Дисертації з теми "VOC measurement"
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Ibrahim, Najib Bin. "Development of the methodology for the measurement of the indoor pollutants in problem-solving research : as applied to the assessment of health hazards in office buildings." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321750.
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KHAN, BILAL ALAM. "Measurement methods of Gas-Solid Interactions." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2942142.
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Blenkhorn, Daniel John. "Novel approaches to the measurement of complex atmospheric VOC mixtures using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2019. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8695/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Proton Transfer Reaction - Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS) is a soft chemical ionisation mass spectrometry technique frequently applied to measurement of volatile organic compound (VOC) abundance. The overarching aim of this thesis is to improve the quantification of compounds that have proved difficult or even impossible to separate or to quantify, through advanced understanding of the detection and ionisation mechanisms and developments in the instrumental design and operation of PTR-MS for deconvolution of mixtures. A new method for the preparation and use of diffusion tube methods as gas standards is reported. Detailed investigation of the ion-molecule reactions with chloroalkanes, chloroalkenes and other atmospherically important molecules, such as isoprene / 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, benzene / ethylbenzene / o,m,p-xylene and methyl vinyl ketone / methacrolein were undertaken to determine the ion- molecule reaction mechanisms, allowing quantification of isomeric species through understanding of the reaction products and novel approaches to the switching of the reduced electric field strength (E/n). The modification of instrumental parameters of PTR-MS were investigated further for the quantification of semi volatile compounds (SVOCs) and more specifically, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Use of a radio frequency (RF) ion funnel and high temperature instrumentation allowed for sub nanogram limits of detection for many PAHs, including Benzo[a]pyrene.
4
Moore, Tim Orland II. "Application of a Mobile Flux Lab for the Atmospheric Measurement of Emissions (FLAME)." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29046.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
According to the World Health Organization, urban air pollution is a high public health priority due its linkage to cardio-pulmonary disease and association with increased mortality and morbidity (1, 2). Additionally, air pollution impacts climate change, visibility, and ecosystem health. The development of effective strategies for improving air quality requires accurate estimates of air pollutant emissions. In response to the need for new approaches to measuring emissions, we have designed a mobile Flux Lab for the Atmospheric Measurement of Emissions (FLAME) that applies a proven, science-based method known as eddy covariance for the direct quantification of anthropogenic emissions to the atmosphere.
The mobile flux lab is a tool with novel, multifaceted abilities to assess air quality and improve the fidelity of emission inventories. Measurements of air pollutant concentrations in multiple locations at the neighborhood scale can provide much greater spatial resolution for population exposure assessments. The labâ s mobility allows it to target specific sources, and plumes from these can be analyzed to determine emission factors. Through eddy covariance, the lab provides the new ability to directly measure emissions of a suite of air pollutants.
We have deployed the FLAME to three different settingsâ a rural Appalachian town where coal transport is the dominant industry; schools in the medium-sized city of Roanoke, Virginia; and the large urban areas around Norfolk, Virginiaâ to measure neighborhood-scale emissions of air pollution. These areas routinely experience high ozone and particulate matter concentrations and include a diverse array of residential neighborhoods and industries. The FLAME is able to capture emissions from all ground-based sources, such as motor vehicles, rail and barge traffic, refuse fires and refueling stations, for which no direct measurement method has been available previously. Experiments focus on carbon dioxide (CO2), the principal greenhouse gas responsible for climate change; nitrogen oxides (NOx), a key ingredient in ground-level ozone and acid rain; volatile organic compounds (VOCs), a second key ingredient in ozone and many of which are air toxics; and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), a cause of mortality, decreased visibility, and climate change.
This research provides some of the first measurements of neighborhood-scale anthropogenic emissions of CO2, NOx, VOCs and PM2.5 and as a result, the first opportunity to validate official emission inventories directly. The results indicate that a mobile eddy covariance system can be used successfully to measure fluxes of multiple pollutants in a variety of urban settings. With certain pollutants in certain locations, flux measurements confirmed inventories, but in others, they disagreed by factors of up to five, suggesting that parts of the inventory may be severely over- or underestimated. Over the scale of a few kilometers within a city, emissions were highly heterogeneous in both space and time. FLAME-based measurements also confirmed published emission factors from coal barges and showed that idling vehicles are the dominant source of emissions of air toxics around seven schools in southwest Virginia.
Measurements from this study corroborate existing emission inventories of CO2 and NOx and suggest that inventories of PM2.5 may be overestimated. Despite the tremendous spatial and temporal variability in emissions found in dense urban areas, CO2 fluxes on average are very similar across the areas in this study and other urban areas in the developed world. Nevertheless, the high level of variability in spatial and temporal patterns of emissions presents a challenge to air quality modelers. The finding that emissions from idling vehicles at schools are likely responsible for creating hot spots of air toxics adds to the urgency of implementing no-idling and other rules to reduce the exposure of children to such pollutants. Ultimately, the results of this study can be used in combination with knowledge from existing emission inventories to improve the science and policies surrounding air pollution.Ph. D.
