Статті в журналах: "Vray"

1

Parayre, Catherine. "Fortin, Jutta et Jean-Bernard Vray, dir. Alain Fleischer écrivain." Voix Plurielles 12, no. 1 (May 6, 2015): 443–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/vp.v12i1.1212.

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2

Hao, Fei, Song Qing Zhu, and Hai Tao Gao. "Gray Image Composition Method for Measurement Based on Multi-Software Cooperation." Advanced Materials Research 889-890 (February 2014): 1052–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.889-890.1052.

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One method named image synthesis was proposed for gray image composition to meet the requirement that algorithm research of machine vision needed a lot of images. Firstly, two modules, i.e., modeling module and camera module, of some engineering software were compared and images will be obtained by using three-dimensional modeling software cooperating with VRay plug-in. Then, parameter setting and adjustment for VRay plug-in was studied. Lastly, measurement experiments were carried out by using synthetic images. The experimental results demonstrate that 1μm measuring accuracy is possible under the condition that the distance between calibration part and camera was equal to that between parts and camera. The synthetic images can be used for algorithm research of machine vision.

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3

Милетић, Ђорђе. "СИМУЛАЦИЈА РЕФЛЕКСИЈЕ МЕТАЛА И ПЛАСТИКЕ У VRAY RENDERING PLUGINU-У ПРОГРАМA 3DS MAX". Zbornik radova Fakulteta tehničkih nauka u Novom Sadu 35, № 04 (29 березня 2020): 760–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/07fa12miletic.

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4

Galli Pellegrini, Rosa. "Jean-Bernard Vray, Le «paysage fer» de François Bon." Studi Francesi, no. 147 (XLX | III) (December 1, 2005): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/studifrancesi.33717.

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5

d’Autreppe, Emmanuel. "Danièle Méaux, Jean-Bernard Vray, dirs, Traces photographiques, traces autobiographiques." Questions de communication, no. 8 (December 1, 2005): 489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/questionsdecommunication.5859.

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6

Yin, Sai. "Explore the Use of Computer-Aided Design in the Landscape Renderings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 1166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.1166.

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The landscape renderings project performance, landscape renderings important form of program scrutiny, accomplished by means of computer design has become the mainstream of the industry, it has performance visualization, and process reversible, diversified visual affects features. Computer graphics has three stages, namely modeling, rendering, and image processing, as opposed to proper professional graphics software; "3DSMAX + VRAY + PHOTOSHOP" is a typical process landscape renderings produced.

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7

Boyle-Vavra, Susan, Shouhui Yin, Dae Sun Jo, Christopher P. Montgomery, and Robert S. Daum. "VraT/YvqF Is Required for Methicillin Resistance and Activation of the VraSR Regulon in Staphylococcus aureus." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 57, no. 1 (October 15, 2012): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01651-12.

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ABSTRACTStaphylococcus aureusinfections caused by strains that are resistant to all forms of penicillin, so-called methicillin-resistantS. aureus(MRSA) strains, have become common. One strategy to counter MRSA infections is to use compounds that resensitize MRSA to methicillin.S. aureusresponds to diverse classes of cell wall-inhibitory antibiotics, like methicillin, using the two-component regulatory system VraSR (vra) to up- or downregulate a set of genes (the cell wall stimulon) that presumably facilitates resistance to these antibiotics. Accordingly, VraS and VraR mutations decrease resistance to methicillin, vancomycin, and daptomycin cell wall antimicrobials.vraSandvraRare encoded together on a transcript downstream of two other genes, which we callvraUandvraT(previously calledyvqF). By producing nonpolar deletions invraUandvraTin a USA300 MRSA clinical isolate, we demonstrate thatvraTis essential for optimal expression of methicillin resistancein vitro, whereasvraUis not required for this phenotype. The deletion ofvraTalso improved the outcomes of oxacillin therapy in mouse models of lung and skin infection. SincevraTexpressed intransdid not complement avraoperon deletion, we conclude that VraT does not inactivate the antimicrobial. Genome-wide transcriptional microarray experiments reveal that VraT facilitates resistance by playing a necessary regulatory role in the VraSR-mediated cell wall stimulon. Our data prove that VraTSR comprise a novel three-component regulatory system required to facilitate resistance to cell wall agents inS. aureus. We also provide the firstin vivoproof of principle for using VraT as a sole target to resensitize MRSA to β-lactams.

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8

Bamberg, Anne. "Nicole Vray, Grandes femmes de l’Ancien Testament. L’appel et la foi." Revue des sciences religieuses, no. 90/1 (January 1, 2016): 116–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/rsr.3084.

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9

Kiening, Christian. "Le double décomposé. Rencontres des vivants et des morts à la fin du Moyen Age." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 50, no. 5 (October 1995): 1157–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ahess.1995.279421.

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En 1538, les frères Gaspar et Melchior Trechsel publièrent à LyonLes simulachres & historiées faces de la mort, avtant élégamment pourtraictes, que artificiellement imaginées: un nouveau type de danse macabre, rapidement fameux grâce aux gravures sur bois dessinées plus d'une décennie avant par Hans Holbein le Jeune et gravées par Hans Lützelburger. L'édition, qui donnait de fortes impulsions à la figuration et la méditation de la mort des siècles suivants, est précédée par une épître dédicatoire, due à l'écrivain lyonnais Jean de Vauzelles (« dun vray Zèle » ; 1495-avant 1559) qui s'occupa beaucoup d'oeuvres charitables.

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10

Galli Pellegrini, Rosa. "Jean-Bernard Vray, François Bon, chiffonnier de la mémoire collective dans ‘Paysage fer’." Studi Francesi, no. 147 (XLX | III) (December 1, 2005): 679–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/studifrancesi.33713.

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11

Galli Pellegrini, Rosa. "Jean-Bernard Vray, François Bon, chiffonier de la mémoire collective dans «Paysage fer»." Studi Francesi, no. 142 (XLVIII | I) (July 1, 2004): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/studifrancesi.41298.

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12

Guldentops, Guy. "Francesco Piccolomini on honor." Bochumer Philosophisches Jahrbuch für Antike und Mittelalter 22 (December 31, 2019): 167–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bpjam.00044.gul.

