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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 11 вересня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "VOLTAGE LIMIT"

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Schultis, Daniel-Leon, and Albana Ilo. "Increasing the Utilization of Existing Infrastructures by Using the Newly Introduced Boundary Voltage Limits." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 19, 2021): 5106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165106.

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The increasing share of distributed generation aggravates voltage limit compliance at customers’ delivery points. Currently, grid operators validate compliance with the voltage limits specified in Grid Codes by conducting load flow simulations at the medium voltage level, considering the connected low voltage grids as ‘loads’ to reduce the modeling effort. This approach does not support the accurate validation of limit compliance, as the voltage drops at the low voltage level are unknown. Nevertheless, to guarantee acceptable voltages even under worst-case conditions, safety margins are involved that impair the utilization of the electricity infrastructure. This study conducts load flows simulations in a test distribution grid, revealing the variable character of the voltage limits at different system boundaries. The conventional load model is extended by new parameters—the boundary voltage limits—to enable the consideration of variable voltage limits in load flow analysis of LINK-based smart grids. The standardized structure of the LINK-architecture allows for the systematic and accurate validation of voltage limit compliance by reducing the required modeling data to the technically necessary minimum. Use cases are specified that allows smart grids to increase the utilization of the electricity infrastructure by day-ahead scheduling and short-term adaptation of boundary voltage limits.
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2

Myklebust, Robert L., Charles E. Fiori, and Dale E. Newbury. "A robust method for determining the Duane-Hunt energy limit from EDS." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 2 (August 12, 1990): 210–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010013465x.

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The electron beam energy is a parameter required for quantitative electron probe microanalysis. In fact, it occurs in all parts of the ZAF type matrix correction procedure as well as in all of the other matrix correction procedures. Recently, there has been much interest in analyzing materials using lower beam voltages. Since the correction procedures use the so called “overvoltage” term (beam energy/excitation energy), uncertainties in the beam voltage will generate larger errors than when high beam voltages are used. The user may well be faced with an instrument that does not have a very precise voltmeter to measure the beam voltage, or the reported voltage may not actually represent the potential drop from the filament to ground (specimen). The true beam energy may differ from the “measured” potential drop by several hundred volts.It is difficult and potentially exciting to measure the beam voltage with a calibrated voltmeter; however, we have a built-in method available in the energy-dispersive x-ray detector.
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3

Anichebe, I. B., and A. O. Ekwue. "Improvement of bus voltage profiles of Nigerian power network in the presence of Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) and Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)." Nigerian Journal of Technology 39, no. 1 (April 3, 2020): 228–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v39i1.26.

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Frequent blackouts and unstable supply of electricity show that the voltage instability problem has been one of the major challenges facing the power system network in Nigeria. This study investigates the voltage stability analysis of the Nigerian power network in the presence of renewable energy sources; FACTS device is used as a voltage controller. A 330kV, 28-bus power system network was studied using the PSS/E software-based Newton-Raphson load-flow technique. The results show that 10 out of the 28 buses had voltages lying below the statutory limit of 0.95 ≤ 1.05 p.u. The application of STATCOM and DFIG devices on two of the weakest buses restored the voltages to acceptable statutory limits. The total active and reactive power losses were reduced to 18.76% and 18.82% respectively. Keywords: Voltage stability analysis; Integration of renewable energy sources; FACTS controllers, Reactive Power, Power Flow.
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4

Agarwal, Sapan, and Eli Yablonovitch. "Fundamental Conductance \(\div \) Voltage Limit in Low Voltage Tunnel Switches." IEEE Electron Device Letters 35, no. 10 (October 2014): 1061–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/led.2014.2350434.

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5

Yonekura, Daisuke, Huriyzju Fukuda, and Riichi Murakami. "Influence of Deposition Bias Voltage on Fatigue Cracking Behavior of Chromium Nitride Film Deposited on Steel." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.275.

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Анотація:
Three point bending fatigue tests were carried out to investigate the influence of bias voltage on fatigue behavior of medium carbon steel with chromium nitride film. The substrate material of the specimens was JIS S45C medium carbon steel. The chromium nitride films were coated at two different bias voltages (VB = -20V, -300V) for fatigue test by arc ion plating method. As a result, the fatigue limit was improved by coating at low bias voltage, while the fatigue limit of high bias voltage samples decreased by coating. In order to clarify the difference between high and low bias voltages, the tensile test was performed using the coated specimens. For this test, the chromium nitride films were deposited at four different bias voltages. It was found the cracking behavior clearly changed between -40V and -80V. For low bias voltage samples, short cracks were initiated in the films, while the long cracks were initiated at same strain for high bias voltage samples. These differences between low and high bias voltage sample may be due to the elastic modulus of the film and droplets distribution in the film.
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6

Alanzi, Sultan Sh, and Rashad M. Kamel. "Photovoltaic Maximum Penetration Limits on Medium Voltage Overhead and Underground Cable Distribution Feeders: A Comparative Study." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 25, 2021): 3843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133843.

