Статті в журналах: "Voltage Early"

1

Hussain, Abadal Salam T., Israa A. Dahham, F. Malek, Qais H. Jeflawi, Jailani O. Mahmoud, Ahmad Zaidi Abdullah, Muhammad Irwanto Misrun, Gomesh Nair Shasidharan, Mohd Irwan Yusoff, and Taha A. Taha. "Early Warning for DC Power Failure System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 793 (September 2015): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.793.124.

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Electrical systems and devices suffer from unexpected failures due to various reasons such as input voltage fluctuation and low or high voltages. This paper discussedabout the development of a device for detecting imminent failure of electric products such as refrigerators, ovens, Air-conditions and etc. The main objective of this developed preventive device is todetect voltage drop or rise and produce an alarmsignal to enable and activates other protection circuitry.The mechanismof the detector/sensing circuit is based on differentiating the voltage level using dualcomparator; this makes the system more considerate. The method enables real-time monitoring of stability boundaries and the corresponding margin to the observed operating point, which is used to provide an early warning for emerging stability problems.

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Jahan, M. M., and A. F. M. Anwar. "Early voltage in double heterojunction bipolar transistors." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 42, no. 11 (1995): 2028–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/16.469414.

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3

Roulston, D. J. "Early voltage in very-narrow-base bipolar transistors." IEEE Electron Device Letters 11, no. 2 (February 1990): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/55.46937.

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4

Pyne, D., and W. S. Khokle. "Analysis of the early voltage in bipolar transistors." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 33, no. 10 (October 1986): 1539–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/t-ed.1986.22705.

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5

Liu, Van Tsai, and Jhih Rong Chen. "Balancing for Lead-Acid Batteries of Electric Motorcycles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 764-765 (May 2015): 491–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.764-765.491.

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For high-power applications such as electric motorcycles, batteries in series to provide the required voltage is fairly common. The 48V is 12V connected four cells in series for lead-acid batteries of electric motorcycles. After charging and discharging of lead-acid batteries several times, the voltages are often imbalance. Without proper protection, may cause an excessive discharge of lead-acid batteries for early damage. Therefore, lead-acid battery module requires a simple balance circuit to improve battery life in order to avoid over-voltage or under-voltage condition occurs. Energy balance circuit to improve lead-acid battery module matching problems, make the safety and cycle life of lead-acid batteries to improve. This research intends to complete balanced circuit design of lead-acid batteries.

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6

Paulik, George F., and Raymond P. Mayer. "Differential Amplifier With Current-Mirror Load: Influence of Current Gain, Early Voltage, and Supply Voltage on the DC Output Voltage." IEEE Transactions on Education 55, no. 2 (May 2012): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/te.2011.2164542.

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7

Yuan, J. S., and J. J. Liou. "An improved Early voltage model for advanced bipolar transistors." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 38, no. 1 (1991): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/16.65753.

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8

Prevarskaya, N., R. Skryma, P. Vacher, N. Daniel, C. Bignon, J. Djiane, and B. Dufy. "Early effects of PRL on ion conductances in CHO cells expressing PRL receptor." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 267, no. 2 (August 1, 1994): C554—C562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1994.267.2.c554.

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Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells were stably transfected with prolactin (PRL) receptor cDNA. These cells (CHO-E32) expressed the long form of functional PRL receptor. Using microfluorimetric and patch-clamp techniques, we have investigated the effects of PRL on intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and membrane ion conductances. Exposure of CHO-E32 cells to 5 nM PRL resulted in an increase in [Ca2+]i. Two types of response were observed: 1) a stimulation of Ca2+ entry and 2) an intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. As PRL inhibited voltage-activated Ca2+ current, the PRL-induced Ca2+ increase does not involve voltage-activated Ca2+ channels. PRL also increased a charybdotoxin-sensitive Ca(2+)-dependent K+ conductance. Simultaneous measurements showed that PRL hyperpolarized the membrane potential before increasing intracellular Ca2+ levels. In voltage clamp, hyperpolarizing voltage steps were associated with increased Ca2+ concentrations, whereas depolarizing voltage steps decreased [Ca2+]i. Cell-free patch-clamp experiments showed that PRL directly stimulates K+ channel activity. Our results suggest the existence of a regulatory complex involving a protein kinase tightly associated with the Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels and that PRL stimulates these channels by means of the activation of protein kinase. The resulting hyperpolarization stimulates Ca2+ entry, probably through voltage-insensitive nonspecific channels.

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9

Zdravkovic, M., B. Milovanovic, S. Hinic, I. Soldatovic, T. Durmic, G. Koracevic, S. Prijic, O. Markovic, B. Filipovic, and D. Lovic. "Correlation between ECG changes and early left ventricular remodeling in preadolescent footballers." Physiology International 104, no. 1 (March 2017): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2060.104.2017.1.2.