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Abstract ‘Honor’ is one of the key notions in Renaissance ethics. The present paper analyzes the honor code which Francesco Piccolomini (1520–1604) articulates in his Vniuersa Philosophia de Moribus. Drawing not only on Aristotle, Plato, and ancient Stoicism, but also on medieval and early-modern Christian authorities, he argues that ‘proper honor’ is situated in the inner of a virtuous person because “everybody is the artificer of their own merits of honor.” Despite the aristocratic and patriarchal aspects of his ethics, he propounds an interiorizing and non-militarist interpretation of honor, which runs parallel with Montaigne’s concept of vray honneur and even anticipates to some extent Kant’s Ehrliebe.

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13

Yuan, Jialin. "Research on the Effect of Light and Shadow in Computer-aided Interior Design." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2074, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2074/1/012053.

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Abstract For interior design students, in addition to learning the principles of interior design, the most important thing they learn is how to better use computer technology to assist their design. For example, AutoCAD drafting trains students to use computer software to draw their own designs according to industry norms; 3DMAX helps students to display their designs with realistic effects; not to mention PS and VRay rendering, which is a great help for lighting. All these situations show that today’s interior lighting design is inseparable from the assistance of computers. Based on this, this paper explores the effects of computer-aided interior design lighting.

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14

Galli Pellegrini, Rosa. "Traces photographiques, traces autobiographiques, sous la direction de Danièle Meaux et Jean-Bernard Vray." Studi Francesi, no. 144 (XLVIII | III) (December 15, 2004): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/studifrancesi.38327.

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15

Rao, Shun. "3D Modeling Technology in Indoor Decoration Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 484-485 (January 2014): 1051–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.484-485.1051.

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Nowadays, a large amount of thinking and inspiration which can't be expressed by words and drawings has been realized because of the rapid development of computer graphics. 3D is one of the technology drawn much attention in the field of interior design, in the meantime, 3D technology is also the development direction of Chinese interior design in new age. Those design concepts which can only be expressed with words will be accomplished by computer through 3D modeling technology. The interior design applying 3D technology meets psychological need of people's indoor life quality, environment atmosphere, and style.This paper made a design of the medium and small house model has been realized through the application platform of the Auto CAD, 3 D Max, Vray, and Premiere Pro.

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16

Gordon, Alex L. "Au service de l'argumentation : le classement des figures chez Guillaume Tardif." Études littéraires 24, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/500984ar.

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Le Rhetoricae artis ac oratoriae facultatis compendium de Guillaume Tardif est la seconde rhétorique intégrale en langue latine à être publiée par un auteur français. Remaniée dans trois éditions postérieures, elle témoigne d'un intérêt profond pour la tradition oratoire et d'un désir pressant de l'adapter aux besoins contemporains. Tardif montre sa plus grande originalité dans le classement des figures : les divisant selon leur convenance aux différentes parties du discours, il essaie d'envisager le style en fonction du contenu, restaurant ainsi à la rhétorique son unité perdue. Cette ingénieuse tentative a été reprise par Pierre Fabri dans son Grand et Vray Art de pleine rhétorique (1521). L'influence de Tardif a cessé quand le travail de Fabri fut éclipsé dans la deuxième moitié du XVIe siècle par la nouvelle rhétorique ramiste.

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17

Schincariol, Andrea. "L’imaginaire spectral de la littérature narrative française contemporaine, travaux réunis par Jutta Fortin et Jean-Bernard Vray." Studi Francesi, no. 171 (LVII | III) (December 1, 2013): 652–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/studifrancesi.2896.

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18

Wang, Wanying, and Baolin Sun. "VraCP regulates cell wall metabolism and antibiotic resistance in vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus strain Mu50." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 76, no. 7 (May 5, 2021): 1712–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab113.

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Abstract Objectives Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) is increasingly being reported. Previous studies have shown that vraC and vraP may be involved in vancomycin resistance, although the molecular mechanism remains elusive. Methods The vraC (SAV0577), vraP (SAV0578) and vraCP mutants were constructed in Mu50 by allelic replacement. Some common VISA phenotypes were assessed in mutants, such as, susceptibility to the cell wall-associated antibiotics, cell wall thickness, autolysis activity and growth rate. RT-qPCR was performed to reveal the differential genes associated with these phenotypes. The binding abilities of VraC and VraCP to the promoters of target genes were determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Results VraP forms a stable complex with VraC to preserve their own stability. The vraC, vraP and vraCP mutants exhibited increased susceptibility to the cell wall-associated antibiotics and thinner cell walls compared with the WT strain. Consistent with these phenotypes, RT-qPCR revealed downregulated transcription of glyS, sgtB, ddl and alr2, which are involved in cell wall biosynthesis. Moreover, the transcription of cell wall hydrolysis genes, including sceD, lytM and isaA, was significantly downregulated, supporting the finding that mutants exhibited reduced autolysis rates. EMSA confirmed that both VraC and VraCP can directly bind to the sceD, lytM and isaA promoter regions containing the consensus sequence (5′-TTGTAAN2AN3TGTAA-3′), which is crucial for the binding of VraCP with target genes. GFP-reporter assays further revealed VraC and VraCP can enhance promoter activity of sceD to positively regulate its expression. Conclusions vraCP plays a significant role in cell wall metabolism and antibiotic resistance in Mu50.

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19

Vose, Heather M. "A Sixteenth-century Assessment of the French Church in the Years 1521–4 by Bishop Guillaume Briçonnet of Meaux." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 39, no. 4 (October 1988): 509–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046900040574.

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‘C'est à vous, Madame, à qui je parle.’ So wrote the distinguished church statesman and reforming bishop of the Meaux diocese to Marguerite d'Angoulême, duchess of Alençon (later queen of Navarre), powerful sister of the Renaissance monarch François I, on 22 December 1521. The personal and emphatic form of address employed here by Guillaume Briçonnet arose from his concern that Marguerite should grasp firmly a neglected aspect of Christian doctrine: the role of the Spirit in the life of each believer as well as within the Ecclesia. By grace, came the episcopal injunction, Marguerite must recognise ‘le vray feu qui s'est logé, long temps a [i.e. il y a longtemps déja] dans vostre cceur’;and by this same grace French Christendom must acknowledge its state of desolation. An analysis of the 1521–4 exchange of letters between the duchess of Alençon and the bishop of Meaux reveals both the extent of Briçonnet's distress at what he saw as basic weaknesses in the French Church and his spiritual counsel aimed at rectifying a situation he held to be desperate.

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20

Dominguez, Véronique. "La réception du théâtre médiéval au XXe siècle: Le Vray Mistère de la Passion au théâtre de l'Odéon (Paris, 1906)." European Medieval Drama 10 (January 2006): 167–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.emd.2.302033.