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This paper investigates the maximum photovoltaic (PV) penetration limits on both overhead lines and underground cables medium voltage radial distribution system. The maximum PV penetration limit is estimated considering both bus voltage limit (1.05 p.u.) and feeder current ampacity (1 p.u.). All factors affect the max PV penetration limit are investigated in detail. Substation voltage, load percentage, load power factor, and power system frequency (50 Hz or 60 Hz) are analyzed. The maximum PV penetration limit associated with overhead lines is usually higher than the value associated with the underground cables for high substation voltage (substation voltage = 1.05 and 1.04 p.u.). The maximum PV penetration limit decreases dramatically with low load percentage for both feeder types but still the overhead lines accept PV plant higher than the underground cables. Conversely, the maximum PV penetration increases with load power factor decreasing and the overhead lines capability for hosting PV plant remains higher than the capability of the underground cables. This paper proved that the capability of the 60-Hz power system for hosting the PV plant is higher than the capability of 50 Hz power system. MATLAB software has been employed to obtain all results in this paper. The Newton-Raphson iterative method was the used method to solve the power flow of the investigated systems.
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7

Kim, Ryu, Ko, and Kim. "Optimal Operation Strategy of ESS for EV Charging Infrastructure for Voltage Stabilization in a Secondary Feeder of a Distribution System." Energies 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010179.

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The introduction of electrical vehicle charging infrastructure including electric vehicle (EV) charger renewable energy resource at the secondary feeder in a distribution system has been increased as one of countermeasure for global environmental issues. However, the electric vehicle charging (EVC) infrastructure may act as the peak load in the distribution system, which can adversely impact on the voltage stability when the electric vehicle is quickly charged. Therefore, to keep within the limit capacity of a secondary feeder and allowable limit for the feeder voltage, this paper proposes a stabilization method by an energy storage system (ESS) control strategy at the secondary feeder to not exceed the upper limit or fall below the lower limit. In addition, this paper presents an estimation method to keep the proper standard value of the state of charge (SOC). From the simulation results, the voltage stabilization operation by the ESS should make the feeder voltages of the distribution system (secondary feeder) introduced EVC infrastructure keep better voltage conditions. In addition, the estimation method was able to keep the proper standard value confirming that the SOC of the ESS when it is in standby can be kept within the proper reference range. Therefore, it is confirmed that this strategy is an effective tool to solve the voltage problems by ESS.
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Bo Zhai, D. Blaauw, D. Sylvester, and K. Flautner. "The limit of dynamic voltage scaling and insomniac dynamic voltage scaling." IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems 13, no. 11 (November 2005): 1239–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2005.859588.

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9

Ogunboyo, Patrick Taiwo, Remy Tiako, and Innocent E. Davidson. "Investigation of Voltage Unbalance Profile in Low Voltage Electrical Distribution Network with Normal Mode Operation Using MATLAB." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 35 (March 2018): 60–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.35.60.

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With ever increasing use of semiconductor devices and information technology (ICT) equipment in the industry, homes and offices, power quality is gaining attention to both industry and the electric utility. Power voltage quality cause huge economic losses to businesses all over the world. It is estimated to cost industry and commerce about €100 billion per annum in European Union, since voltage quality problem is one of the major power quality disturbances. This paper presents an investigative a study of the 11/0.4 kV, low voltage electrical distribution network and analyzes voltage unbalance. It recommends an effective method of improving the voltage profile and reducing the voltage unbalance to acceptable standard. The network was modelled using distribution network standard parameters for low voltage distribution network using MATLAB/Simulink sim power system tool box. The simulation results show that the percentage voltage unbalance, correct voltage profile and minimum voltage drop of 0.5 km distribution feeder line is of standard acceptable statutory limit, hence the distribution line operates at optimum performance. However, it is also established that the voltage profile for distribution network feeder lengths of 0.8 km to 5 km for balanced and unbalanced distribution lines from the beginning to the customer terminal of the distribution lengths are less than the acceptable allowable limit of – 5 %, of the nominal voltage value, hence voltages are inadmissible for customers use. Moreso, the percentage voltage unbalance, voltage profile and voltage drop on 0.8 km to 5 km distribution feeder line are all less than standard acceptable statutory limit, hence the distribution line operates below optimum performance. It was established that mitigating these problems require the electricity distribution company to install an effective voltage boosting devices along the network lengths in order provide admissible, permissible and normalize end users standard acceptable voltage.
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10

Berthiaume, R. "Voltage limit: processor lives depend on it." Electronics Systems and Software 2, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ess:20040205.

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Дисертації з теми "VOLTAGE LIMIT"

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Zhu, Pengcheng. "A novel Q-limit guided continuation power flow method for voltage stability analysis." Thesis, Brunel University, 2008. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5360.