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Jiang, Mei. "Mobile Laboratory Measurement of Black Carbon, Particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Other Exhaust Emissions in Mexico City." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41133.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Black carbon (BC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are two atmospheric pollutants produced by motor vehicles using carbonaceous fuels. As a part of the Mexico City Project, measurements of BC, PPAHs and many other gas- and particle-phase emissions were measured in Mexico City using a mobile laboratory during the Mexico City Metropolitan Area field campaign in April 2003 (MCMA-2003). The main goal of this research is to estimate emissions of BC and particulate PAHs (PPAHs) for Mexico Cityâ s vehicle fleet. The emissions of gas-phase pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), total nitrogen oxides (NOy) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) are also estimated. The mobile lab has previously been used to chase vehicles and measure their emissions, but analysis has traditionally focused on determining emission factors of individual vehicles associated with specific chasing events. The laboratory continuously samples ambient air from an inlet at the front of the van, and it is always â seeingâ exhaust plumes from the vehicles around it while driving through traffic. We have developed an algorithm that automatically identifies the exhaust plume measurement points, which are then used as the basis for calculation of emission factors. In the nearly 90 hours of on-road sampling during the field campaign, we have identified ~30,000 exhaust measurement points. The large sample size enables us to estimate fleet-average emission factors and thus the emission inventory. Motor vehicles are estimated to emit annually 1,960 tons of BC, 56.2 tons of PPAHs, 1,320,000 tons of CO, 125,000 tons of NOy and 2440 tons of VOCs. The spatial and temporal patterns of BC and PPAHs in different locations with in MCMA are also studied.Master of Science
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Baudic, Alexia. "Caractérisation expérimentale et statistique des sources de Composés Organiques Volatils (COV) en région Île-de-France." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS537/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Les composés organiques volatils (COV) jouent un rôle majeur au sein du système atmosphérique puisqu’ils interviennent en tant que précurseurs d’ozone troposphérique et d’aérosols organiques secondaires (composés aux divers impacts sanitaires et climatiques) ; d’où le réel besoin de mieux les caractériser. A ce jour, de fortes incertitudes demeurent quant à leur nature, leur quantification et la contribution de leurs sources d’émissions respectives.Cette thèse propose, au travers d’expérimentations de laboratoire et de terrain, une caractérisation exhaustive des COV et de leurs principales sources d’émissions en région Île-de-France. Les méthodes mises en place dans ce travail de thèse reposent sur la détermination de profils de spéciation caractéristiques du trafic routier, du chauffage au bois et du gaz naturel à partir d’investigations en champ proche (en tunnel, en cheminée et à partir d’un conduit de gaz domestique). Ces différents profils de source ont été utilisés comme empreinte chimique de référence pour l’identification des principales sources d’émissions de COV, dont les contributions respectives ont été estimées à l’aide du modèle source-récepteur Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF), appliqué sur une année d’acquisition de mesures COV (HCNM+COVO) à Paris. Ce travail de thèse a ainsi permis, pour la première fois, d’étudier la variabilité saisonnière des COV et de leurs sources majeures. Les émissions liées au trafic routier ont été révélées comme la principale source de COV d’origine locale/régionale à Paris (contribuant à ¼ des émissions totales à l’échelle annuelle). L’impact prépondérant du chauffage au bois en hiver (50 % de la masse totale COV mesurée) a également été mis en évidence. Les résultats de cette étude de répartition de sources ont été confrontés à l’inventaire des émissions d’Airparif. Nous avons souligné un bon accord entre nos observations et l’inventaire pour les sources liées au trafic automobile et au chauffage au bois.Cette évaluation indépendante des inventaires est essentielle puisque ces derniers sont aujourd’hui utilisés comme données d’entrée au sein des modèles de prévision de qualité de l’airVolatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a key role within the atmospheric system acting as precursors of ground-level ozone and secondary organic aerosols (causing health and climatic impacts); hence the growing interest of better characterizing them. Significant uncertainties are still associated with compounds speciation, quantification and respective contributions from the different emission sources.This thesis proposes, through several laboratory and intensive field campaigns, a detailed characterization of VOCs and their main emissions sources within the Île-de-France region. We used methods based on the determination of speciation profiles indicative of road traffic, wood burning and natural gas sources obtained from near-field investigations (inside a tunnel, at a fireplace and from a domestic gas flue). These different source profiles were used as chemical fingerprints for the identification of the main VOC emission sources, which respective contributions were estimated using the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) source-receptor model applied to one-year VOCs (including NMHC+OVOC) measurements in Paris. This thesis allowed, for the first time, to evaluate the seasonal variability of VOCs and their main emission sources. Road traffic-related emissions are major VOC local/regional sources in Paris (contributing to a quarter of total annual emissions). The important impact of wood burning in winter (50 % of the VOC total mass) was observed. Results obtained from this approach were compared with the regional emissions inventory provided by the air quality monitoring network Airparif. Finally, a good agreement was found between our observations and the inventory for road traffic and wood burning-related sources.This independent assessment of inventories is of great interest because they are currently used as input data within air quality prediction models
