle-skilled occupations? Based on Autor, Leavy and Murnaney (2003) and Acemoglu and Autor (2012) we study employment changes between routine cognitive, routine manual, non-routine cognitive, and non-routine manual jobs. By decomposing changes in employment across industries into a between and within component, we test in the extensive margin the routinization hypothesis. We found little evidence of a strong job polarization pattern as reported in the US or Europe. Employment fell widely for some middle-skilled occupations such as secretaries, machinery operators, and handicraft workers, and increased mildly for high-skilled occupations like professionals and also for low-skilled jobs. According to the decomposition results, the decreasing share of employment for secretaries and related jobs was explained mainly by the within industry effect. However, for machinery operators and handicraft workers, their decreasing employment share was explained more for a between industry effect suggesting a minor role of technological change.
40
Zelenska, Tetyana. "Channels of Adjustment in Labor Markets: The 2007-2009 Federal Minimum Wage Increase." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/econ_diss/70.
Анотація:
In the debate on the economic effects of labor market regulation much work has focused on minimum wages. A legal minimum wage remains one of the most controversial policy issues. The controversy arises for two main reasons: first, there is no consensus over the economic impacts of the minimum wage mandate, especially its effect on employment, and, second, there is a disagreement over the empirical methods used to identify the minimum wage effects. Although the standard competitive model predicts that wage floors should have a negative impact on employment, empirical work shows mixed results.
This dissertation explores a number of adjustment channels that can explain the paradox of the small and insignificant employment effects uncovered in the MW literature. Specifically, the economic impact of the most recent 2007-2009 Federal minimum wage increase (from $5.15 to $7.25 an hour) is analyzed using a sample of quick-service restaurants in Georgia and Alabama. In contrast to prior studies, store-level bi-weekly payroll records for individual employees are used, allowing greater precision in measuring the relative cost-impact of the MW on establishments. Despite significant variation in the cost-impact of the three-stage MW increase across establishments, regression analysis finds lack of a negative effect on employment and hours following each MW increase. Additional channels of adjustment are explored using unique data from manager surveys. Evidence suggests that higher product prices, lower profit margins, wage compression, reduced turnover and higher performance standards largely account for insignificant employment effects.
These results are consistent with a number of alternative theoretical models of labor markets. An expanded version of the perfectly competitive model that incorporates additional margins of adjustment is also compatible with the reported findings.
41
Espinoza, Jaime M. "The Hourly Rate Of Learning: Skills Students Learn While Working In College." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33490.
Анотація:
One purpose of higher education is to graduate students who will become productive citizens. An integral aspect of being a productive citizen is employment. Finding a job requires the acquisition of skills that employers report they seek in college graduates. There are various ways that students can learn these skills. They can be learned in the classroom, and through extracurricular activities. They can also be learned from students' part time employment.
Part-time employment is a significant part of the college experience for many undergraduate students. Students are employed in a variety of different jobs while in college. These jobs can be grouped into three categories: cooperative education experiences, leadership positions, and wage positions. Scholars have explored the impact of cooperative and leadership positions on students. However, an extensive search of the literature revealed no studies which investigated the kinds of skills students in wage positions learn. Yet, the number of students employed in wage positions may exceed the number of students employed in the other two types of student jobs.
The purpose of this study was to examine the skills learned by undergraduate students who were employed in on-campus wage positions. The study was designed to measure whether the skills student employees learn are skills that employers seek in college graduates.
To seek answers to these research questions a list of skills was developed from the literature available on job skills employers seek in college graduates. After determining the eight most common skills employers seek in college graduates they hire, the researcher operationalized the skills by assigning typical job-related activities to each of the eight skills identified in the literature as being sought by employers of college graduates. Then, the researcher recruited 32 undergraduate students (16 male and 16 female) in wage positions to report data about what they learned while working. These data were collected through logs that detailed activities in which student employees engaged while on the job.
The study found that students in on-campus wage positions engaged in certain activities more than others. The activities in which they engaged indicated that they were learning some skills which employers seek in college graduates. Results showed that participants reported a high number of activities which related to Analytical Skills, Adaptability/Flexibility, and Communication Skills. Participants reported activities which related to Interpersonal Skills and Teamwork Skills to a moderate degree. Activities related to Initiative, Self Confidence, and Leadership Skills were reported least often. Differences were found in the reporting patterns of men and women. Some of these differences were found to be significant.Master of Arts
42
Sun, Brenda C. "Motivation under uncertainty and risks : evaluation of the effects of China's employment and wage reforms." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2006. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2687/.
Анотація:
This dissertation is set out to evaluate the effectiveness of China's wage and employment reforms against a major objective - the revival of motivation among individuals to adapt to new and changing environmental demands and challenges in their jobs in the face of intensifying global competition and increased resource constraints. It extends existing motivation research in several important ways. First, although the reforms began as early as the late 1970s and have had a profound impact on the nation's 100 million-strong industrial workforce, their dual impact on motivation was only empirically explored for the first time in this study due to extremely high research barriers. Second, since motivation research tends to focus on pay systems and especially rewards, this thesis also represents the first empirical attempt assessing the simultaneous motivational impact of wage and employment systems reform in the world. Third, with the advantage of an interdisciplinary approach, I developed a research model that accounts for uncertainty and risks, thus setting the model apart from existing frameworks. By testing a primary dataset of more than 1,000 units of analysis on the proposed framework of Environmental Perception and Adaptive Motivation against leading theories, I was able to establish that the proposed model is a superior and, indeed, more fitting framework for predicting individuals' motivation to adapt to new demands and challenges in their jobs in a fast-changing and turbulent workplace. These results in turn lend confidence to my concluding argument for the future role of risks in motivation research.