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Voltage security assessment is becoming a more and more important issue due to the fact that electrical power systems are more prone to voltage instability under increased demand, and it can be time-consuming to determine the actual level of voltage security in large power systems. For this reason, this thesis presents a novel method for calculating the margin of voltage collapse that is based on the Continuation Power Flow (CPF) method. The method offers a flexible and reliable solution procedure without suffering from divergence problems even when near the bifurcation point. In addition, the new method accounts for reactive power limits. The algorithmic continuation steps are guided by the prediction of Q-limit breaking point. A Lagrange polynomial interpolation formula is used in this method in order to find the Q-limit breaking point indices that determine when the reactive power output of a generator has reached its limit. The algorithmic continuation steps will then be guided to the closest Q-limit breaking point, consequently reducing the number of continuation steps and saving computational time. The novel method is compared with alternative conventional and enhanced CPF methods. In order to improve CPF further, studies comparing the performance of using direct and iterative solvers in a power flow calculation have also been performed. I first attempt to employ the column approximate minimum degree (AMD) ordering scheme to reset the permutation of the coefficient matrix, which decreases the number of iterations required by iterative solvers. Finally, the novel method has been applied to a range of power system case studies including a 953 bus national grid transmission case study. The results are discussed in detail and compared against exiting CPF methods.
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2

Smith, Nathaniel R. "Characterization and Design of Voltage-Mode Controlled Full-Bridge DC/DC Converter with Current Limit." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright152721348332911.

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3

Abrantes, Adriano Lima. "Bifurcações induzidas por limites no contexto de estabilidade de tensão." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18154/tde-31082016-113911/.

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A interligação dos sistemas elétricos de potência (SEPs) resultou em um aumento na complexidade dos mesmos. Além disso, devido a pressões econômicas e ambientais, os sistemas têm operado mais próximos aos seus limites de transmissão, o que aumenta a relevância de análises de segurança no contexto de estabilidade de tensão. Neste cenário, problemas associados à capacidade de transmissão do SEP, como a bifurcação induzida por limite (BIL), tornam-se mais importantes, criando a necessidade de ferramentas de análise apropriadas. Um dos objetivos deste projeto de mestrado é estudar mais profundamente as BILs para que se possa tratar melhor o fenômeno no contexto de estabilidade de tensão. Outro objetivo é o desenvolvimento de técnicas para avaliação da margem de estabilidade de tensão (MET) considerando a possibilidade de ocorrência de BIL. Finalmente, dada a grande importância e ampla utilização da análise de sensibilidade da MET devido à bifurcação sela-nó (BSN) em estudos de estabilidade de tensão, o equacionamento do problema de análise de sensibilidade da MET devido à BIL é o terceiro objetivo deste trabalho. A análise de sensibilidade é importante pois, não só fornece mais informações sobre o fenômeno de instabilidade e seus mecanismos, mas também auxilia na análise de segurança de SEPs, fornecendo informações sobre quais ações de controle serão mais eficazes na manutenção da MET e quais contingências serão mais severas. Isto é, quais mudanças no sistema mais afetam a MET. No entanto, este tipo de análise só foi realizado para o caso em que a MET é determinada por um ponto de BSN, não para o caso da BIL. Com o intuito de possibilitar que ferramentas de seleção de controles preventivos tratem o fenômeno da BIL, realizou-se uma análise de sensibilidade do ponto de BIL similar à análise usual baseada na BSN. Outra contribuição deste trabalho é uma formulação suave de limites complementares que foi aplicada ao problema de limites de injeção de potência reativa de unidades geradoras. A formulação proposta transforma, pelo menos numericamente, a BIL em uma BSN que pode ser detectada através de métodos já consolidados na literatura.
The interconnection of electric power systems (EPSs) led to an increase in security assessment complexity. Besides, due to economical and environmental inuences, EPSs have been operating closer to their transmission limits, which raises the relevance of security assessment in the context of voltage stability. In this scenario, problems related to EPS power transmission capacity, such as the limit induced bifurcation (LIB), become more important and bring the need of appropriate analysis tools. One of the goals of this project is to study the LIB problem more deeply, so it can be better understood in the context of voltage stability. Another objective is the development of methods for evaluating the load margin (LM) considering the possible occurrence of LIBs. Finally, since the LM sensitivity analysis due to saddle-node bifurcation (SNB) plays a highly important role in voltage stability studies, developing a method for LM sensitivity analysis due to LIB is our third objective. The sensitivity analysis is important not only because it provides information on the instability phenomenon and its mechanisms, but it is also useful for EPS security assessment, since it may provide knowledge on which control actions will be more eective in increasing the LM and which contingencies may be more severe. However, this analysis has been performed only for the case in which the LM is determined by a SNB point, not for the LIB case. With the intention of enabling pre-existing preventive control selection tools to treat the LIB phenomenon, a sensitivity analysis was performed at the LIB point similarly to what was developed for the SNB. Another contribution of this work is a smoothing formulation for complementary limits that was applied to the problem of limited reactive power injection of generating units. The proposed formulation transforms, at least numerically, the LIB in a SNB, which may be detected through methods already established in literature.
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4

Souček, Jan. "Dimenzování přístrojových transformátorů pro digitální ochrany." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-218011.