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Allam, Nadine. "Estimation des émissions surfaciques du biogaz dans une installation de stockage des déchets non dangereux." Thesis, Nantes, Ecole des Mines, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EMNA0187/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Les ISDND produisent du biogaz par fermentation des déchets organiques. Le biogaz principalement composé de CH4 et CO2 représente un enjeu environnemental majeur. Cette étude propose un outil d’estimation des émissions surfaciques de biogaz d’une ISDND par modélisation de la dispersion atmosphérique d’un gaz traceur, en l’occurrence, le méthane. Les dynamiques spatiales et temporelles des concentrations en CH4 et en COV ont été suivies sur et dans l’entourage de l’ISDND d’étude (Séché Environnement) en fonction des conditions météorologiques. Les résultats montrent des faibles teneurs atmosphériques en COV et en CH4 sur le site d’étude validant une faible émission de ces espèces. Les COV mesurés sont émis par différentes sources dont la contribution est plus importante que celle de l’ISDND et aucun COV ne constitue un traceur de biogaz émis par le site. En revanche, l’ISDND apparait comme source principale du CH4 détecté. Deux méthodes sont proposées pour estimer les émissions surfaciques de méthane en utilisant un modèle de dispersion atmosphérique Gaussien ADMS, validé par comparaison des teneurs atmosphériques en méthane mesurées et modélisées et leur dynamique temporelle. La première méthode repose sur une approche inverse et la deuxième est une approche statistique par régression. Les émissions de CH4 sont estimées pour la période d’exposition de la diode laser aux émissions du site pour 4 scénarios météorologiques types identifiés par une classification hiérarchique. Les résultats valident l’influence des paramètres météorologiques, surtout de la stabilité de l’atmosphère, sur la dispersion atmosphérique et les émissions surfaciques en méthaneLandfill sites produce biogas by degradation of biodegradable organic matter. Biogas mainly composed of CH4 and CO2 represents a major environmental challenge. This study propose a method to estimate biogas surface emissions in landfill sites using atmospheric dispersion modeling of a tracer gas, in this case, methane. The spatial and temporal dynamics of CH4 and VOC concentrations have been followed on the studied landfill site (Séché Environnement) for several weather conditions. Measurement results show low atmospheric VOC and CH4 concentrations on the studied landfill site which validates low emissions of these compounds. Detected VOC are emitted by different sources, excluding the landfill site. The contribution of these sources on VOC concentrations is more important than that of the landfill site and no VOC could be identified as tracer of biogas emitted by landfill site. However, CH4 is emitted by the landfill site, its principal source. Two methods are proposed to estimate methane surface emissions using a Gaussian atmospheric dispersion model ADMS. Gaussian model is validated by comparison of the temporal dynamics and atmospheric concentrations of methane measured on the site and those modeled. The first method is based on an inverse approach and the second one is a statistical regression approach. CH4 emissions are estimated for the exposure period of the laser diode to the site emissions and for 4 weather scenarios identified by a hierarchical classification. Results validate the influence of meteorological parameters, especially the stability of the atmosphere, on the atmospheric dispersion and methane surface emissions
8
Shim, Changsub. "Constraining global biogenic emissions and exploring source contributions to tropospheric ozone modeling applications /." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006, 2006. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-06222006-060856/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007.Wang Yuhang, Committee Chair ; Cunnold Derek, Committee Member ; Weber Rodney, Committee Member ; Nenes Athanasios, Committee Member ; Guillas Serge, Committee Member.
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Fortner, Edward Charles. "Airborne and ground based measurements of volatile organic compounds using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry in Texas and Mexico City." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1040.
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Parris, R. "Intrinsically valid VOC measurements systems : concept to application." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.528440.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
VOCs are generally present in the atmosphere in the gaseous state at concentrations in the 0.1 to 10 I-1g m-3 range. In indoor environments the concentrations tend to be ten times higher. VOCs enter ambient air from industrial fugitive emissions, biogenic sources and most notably from mobile sources associated with motor vehicles. It is known that VOCs in the atmosphere can be transported into soils and ground water by infiltrating precipitation. Development of new and existing analytical tools and sampling techniques to accurately analyse and quantify these compounds in all types of media for environmental management and remediation purposes is critical. This work seeks to incorporate intrinsic valid measurements to a fast field portable soil recovery unit and therefore propose a new advanced methodology for rapid site screening of contaminated land. The production of a new intrinsic validation device using polydimethlysiloxane coupons which contain 0.09 ± 0.011Jg of acetone, 1.02 ± 0.151Jg of toluene-D8 and 10.48 ± 0.721Jg of o-xylene-D10 are described, along with its application to intrinsically valid measurements using active adsorbent sampling, where an active adsorbent method incorporating intrinsic validation protocol is suggested. The development of a new soil screening methodology is next described with the aim of incorporating and transferring the previously described intrinsic validation methodology using the PDMS validation coupons. The initial response of the internal standards when recovered using the soil recovery unit, resulted in encouraging results with RSD between 9 and 34% achieved and a maximum recovered mass of 276.85ng for toluene-D8 and 198.45ng for o-xylene-D10 at 50bars with an extraction time of 1minute. A new method of soil spiking was described, which demonstrated the reproducible toluene soil spiking at the Ug g-1 level. It was found that the recovery of toluene from soil increased with an increase in pressure and extraction time when using the proposed system, with a maximum recovery of 30.8% recorded at 50bars with an extraction time of 2minutes. This trend was also true for the internal standards.