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21

Nadeak, Salam Irianto, and Dedi Buana. "PERANCANGAN DESAIN BOOTH 3D UNTUK PRODUK DANCOW DI CV. XPRO ORGANIZER." Jurnal Ilmiah Publipreneur 5, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.46961/jip.v5i2.135.

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Kini booth sudah berkembang sangat pesat. Dengan perkembangan teknologi yang semakin canggih dapat memudahkan orang-orang kreatif dan memiliki ilmu pengetahuan di bidang tiga dimensi (3D) untuk menghasilkan sebuah karya, khusus nya dalam pembuatan booth. Keberadaan booth sudah banyak digunakan dalam mempromosikan produk maupun jasa, keperluan event dan lain-lain. Booth menjadi media promosi yang cukup sukses untuk menarik perhatian konsumen. Fungsi booth yaitusebagai ajang promosi dan pembangun imeg perusahaan dan membangun korespondensi yang lebih dekat dengan pihak yang menjadi target pengguna. Perancangan adalah kemampuan untuk membuat beberapa alternatif pemecahan masalah. Dengan demikian diharapkan perancangan adalah kemampuan untuk membuat beberapa alternatif pemecahan masalah. Perancangan desain booth tiga dimensi (3D) yang bertujuan sebagai media promosi produk dancow. Perancangan Desain booth dancow menggunakan konsep desain yang sederhana. Dimana konsep tersebut mengandalkan material yang mudah dibuat dan diperoleh. Proses Perancangan Desain Booth 3D untuk produk Dancow di perusahaan Xpro Organizer di awali dengan riset. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan pembuatan konsep yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan perusahaan dalam menghadapi pesaingnya yang diwujudkan dalam bentuk visualisasi tigadimensi (3D) terhadap desain yang dihasilkan. Proses perancangan visual tiga dimensi (3D) menggunakan software autodesk 3Ds Max 2010 dan plugin Vray 2.2 dan produk akhir dari perancangan desain booth berupa visualisasi tiga dimensi (3D) dalam bentuk media cetak dan mini booth.

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22

Yin, Shaohui, Robert S. Daum, and Susan Boyle-Vavra. "VraSR Two-Component Regulatory System and Its Role in Induction of pbp2 and vraSR Expression by Cell Wall Antimicrobials in Staphylococcus aureus." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50, no. 1 (January 2006): 336–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.50.1.336-343.2006.

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ABSTRACT The VraS/VraR two-component system (VraSR) regulates transcriptional induction of penicillin-binding protein 2 (encoded by pbp2) by vancomycin in Staphylococcus aureus. We have now defined the vraSR operon and determined that its induction by β-lactams as well as by vancomycin is autoregulated. Induction of the pbp2 and vraSR operons by β-lactams and related compounds within 1 hour after exposure to the antimicrobials was dependent on vraS. However, when a disk diffusion assay that can detect induction of genes over an extended time period was used, induction of the pbp2 operon was mediated by some β-lactams, including oxacillin; this induction was independent of vraS.

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23

Wang, Jian, Hui Xiao, and Hongbin Wang. "Ray Tracing Acceleration Algorithm Based on FaceMap." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (April 25, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8961577.

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Raster method and ray tracing are two important algorithms in computer graphics. The former, raster method, marked by high speed and efficiency, has the disadvantage of an unrealistic rendering effect. By contrast, ray tracing requires considerable computing resources and time despite its advantages of high fidelity and simple structure, thus only suitable for offline rendering. Given such limitations, a ray-tracing acceleration algorithm that combines the raster method and ray tracing is proposed in this study based on FaceMap, a two-dimensional data structure that stores surface distribution under point light or the view of a camera. Firstly, all triangular surfaces of the 3D model are rasterized by linear surface projection to form the surface distribution of a spherical panorama. Secondly, the structure of FaceMap is adopted to store the distribution information of all the surfaces in the scene. Thirdly, the data on the intersecting surfaces in this direction are collected by projecting the ray onto FaceMap in the ray-tracing process, thus reducing the intersection and propagation operations and improving the efficiency. Four object models including chessboard, grass patch, bust, and typewriter are selected for comparative rendering experiments. Our proposed method is used to compare with Rhino and VRay rendering software, respectively. The results show that our proposed method obtained better rendering effects within greatly reduced rendering time (© 2018Optical Society of America).

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24

Wang, Jian, Hui Xiao, and Hongbin Wang. "Ray Tracing Acceleration Algorithm Based on FaceMap." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (April 25, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8961577.

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Raster method and ray tracing are two important algorithms in computer graphics. The former, raster method, marked by high speed and efficiency, has the disadvantage of an unrealistic rendering effect. By contrast, ray tracing requires considerable computing resources and time despite its advantages of high fidelity and simple structure, thus only suitable for offline rendering. Given such limitations, a ray-tracing acceleration algorithm that combines the raster method and ray tracing is proposed in this study based on FaceMap, a two-dimensional data structure that stores surface distribution under point light or the view of a camera. Firstly, all triangular surfaces of the 3D model are rasterized by linear surface projection to form the surface distribution of a spherical panorama. Secondly, the structure of FaceMap is adopted to store the distribution information of all the surfaces in the scene. Thirdly, the data on the intersecting surfaces in this direction are collected by projecting the ray onto FaceMap in the ray-tracing process, thus reducing the intersection and propagation operations and improving the efficiency. Four object models including chessboard, grass patch, bust, and typewriter are selected for comparative rendering experiments. Our proposed method is used to compare with Rhino and VRay rendering software, respectively. The results show that our proposed method obtained better rendering effects within greatly reduced rendering time (© 2018Optical Society of America).

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25

Lee, Chieh-Shan, Chia-I. Liu, Wei-Jung Chang, and Wen-Yih Jeng. "Crystal structure of the response regulator VraR fromStaphylococcus aureus." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314097903.

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Staphylococcus aureusis one of the major causes of nosocomial infections today. Infections caused byS. aureusare a growing cause of concern owning to the widespread development of multiple antibiotic-resistant strains, particularly methicillin and vancomycin-intermediate resistant strains (MRSA and VISA). The VraSR two component system is reported to be highly related to the development of vancomycin resistance ofS. aureus. VraS is a membrane-bound sensor histidine kinase that received the signal stimulation from environment to regulate the phosphorylation status of its cognate response regulator protein VraR to control target genes transcription to result in the development of vancomycin resistance ofS. aureus.Here, we report the crystal structure of unphosphorylated VraR fromS. aureusin a dimeric form at 1.8 Å resolution. The crystals of VraR belong to the monoclinic space group C2 containing two protein molecules as a dimer in the asymmetric unit. The first β-strand at N-terminal end of each VraR subunit was inserted into the other subunit to form an intertwining dimer structure. Finally, according to previous reports and our crystal structure, we propose a regulation model for VraR. The feedback control ofvraSR operon would be the unphosphorylated dimeric VraR rather than the unphosphorylated monomeric VraR.