43
Douglas, Tami Diane. "Perceptions of fairness and the wage setting process." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1990. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/773.
44
Wikström, Magnus. "Four papers on wage formation in a unionized economy." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 1992. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-110670.
45
Sommerfeld, Katrin [Verfasser], and Bernd [Akademischer Betreuer] Fitzenberger. "Wage inequality and employment in the German labor market = Lohnungleichheit und Beschäftigung auf dem deutschen Arbeitsmarkt." Freiburg : Universität, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1123480753/34.
46
Vlassis, Minas G. "Wage and employment determination as a multistage bargain : theory and evidence from the Greek manufacturing sector." Thesis, University of Essex, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.290900.
47
Hori, Kenjiro. "Three essays in labour economics : wage and employment contracts under uncertainty, and the frictional labour market." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.614811.
48
Leontaridi, Marianthi Rannia. "Wage-employment patterns and mobility between sectors in a segmented labour market : the case of Britain." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2000. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU123241.
Анотація:
The thesis examines the existence, or otherwise, of labour market segmentation in the UK labour market. Three different hypotheses are investigated. The existence of two self-contained labour market sectors, the difference in the wage and employment mechanisms across the two sectors and the lack of employee mobility among them. The first two hypotheses are investigated using cross-sectional data from the fifth wave of the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) in the context of a switching regression model with endogenous selection and known sample separation. The existence of two separate sectors and the difference in wage and employment mechanisms in the two of them are both established. Returns to education are on unemployment experience has a negative effect on the individual's sector attachment hypothesis is investigated by using the panel element of the BHPS data set. Very little mobility exists for secondary sector employees and a small probability that they would move to primary sector employment, in the short, medium or longer run. The third hypothesis is investigated by using the panel element of BHPS data set. Very would move to primary sector employment and no employment. The factors affecting an individual's entrapment in the secondary sector are examined in the framework of a bivariate model with partial observability, chosen to address the problem of endogenous selection into the individual's initial sector attachment state. Full-time employment status, firm size, trade union coverage, and male gender have a significant negative effect on the probability of employee entrapment in the secondary sector in the short, medium and longer run. However, their magnitude reduces substantially the longer the time period considered. Educational qualifications could act as springboards pushing secondary sector employees, eventually, into primary sector employment.
49
Savitsky, Jerome. "A theoretical analysis of the labor market wage and employment effects of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54411.
Анотація:
The dissertation explores the labor market effects of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits employers from practicing wage discrimination and employment dis- crimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, national origin or color.
A theoretical model of the equal wage and the equal employment provisions of Title Vll is developed and applied to the labor input decisions of a discriminating firm. The enforcement model is then extended to consider the market-wide wage and employment effects of Title Vll.
The analysis raises questions as to whether Title Vll, as it is enforced by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, can in fact increase the market wages and improve the market employment opportunities of the workers who face discrimination in the labor market. The labor market wage and employment effects of Title VII under alternate enforcement strategies are also examined.Ph. D.
50
Gupta, Natalie C. F. "Capital intensity of employment, wage share variability, and income inequality : findings from two industrial areas in India." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.647354.
Анотація:
Rising inequalities between and within income categories (especially labour and capital) haveemerged as an increasing concern particularly in the last two decades. One of the main reasons for this has been a sharp decline in the wage share in many countries. A declining wage share refers to a decrease in the size of the total wage bill relative to either national income or net value addition (NVA). India is an important example of this situation. Trends at the level of aggregate statistics show that the wage bill has not kept up with productivity increases. This has led to a sharp decline in the wage share, leaving researchers the task of explaining the causes (and consequences) of this decline. The research contributes towards this task by critically examining one of the main avenues ofresearch that has been used in order to explain the causes of a declining wage share in India. This refers to the hypothesis according to which this trend is the outcome of increased capital intensity of employment, or more generally labour-saving investments. The study examines the relevance of this hypothesis for dynamics taking place at a disaggregated level of analysis in Indian industrial manufacturing. In order to do this, three main questions are addressed. The first is whether a declining wage share is a necessary outcome of labour-saving investments in production, or whether other factors are also important in mediating this relationship. The second is the conditions affecting the degree to which a declining wage share also involves increased income inequalities within the labour income category, and in some cases, declining real incomes for workers. The third is the relevance of drawing upon a demand and supply framework for the treatment of the question of causality in the analysis. The study answers the questions by drawing on two very different case studies. The first is thePimpri Chinchwad Industrial Township (PCIT), located in the outskirts of Pune (State ofMaharashtra, western India). The production processes characterising many of the factoriesoperating in this area are capital intensive. The second is the art metalware industry in Moradabad (State of Uttar Pradesh, northern India). The production processes taking place in the majority of units in this area are labour-intensive. The findings suggest that the factors contributing to a declining wage share cannot be analysed without at the same time examining the distributional set-ups within which technological changes take place, and how these arrangements are changing. Firstly, many of the factors contributing towards a declining wage share are not directly caused by changes in technology, and hence skill requirements, in production. This includes the weakness (and further weakening) of the mechanisms linking wages to productivity at the firm and sectoral level. Secondly, a declining wage share also involves changing income inequalities within the labour income category. The sources of these inequalities are not only linked to differentials in skills. Thirdly, this is happening in the context of speedy changes in the economy, including changing needs. This makes the links between wages and productivity an important requirement for the labour income category to be able to benefit from increased productivity, not only as workers through the wage system, but also as consumers. Lastly, many of the variables that emerge as important in the analysis cannot be subsumed under a demand and supply framework. One of the implications for the treatment of the issue of causality is the need to move away from seeking causal links in the traditional ‘cause and effect’ framework, to questions about how certain trends come about. This also has consequences for the normative side of the debate.