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Lopes, Marcelo Luiz Araujo. "Avaliação ambiental de compostos orgânicos voláteis (VOC) provenientes da queima da cana-de-açúcar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46133/tde-21072010-091151/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A queima de biomassa é uma atividade amplamente difundida em muitos países tropicais em desenvolvimento. Esta atividade tem implicações em escala regional e global devido à emissão de quantidades significativas de gases traço para a atmosfera, tais como: CO, hidrocarbonetos não metanicos (HCNM) e material particulado (MP). Os resíduos da cana-de-açúcar representam 11% da produção mundial de resíduos agrícolas, cuja queima libera quantidades expressivas de gases e partículas que influenciam a química da atmosfera. No Brasil, nos últimos anos houve um aumento do uso de etanol como combustível e um aumento nas plantações de cana-de-açúcar no Estado de São Paulo. Apesar da proibição das queimadas, episódios de queima são ainda muito freqüentes, uma vez que 50 % dos canaviais paulistas são queimados na etapa de pré-colheita. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as emissões de VOCs provenientes da queima da palha de cana-de-açúcar. Para estimar o impacto ambiental causado por esse processo de combustão em regiões urbanas próximas as queimadas foram feitos estudos em laboratório e campo. A contribuição biogênica dos compostos carbonílicos na região do canavial foi avaliada e os resultados mostraram que as folhas de cana-de-açucar, na maioria dos experimentos, não atuaram como fonte de emissão. Os experimentos de laboratório permitiram determinar os produtos de combustão incompleta na pluma. Medidas de emissão de CO, CO2, e VOC foram caracterizadas pela razão de emissão (ER) e fator de emissão (EF). Razões de mistura, em ppbv, de formaldeído (175 - 309), acetaldeído (2 - 71), acetona (1 - 36), acroleína (0,3 - 3), propionaldeído (0,2 - 10), crotonaldeído (3 -10), butiraldeído (1 - 3), benzaldeído (0,5 - 6), valeraldeído - total (2 - 60) e hexaldeído (4 - 136) foram identificados e quantificados; e outros VOCs, tais como, aromáticos, haletos de alquila, compostos contendo nitrogênio, furanos foram apenas identificados. No laboratório também foi avaliado a eficiência da combustão da palha de cana-deaçúcar (ΔCO/CO2 = 4,0±0,4%) e foi observado que a fase flaming foi predominante neste processo. A contribuição dos compostos carbonílicos na atmosfera de regiões urbanas próximas às queimadas foi avaliada através da comparação entre as medidas feitas antes e durante a queima. Os resultados estatísticos mostraram que as medidas nos dois períodos são diferentes sugerindo que a origem dos compostos é diferente. Fontes de emissão direta e principalmente reações fotoquímicas foram responsáveis pela presença de formaldeído e acetaldeído nas amostras coletadas antes da queima (medidas diurnas), enquanto que apenas fontes de emissão direta foram responsáveis pela presença desses compostos nas amostras coletadas durante a queima (medidas noturnas). Trajetórias de massas de ar que chegaram à área urbana e os focos de queima registrados nos dias de coleta mostraram que a região urbana estudada foi afetada pelas queimadas.Biomass burning is an activity widely practiced in many tropical developing countries. This activity has implications at regional and global scales due to the emissions of significant quantities of trace gases to the atmosphere such as CO, non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) and particulate matter (PM). The sugar cane residues represent 11% of worldwide production of agricultural residues whose burning releases significant amounts of gases and particles that influence the atmospheric chemistry. In the last years, in Brazil, there has been an increase of the use of the ethanol as fuel and an increase of the sugar cane plantations in the State of São Paulo. Although the sugar cane burning prohibition, burning episodes are still very frequent, as 50% of the sugar cane plantations of São Paulo are burned in the the pre-harvest stage. The aim of this study was to evaluate VOC emissions of sugar cane burning. In order to estimate the environmental impact caused by the combustion process in urban regions near fires laboratory and field studies were conducted. The contribution of biogenic carbonyl compounds in the area of sugar cane was evaluated and results showed that the cane sugar leaves, in the most of the experiments, do not act as emission source. Laboratory experiments were carried out to determine incomplete combustion products in plume. Measurements of CO, CO2, and VOC were characterized by the emission ratio (ER) and emission factor (EF). Mixture ratio, in ppbv, of formaldehyde (175 - 309), acetaldehyde (2 - 71), acetone (1 - 36), acrolein (0,3 - 3), propionaldehyde (0,2 - 10), crotonaldehyde (3 -10), butyraldehyde (1 - 3), benzaldehyde (0,5 - 6), valeraldehyde-total (2 - 60) and hexaldehyde (4 - 136) were identified and quantified; and other VOCs, such as aromatic hydrocarbons, alkyl halides, nitrogen containing compounds and furans were only identified. The efficiency of the sugar cane combustion was evaluated (ΔCO/CO2 = 4.0±0.4%) in the laboratory and the predominant burning phase was the flaming phase. By comparing statistically filed measurements done before and during fire in the atmosphere of urban areas near fires, it was possible to distinguish two different groups of the measurements suggesting that the origin of the compounds is different. Direct emission sources and mainly photochemical reactions were responsible by the presence of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in samples collected before fire (daytime measurements), whereas only direct emission sources were responsible by the presence of these compounds in samples collected during the fire (night measurements). Trajectories of air masses that reached the urban area and spots of burning recorded in the sampling days showed that the region studied was affected by fires.
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Lukáčová, Mária. "Procesná analýza medzinárodnej finančnej inštitúcie." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-7788.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The final thesis is focused on a process management in praxes. The theoretical part of thesis concludes different techniques of mapping and analysing of a process. The practical part is focused on a practical analyse and mapping of the certain process in international financial institution. On the base of the process analyse are suggested changes to optimize the process.