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26

Fassina, Filippo. "Marino Lambiase, «Le vray Resveille-matin des Calvinistes et Publicains François» d’Arnaud Sorbin de Saincte-Foy: Apologie d’un massacre ou resacralisation de la monarc." Studi Francesi, no. 164 (LV | II) (September 1, 2011): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/studifrancesi.5585.

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27

Pouderon, Bernard. "Un nouvel exemple de réception d’une figure paléo-chrétienne dans le roman français : Athénagore d’Athènes et le Vray et parfait amour de Martin Fumée (1599)." Gaia : revue interdisciplinaire sur la Grèce Archaïque 18, no. 1 (2015): 581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/gaia.2015.1690.

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28

Black, Jeremy. "British Foreign Policy in the Eighteenth Century: A Survey." Journal of British Studies 26, no. 1 (January 1987): 26–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/385878.

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Il est vray que dans un gouvernement comme celuy d'Angleterre, il ne faut compter sur rien. [Chauvelin (1728)]Eighteenth-century British foreign policy has been a marginal subject for several decades. During that period much good work has been produced, particularly on the diplomacy of the first four decades of the century, but this work has not been integrated into the general scholarship of the period. The textbooks for the century, commonly written by experts in high politics, generally offer a hurried account of foreign policy, that is, a jumble of names and dates that are not related to the problems discussed in the rest of the work. Foreign policy is rarely perceived as a crucial problem of political management or debate. Eighteenth-century scholars complain often, particularly in conversation, about what they regard as the excessively detailed nature of foreign policy studies and their supposed failure to address themselves to problems of general relevance.The strong diplomatic bias of eighteenth-century foreign policy studies has certainly led to the production of many works that have few points of access for the general scholar. The domestic context of foreign policy and, in particular, the extent to which policy was debated are subjects that have received relatively little attention. Partly this is a result of the development of the subject. The great age of foreign policy studies was the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth, an age in which history existed to study the growth and exalt the triumphs of the nation-state.

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29

Galli Pellegrini, Rosa. "Jean-Bernard Vray, François Bon, du roman au récit : «...droit debout dans la parole et rien d’autre» in L’empreinte du social dans le roman depuis 1980." Studi Francesi, no. 148 (XLX | I) (April 1, 2006): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/studifrancesi.30852.

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30

Fontt, Elizabeth Olivares, Patrick De Baetselier, Carlo Heirman, Kris Thielemans, Ralph Lucas, and Bernard Vray. "Effects of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha on Trypanosoma cruzi Trypomastigotes." Infection and Immunity 66, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 2722–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.66.6.2722-2727.1998.

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ABSTRACT We have previously shown that the addition of exogenous granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to nonactivated mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPM) limitsTrypanosoma cruzi infections in vitro (E. Olivares Fontt and B. Vray, Parasite Immunol. 17:135–141, 1995). Lower levels of infection were correlated with a higher level of production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the absence of nitric oxide (NO) release. These data suggested that GM-CSF and/or TNF-α might have a direct parasitocidal effect on T. cruzi trypomastigotes, independently of NO release. To address this question, T. cruzi trypomastigotes were treated with recombinant murine GM-CSF (rmGM-CSF), recombinant murine TNF-α (rmTNF-α), or both cytokines in a cell-free system. Treatment with rmGM-CSF but not rmTNF-α caused morphological changes in the parasites, and most became spherical after 7 h of incubation. Both cytokines exerted a cytolytic activity on the trypomastigotes, yet the trypanolytic activity of rmTNF-α was more effective than that of rmGM-CSF. Viable rmGM-CSF- and rmTNF-α-treated parasites were less able to infect MPM than untreated parasites, and this reduction in infectivity was greatest for rmGM-CSF. Treatments with both cytokines resulted in more lysis and almost complete inhibition of infection. The direct parasitocidal activity of rmTNF-α was inhibited by carbohydrates and monoclonal antibodies specific for the lectin-like domain of TNF-α. Collectively, these results suggest that cytokines such as GM-CSF and TNF-α may directly control the level of T. cruzi trypomastigotes at least in vitro and so could determine the outcome of infection in vivo.

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Galbusera, Elena, Adriana Renzoni, Diego O. Andrey, Antoinette Monod, Christine Barras, Paolo Tortora, Alessandra Polissi, and William L. Kelley. "Site-Specific Mutation ofStaphylococcus aureusVraS Reveals a Crucial Role for the VraR-VraS Sensor in the Emergence of Glycopeptide Resistance." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 55, no. 3 (December 20, 2010): 1008–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00720-10.

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ABSTRACTAn initial response ofStaphylococcus aureusto encounter with cell wall-active antibiotics occurs by transmembrane signaling systems that orchestrate changes in gene expression to promote survival. Histidine kinase two-component sensor-response regulators such as VraRS contribute to this response. In this study, we examined VraS membrane sensor phosphotransfer signal transduction and explored the genetic consequences of disrupting signaling by engineering a site-specificvraSchromosomal mutation. We have usedin vitroautophosphorylation assay with purified VraS[64-347] lacking its transmembrane anchor region and tested site-specific kinase domain histidine mutants. We identified VraS H156 as the probable site of autophosphorylation and show phosphotransferin vitrousing purified VraR. Genetic studies show that thevraS(H156A) mutation in three strain backgrounds (ISP794, Newman, and COL) fails to generate detectable first-step reduced susceptibility teicoplanin mutants and severely reduces first-step vancomycin mutants. The emergence of low-level glycopeptide resistance in strain ISP794, derived from strain 8325 (ΔrsbU), did not require a functional σB, butrsbUrestoration could enhance the emergence frequency supporting a role for this alternative sigma factor in promoting glycopeptide resistance. Transcriptional analysis ofvraS(H156A) strains revealed a pronounced reduction but not complete abrogation of thevraRSoperon after exposure to cell wall-active antibiotics, suggesting that additional factors independent of VraS-driven phosphotransfer, or σB, exist for this promoter. Collectively, our results reveal important details of the VraRS signaling system and predict that pharmacologic blockade of the VraS sensor kinase will have profound effects on blocking emergence of cell wall-active antibiotic resistance inS. aureus.