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The aim of this study was to assess the early electrocardiogram (ECG) changes induced by physical training in preadolescent elite footballers. This study included 94 preadolescent highly trained male footballers (FG) competing in Serbian Football League (minimum of 7 training hours/week) and 47 age-matched healthy male controls (less than 2 training hours/week) (CG). They were screened by ECG and echocardiography at a tertiary referral cardio center. Sokolow–Lyon index was used as a voltage electrocardiographic criterion for left ventricular hypertrophy diagnosis. Characteristic ECG intervals and voltage were compared and reference range was given for preadolescent footballers. Highly significant differences between FG and CG were registered in all ECG parameters: P-wave voltage (p < 0.001), S-wave (V1 or V2 lead) voltage (p < 0.001), R-wave (V5 and V6 lead) voltage (p < 0.001), ECG sum of S V1–2 + R V5–6 (p < 0.001), T-wave voltage (p < 0.001), QRS complex duration (p < 0.001), T-wave duration (p < 0.001), QTc interval duration (p < 0.001), and R/T ratio (p < 0.001). No differences were found in PQ interval duration between these two groups (p > 0.05). During 6-year follow-up period, there was no adverse cardiac event in these footballers. None of them expressed pathological ECG changes. Benign ECG changes are presented in the early stage of athlete’s heart remodeling, but they are not related to pathological ECG changes and they should be regarded as ECG pattern of LV remodeling.

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10

Zhang, Chenmeng, Kailin Zhao, Shijun Xie, Can Hu, Yu Zhang, and Nanxi Jiang. "Research on the Time-Domain Dielectric Response of Multiple Impulse Voltage Aging Oil-Film Dielectrics." Energies 14, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 1948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071948.

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Power capacitors suffer multiple impulse voltages during their lifetime. With the multiple impulse voltage aging, the internal insulation, oil-film dielectric may deteriorate and even fail in the early stage, which is called accumulative effect. Hence, the time-domain dielectric response of oil-film dielectric with multiple impulse voltage aging is studied in this paper. At first, the procedure of the preparation of the tested samples were introduced. Secondly, an aging platform, impulse voltage generator was built to test the accumulative effect of capacitor under multiple impulse voltage. Then, a device was used to test the time-domain dielectric response (polarization depolarization current, PDC) of oil-film dielectric in different aging states. And finally, according to the PDC data, extended Debye model and characteristic parameters were obtained by matrix pencil algorithm identification. The results indicated that with the increase of impulse voltage times, the time-domain dielectric response of oil-film dielectric changed accordingly. The polarization current curve moved up gradually, the insulation resistance decreased when subjected to the repeated impulses. In frequency domain, the frequency spectrum of tan δ changed along with the impulse accumulation aging, especially at low frequency. At last, combined with the aging mechanism of oil-film dielectric under multiple impulse voltage, the test results were discussed.

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11

Hanck, D. A., M. F. Sheets, and H. A. Fozzard. "Gating currents associated with Na channels in canine cardiac Purkinje cells." Journal of General Physiology 95, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 439–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.95.3.439.

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Gating currents (Ig) were recorded in single canine cardiac Purkinje cells at 10-12 degrees C. Ig characteristics corresponded closely to macroscopic INa characteristics and appeared to exhibit little contamination from other voltage-gated channels. Charge density predicted by peak INa was 0.14-0.22 fC micron -2 and this compared well with the measured value of 0.19 +/- 0.10 fC micron -2 (SD; n = 28). The charge-voltage relationship rose over a voltage similar to the peak INa conductance curve. The midpoints of the two relationships were not significantly different although the conductance curve was 1.5 +/- 0.3 (SD; n = 9) times steeper. Consistent with this observation, which predicted that a large amount of the gating charge would be associated with transitions close to the open state, an analysis of activation from Hodgkin-Huxley fits to the macroscopic currents showed that tau m corresponded well with a prominent component of Ig. Ig relaxations fitted two exponentials better than one over the range of voltages in which Na channels were activated. When the holding potential was hyperpolarized, relaxation of Ig during step depolarizations to 0 mV was prolonged but there was no substantial increase in charge, further suggesting that early closed-state transitions are less in charge, further suggesting that early closed-state transitions are less voltage dependent. The single cardiac Purkinje cell appears to be a good candidate for combining Ig and single-channel measurements to obtain a kinetic description of the cardiac Na channel.

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12

Cristea, M., and F. Babarada. "Optimization techniques for p-GTO thyristor design." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1216, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1216/1/012013.

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Abstract A new type of semiconductor power device was devised in the early ’90s as an alternative to the classic Gate Turn-Off (GTO) thyristor. Because the low-doped n-base was replaced by a low-doped p-base, it was called the p-GTO. Its main advantage is a higher possible control voltage when the device is switched off, leading to the possibility of a higher blocking anode current (IATO) and a lower turn-off time. The studies and techniques employed with the help of SILVACO-TCAD simulation software Athena and Atlas show that the p-GTO has higher breakdown voltages compared with its classic counterpart and similar on-state voltage (VT) and switching characteristics when replacing the GTO in the same circuit. Specific circuit improvements, like an affordable higher turn-off gate voltage, will drive the p-GTO into even faster switching operation.

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13

Chiu, S.-Y., and A. F. M. Anwar. "Effect of surface recombination on the Early voltage in HBTs." Semiconductor Science and Technology 14, no. 9 (August 19, 1999): 840–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0268-1242/14/9/316.

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14

Liou, J. J. "Effect of base grading on the Early voltage of HBTs." Solid-State Electronics 35, no. 9 (September 1992): 1378–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-1101(92)90176-d.

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15

Pawley, James B., Paul Walther, Shian-Jiun Shih, and Marek Malecki. "Early results using high-resolution, low-voltage, low-temperature SEM." Journal of Microscopy 161, no. 2 (February 1991): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1991.tb03093.x.