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Otter, Thomas. "Conjointanalyse zur Messung und Erklärung von Markenwert /." Wien : Service-Fachverlag, 2001. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=009586839&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Schreyer, Maximilian. "Entwicklung und Implementierung von Performance Measurement Systemen." Wiesbaden : Dt. Univ.-Verl, 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016221590&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Landare, Maja, and Daniel López. "VDC-Metrics : Utveckling av ett mätverktyg." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-149474.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Med BIM- (Building Information Modeling) är målet att effektivisera anläggningsbranschen i Sverige. För att BIM ska uppfylla dessa mål och generera maximal lönsamhet måste arbetsmetodiken anpassas därtill. VDC – Viritual Design and Construction, är en koordinerad projektmetodik där BIM tillämpas på organisation, process och produkt. Hur denna metodik, VDC, ska utnyttjas och användas för att generera så stor lönsamhet som möjligt är en intressant och komplex fråga. Det är därför av stor vikt att ha en förståelse för de olika delarna i metoden, och hur de samverkar med varandra. Studiens syfte är att med utgångspunkt i VDC-Scorecard undersöka vad som kan mätas i denna metod för att få fram ett mått på arbetets effektivitet. Genom att anpassa VDC-Scorecard till projekteringsskedet i anläggningsbranschen och sedan konvertera det, ska arbetets effektivitet i uppdrag hos Sweco Civil kunna mätas. Studien behandlar forskning kring VDC- Scorecard, vilken kopplas samman med en fallstudie över VDC- arbetet på Sweco. Resultatet av studien visar på delar som konsultföretaget kan påverka för att effektivisera sitt arbete och därför är relevanta att mäta. Resultatet visar även på vad man kan mäta under delarna samt vilka samband som finns dem emellan. Detta sammanställs i VDC- Metrics. “Measurement is the first step that leads to control and eventually to improvement. If you can´t measure something, you can´t understand it. If you can´t understand it, you can´t control it. If you can´t control it, you can´t improve it.” – H. James HarringtonIs BIM- (Building Information Modeling) used in the most efficient and practical way in the infrastructure industry today? The difficulty in implementing BIM as a method throughout the process and organization in an industry that always relied on its traditions is one of the main subjects of the Swedish Transport Administration. Therefore they have elaborated a long-term plan with a primer objective that in the year 2015 have established a requirement that there future project shall require a certain involvement of BIM. What if there was a measurement tool that could evaluate all the aspects of a project using BIM as a tool and then compare it to other projects in purpose to value where in the organization, technology and process things could have been better. Wouldn’t the process and all aspects of it evolve a lot faster if conclusions could be drawn of the up- and downsides on earlier projects and experiences could be gained from other practices? In USA such a tool has been developed and named the VDC- (Virtual Design and Construction) Scorecard which was created by researchers working for CIFE (Center for Integrated Engineering) in Stanford University. With grander influence as a helping tool for that industry it´s in the authors interests to create a similar tool, but different in the way that it would be adapted to a particular part of the process; the projecting. This could later on be in great use for the consultant company to who the authors are collaborating with. The objective must be to create a measurement tool that in a neutral manner can value both the project in general and the importance of each aspect. By study how the VDC Scorecard was built and immerse into the general projecting process of infrastructure projects a fundament for this measurement tool will be built.
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Gensler, Sonja Skiera Bernd. "Heterogenität in der Präferenzanalyse : ein Vergleich von hierarchischen Bayes-Modellen und Finite-Mixture-Modellen /." Wiesbaden : Dt. Univ.-Verl, 2003. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=010431500&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Latappy, Hubert. "Étude des COV issus de la dégradation thermique et oxydative des matériaux polymères." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01059771.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Les matériaux polymères sont aujourd'hui très présents dans notre environnement et deviennent irremplaçables pour de nombreuses applications : emballage, textile, mobilier,... La connaissance du cycle de vie de ces matériaux, de la production à leur destruction, devient importante pour nos sociétés. Par exemple ces matériaux peuvent émettre des Composés Organiques Volatils qui sont souvent toxiques et leur impact sur le milieu doit être évalué. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse a été de développer une méthode au laboratoire pour identifier et quantifier ces émissions. La difficulté provient de la grande diversité des composés qui peuvent être émis. Par ailleurs la méthode nécessite une fréquence de mesure élevée (temps réel) souvent incompatible avec les techniques actuelles. Une solution analytique couplant un four et un spectromètre de masse haute résolution associé à une méthode d'ionisation chimique contrôlée a été développée. Celle-ci est basée sur un spectromètre FT-ICR compact à bas champ magnétique : BTrap. Les points forts de cette technique sont la très haute résolution en masse qui permet de mesurer la masse exacte des composés et la détection multi composés, simultanée sur toute la gamme de masse. L'ionisation chimique contrôlée permet l'ionisation douce et quantitative des molécules d'intérêt. Le transfert de proton à partir de l'ion H₃O⁺ (PTRMS) a montré son potentiel pour la détection des COV dans de nombreux domaines. Après une présentation du contexte et du besoin, le dispositif expérimental développé est détaillé. La validation de celui-ci pour l'analyse de gaz traces a été effectuée au LPGP, sur un système de dépollution par plasma froid. Les résultats de dégradation de l'acétaldéhyde en fonction des conditions de fonctionnement du réacteur sont présentés.L'ionisation par PTR conduit habituellement à la molécule protonée ce qui simplifie l'identification. Cependant des fragmentations peuvent être observées. L'utilisation d'un précurseur d'ionisation chimique plus lourd et moins réactif que H₃O⁺ pourrait minimiser ces phénomènes. L'utilisation du diflurobenzène protoné a été testée et comparée à celle de l'ion H₃O⁺. Pour cela, des études cinétiques ont été menées sur une série d'alcools connus pour fragmenter avec H₃O⁺, et confirment l'intérêt du nouveau précurseur.Le poly(méthacrylate de méthyle) (PMMA) est un matériau très répandu : plexiglass. Sa dégradation est a priori relativement simple puisqu'il s'agit très majoritairement d'une dépolymérisation, accompagnée de la formation de produits minoritaires. En conséquence, son étude nous a paru intéressante pour la mise au point et la validation de la méthode. La dégradation du PMMA a été étudiée sous atmosphère inerte, puis oxydante. Les résultats obtenus sont présentés : produits émis, bilan en masse, et apport du suivi en temps réel de la dégradation, montrant en particulier que les produits minoritaires sont émis après le monomère.Enfin une dernière partie de conclusion présente les perspectives pour cette nouvelle méthode.