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Navarro-de Pablos, J., C. Mosquera-Pérez, D. Navas-Carrillo, B. Del Espino Hidalgo, and M. T. Pérez Cano. "RHINOCEROS 5 + VRAY AS A TOOL FOR THE EVALUATION OF CONDITIONS IN BIC ENVIRONMENTS: THE CASES OF THE ATARAZANAS, THE CONVENT OF SAN AGUSTIN AND THE PLAZA NUEVA IN SEVILLE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W15 (August 23, 2019): 849–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w15-849-2019.

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Abstract. This contribution aims to deepen the formulas for the application of 3D modelling tools in their application to the protection of heritage in the Spanish legislative framework: Although they emerge as instruments for their eminently industrial application, new architecture or infographics, the Rhinoceros software, together with the Vray rendering engine, constitute a tandem that has proved to be very useful for determining the degrees of impact (heights, perspectives, buildability, occupation and other urban parameters) in real estate environments declared to be of "Cultural Interest" (from now on referred to as "BIC" - or Asset of Cultural Interest), according to the regional legislation of Andalusia. In addition to the didactic character of the results, which allows their dissemination as teaching material applied in the Degree in Fundamentals of Architecture of the University of Seville, the three case studies presented facilitate the reading of the environment affected by the specific regulations, as well as the technical determination of the visual pollution that the surrounding buildings cause in the building itself. The three case studies include buildings declared "BIC", which are in very different situations of conservation and use, all in the city of Seville, in the south of Spain: while the City Council, which presides over the most important square in the city, is the paradigmatic model of a dynamic and inhabited square, the Atarazanas (former shipyard factory) are in a good state of conservation, but without defined use. The last case, the extinct convent of San Agustin, in addition to not being used, is in a state of ascending deterioration, since a large part of its construction has disappeared thanks to real estate expansion and the absence of legislative protection of the heritage.

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Chamekh, Mustapha, Vincent Vercruysse, Mohammed Habib, Maxime Lorent, Michel Goldman, Abdelmounaïm Allaoui, and Bernard Vray. "Transfection of Trypanosoma cruzi with Host CD40 Ligand Results in Improved Control of Parasite Infection." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 10 (October 2005): 6552–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.10.6552-6561.2005.

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ABSTRACT We have previously shown that infection by Trypanosoma cruzi, a parasitic protozoan, is reduced by injection of CD40 ligand (CD40L)-transfected 3T3 fibroblasts (D. Chaussabel, F. Jacobs, J. de Jonge, M. de Veerman, Y. Carlier, K. Thielemans, M. Goldman, and B. Vray, Infect. Immun. 67:1929-1934, 1999). This prompted us to transfect T. cruzi with the murine CD40L gene and to study the consequences of this transfection on the course of infection. For this, epimastigotes (Y strain) were electroporated with the pTEX vector alone or the pTEX-CD40L construct, and transfected cells were selected for their resistance to Geneticin G418. Then strain Y-, pTEX-, and pTEX-CD40L-transfected epimastigotes were transformed by metacyclogenesis into mammalian infective forms called Y, YpTEX, and YpTEX-CD40L trypomastigotes. Transfection of the CD40L gene and expression of the CD40L protein were assessed by reverse transcription-PCR and Western blot analysis. The three strains of parasites were infective in vitro for mouse peritoneal macrophages. When organisms were inoculated into mice, a very low level of parasitemia and no mortality were seen with the YpTEX-CD40L strain compared to the Y and YpTEX strains. Furthermore, the proliferative capacity and the secretion of gamma interferon were both preserved in spleen cells (SCs) from YpTEX-CD40L-infected mice but not with SCs from Y- and YpTEX-infected mice. These results suggest that the CD40L produced by transfected T. cruzi is involved in the modulation of an antiparasite immune response. Moreover, mice surviving YpTEX-CD40L infection resisted a challenge infection with the wild-type strain. Taken together, our data demonstrate the feasibility of generating a T. cruzi strain expressing a bioactive host costimulatory molecule that counteracts the immunodeficiency induced by the parasite during infection and enhances protective immunity against a challenge infection.

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Cho, Junho, Stephen K. Costa, Rachel M. Wierzbicki, William F. C. Rigby, and Ambrose L. Cheung. "The extracellular loop of the membrane permease VraG interacts with GraS to sense cationic antimicrobial peptides in Staphylococcus aureus." PLOS Pathogens 17, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): e1009338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009338.

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Host defense proteins (HDPs), aka defensins, are a key part of the innate immune system that functions by inserting into the bacterial membranes to form pores to kill invading and colonizing microorganisms. To ensure survival, microorganism such as S. aureus has developed survival strategies to sense and respond to HDPs. One key strategy in S. aureus is a two-component system (TCS) called GraRS coupled to an efflux pump that consists of a membrane permease VraG and an ATPase VraF, analogous to the BceRS-BceAB system of Bacillus subtilis but with distinct differences. While the 9 negatively charged amino acid extracellular loop of the membrane sensor GraS has been shown to be involved in sensing, the major question is how such a small loop can sense diverse HDPs. Mutation analysis in this study divulged that the vraG mutant phenocopied the graS mutant with respect to reduced activation of downstream effector mprF, reduction in surface positive charge and enhanced 2 hr. killing with LL-37 as compared with the parental MRSA strain JE2. In silico analysis revealed VraG contains a single 200-residue extracellular loop (EL) situated between the 7th and 8th transmembrane segments (out of 10). Remarkably, deletion of EL in VraG enhanced mprF expression, augmented surface positive charge and improved survival in LL-37 vs. parent JE2. As the EL of VraG is rich in lysine residues (16%), in contrast to a preponderance of negatively charged aspartic acid residues (3 out of 9) in the EL of GraS, we divulged the role of charge interaction by showing that K380 in the EL of VraG is an important residue that likely interacts with GraS to interfere with GraS-mediated signaling. Bacterial two-hybrid analysis also supported the interaction of EL of VraG with the EL of GraS. Collectively, we demonstrated an interesting facet of efflux pumps whereby the membrane permease disrupts HDP signaling by inhibiting GraS sensing that involves charged residues in the EL of VraG.

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McKenzie, Erica C., Bernard Seguin, Christopher K. Cebra, Marco L. Margiocco, David E. Anderson, and Christiane V. Löhr. "Esophageal dysfunction in four alpaca crias and a llama cria with vascular ring anomalies." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 237, no. 3 (August 1, 2010): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.237.3.311.