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16

Li, Shan, Jun Ping Zhang, Liang Gu, and Jia De Liu. "Correlation between Surface Conductivity and Pollution Flashover Voltage of Strain Insulator-String." Applied Mechanics and Materials 431 (October 2013): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.431.202.

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For contamination of the medium voltage insulatorsXP-7 strain insulator-string, analysis of localized pollution flashover accident in recent years with a surface of insulator contamination degree of relationship, through the surface of porcelain insulator pollution layer conductivity indicators and calculation analysis on pollution flashover voltage, promote different voltage contaminated insulator under replacing the feasibility of early warning. Results showed that, the relationship between pollution flashover voltage and conductivity parameters is clear, available with microprocessor and more intuitive remote communication unit for remote monitoring and control system of early warning, reduce default phase pollution flashover accident of the power ring network of transmission lines in remote areas , enhance the stability of power load .

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17

Yanwen, Wang, Chen Peng, and Feng Chen. "Security Assessment of Coal Mine Power Grid Voltage Based on an Improved AHP-FCE." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (April 25, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5256285.

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The voltage level of a coal mine power grid directly affects the starting and normal operation of the electric motor, but the current grid monitoring system cannot use real-time grid structure parameters and power flow distribution data to conduct early warning research on the running status and voltage level of the power grid, so it cannot eliminate hidden danger in the operation of the power grid. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately and effectively evaluate the voltage safety level of the coal mine power grid. In this paper, an improved AHP-FCE method is proposed to evaluate the voltage safety level of a coal mine power grid. By replacing the comparison judgment matrix with the interval judgment matrix, the objectivity of the weight vector is improved while retaining expert subjectivity. According to the real-time power flow distribution data of the power grid monitoring system, the current voltage safety level of the power grid is evaluated. The results show that the improved AHP-FCE method can accurately evaluate the current grid voltage level, analyze the voltage development trend, give early warnings regarding coal mine grid voltage operation, and improve the monitoring function of the power monitoring system.

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18

Yanwen, Wang, Chen Peng, and Feng Chen. "Security Assessment of Coal Mine Power Grid Voltage Based on an Improved AHP-FCE." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (April 25, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5256285.

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The voltage level of a coal mine power grid directly affects the starting and normal operation of the electric motor, but the current grid monitoring system cannot use real-time grid structure parameters and power flow distribution data to conduct early warning research on the running status and voltage level of the power grid, so it cannot eliminate hidden danger in the operation of the power grid. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately and effectively evaluate the voltage safety level of the coal mine power grid. In this paper, an improved AHP-FCE method is proposed to evaluate the voltage safety level of a coal mine power grid. By replacing the comparison judgment matrix with the interval judgment matrix, the objectivity of the weight vector is improved while retaining expert subjectivity. According to the real-time power flow distribution data of the power grid monitoring system, the current voltage safety level of the power grid is evaluated. The results show that the improved AHP-FCE method can accurately evaluate the current grid voltage level, analyze the voltage development trend, give early warnings regarding coal mine grid voltage operation, and improve the monitoring function of the power monitoring system.

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19

Krenc, Zbigniew. "Relationship Between Adaptive Morphological and Electrophysiological Remodeling of the Left Ventricle in Young Athletes After an 8-Month Period of Sports Training." Pediatric Exercise Science 28, no. 1 (February 2016): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.2015-0106.

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Purpose:The aim of this investigation was to assess the influence of an 8-month physical training period on left ventricular voltages identified by resting ECG in relation to changes in left ventricle mass in adolescent athletes.Methods:The study encompassed 28 adolescents aged 13 years (14 boys and 14 girls) from a sports secondary school. Clinical assessment was performed on all athletes before and after 8 months of physical training.Results:Sokolov-Lyon voltage index, Cornell voltage index, and maximum spatial QRS vector magnitude demonstrated statistically significant decline during the study period. The specific potential of the myocardium also significantly decreased during 8 months of training. The Sokolov-Lyon voltage criterion for left ventricular hypertrophy was fulfilled in 9 athletes (32.1%) at the beginning of the observation and only in 3 athletes (10.7%) at the end of the study. On the other hand, mean left ventricular mass and mean left ventricular mass index significantly increased after long-term training. No statistically significant correlations were identified between relative changes in left ventricular mass and QRS voltages.Conclusion:An early period of intensive physical training in young athletes is associated with a decrease in QRS amplitude and a relative voltage deficit over the left ventricle.

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20

Merot, J., M. Bidet, B. Gachot, S. Le Maout, N. Koechlin, M. Tauc, and P. Poujeol. "Electrical properties of rabbit early distal convoluted tubule in primary culture." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 257, no. 2 (August 1, 1989): F288—F299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1989.257.2.f288.

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Distal bright convoluted tubules (DCTb) were microdissected from rabbit kidney cortex and cultured in a hormonally defined medium. The quality and the degree of polarization of the growing epithelia were assessed by indirect immunofluorescence studies using a monoclonal antibody raised against the apical membrane of the DCTb in situ. The cultured monolayers had a high hexokinase activity and a low gamma-glutamyl transferase activity compared with cultured proximal convoluted tubules. Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate production was stimulated by calcitonin and insensitive to parathyroid hormone, vasopressin, and isoproterenol. Both 20- and 30-day-old cultures developed an apical-negative transepithelial potential of -3.1 and -22.3 mV, respectively. Amiloride reversibly reduced the voltage by 90% only when applied on the apical side of the monolayers. Phenamil (10(-8), 10(-6) M) had the same effect as amiloride. Calcitonin reversibly decreased the transepithelial voltage. These data support the hypothesis that, in the DCTb in primary culture, the transepithelial voltage is due to the presence of Na channels and that calcitonin modulates this transport pathway.