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Master’s thesis is concerned with instrument transformers, which are used in conjunction with numerical protection relays. Therefore mainly with protective transformers of class P and transformers dimensioned for transient effects, which are important e.g. for fast differential or distance protections. The introduction includes fundamental notions, quantities and equations, which refers to instrumental current and voltage transformers. Below are mentioned connection diagrams of these transformers applied to specific electrical network types and faults, of which identification is required. These diagrams and faults are supplied with math equations and eventually with phasor diagrams. Noted informations corresponds to the present standards. Task of the next part is to compile requirements for dimensioning of current transformers, which imposes digital protections from ABB, AREVA and Siemens companies. These requirements, which mostly defines the minimal accuracy limit factor or the knee-point voltage of current transformer, are specified for individual protection terminals, eventually for specific protective functions. Part of the thesis is computer program developed as macro in the Microsoft Office Excel program via Visual Basic for Applications programming language. Program uses equations noted in this work and it can be used for quick dimensioning of current transformers for protective terminals from manufactures mentioned above.
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Zerweck-Trogisch, Ulrich. "Auflösungsvermögen und Genauigkeit der Kelvinsonden-Rasterkraftmikroskopie und deren Anwendung an molekularen Systemen." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1196782873906-79057.

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Die Arbeit befasst sich mit der Erforschung und Anwendung der Kelvinsonden-Rasterkraftmikroskopie. Die Technik wird bezüglich der Quantität der gemessenen Werte und der erzielbaren lateralen Auflösung untersucht und auf diverse Probensysteme angewandt. Die so erhaltenen nanoskopischen Werte werden mit markoskopischen Messergebnissen verglichen. Sowohl die elektrostatische Kraft zwischen der Messspitze und der Probenoberfläche als auch deren Gradienten können zur Minimierung der elektrostatischen Wechselwirkung herangezogen werden. Die Detektion des Kraftgradienten zum Aufbau eines Regelkreises erweist sich gegenüber der Kraftdetektion überlegen. Die experimentell ermittelten Befunde werden durch eine Rechnersimulation bestätigt. Diese zeigt die Möglichkeit von quantitativen Ergebnissen für laterale Objektgrößen im Bereich von einigen Nanometern. Im Experiment kann dies gezeigt werden. Es folgt die Anwendung der Kelvinsonden-Rasterkraftmikroskopie: Nanoskopisch ermittelte Werte der Austrittsarbeitsänderung von Metalleinkristall-Oberflächen durch die Adsorption von C_60 entsprechen Literaturwerten, die mit makroskopisch messenden Methoden ermittelt wurden. Sich zeitlich ändernde Oberflächenpotentiale von einer organischen Solarzelle und von lateral unterschiedlich dotiertem Silizium lassen sich quantitativ messen. Der sich bei der Adsorption von Oktadezyl-Phosphonsäure auf Glimmer und Graphit bildende elektrostatische Dipol wird untersucht und abgebildet. Das Wachstumsverhalten und die Austrittsarbeit der organischen Moleküle PTCDA und Alq_3 auf den teilweise mit KBr bedeckten Metallsubstraten Au und Ag wird untersucht. Schlussendlich wird gezeigt, dass mit der Kelvinsonden-Rasterkraftmikroskopie sogar der molekülinterne Dipol der vier Butyl-Gruppen von Tetra-3,5-di-ter-butyl-phenyl-Porphyrinen aufgelöst werden kann.
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Tamimi, Ala. "Voltage stability limits for weak power systems with high wind penetration." Diss., Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13100.

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Анотація:
Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Anil Pahwa
Shelli K. Starrett
Analysis of power system voltage stability has practical value in increasing wind penetration levels. As wind penetration levels increase in power systems, voltage stability challenges arise due to locating wind resources far away from load centers. This dissertation presents several different voltage stability methods for sizing new wind farms. Power system wind penetration levels depend on the available voltage stability margins (VSMs) of the existing power system and system load characteristics. Three new iterative methods have been developed to maximize wind penetration level in weak power systems based on systems’ VSMs. The first two methods use an iterative approach for increasing the size of each wind farm until reaching the collapse point. Wind farms with less negative impact on system VSMs are sized larger than others. A third wind farm sizing method has been developed using modal analysis in conjunction with the traditional voltage stability method (Q-V method). Wind farms are placed at buses in the power system which have the lowest negative impact on voltage instability modes (strong wind injection buses). By placing the wind farms at the strongest wind injection buses, higher amounts of wind power can be injected into the power system. To further increase wind penetration in weak power systems, two additional techniques are introduced and applied to the western Kansas power system. The first technique uses modes of voltage instability to place voltage support equipment like static var compensators at locations in the power system where they provide the needed reactive power support for increasing levels of wind penetration. The second technique uses the fact that wind patterns at a wind farm site may rarely allow the wind farm to produce its maximum capacity during the peak loading hours. Wind farm maximum sizes can be increased above their maximum voltage stable size limit without driving the power system into becoming voltage unstable. Preventing voltage collapse for the additional increases in wind farm sizes is accomplished by disconnecting some wind turbines inside the wind farm during critical times to reduce its power output to a voltage stable level.
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Poyan, Kaveh. "Investigation of Western Power’s low voltage operation limits with the integration of Photovoltaic systems." Thesis, Poyan, Kaveh (2010) Investigation of Western Power’s low voltage operation limits with the integration of Photovoltaic systems. Other thesis, Murdoch University, 2010. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/3226/.