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Abstract Case Description—3 alpaca crias and cadavers of an alpaca cria and a llama cria were evaluated for evidence of esophageal dysfunction. Clinical Findings—All 5 crias were between 3 and 5 months of age when clinical signs developed, and all had a thin body condition when examined. Clinical signs included coughing, regurgitation, and grossly visible esophageal peristaltic waves. A barium esophagram was used to diagnose esophageal obstruction, megaesophagus, and a vascular ring anomaly (VRA). Fluoroscopy was used to evaluate deglutition, esophageal peristalsis, and the extent of esophageal dilation in 1 alpaca cria. A persistent right aortic arch was identified in 1 alpaca cria, and a left aortic arch with right ductus arteriosus or ligamentum arteriosum and an aberrant right subclavian artery were identified in the 4 remaining crias. Treatment and Outcome—Surgical correction of the VRA was attempted in the 3 live alpaca crias. It was complicated by the conformation and location of each VRA and inaccurate anatomic diagnosis of the VRAs before surgery. Treatment was universally unsuccessful because of intraoperative complications and the persistence of clinical signs after surgery. Clinical Relevance—Megaesophagus is typically an idiopathic condition in camelids. However, these findings suggested that camelids with esophageal dysfunction during the neonatal period may have a VRA. The prognosis is grave for camelids with VRA, and accurate anatomic diagnosis of the VRA via the use of advanced imaging techniques (eg, angiography, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging) may improve the success of surgical intervention.

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Zhou, Min, and Harold K. Kimelberg. "Freshly Isolated Astrocytes From Rat Hippocampus Show Two Distinct Current Patterns and Different [K+]oUptake Capabilities." Journal of Neurophysiology 84, no. 6 (December 1, 2000): 2746–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.84.6.2746.

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Whether astrocytes predominantly express ohmic K+ channels in vivo, and how expression of different K+ channels affects [K+]ohomeostasis in the CNS have been long-standing questions for how astrocytes function. In the present study, we have addressed some of these questions in glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP(+)], freshly isolated astrocytes (FIAs) from CA1 and CA3 regions of P7–15 rat hippocampus. As isolated, these astrocytes were uncoupled allowing a higher resolution of electrophysiological study. FIAs showed two distinct ion current profiles, with neither showing a purely linear I-V relationship. One population of astrocytes had a combined expression of outward potassium currents ( I Ka, I Kd) and inward sodium currents ( I Na). We term these outwardly rectifying astrocytes (ORA). Another population of astrocytes is characterized by a relatively symmetric potassium current pattern, comprising outward I Kdr, I Ka, and abundant inward potassium currents ( I Kin), and a larger membrane capacitance ( C m ) and more negative resting membrane potential (RMP) than ORAs. We term these variably rectifying astrocytes (VRA). The I Kin in 70% of the VRAs was essentially insensitive to Cs+, while I Kin in the remaining 30% of VRAs was sensitive. The I Ka of VRAs was most sensitive to 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), while I Kdr of ORAs was more sensitive to tetraethylammonium (TEA). ORAs and VRAs occurred approximately equally in FIAs isolated from the CA1 region (52% ORAs versus 48% VRAs), but ORAs were enriched in FIAs isolated from the CA3 region (71% ORAs versus 29% VRAs), suggesting an anatomical segregation of these two types of astrocytes within the hippocampus. VRAs, but not ORAs, showed robust inward currents in response to an increase in extracellular K+ from 5 to 10 mM. As VRAs showed a similar current pattern and other passive membrane properties (e.g., RMP, R in) to “passive astrocytes”in situ (i.e., these showing linear I-V curves), such passive astrocytes possibly represent VRAs influenced by extensive gap-junction coupling in situ. Thus, our data suggest that, at least in CA1 and CA3 regions from P7–15 rats, there are two classes of GFAP(+) astrocytes which possess different K+ currents. Only VRAs seem suited to uptake of extracellular K+ via I Kin channels at physiological membrane potentials and increases of [K+]o. ORAs show abundant outward potassium currents with more depolarized RMP. Thus VRAs and ORAs may cooperate in vivo for uptake and release of K+, respectively.

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McCallum, N., P. Stutzmann Meier, R. Heusser, and B. Berger-Bächi. "Mutational Analyses of Open Reading Frames within thevraSROperon and Their Roles in the Cell Wall Stress Response ofStaphylococcus aureus." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 55, no. 4 (January 10, 2011): 1391–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01213-10.

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ABSTRACTThe exposure ofStaphylococcus aureusto a broad range of cell wall-damaging agents triggers the induction of a cell wall stress stimulon (CWSS) controlled by the VraSR two-component system. ThevraSRgenes form part of the four-cistron autoregulatory operonorf1-yvqF-vraS-vraR. The markerless inactivation of each of the genes within this operon revealed thatorf1played no observable role in CWSS induction and had no influence on resistance phenotypes for any of the cell envelope stress-inducing agents tested. The remaining three genes were all essential for the induction of the CWSS, and mutants showed various degrees of increased susceptibility to cell wall-active antibiotics. Therefore, the role of YvqF inS. aureusappears to be opposite that in other Gram-positive bacteria, where YvqF homologs have all been shown to inhibit signal transduction. This role, as an activator rather than repressor of signal transduction, corresponds well with resistance phenotypes of ΔYvqF mutants, which were similar to those of ΔVraR mutants in which CWSS induction also was completely abolished. Resistance profiles of ΔVraS mutants differed phenotypically from those of ΔYvqF and ΔVraR mutants on many non-ß-lactam antibiotics. ΔVraS mutants still became more susceptible than wild-type strains at low antibiotic concentrations, but they retained larger subpopulations that were able to grow on higher antibiotic concentrations than ΔYvqF and ΔVraR mutants. Subpopulations of ΔVraS mutants could grow on even higher glycopeptide concentrations than wild-type strains. The expression of a highly sensitive CWSS-luciferase reporter gene fusion was up to 2.6-fold higher in a ΔVraS than a ΔVraR mutant, which could be linked to differences in their respective antibiotic resistance phenotypes. Bacterial two-hybrid analysis indicated that the integral membrane protein YvqF interacted directly with VraS but not VraR, suggesting that it plays an essential role in sensing the as-yet unknown trigger of CWSS induction.

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Muller, J. "Opstanding." Verbum et Ecclesia 27, no. 2 (November 17, 2006): 772–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v27i2.359.