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21

Li, Gui-Rong, Haiying Sun, and Stanley Nattel. "Characterization of a transient outward K+ current with inward rectification in canine ventricular myocytes." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 274, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): C577—C585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1998.274.3.c577.

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The threshold potential for the classical depolarization-activated transient outward K+ current and Cl− current is positive to −30 mV. With the whole cell patch technique, a transient outward current was elicited in the presence of 5 mM 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) and 5 μM ryanodine at voltages positive to the K+ equilibrium potential in canine ventricular myocytes. The current was abolished by 200 μM Ba2+ or omission of external K+([Formula: see text]) and showed biexponential inactivation. The current-voltage relation for the peak of the transient outward component showed moderate inward rectification. The transient outward current demonstrated voltage-dependent inactivation (half-inactivation voltage: −43.5 ± 3.2 mV) and rapid, monoexponential recovery from inactivation (time constant: 13.2 ± 2.5 ms). The reversal potential responded to the changes in[Formula: see text] concentration. Action potential clamp revealed two phases of Ba2+-sensitive current during the action potential, including a large early transient component after the upstroke and a later outward component during phase 3 repolarization. The present study demonstrates that depolarization may elicit a Ba2+- and[Formula: see text]-sensitive, 4-AP-insensitive, transient outward current with inward rectification in canine ventricular myocytes. The properties of this K+ current suggest that it may carry a significant early outward current upon depolarization that may play a role in determining membrane excitability and action potential morphology.

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22

Chitare, Prasad Bhagwat, V. S. K. Murthy Balijepalli, and S. A. Khaparde. "Online Assessment of Voltage Stability in Power Systems with PMUs." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 14, no. 2 (May 30, 2013): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2013-0031.

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Abstract: For the assessment of voltage instability which comprises the detection of voltage instability and identification of critical buses, two indices namely, system wide Qtax, and bus-specific qtax, are proposed. The Qtax, based on the sensitivity of the reactive power injections to the loading in the system provides early detection of impending voltage instability. The computed qtax indices identify the critcal buses among the load buses in the system. The identified critical buses provided optimal lacations for the corrective control actions for averting voltage instability. Additionally, for voltage stability monitoring, determining the poing of exhaustion of the reactive reserves in system is also crucial. This is addressed by proposed Q-Monitoring Index (QMI), which is the ratio of the reactive component of the source current to the sink current that flows through the adjacent transmission line. These proposed indices together can provide early indication to impending voltage instability. This has been illustrated on IEEE-39 bus system. The reactive support on identified critical buses results in maximum increase in the loadability of the system.

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23

Galeti, Milene, Michele Rodrigues, Nadine Collaert, Eddy Simoen, Cor Claeys, and João Antonio Martino. "Analog Performance of SOI nMuGFETs with Different TiN Gate Electrode Thickness and High-k Dielectrics." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 6, no. 2 (December 27, 2011): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v6i2.345.

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This work presents an analysis of the analog performance of SOI MuGFET devices and the impact of different TiN metal gate electrode thickness.Thinner TiN metal gate allows achieving large gain and this effect can be attributed to the increased Early voltage values observed for thinner TiN metal gate. This VEA increase suggests an increase of the transversal electrical field for thin TiN metal gate (reduced gate oxide thickness) that is confirmed with the increment of the GIDL current.This impact on the voltage gain is maintained for short channel length.The impact of different gate dielectrics was also studied where high-k dielectric indicated a higher VT due to a VFB variation. Additionally, lower intrinsic voltage gain was observed for hafnium dielectric and this can be related to the lower Early voltage (VEA) present in this devices.

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24

Osumi, M., N. Yamada, and T. Nagatani. "High-Resolution, Low-Voltage SEM of Cell Wall Regeneration of Yeast Shizosaccharomyces Pombe Protoplasts." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 208–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100103127.

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Even though many early workers had suggested the use of lower voltages to increase topographic contrast and to reduce specimen charging and beam damage, we did not usually operate in the conventional scanning electron microscope at low voltage because of the poor resolution, especially of bioligical specimens. However, the development of the “in-lens” field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) has led to marked inprovement in resolution, especially in the range of 1-5 kV, within the past year. The probe size has been cumulated to be 0.7nm in diameter at 30kV and about 3nm at 1kV. We have been trying to develop techniques to use this in-lens FESEM at low voltage (LVSEM) for direct observation of totally uncoated biological specimens and have developed the LVSEM method for the biological field.

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25

Wang, Long Hua, Sheng Hong Yao, Ying Hui Li, Jing Fang, and Gao Pan. "Risk Assessment and Risk Warning for Current Transformer Automatic Verification System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 809–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.809.