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Distributed generation (DG), in the form of grid connected photovoltaic (PV) systems, is expected to grow substantially throughout the South West Interconnected System (SWIS). The growth of these systems is anticipated to meet a portion of the local energy requirements and offset carbon emissions. The intermittency of the solar resource and its relationship with conventional load and voltage management, presents challenges for Western Power (the utility responsible for the SWIS). Therefore, investigating the effects and management of grid connected PV systems in the SWIS, with respect to its voltage operation limits, formed the primary objective of this project. The project studies were performed on a typical Western Power (WP) low voltage (LV) network model, in DIgSILENT Power Factory software, using WP residential network loadings data along with solar radiation and temperature data. The power flow simulation results concluded that PV penetration levels of up to 25% can be feasible in specific overhead (OH) networks. Similarly, PV penetration levels of up to 49% can be sustained in particular underground (UG) networks. Furthermore, these penetration levels were heavily dependant on existing LV network balance and voltage profiles. The findings of the project also demonstrated that grid connected PV systems are not offsetting the peaky SWIS residential network load profile. Therefore, high grid connected PV system penetration, with no electrical storage and demand management, provides substantially lower grid support value when compared to dispatchable DG technologies.
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8

Pierini, Daniele. "Analisi del comportamento di volte soggette a carichi verticali ed azioni orizzontali: applicazione ad un caso studio." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.

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Анотація:
In questo elaborato si è analizzato il comportamento meccanico di volte e cupole in muratura soggette a carichi verticali ed azioni orizzontali. Per prima cosa sono state studiate le cupole in campo elastico lineare attraverso dei confronti con dei modelli agli elementi finiti, e poi si sono affrontate delle analisi in campo non lineare. P er la volta a botte è stata fatta anche l'analisi limite e delle verifiche di sicurezza sismica, confrontate poi con le analisi statiche non lineari. Infine si sono svolte delle analisi statiche non lineari sul caso studio e sulle principali volte (a botte, padiglione e crociera).
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9

Wang, Wei-Ming, and 王瑋民. "Analysis of Voltage Stability Limit for Radial Distribution Systems." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/68754059370236313483.

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Анотація:
博士
國立成功大學
電機工程研究所
84
In this dissertation, the steady-state small dis -turbance voltage stability limit for a radial distribution system is thoroughly analyzed. The solutions for radial distribution systems. By this method, an equivalent 2-bus network can be obtained during the solving process. Based on the 2-bus network, the steady-state load limit and voltage stability limit are investigated. The circle diagrams and Jacobian determinant are developed first to derive the load limit and voltage stability limit for radial distribution systems. For the purpose of checking the limits equations derived by the authors, the well-known L stability indicator is adopted for the task of justification. The consistency among these methods is shown. It is shown that the positive Jacobian determinant corresponds to an L indicator less than 1 which meets the voltage stability criterion. To show the effects of load models on the voltage stability limit, a composite load model composed of a part of constant power load, a part of constant impedance load and a part of constant current load is adopted to derive the general equation of voltage stability limit. It is found that the voltage stability problems are mostly caused by the constant power load. In the literature, almost all the tasks of proving the uniqueness of a voltage solution for a radial distribution system are based on a 2-bus system. In this dissertation, the authors derive a general equation of the [dV/dP] of load bus, and by checking the sign of [dV/dP] of each load bus, the uniqueness of a voltage solution can be shown. The method of proof developed is more general than those methods published.
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10

PANDEY, GANESH KUMAR. "LOAD FLOW USING PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION." Thesis, 2016. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/14645.

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ABSTRACT Load flow (LF) is an important tool in the planning and operation of power systems. It is usually solved using conventional numerical techniques like Newton-Raphson (NR) and Gauss-Siedel (GS). Most of these techniques depend on getting the inverse of the Jacobian matrix of the system. Such techniques fail to solve the load flow in some conditions, like Heavy loaded system, Ill-conditioned Jacobian matrix. In this thesis an application of particle swarm optimization (PSO) in solving the load flow problem as an optimization problem is discussed. A MATLAB program has been developed for PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION to solve load flow problem. Program is tested on IEEE 5, 14 and 30 bus system and the results are compared with conventional method.
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Книги з теми "VOLTAGE LIMIT"

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Piazza, Marco. Voltaire Against the Jews, or The Limits of Toleration. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18712-4.

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Vaez-Zadeh, Sadegh. Direct Torque Control. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198742968.003.0004.