18
Syring, Maurice C. "Performance measurement und -Management von Kennzahlen- und Informationssystemen /." Aachen : Shaker, 2008. http://d-nb.info/989846644/04.
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Wallace, Stephanie. "The relationship between ocean wave statistics and satellite measurements." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1993. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26654.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Wave statistics are the basis of offshore and coastal designs. Engineers rely on these parameters to estimate extreme waveheights which are the cause of structural damage and shipping disasters. Satellites are the tools of the future, particularly in the study of the oceans, as no other instruments are capable of providing extensive continuous global coverage over such a vast region.
The predominant aim of this thesis is to analyse temporal wave statistics and to determine if these measurements are applicable to spatial waveheight measurements made from satellite altimeters. This was approached by examining waveheight measurements using several statistical properties of samples over both time and space.
Time series recordings of waveheights were made with sonic wave gauges at two platforms in Bass Strait, together with the permanent Weather Station system. The variability of waveheights over both time and space was examined using the three instruments, and was found to demonstrate significant waveheight (HS) fluctuations despite relatively steady conditions. Probability distributions, which are the foremost method for describing the sea surface, were then applied to the temporal waveheight files to see which were the most suitable for maxima and waveheight prediction.
Temporal correlations were made from continuous waveheight measurements obtained from the Weather Station and its predecessor instrument, the Baylor Wave Gauge. These curves were then compared with spatial correlations drawn from the GEOSAT satellite Hs values, and the two statistics were found to be in good agreement.
Groups of high waves were examined in the temporal waveheight files using the envelope theory. The average number of waves per group were found to vary considerably in a 1024 second file, and a wave age dependency was evident. The propagation of the Wave groups was then considered to see if a similar measurement would be found in the spatial instantaneous footprint of the altimeter.
In order to directly compare temporally and spatially derived ocean parameters (other than HS), it is necessary to know how many waves are contained in the altimeter footprint. This can be estimated if the crestlength and wavelength are known. Therefore the relationship between these two parameters and wave age (which may also affect crestlength) were examined, and crestlength was found to vary under different conditions and seas of different ages.
20
Berner, Doris. "Price Management am Beispiel von Bergbahnen." St. Gallen, 2007. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/01648609002/$FILE/01648609002.pdf.
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21
Kohler, Michaela. "Politische Fördermassnahmen für die Solarenergie - Evaluierung relevanter Förderattribute von Solarprojekten." St. Gallen, 2009. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/04603908001/$FILE/04603908001.pdf.
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22
Pötzsch, Gerald. "Entwicklung und Überprüfung von Messsystemen zur Bewertung industrieller Dienstleistungen." Aachen Shaker, 2009. http://d-nb.info/994959869/04.
Повний текст джерела
23
Syring, Maurice [Verfasser]. "Performance-Measurement und -Management von Kennzahlen- und Informationssystemen / Maurice Syring." München : GRIN Verlag, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1175637483/34.
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24
Dietman, Nils von. "Airport performance measurement : Kennzahlensystem zur Analyse und Bewertung von Flughafenprozessen /." Berlin : Univ.-Verl. der TU, 2008. http://www.ub.tu-berlin.de/index.php?id=2134#c8673.
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Syring, Maurice C. [Verfasser]. "Performance-Measurement und -Management von Kennzahlen- und Informationssystemen / Maurice C Syring." Aachen : Shaker, 2008. http://d-nb.info/1162792507/34.
Повний текст джерела
26
Lunda, Filip. "Studium proudění na rozhraní nemísitelných kapalin." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-444285.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This theses deals with flow of two immisible fluid in horizontal pipeline. First part teoretically describes immisible flow. What follows is experimental measurement in wich experimental track was adjusted for inlet of oil from the top. Water and corn germ oil were used as fluids. There were observed many modes of flow on the track. After that PIV was described and measured. PIV was done for measurement of values of velocity vectors. Simulation of one chosen mode was developed in the last chapter. This simulation was done in Ansys Fluent with help of VOF method. Simulation was done both in 3D and 2D pipeline. In the end these simulation were compared with experiment measurement and were critically evaluated.
27
Hillig, Thomas. "Verfahrensvarianten der Conjoint-Analyse zur Prognose von Kaufentscheidungen : eine Monte-Carlo-Simulation /." Wiesbaden : Dt. Univ.-Verl, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=013130674&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Harrison, Paul James. "Measurement of specific VOCs from combustion of pulverised fossil and renewable fuels." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.399342.
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Schilling, Uwe [Verfasser], and Joachim von [Akademischer Betreuer] Zanthier. "Measurements in Quantum Optics / Uwe Schilling. Betreuer: Joachim von Zanthier." Erlangen : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1015475051/34.
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30
Hain, Mathias. "Die Performance von öffentlichen Unternehmen am Beispiel von Wohnungsunternehmen in Deutschland /." Wiesbaden : Gabler, 2008. http://d-nb.info/990377229/04.