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This paper combines methods such as decision-making theory and method, the risk early warning theory and mathematical statistics theory [1,2]. With case analysis, some risk assessment and risk early warning is studied systematically on the automatic low voltage current transformer verification system. First of all, on the basis of risk identification, a indicator evaluation system for the verification system is established. Combined with the structure of the low voltage current transformer verification system, the indicator system is built on both the overall system and various key units of the system. Then risk assessment of the system is conducted. The risk assessment includes state analysis on each indicator, setting up the indicator state probability model, setting the indicator weight; also a confidence level is analyzed. Thirdly, risk early warning is made. The risk early warning threshold is taken as the basis of the early warning, which guarantees the safety and steady operation of the system. Finally, some example verification is done upon the automatic low voltage current transformer verification system, which provides reference on risk assessment and early warning for some enterprises and institutions.

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Sanhueza, Dayán, Andro Montoya, Jimena Sierralta, and Manuel Kukuljan. "Expression of voltage-activated calcium channels in the early zebrafish embryo." Zygote 17, no. 2 (May 2009): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199408005108.

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SummaryIncreases in cytosolic calcium concentrations regulate many cellular processes, including aspects of early development. Calcium release from intracellular stores and calcium entry through non-voltage-gated channels account for signalling in non-excitable cells, whereas voltage-gated calcium channels (CaV) are important in excitable cells. We report the expression of multiple transcripts of CaV, identified by its homology to other species, in the early embryo of the zebrafish, Danio rerio, at stages prior to the differentiation of excitable cells. CaV mRNAs and proteins were detected as early as the 2-cell stages, which indicate that they arise from both maternal and zygotic transcription. Exposure of embryos to pharmacological blockers of CaV does not perturb early development significantly, although late effects are appreciable. These results suggest that CaV may have a role in calcium homeostasis and control of cellular process during early embryonic development.

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Zou, An, Huifeng Zhu, Jingwen Leng, Xin He, Vijay Janapa Reddi, Christopher D. Gill, and Xuan Zhang. "System-level Early-stage Modeling and Evaluation of IVR-assisted Processor Power Delivery System." ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization 18, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3468145.

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Despite being employed in numerous efforts to improve power delivery efficiency, the integrated voltage regulator (IVR) approach has yet to be evaluated rigorously and quantitatively in a full power delivery system (PDS) setting. To fulfill this need, we present a system-level modeling and design space exploration framework called Ivory for IVR-assisted power delivery systems. Using a novel modeling methodology, it can accurately estimate power delivery efficiency, static performance characteristics, and dynamic transient responses under different load variations and external voltage/frequency scaling conditions. We validate the model over a wide range of IVR topologies with silicon measurement and SPICE simulation. Finally, we present two case studies using architecture-level performance and power simulators. The first case study focuses on optimal PDS design for multi-core systems, which achieves 8.6% power efficiency improvement over conventional off-chip voltage regulator module– (VRM) based PDS. The second case study explores the design tradeoffs for IVR-assisted PDSs in CPU and GPU systems with fast per-core dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS). We find 2 μs to be the optimal DVFS timescale, which not only reaps energy benefits (12.5% improvement in CPU and 50.0% improvement in GPU) but also avoids costly IVR overheads.

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Stengel, Rayk, Eric Rivera-Milla, Nirakar Sahoo, Christina Ebert, Frank Bollig, Stefan H. Heinemann, Roland Schönherr, and Christoph Englert. "Kcnh1 Voltage-gated Potassium Channels Are Essential for Early Zebrafish Development." Journal of Biological Chemistry 287, no. 42 (August 27, 2012): 35565–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m112.363978.

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The Kcnh1 gene encodes a voltage-gated potassium channel highly expressed in neurons and involved in tumor cell proliferation, yet its physiological roles remain unclear. We have used the zebrafish as a model to analyze Kcnh1 function in vitro and in vivo. We found that the kcnh1 gene is duplicated in teleost fish (i.e. kcnh1a and kcnh1b) and that both genes are maternally expressed during early development. In adult zebrafish, kcnh1a and kcnh1b have distinct expression patterns but share expression in brain and testis. Heterologous expression of both genes in Xenopus oocytes revealed a strong conservation of characteristic functional properties between human and fish channels, including a unique sensitivity to intracellular Ca2+/calmodulin and modulation of voltage-dependent gating by extracellular Mg2+. Using a morpholino antisense approach, we demonstrate a strong kcnh1 loss-of-function phenotype in developing zebrafish, characterized by growth retardation, delayed hindbrain formation, and embryonic lethality. This late phenotype was preceded by transcriptional up-regulation of known cell-cycle inhibitors (p21, p27, cdh2) and down-regulation of pro-proliferative factors, including cyclin D1, at 70% epiboly. These results reveal an unanticipated basic activity of kcnh1 that is crucial for early embryonic development and patterning.

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29

O'Toole, Eileen T., Kent L. McDonald, Jana Mäntler, J. Richard McIntosh, Anthony A. Hyman, and Thomas Müller-Reichert. "High-Voltage Electron Tomography of the Early C. elegans Mitotic Spindle." Microscopy and Microanalysis 9, S03 (September 2003): 384–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927603032124.

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30

Mohajerzadeh, S., C. R. Selvakumar, J. P. Noel, and D. C. Houghton. "Early-voltage degradation in heterostructure bipolar transistors due to interface states." Solid-State Electronics 38, no. 1 (January 1995): 131–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-1101(94)e0028-d.

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31

Samsi, Rohan, Asok Ray, and Jeffrey Mayer. "Early detection of stator voltage imbalance in three-phase induction motors." Electric Power Systems Research 79, no. 1 (January 2009): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2008.06.004.