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The fundamental principles of direct torque control (DTC) of permanent magnet synchronous (PMS) motors are presented in this chapter. The basic DTC system is then described. The operating limits of PMS machines under DTC are presented in terms of current limit, voltage limit, and flux linkage limit. Also, flux linkage control, including maximum torque per ampere (MTPA), unity power factor, and flux weakening at high speed, is derived. Then, alternative DTC schemes, including different SVM-DTC schemes, are presented. In line with the increasing energy-saving tendency in industrial applications, major emphasis is placed on the loss minimization of DTC. Finally, a comprehensive comparison was made between the basic DTC and vector control, emphasizing the pros and cons of DTC with respect to vector control.
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3

Piazza, Marco. Voltaire Against the Jews or the Limits of Toleration. Springer International Publishing AG, 2022.

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4

Vaez-Zadeh, Sadegh. Vector Control. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198742968.003.0003.

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The chapter begins with a description of the scalar control of PMS motors. The fundamentals of PMS motor vector control (VC) are then presented with an eye on the analogy with DC motor operating principles. The VC of surface-mounted permanent magnet pole motors and interior permanent magnet (IPM) motors are presented in various reference frames. Current and voltage operating limits are incorporated into the control systems. Flux control modes of operation of PMS motors together with the corresponding control means in different reference frames are also presented in detail, as a particular feature of this book. These include maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) control, maximum torque per voltage control, and unity power factor control. Finally, loss minimization control by offline and online strategies is elaborated after presenting the method of motors loss reduction and the PMS motor loss modeling.
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Tiwari, Sandip. Nanoscale transistors. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759874.003.0002.

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This chapter brings together the physical underpinnings of field-effect transistors operating in their nanoscale limits. It tackles the change in dominant behavior from scattering-limited long-channel transport to mesoscopic and few scattering events limits in quantized channels. It looks at electrostatics and a transistor’s controllability as dimensions are shrunk—the interplay of geometry and control—and then brings out the operational characteristics in “off”-state, e.g., the detailed nature of insulator’s implications or threshold voltage’s statistical variations grounded in short-range and long-range effects, and “on”-state, where quantization, quantized channels, ballistic transport and limited scattering are important. It also explores the physical behavior for zero bandgap and monoatomic layer materials by focusing on real-space and reciprocal-space funneling as one of the important dimensional change consequences through a discussion of parasitic resistances.
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Uma cidade no sertão: Jathay (1880-1930). Edições Verona, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51282/edv0002.

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O livro conta a história dos principais casarões edificados em Jataí de 1880 a 1930, destacando o projeto de arquitetura de cada um deles. Como expressão da cultura, tanto o espaço edificado quanto o espaço urbano são objetos de análise ao que conceituamos como cultura de morar (JUNIOR, 2011). Entendida como uma faceta da cultura, ou um conjunto multifuncional de valores socialmente compartilhados e historicamente construídos, comportamentos, experiências, padrões sociais, elementos identitários e imagéticos que orbitam em torno do espaço privado da habitação. Uma postura que implica em considerar também os valores, usos e significados dos espaços arquitetônicos que as formas espaciais dão origem: ponto de partida à tessitura de narrativas textuais, visuais, reais ou imaginárias do lugar de morar. A partir disso, o interesse dos autores se volta para a implantação da povoação de Jataí, seu núcleo urbano inicial, no final do século XIX até 1930. Este recorte temporal se justifica por duas razões: em primeiro lugar, a evidente necessidade de registrar a ocupação espacial a partir de suas origens, compreender seu traçado e sua implantação. Em segundo lugar, estabelecer a década de 1930 como limite, se justifica em função das profundas transformações desencadeadas pela chamada revolução de 1930. No novo ambiente político desta época o estado de Goiás vivenciou uma profunda alteração com a construção de Goiânia, em 1933, e uma reorganização das zonas de influência política, social, econômica e cultural que ela representava. Uma alteração que colocaria a produção do espaço construído em outros parâmetros. Por razões políticas, culturais e sociais, a década de 1930 representou uma inflexão.
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Частини книг з теми "VOLTAGE LIMIT"

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Srikakolapu, Jayadeep, Sabha Raj Arya, and Rakesh Maurya. "DSTATCOM Using Limit Cycle Oscillator FLL with Optimized Gains of Voltage Error Controllers." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 301–15. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2305-2_24.

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Murray, Yvonne, David A. Anisi, Martin Sirevåg, Pedro Ribeiro, and Rabah Saleh Hagag. "Safety Assurance of a High Voltage Controller for an Industrial Robotic System." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 45–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63882-5_4.