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31
Kipper, René. "Nutzung von Gleismessdaten für die Überwachung von Verformungen an Erdkörpern von Schienenfahrwegen." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-210264.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In der Dissertation ist eine Methodik beschrieben, die es ermöglicht, mittel- und langwellige Gradientenänderungen auf Grundlage der Rohdaten des bei der DB AG zur Gleisgeometrieprüfung gemäß RIL 821.2001 eingesetzten Messfahrzeuges RAILab zu detektieren.
Weil mittel- und langwellige Längshöhenfehler eines Gleises die Verschlechterung der Tragfähigkeitseigenschaften von Bettung/Unterbau/Untergrund anzeigen, können mit der Methodik Zustandsänderungen von Erdkörpern kontrolliert werden. Dabei ist eine geodätische Aufnahme von Verformungen, wie sie derzeit beim Monitoring von Erdkörpern im Allgemeinen angewendet wird, nicht erforderlich. Die Methodik wurde an einem Streckenabschnitt, in welchem infolge von verformungsempfindlichen Böden im Untergrund erhebliche Gleisverformungen eingetreten waren, erprobt und durch Vergleich mit geodätischen Messdaten verifiziert.
Weiterhin wurde ein Vorschlag zur Festlegung von Aufmerksamkeitswerten für mittel- und langwellige Höhenänderungen unterbreitet. Die vorgeschlagenen Aufmerksamkeitswerte wurden wirkungsbezogen auf Grundlage der Vertikalbeschleunigung abgeleitet, die ein Feder-Dämpfer-Modell bei der Überfahrt über einen aus den RAILab-Gleismessdaten rekonstruierten Höhenverlauf eines Gleises erfährt.
Über zwei Beispiele der Anwendung der Methodik bei der Sonderinspektion von Erdkörpern wird berichtet.
32
Theysohn, Sven. "Innovative Einsatzmöglichkeiten und Modifikationen der Choice-based-conjoint-Analyse zur Entwicklung und Optimierung von Preisstrategien /." Hamburg : Kovač, 2007. http://www.verlagdrkovac.de/978-3-8300-3282-3.htm.
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33
Sowa, Sebastian. "Information-Security-Business-Performance-Measurement und -Management im Kontext von Compliance und Unternehmungszielen." Bochum ISEB, 2009. http://d-nb.info/100063129X/34.
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34
Pütz, Torsten. "Die Prüfung von Performance-Measurement-Systemen : Ausgestaltung eines Assurance Engagement gemäß ISAE 3000 /." Düsseldorf : IDW-Verl, 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=015790669&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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35
Rudenkiy, Sergiy [Verfasser]. "Contact mechanical measurements under higher frequency oscillation / vorgelegt von Sergiy Rudenkiy." [Clausthal-Zellerfeld] : [Univ.-Bibliothek], 2007. http://d-nb.info/987267094/34.
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36
Brückner, Marlen. "Retrieval of Optical and Microphysical Cloud Properties Using Ship-based Spectral Solar Radiation Measurements over the Atlantic Ocean." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-164322.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this thesis spectral solar zenith radiances are analyzed which were obtained from ship-based measurements over the Atlantic ocean. In combination with high-resolution lidar and microwave remote sensing optical and microphysical cloud properties were retrieved using spectral radiation data. To overcome problems of existing transmissivity-based cloud retrievals, a new retrieval algorithm is introduced which circumvents retrieval ambiguities and reduces the influence of measurement uncertainties. The method matches radiation measurements of ratios of spectral transmissivity at six wavelengths with modeled transmissivities. The new retrieval method is fast and accurate, and thus suitable for operational purposes. It is applied to homogeneous and inhomogeneous liquid water and cirrus clouds. The results from the new algorithm are compared to observations of liquid water path obtained from a microwave radiometer, yielding an overestimation for thick liquid water clouds but a slight underestimation for thin clouds. A statistical analysis of retrieved cloud properties during three Atlantic transects is introduced. Similar characteristics of cloud properties are found in the mid latitudes and northern subtropics but the large variability of meridional distribution in the remaining regions imply the prevailing influence of weather systems compared to typical cloud distributions. With about 63% homogeneous stratocumulus clouds are found to be the prevailing cloud type over ocean, while scattered and inhomogeneous liquid water clouds amount to 16% and 21%, respectively. All analyzed distributions are affected by an increased frequency of small values of cloud properties caused by 3D radiative effects. The comparison with satellite-based and ship-based cloud retrievals along the cruise track show comparable results for the cloud optical thickness with limitations for thick liquid water clouds. The meridional distribution of effective radius agreed within the uncertainties of both methods, however, the satellite-derived values are biased toward larger mean values.
37
Nirschl, Marco. "Management der Vertriebsstärke von Banken." Regensburg Univ.-Verl, 2008. http://d-nb.info/991700740/04.
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38
Löw, Kirsten. "Typisierung, Messung und Bewertung von Risiken im Rahmen des Risikomanagements /." Hamburg : Kovač, 2008. http://www.verlagdrkovac.de/978-3-8300-3263-2.htm.
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39
Spitzhirn, Michael, Torsten Merkel, and Angelika C. Bullinger. "Untersuchungen der Einsetzbarkeit von Smartphone-Applikationen zur Messung von Arbeitsumweltfaktoren am Beispiel Klima." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-200977.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Der Einsatz von Smartphones hat nicht nur im Alltag, sondern auch im industriellen Kontext in den letzten Jahren stark zugenommen. Die eingebaute Sensorik in Smartphones bietet Potential für vielfältige Anwendungen. Ein mögliches Einsatzgebiet stellt die Messung von Arbeitsumweltfaktoren wie Lärm, Klima und Beleuchtung dar.