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32

Blalock, T. "Hoosac Tunnel electrified: an early high-voltage ac overhead catenary railroad." IEEE Power and Energy Magazine 4, no. 4 (July 2006): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mpae.2006.1657726.

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33

Joseph, A. J., J. D. Cressler, and D. M. Richey. "Optimization of Early Voltage for Cooled SiGe HBT Precision Current Sources." Le Journal de Physique IV 06, no. C3 (April 1996): C3–125—C3–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:1996319.

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34

Xu, Lin, Lijie Ding, Qi Li, Ruixing Lin, Zixuan Zheng, and Honggeng Yang. "Study on Risk Assessment and Early Warning Platform for Voltage Sag." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 490 (April 12, 2019): 072043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/490/7/072043.

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35

Obeid, Ahmad, Usman Tariq, and Shayok Mukhopadhyay. "Supervised learning for early and accurate battery terminal voltage collapse detection." IET Circuits, Devices & Systems 14, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cds.2019.0092.

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36

Costa, Luciano da F., Filipi Nascimento Silva, and Cesar H. Comin. "Characterizing BJTs using the Early voltage in the forward active mode." International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications 46, no. 4 (April 2018): 978–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cta.2450.

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37

Ayaz, Mehdi. "High voltage electrical injury, early vs. late wound excision, and coverage." Burns 46, no. 6 (September 2020): 1476–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2020.04.043.

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38

Nagatomo, Toshihisa, Zheng Fan, Bin Ye, Gayle S. Tonkovich, Craig T. January, John W. Kyle та Jonathan C. Makielski. "Temperature dependence of early and late currents in human cardiac wild-type and long Q-T ΔKPQ Na+ channels". American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 275, № 6 (1 грудня 1998): H2016—H2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1998.275.6.h2016.

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Na+current ( I Na) through wild-type human heart Na+channels (hH1) is important for normal cardiac excitability and conduction, and it participates in the control of repolarization and refractoriness. I Na kinetics depend strongly on temperature, but I Na for hH1 has been studied previously only at room temperature. We characterized early I Na (the peak and initial decay) and late I Na of the wild-type hH1 channel and a mutant channel (ΔKPQ) associated with congenital long Q-T syndrome. Channels were stably transfected in HEK-293 cells and studied at 23 and 33°C using whole cell patch clamp. Activation and inactivation kinetics for early I Na were twofold faster at higher temperature for both channels and shifted activation and steady-state inactivation in the positive direction, especially for ΔKPQ. For early I Na (<24 ms), ΔKPQ decayed faster than the wild type for voltages negative to −20 mV but slower for more positive voltages, suggesting a reduced voltage dependence of fast inactivation. Late I Na at 240 ms was significantly greater for ΔKPQ than for the wild type at both temperatures. The majority of late I Na for ΔKPQ was not persistent; rather, it decayed slowly, and this late component exhibited slower recovery from inactivation compared with peak I Na. Additional kinetic changes for early and peak I Na for ΔKPQ compared with the wild type at both temperatures were 1) reduced voltage dependence of steady-state inactivation with no difference in midpoint, 2) positive shift for activation kinetics, and 3) more rapid recovery from inactivation. This study represents the first description of human Na+ channel kinetics near physiological temperature and also demonstrates complex gating changes in the ΔKPQ that are present at 33°C and that may underlie the electrophysiological and clinical phenotype of congenital long Q-T Na+ channel syndromes.

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39

Zhang, Nuo, Yi Rao, Nuo Xu, Ayden Maralani, and Albert P. Pisano. "Characterization of 4H-SiC Bipolar Junction Transistor at High Temperatures." Materials Science Forum 778-780 (February 2014): 1013–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.778-780.1013.

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In this work, a 4H-Silicon Carbide (SiC) Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) capable of operating at high temperatures up to 673 K is demonstrated. Comprehensive characterization including current gain, early voltage, and intrinsic voltage gain was performed. At elevated temperatures, although the current gain of the device is reduced, the intrinsic voltage gain increases to 5900 at 673 K, suggesting 4H-SiC BJT has the potential to be used as a voltage amplifier at extremely high temperatures.

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40

Joseph, A. J., J. D. Cressler, D. M. Richey, R. C. Jaeger, and D. L. Harame. "Neutral base recombination and its influence on the temperature dependence of Early voltage and current gain-Early voltage product in UHV/CVD SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 44, no. 3 (March 1997): 404–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/16.556150.

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41

Krause, S. J., and W. W. Adams. "Recent developments in low-voltage SEM of polymers." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 866–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100150162.

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Over the past decade low voltage scanning electron microscopy (LVSEM) of polymers has evolved from an interesting curiosity to a powerful analytical technique. This development has been driven by improved instrumentation and in particular, reliable field emission gun (FEG) SEMs. The usefulness of LVSEM has also grown because of an improved theoretical and experimental understanding of sample-beam interactions and by advances in sample preparation and operating techniques. This paper will review progress in polymer LVSEM and present recent results and developments in the field.In the early 1980s a new generation of SEMs produced beam currents that were sufficient to allow imaging at low voltages from 5keV to 0.5 keV. Thus, for the first time, it became possible to routinely image uncoated polymers at voltages below their negative charging threshold, the "second crossover", E2 (Fig. 1). LVSEM also improved contrast and reduced beam damage in sputter metal coated polymers. Unfortunately, resolution was limited to a few tenths of a micron due to the low brightness and chromatic aberration of thermal electron emission sources.