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Julian Müller is voltydse dosent in Praktiese Teologie aan die Universiteit van Pretoria. Hy is bekend veral binne Nederduits Gereformeerde geledere. Die situasie waarbinne hierdie boek sy onstaan gehad het is belangrik vir die verstaan en begrip van die skrywe hiervan. Dit is die gevolg van Müller se deelname aan ‘n Oop-gesprek-program wat gedurende 2005 op RSG uitgesaai is waar hy gekonfronteer is met die vraag: Glo jy in die histories-fisiese opstanding van Christus? Sy reaksie hierop het mense vrae laat vra oor Müller se beskouing oor die opstanding (bl 7-11). In hierdie boek verantwoord hy hom pragmaties oor hierdie onderwerp.

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Boyle-Vavra, Susan, Shaohui Yin, and Robert S. Daum. "The VraS/VraR two-component regulatory system required for oxacillin resistance in community-acquired methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus." FEMS Microbiology Letters 262, no. 2 (September 2006): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00384.x.

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Gamito, Pedro, Jorge Oliveira, Diogo Morais, Matthew Pavlovic, Olivia Smyth, Inês Maia, Tiago Gomes, and Pedro J. Rosa. "Eye Movement Analysis and Cognitive Assessment." Methods of Information in Medicine 56, no. 02 (2017): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3414/me16-02-0006.

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SummaryBackground: An adequate behavioral response depends on attentional and mnesic processes. When these basic cognitive functions are impaired, the use of non-immersive Virtual Reality Applications (VRAs) can be a reliable technique for assessing the level of impairment. However, most non-immersive VRAs use indirect measures to make inferences about visual attention and mnesic processes (e.g., time to task completion, error rate).Objectives: To examine whether the eye movement analysis through eye tracking (ET) can be a reliable method to probe more effectively where and how attention is deployed and how it is linked with visual working memory during comparative visual search tasks (CVSTs) in non-immersive VRAs.Methods: The eye movements of 50 healthy participants were continuously recorded while CVSTs, selected from a set of cognitive tasks in the Systemic Lisbon Battery (SLB). Then a VRA designed to assess of cognitive impairments were randomly presented.Results: The total fixation duration, the number of visits in the areas of interest and in the interstimulus space, along with the total execution time was significantly different as a function of the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores.Conclusions: The present study demonstrates that CVSTs in SLB, when combined with ET, can be a reliable and unobtrusive method for assessing cognitive abilities in healthy individuals, opening it to potential use in clinical samples.

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Bleikasten, André. "Roman vrai, vrai roman ou l’indestructible récit." Revue Française d'Etudes Américaines 31, no. 1 (1987): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rfea.1987.1255.

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Gabriel, Markus, and Marie-Hélène Desmeules. "Être vrai." Philosophiques 45, no. 1 (2018): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1048624ar.

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Vandermersch, Bernard. "Parler vrai." La revue lacanienne N°20, no. 1 (2019): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/lrl.191.0155.

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Olivier, Véronique. "Paraître vrai et se vouloir vrai : La Vie." Memini, no. 19-20 (October 1, 2016): 381–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/memini.842.

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Jeon, Dongkyu, Kunhi Ryu, Sungwoo Jo, Ikyon Kim, and Wan Namkung. "VI-116, A Novel Potent Inhibitor of VRAC with Minimal Effect on ANO1." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 9 (May 5, 2022): 5168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23095168.

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Volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC) is ubiquitously expressed and plays a pivotal role in vertebrate cell volume regulation. A heterologous complex of leucine-rich repeat containing 8A (LRRC8A) and LRRC8B-E constitutes the VRAC, which is involved in various processes such as cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, intercellular communication, and apoptosis. However, the lack of a potent and selective inhibitor of VRAC limits VRAC-related physiological and pathophysiological studies, and most previous VRAC inhibitors strongly blocked the calcium-activated chloride channel, anoctamin 1 (ANO1). In the present study, we performed a cell-based screening for the identification of potent and selective VRAC inhibitors. Screening of 55,000 drug-like small-molecules and subsequent chemical modification revealed 3,3′-((2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methylene)bis(4-hydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one) (VI-116), a novel potent inhibitor of VRAC. VI-116 fully inhibited VRAC-mediated I− quenching with an IC50 of 1.27 ± 0.18 μM in LN215 cells and potently blocked endogenous VRAC activity in PC3, HT29 and HeLa cells in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, VI-116 had no effect on intracellular calcium signaling up to 10 μM, which completely inhibited VRAC, and showed high selectivity for VRAC compared to ANO1 and ANO2. However, DCPIB, a VRAC inhibitor, significantly affected ATP-induced increases in intracellular calcium levels and Eact-induced ANO1 activation. In addition, VI-116 showed minimal effect on hERG K+ channel activity up to 10 μM. These results indicate that VI-116 is a potent and selective VRAC inhibitor and a useful research tool for pharmacological dissection of VRAC.

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Romanenko, Victor G., Peter F. Davies, and Irena Levitan. "Dual effect of fluid shear stress on volume-regulated anion current in bovine aortic endothelial cells." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 282, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): C708—C718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00247.2001.

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The key mechanism responsible for maintaining cell volume homeostasis is activation of volume-regulated anion current (VRAC). The role of hemodynamic shear stress in the regulation of VRAC in bovine aortic endothelial cells was investigated. We showed that acute changes in shear stress have a biphasic effect on the development of VRAC. A shear stress step from a background flow (0.1 dyn/cm2) to 1 dyn/cm2 enhanced VRAC activation induced by an osmotic challenge. Flow alone, in the absence of osmotic stress, did not induce VRAC activation. Increasing the shear stress to 3 dyn/cm2, however, resulted in only a transient increase of VRAC activity followed by an inhibitory phase during which VRAC was gradually suppressed. When shear stress was increased further (5–10 dyn/cm2), the current was immediately strongly suppressed. Suppression of VRAC was observed both in cells challenged osmotically and in cells that developed spontaneous VRAC under isotonic conditions. Our findings suggest that shear stress is an important factor in regulating the ability of vascular endothelial cells to maintain volume homeostasis.

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Borgniet, S., P. Kervella, N. Nardetto, A. Gallenne, A. Mérand, R. I. Anderson, J. Aufdenberg, et al. "Consistent radial velocities of classical Cepheids from the cross-correlation technique." Astronomy & Astrophysics 631 (October 16, 2019): A37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935622.