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Abstract Due to the risk of discharge sparks and ignition, there are strict rules concerning the safety of high voltage electrostatic systems used in industrial painting robots. In order to assure that the system fulfils its safety requirements, formal verification is an important tool to supplement traditional testing and quality assurance procedures. The work in this paper presents formal verification of the most important safety functions of a high voltage controller. The controller has been modelled as a finite state machine, which was formally verified using two different model checking software tools; Simulink Design Verifier and RoboTool. Five safety critical properties were specified and formally verified using the two tools. Simulink was chosen as a low-threshold entry point since MathWorks products are well known to most practitioners. RoboTool serves as a software tool targeted towards model checking, thus providing more advanced options for the more experienced user. The comparative study and results show that all properties were successfully verified. The verification times in both tools were in the order of a few minutes, which was within the acceptable time limit for this particular application.
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Dong, Jing, Xue Li, and Dajun Du. "Risk Assessment of Voltage Limit Violation Based on Probabilistic Load Flow in Active Distribution Network." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 253–63. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2381-2_24.

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Behera, Santi, and Manish Tripathy. "Optimal Reactive Power Compensation for Improvement of Steady State Voltage Stability Limit under Stressed System Condition Using BF Algorithm." In Swarm, Evolutionary, and Memetic Computing, 388–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35380-2_46.

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Krivanek, Ondrej L., Wu Zhou, Matthew F. Chisholm, Juan Carlos Idrobo, Tracy C. Lovejoy, Quentin M. Ramasse, and Niklas Dellby. "Gentle STEM of Single Atoms: Low keV Imaging and Analysis at Ultimate Detection Limits." In Low Voltage Electron Microscopy, 119–61. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118498514.ch6.

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Ballan, Hussein, and Michel Declercq. "Supply Voltage Limits in Standard CMOS Technologies." In High Voltage Devices and Circuits in Standard CMOS Technologies, 5–49. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5404-9_2.

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7

Abu-Siada, Ahmed, Mohammad A. S. Masoum, Yasser Alharbi, Farhad Shahnia, and A. M. Shiddiq Yunus. "Distribution Static Compensators and their Applications in Microgrids." In Recent Advances in Renewable Energy, 87–141. UAE: Bentham Science Publishers Ltd., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9781681085425117020005.

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Microgrids are clusters of distributed energy resources, energy storage systems and loads which are capable of operating in grid-connected as well as in offgrid modes. In the off-grid mode, the energy resources supply the demand while maintaining the voltage and frequency within acceptable limits whereas in the gridconnected mode, the energy resources supply the maximum or nominal power and the network voltage and frequency is maintained by the grid. This chapter first summarizes the structure and control principles of microgrids. It then briefly introduces the structures and control perspectives of distribution static compensators (DSTATCOMs). Finally, some applications of DSTATCOMs are discussed in microgrids. The introduced applications are power quality improvement due to the presence of nonlinear and unbalanced loads, voltage regulation and balancing, and interphase power circulation in the case of the presence of single-phase energy resources with unequal distribution amongst phases. Each application is illustrated by examples, realized in PSCAD/EMTDC.
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Gerhold, J. "High Voltage in Superconducting Power Equipment — Prospects and Limits." In Advances in Cryogenic Engineering Materials, 1–20. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4293-3_1.

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Piazza, Marco. "Epilogue: Did Voltaire Make an Exception for a Certain Jewish “Philosopher”?" In Voltaire Against the Jews, or The Limits of Toleration, 157–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18712-4_7.

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Piazza, Marco. "The Forgetful Genealogist." In Voltaire Against the Jews, or The Limits of Toleration, 83–112. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18712-4_4.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "VOLTAGE LIMIT"

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Azevedo, Wilker V. S., Washington L. A. Neves, Damasio Fernandes, Benemar A. Souza, and Ricardo M. Soares. "Device to limit Transient Recovery Voltage." In Exposition: Latin America. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdc-la.2010.5762852.

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McAdams and Jossinet. "Limit Voltage Of Linearity - A Unified Model." In Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1992.592704.

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Li Peng, Yuan Yubo, and Wang Yuting. "On-line voltage stability assessment strategy considering limit of voltage source." In TENCON 2015 - 2015 IEEE Region 10 Conference. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tencon.2015.7372873.

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McAdams, E. T., and J. Jossinet. "Limit voltage of linearity — A unified model." In 1992 14th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1992.5761407.

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Chou, Hung-Ming, Garng M. Huang, and Karen L. Butler-Purry. "Investigation of reactive power limit induced voltage collapse." In 2014 IEEE 57th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwscas.2014.6908449.

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Tsikalakis, A. G., N. L. Soultanis, and N. D. Hatziargyriou. "On-line storage management to avoid voltage limit violations." In 2006 International Conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pmaps.2006.360257.

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Duan, Jundong, and Shanshan Zhu. "The Effect of OLTC on Static Voltage Stability Limit." In 2011 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/appeec.2011.5749167.

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Ramalingam, K., and C. S. Indulkar. "Determination of Steady State Voltage Stability limit using PQ curves for voltage sensitive loads." In 2008 Joint International Conference on Power System Technology and IEEE Power India Conference (POWERCON). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpst.2008.4745152.

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Gregory, G., and K. J. Lippert. "Applying Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers to Limit Arc Flash Energy." In Record of Conference Paper Industry Applications Society 53rd Annual Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pcicon.2006.359686.