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42

Primasari, Ameta, Sondang Pintauli, Winelda MZ Haris, and Grace CP Barus. "Salivary nitrosamine output voltage levels as an early detection of malignancy in the oral cavity." Journal of Dental Health, Oral Disorders & Therapy 13, no. 4 (2022): 105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jdhodt.2022.13.00582.

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Introduction: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the world's sixth malignant disease with multifactorial causes. Nitrosamine compounds can be found in saliva and used as a biomarker for the early detection of oral cancer. Carcinogenic nitrosamines derived from tobacco use contact with normal oral cavity cells. It affects the process of controlling cell growth by interfering with DNA translation. This study aims to determine and compare the output voltage values of nitrosamines in the saliva of nonsmokers, smokers, and patients with oral cancer in Medan. Methods: This research is a descriptive-analytic study with a cross-sectional approach. The output voltage value of nitrosamines was measured by collecting the saliva of nonsmoking, smoking and cancer patients. Results: using the One-way ANOVA test, the results of this study showed that the output voltage of nitrosamines in the saliva of nonsmoker patients (standard) was 4.46±0.17 Volt, compared to smoker 4.91±0.14 Volt. Whereas, In the saliva of patients with oral cancer 7, 66±0.48 Volt. This study concludes that there was a significant difference in the output voltage level of salivary nitrosamines between the nonsmokers, smokers, and oral cancer patients (p<0.05). Conclusion: salivary nitrosamine levels can be an early detection biomarker of malignancy in the oral cavity.

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43

Cheng, Yun-Jiu, Hao Yao, Cheng-Cheng Ji, Xu-Miao Chen, Jun Fan, Li-Juan Liu, and Su-Hua Wu. "A Heterozygous Missense hERG Mutation Associated with Early Repolarization Syndrome." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 51, no. 3 (2018): 1301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000495549.

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Background/Aims: Early repolarization syndrome (ERS) has been recently recognized as early repolarization pattern with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. However, the genetic background of ERS has not been fully understood. Methods: A Chinese family with sudden cardiac death associated with ERS was investigated. Direct sequencing of ERS susceptibility genes was performed on the proband and family members. Whole-cell patch-clamp methods were used to characterize the mutant channel expressed in HEK 293 cells. Results: One missense mutation (p. K801T) was found in the hERG (KCNH2 gene) by the direct sequencing of candidate genes. Whole cell voltage clamp studies of the K801T mutation in HEK 293 cells demonstrated a 1.5-fold increase in maximum steady state current (37.2±7.3 vs 20.3±4.4 pA/pF) that occurred at a 20 mV more positive potential compared to the wild type channels. The voltage dependence of inactivation was significantly shifted in the positive voltage direction (WT -59.5±1.4 vs K801T -44.3±1.2 mV). Kinetic analysis revealed slower inactivation rates of K801T, but faster rates of activation and deactivation. The hERG channel blockers tested inhibited K801T-hERG channel in concentration response, and the potencies of these drugs can be rank-ordered as follows: quinidine> disopyramide> sotalol> flecainide. Conclusion: Our study indicated that the K801T mutation caused the gain of function of hERG channels that may account for the clinical phenotype of ERS. Quinidine and disopyramide could improve the function of K801T-hERG mutant channel, and may be therapeutic options for patients with the K801T hERG mutation.

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44

Alves, Camila, Denis Flandre, and Michelly De Souza. "Analysis of Mismatching on the Analog Characteristics of GC SOI MOSFETs." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 13, no. 3 (December 12, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v13i3.16.

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This paper presents an evaluation of mismatching impact on the analog characteristics of fully-depleted graded-channel (GC) SOI MOSFET. This study is carried out by means of electrical measurements and two-dimensional numerical simulations, comparing GC to uniformly doped transistors. Important basic parameters such as threshold voltage and subthreshold slope were analyzed as well as analog parameters, namely transconductance, output conductance, Early voltage and intrinsic voltage gain.

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45

Zhang, Junling, and Renbo Jin. "According transformer parameters to design a high voltage power." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2364, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2364/1/012046.

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Abstract When the load is empty pulse width modulation high frequency and high voltage power’ stabilization depth can easily cause oscillation, and when the full load of the voltage regulation is too shallow the voltage regulation effect is not good, the reason for this phenomenon is because the equivalent ratio and load correlation. The first thing you need to do is to find out why you can avoid the problem early in the design. To find out the cause, should to know the influence of the high voltage rectifier circuit on the total gain of the circuit and the dispersed parameters of the high frequency and high voltage transformer.

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46

Madhvani, Roshni V., Marina Angelini, Yuanfang Xie, Antonios Pantazis, Silvie Suriany, Nils P. Borgstrom, Alan Garfinkel, Zhilin Qu, James N. Weiss, and Riccardo Olcese. "Targeting the late component of the cardiac L-type Ca2+ current to suppress early afterdepolarizations." Journal of General Physiology 145, no. 5 (April 27, 2015): 395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201411288.