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Context. Accurate radial velocities (vrad) of Cepheids are mandatory within the context of Cepheid distance measurements using the Baade-Wesselink technique. The most common vrad derivation method consists in cross-correlating the observed stellar spectra with a binary template and measuring a velocity on the resulting mean profile. Nevertheless, for Cepheids and other pulsating stars, the spectral lines selected within the template as well as the way of fitting the cross-correlation function (CCF) have a direct and significant impact on the measured vrad. Aims. Our first aim is to detail the steps to compute consistent CCFs and vrad of Cepheids. Next, this study aims at characterising the impact of Cepheid spectral properties and vrad computation methods on the resulting line profiles and vrad time series. Methods. We collected more than 3900 high-resolution spectra from seven different spectrographs of 64 Classical Milky Way (MW) Cepheids. These spectra were normalised and standardised using a single custom-made process on pre-defined wavelength ranges. We built six tailored correlation templates selecting unblended spectral lines of different depths based on a synthetic Cepheid spectrum, on three different wavelength ranges from 3900 to 8000 Å. Each observed spectrum was cross-correlated with these templates to build the corresponding CCFs, adopted as the proxy for the spectrum mean line profile. We derived a set of line profile observables as well as three different vrad measurements from each CCF and two custom proxies for the CCF quality and amount of signal. Results. This study presents a large catalogue of consistent Cepheid CCFs and vrad time series. It confirms that each step of the process has a significant impact on the deduced vrad: the wavelength, the template line depth and width, and the vrad computation method. The way towards more robust Cepheid vrad time series seems to go through steps that minimise the asymmetry of the line profile and its impact on the vrad. Centroid or first-moment vrad, that exhibit slightly smaller amplitudes but significantly smaller scatter than Gaussian or biGaussian vrad, should therefore be favoured. Stronger or deeper spectral lines also tend to be less asymmetric and lead to more robust vrad than weaker lines.

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Cróinín, Tadhg Ó, Vanessa K. Grippe, and Tod J. Merkel. "Activation of the vrg6 Promoter of Bordetella pertussis by RisA." Journal of Bacteriology 187, no. 5 (March 1, 2005): 1648–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.5.1648-1658.2005.

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ABSTRACT The BvgAS two-component system positively regulates the expression of the virulence genes of Bordetella pertussis and negatively regulates a second set of genes whose function is unknown. The BvgAS-mediated regulation of the bvg-repressed genes is accomplished through the activation of expression of the negative regulator, BvgR. A second two-component regulatory system, RisAS, is required for expression of the bvg-repressed surface antigens VraA and VraB. We examined the roles of BvgR and RisA in the regulation of four bvg-repressed genes in B. pertussis. Our analyses demonstrated that all four genes are repressed by the product of the bvgR locus and are activated by the product of the risA locus. Deletion analysis of the vrg6 promoter identified the upstream and downstream boundaries of the promoter and, in contrast to previously published results, demonstrated that sequences downstream of the start of transcription are not required for the regulation of expression of vrg6. Gel mobility-shift experiments demonstrated sequence-specific binding of RisA to the vrg6 and vrg18 promoters, and led to the identification of two putative RisA binding sites. Finally, transcriptional analysis and Western blot analysis demonstrated that BvgR regulates neither the expression nor the stability of RisA.

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Figueroa, Eric E., Meghan Kramer, Kevin Strange, and Jerod S. Denton. "CysLT1 receptor antagonists pranlukast and zafirlukast inhibit LRRC8-mediated volume regulated anion channels independently of the receptor." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 317, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): C857—C866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00281.2019.

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Volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs) encoded by the leucine-rich repeat containing 8 ( LRRC8) gene family play critical roles in myriad cellular processes and might represent druggable targets. The dearth of pharmacological compounds available for studying VRAC physiology led us to perform a high-throughput screen of 1,184 of US Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs for novel VRAC modulators. We discovered the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLT1R) antagonist, pranlukast, as a novel inhibitor of endogenous VRAC expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells. Pranlukast inhibits VRAC voltage-independently, reversibly, and dose-dependently with a maximal efficacy of only ~50%. The CysLT1R pathway has been implicated in activation of VRAC in other cell types, prompting us to test whether pranlukast requires the CysLT1R for inhibition of VRAC. Quantitative PCR analysis demonstrated that CYSLTR1 mRNA is virtually undetectable in HEK293 cells. Furthermore, the CysLT1R agonist leukotriene D4 had no effect on VRAC activity and failed to stimulate Gq-coupled receptor signaling. Heterologous expression of the CysLT1R reconstituted LTD4-CysLT1R- Gq-calcium signaling in HEK293 cells but had no effect on VRAC inhibition by pranlukast. Finally, we show the CysLT1R antagonist zafirlukast inhibits VRAC with an IC50 of ~17 µM and does so with full efficacy. Our data suggest that both pranlukast and zafirlukast are likely direct channel inhibitors that work independently of the CysLT1R. This study provides clarifying insights into the putative role of leukotriene signaling in modulation of VRAC and identifies two new chemical scaffolds that can be used for development of more potent and specific VRAC inhibitors.

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Levitan, Irena, Aimee E. Christian, Thomas N. Tulenko, and George H. Rothblat. "Membrane Cholesterol Content Modulates Activation of Volume-Regulated Anion Current in Bovine Endothelial Cells." Journal of General Physiology 115, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.115.4.405.

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Activation of volume-regulated anion current (VRAC) plays a key role in the maintenance of cellular volume homeostasis. The mechanisms, however, that regulate VRAC activity are not fully understood. We have examined whether VRAC activation is modulated by the cholesterol content of the membrane bilayer. The cholesterol content of bovine aortic endothelial cells was increased by two independent methods: (a) exposure to a methyl-β-cyclodextrin saturated with cholesterol, or (b) exposure to cholesterol-enriched lipid dispersions. Enrichment of bovine aortic endothelial cells with cholesterol resulted in a suppression of VRAC activation in response to a mild osmotic gradient, but not to a strong osmotic gradient. Depletion of membrane cholesterol by exposing the cells to methyl-β-cyclodextrin not complexed with cholesterol resulted in an enhancement of VRAC activation when the cells were challenged with a mild osmotic gradient. VRAC activity in cells challenged with a strong osmotic gradient were unaffected by depletion of membrane cholesterol. These observations show that changes in membrane cholesterol content shift VRAC sensitivity to osmotic gradients. Changes in VRAC activation were not accompanied by changes in anion permeability ratios, indicating that channel selectivity was not affected by the changes in membrane cholesterol. This suggests that membrane cholesterol content affects the equilibrium between the closed and open states of VRAC channel rather than the basic pore properties of the channel. We hypothesize that changes in membrane cholesterol modulate VRAC activity by affecting the membrane deformation energy associated with channel opening.

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