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Talin, A. Alec. "Non-volatile electrochemical memory operating near the thermal voltage limit." In Low-Dimensional Materials and Devices 2020, edited by Nobuhiko P. Kobayashi, A. Alec Talin, Albert V. Davydov, and M. Saif Islam. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2571004.

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Звіти організацій з теми "VOLTAGE LIMIT"

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Haight, Richard A., Brian E. McCandless, Andrew C. Kummel, and Roy G. Gordon. Driving CZTS to the SQ Limit: Solving the Open Circuit Voltage Problem. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1335851.

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Samson-Ovia, Richard. PR-261-133603-R01 The Effects of Test Voltage on FBE Coatings. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), February 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010884.

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The objective of this project is to study the impact of testing voltages for holiday detection on the long term integrity of FBE coatings. It is designed to determine the optimum testing voltage for locating holidays on FBE coated pipelines without causing damage to the coating, and also to establish an optimal grounding procedure for holiday detection. To achieve the set goals of this project, the work plan was designed to include both laboratory and field testing components. The coupons used for laboratory evaluation in this study were made from Grade X70, 36� OD X 0.465� WT pipeline with a 16 mil single layer FBE coating. Test voltages ranged from 2.8 kV to 7.1 kV in an attempt to establish an upper cut-off voltage limit above which the coating will be damaged. Temperatures of 20 �C and 40 �C, and relative humidity of 25%, 55% and 95% were tested. Temperatures of 0 �C and -20 �C were also tested to simulate cold climatic conditions. One pinhole holiday size of 790 �m (0.031�) diameter was selected to be milled on all the prepared coupons.
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Kiefner, Maxey, and Eiber. L51607 Pipeline Coating Impedance Effect on Powerline Fault Current Coupling. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010294.

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Prior research leading to the development of predictive electromagnetic coupling computer codes has shown that the coating conductance is the principal factor in determining the response of a pipeline to magnetic induction transmission line. Under power line fault conditions, a high voltage may stress the coating causing a significant change in its conductance, and hence, the coupling response. Based upon laboratory experimentation and analysis, a model has been developed which allows prediction of the modified coating characteristics when subjected to high voltages during fault situations. The program objective was the investigation of a method to determine the high voltage behavior of an existing coating from low voltage in-situ field measurements. Such a method appeared conceptually feasible for non-porous coatings whose conductance is primarily a result of current leakage through existing holidays. However, limited testing has shown that difficulties in determining the steel-electrolyte capacitance limit the application of the method. Methods for field measurement of the pipeline coating conductance were studied for both DC and AC signal excitation. AC techniques offer the advantage that cathodic protection current interruption is not required, thus eliminating depolarization effects. However, ac field measurement techniques need additional refinement before these methods can be generally applied.
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Dubois, Diego, Amirali Eskandariyun, Suprabha Das, Andriy Durygin, and Zhe Cheng. Flash Sintering of Commercial Zirconium Nitride Powders. Florida International University, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25148/mmeurs.009777.

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Flash sintering is an electrical field-assisted densification technique that requires passing a current through a ceramic powder compact. Pressure-assisted flash sintering of commercially available Zirconium Nitride (ZrN) powders has been demonstrated. Near fully dense samples can be obtained within a short period of time. The influences of parameters such as electrical field strength, voltage ramping rate, current limit, external pressure, pre-heating, and holding time on the onset of the flash event were investigated. Some post-flash sintered samples were subjected to the same condition to observe if the material would experience repeated flash. In addition, material properties such as density and hardness were measured and correlated with SEM and XRD. Implications of the observations on underlying flash sintering mechanism will also be discussed.
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Chapman and Toema. PR-266-09211-R01 Physics-Based Characterization of Lambda Sensor from Natural Gas Fueled Engines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), November 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010022.

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The increasingly strict air emission regulations may require implementing Non-Selective Catalytic Reduction (NSCR) systems as a promising emission control technology for stationary rich burn spark ignition engines. Many recent experimental investigations that used NSCR systems for stationary natural gas fueled engines showed that NSCR systems were unable to consistently control the exhaust emissions level below the compliance limits. Modeling of NSCR components to better understand, and then exploit, the underlying physical processes that occur in the lambda sensor and the catalyst media is now considered an essential step toward improving NSCR system performance. This report focuses on modeling the lambda sensor that provides feedback to the air-to-fuel ratio controller. Correct interpretation of the sensor output signal is necessary to achieve consistently low emissions level. The goal of this modeling study is to improve the understanding of the physical processes that occur within the sensor, investigate the cross-sensitivity of various exhaust gas species on the sensor performance, and finally this model serves as a tool to improve NSCR control strategies. This model simulates the output from a planar switch type lambda sensor. The model consists of three modules. The first module models the multi-component mass transport through the sensor protective layer. The second module includes all the surface catalytic reactions that take place on the sensor platinum electrodes. The third module is responsible for simulating the reactions that occur on the electrolyte material and determine the sensor output voltage.
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