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Early afterdepolarizations (EADs) associated with prolongation of the cardiac action potential (AP) can create heterogeneity of repolarization and premature extrasystoles, triggering focal and reentrant arrhythmias. Because the L-type Ca2+ current (ICa,L) plays a key role in both AP prolongation and EAD formation, L-type Ca2+ channels (LTCCs) represent a promising therapeutic target to normalize AP duration (APD) and suppress EADs and their arrhythmogenic consequences. We used the dynamic-clamp technique to systematically explore how the biophysical properties of LTCCs could be modified to normalize APD and suppress EADs without impairing excitation–contraction coupling. Isolated rabbit ventricular myocytes were first exposed to H2O2 or moderate hypokalemia to induce EADs, after which their endogenous ICa,L was replaced by a virtual ICa,L with tunable parameters, in dynamic-clamp mode. We probed the sensitivity of EADs to changes in the (a) amplitude of the noninactivating pedestal current; (b) slope of voltage-dependent activation; (c) slope of voltage-dependent inactivation; (d) time constant of voltage-dependent activation; and (e) time constant of voltage-dependent inactivation. We found that reducing the amplitude of the noninactivating pedestal component of ICa,L effectively suppressed both H2O2- and hypokalemia-induced EADs and restored APD. These results, together with our previous work, demonstrate the potential of this hybrid experimental–computational approach to guide drug discovery or gene therapy strategies by identifying and targeting selective properties of LTCC.

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47

Sack, Jon T., Richard W. Aldrich, and William F. Gilly. "A Gastropod Toxin Selectively Slows Early Transitions in the Shaker K Channel's Activation Pathway." Journal of General Physiology 123, no. 6 (May 17, 2004): 685–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.200409047.

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A toxin from a marine gastropod's defensive mucus, a disulfide-linked dimer of 6-bromo-2-mercaptotryptamine (BrMT), was found to inhibit voltage-gated potassium channels by a novel mechanism. Voltage-clamp experiments with Shaker K channels reveal that externally applied BrMT slows channel opening but not closing. BrMT slows K channel activation in a graded fashion: channels activate progressively slower as the concentration of BrMT is increased. Analysis of single-channel activity indicates that once a channel opens, the unitary conductance and bursting behavior are essentially normal in BrMT. Paralleling its effects against channel opening, BrMT greatly slows the kinetics of ON, but not OFF, gating currents. BrMT was found to slow early activation transitions but not the final opening transition of the Shaker ILT mutant, and can be used to pharmacologically distinguish early from late gating steps. This novel toxin thus inhibits activation of Shaker K channels by specifically slowing early movement of their voltage sensors, thereby hindering channel opening. A model of BrMT action is developed that suggests BrMT rapidly binds to and stabilizes resting channel conformations.

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48

Jacob, Peter. "Early Life Automotive Electronics Failures and Their Root Causes." EDFA Technical Articles 20, no. 4 (November 1, 2018): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.edfa.2018-4.p016.

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Abstract Automotive electronics are exposed to mechanical shock and vibration, thermal cycling, chemical attack, current and voltage spikes, electromagnetic interference, and other hazards. Early life failures, which are not uncommon, can be difficult to diagnose due to the many contributing factors. This article provides an overview of automotive electronic failures and presents guidelines for determining the root cause.

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49

Carbonó dela Rosa, Mario Eduardo, Graciela Velasco Herrera, Rocío Nava, Enrique Quiroga González, Rodolfo Sosa Echeverría, Pablo Sánchez Álvarez, Jaime Gandarilla Ibarra, and Víctor Manuel Velasco Herrera. "A New Methodology for Early Detection of Failures in Lithium-Ion Batteries." Energies 16, no. 3 (January 18, 2023): 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16031073.

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The early fault detection and reliable operation of lithium-ion batteries are two of the main challenges the technology faces. Here, we report a new methodology for early failure detection in lithium-ion batteries. This new methodology is based on wavelet spectral analysis to detect overcharge failure in batteries that is performed for voltage data obtained in cycling tests, subjected to a standard charge/discharge protocol. The main frequencies of the voltage temporal signal, the harmonic components in the regular cycling test, and a low frequency pattern were identified. For the first time, battery failure can be anticipated by wavelet spectral analysis. These results could be the key to the new early detection of battery failures in order to reduce out-of-control explosions and fire risks.

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50

Codjo, Egnonnumi Lorraine, Bashir Bakhshideh Zad, Jean-François Toubeau, Bruno François, and François Vallée. "Machine Learning-Based Classification of Electrical Low Voltage Cable Degradation." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 15, 2021): 2852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102852.

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Low voltage distribution networks have not been traditionally designed to accommodate the large-scale integration of decentralized photovoltaic (PV) generations. The bidirectional power flows in existing networks resulting from the load demand and PV generation changes as well as the influence of ambient temperature led to voltage variations and increased the leakage current through the cable insulation. In this paper, a machine learning-based framework is implemented for the identification of cable degradation by using data from deployed smart meter (SM) measurements. Nodal voltage variations are supposed to be related to cable conditions (reduction of cable insulation thickness due to insulation wear) and to client net demand changes. Various machine learning techniques are applied for classification of nodal voltages according to the cable insulation conditions. Once trained according to the comprehensive generated datasets, the implemented techniques can classify new network operating points into a healthy or degraded cable condition with high accuracy in their predictions. The simulation results reveal that logistic regression and decision tree algorithms lead to a better prediction (with a 97.9% and 99.9% accuracy, respectively) result than the k-nearest neighbors (which reach only 76.7%). The proposed framework offers promising perspectives for the early identification of LV cable conditions by using SM measurements.

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