Hierzu wurde sich u.a. mit der Fragestellung beschäftigt, inwiefern mit Applikationen auf Smartphones arbeitswissenschaftliche Messungen des Arbeitsumweltfaktors Klima möglich sind. Im Ergebnis kann festgehalten werden, dass einzelne Applikationen für orientierende Messungen herangezogen werden können. Zwischen verschiedenen Applikationen sind jedoch größere Messabweichungen feststellbar. Dies bedingt eine geeignete Vorauswahl. Der nachfolgende Beitrag stellt ausgewählte Ergebnisse der durchgeführten Klimamessungen mittels Smartphones vor.
40
Jalab, Chadi. "Contribution à l'étude de la sollicitation du métabolisme aérobie au cours d'un 100 m nage libre." Thesis, Poitiers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POIT2265/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Le modèle bioénergétique de P.E. di PRAMPERO permet d'expliquer la performance dans les disciplines de locomotion (course à pied, cyclisme, natation, ...) à partir d'une puissance métabolique et d'un indice de la dépense d'énergie par unité de distance parcourue. Néanmoins, pour les épreuves de natation de haute intensité telles que le 100m crawl, le contexte environnemental rend l'estimation de la puissance métabolique d'origine aérobie techniquement difficile. L'objectif de cette thèse est alors de proposer une nouvelle approche des réponses aérobies d'un 100-m nage libre, réalisé dans des conditions les plus proches possible d'une compétition. Le travail expérimental a porté sur des nageurs entraînés. Dans un bassin de 25-m, la procédure propose que les nageurs réalisent une performance sur 100-m nage libre à allure de compétition et trois épreuves (25m, 50m, 75m) réitérant les mêmes allures intermédiaires que celles du 100-m. VO2 est mesuré avant et juste après chaque épreuve, pendant 1min, par rétro-extrapolation. Les valeurs de VO2 mesurées à la fin des épreuves de 25m, 50m, 75m et 100m permettent de reconstruire la cinétique de VO2 d'une épreuve de 100-m. Les résultats contrastent avec les estimations des cinétiques de VO2 publiées précédemment : VO2 augmente plus vite dans la première moitié de l'épreuve (à 50m, VO2 ≈ 94%VO2max), atteint 100 %VO2max au 75ème mètre de l'épreuve puis chute de 7% sur le dernier 25-m. Une estimation de la contribution relative du métabolisme aérobie montre également des valeurs plus importantes que celles publiées jusqu'à ce jour, du fait de l'atteinte précoce de VO2max en cours d'épreuveThe bioenergetic model proposed by P.E. di PRAMPERO explains performance in most human locomotions (running, cycling, swimming, ...) using indexes of metabolic power and energy cost of locomotion. Nevertheless, for 100-m front crawl events, environmental conditions make the aerobic power measurement difficult. The main purpose of this thesis is therefore to propose a new procedure to estimate aerobic responses during a 100-m front crawl event, performed in competition conditions. Trained swimmers participated to this study. In a 25-m swimming pool, the procedure includes a 100-m front crawl performance in competition conditions, and then, three tests (25-m, 50-m, 75-m) following the pacing strategy of the 100-m event. VO2 is not measured during the tests, but before and just at the end of each test with a breath-by-breath method. Each post-test VO2 (after 25m, 50m, 75m and 100m) allows to reconstruct the VO2 kinetics of the 100-m performance. The results differ from previous studies in that VO2 increases faster in the first half of the race (at 50m, VO2 ± 94%VO2max), reaches VO2max at the 75th meter; then a decrease in VO2 corresponding to 7% of VO2max appears during the last 25m. The estimation of aerobic contribution shows higher values than those previously published, because VO2max is reached very early during the race
41
Du, Fresne von Hohenesche Nicolas [Verfasser]. "Measurement of hadron multiplicities in deep inelastic muon-nucleon scattering / Nicolas Du Fresne von Hohenesche." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2016. http://d-nb.info/110557931X/34.
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42
Rosa, Bruno Miguel Contente. "A portable electroantennogram recorder for laboratory and field measurements of semiochemicals." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/69503.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Electroantennography is a bioassay technique used to study the olfactory responses of
insects. This technique allows for the identification of semiochemicals that mediate
insect behavior and reproduction, thus making it one of the key research tools for
environmentally friendly pest control methods. It is common practice to interface the
insect antennae with micropipette Ag/AgCl electrodes supported on
micro-manipulators and to amplify the signals resulting from the perception of the
olfactory stimuli, through high gain differential amplifiers. This approach has been
routinely used under laboratory conditions, yet the size and nature of the required
apparatus and amplification equipment makes it impractical for field measurements.
This project explores the use of modern delta-sigma analog to digital converters
specifically designed for the measurement of biopotential signals, focusing on the
miniaturization of the acquisition, processing and digitalization electronics. The design
and a prototype of a device with autonomous air pumping, air distribution valve and a
dual antenna support are presented, allowing for the simultaneous measurement of the
signals of both insect antennae. The proposed antennae holder contains reservoirs for
liquid or gel electrolytes and Ag/AgCl electrodes. The support is detachable, allowing
easy insertion of excised antennae. 3D printed parts were used for the construction of
the mechanical supports and insect antennae holder. The device has an envelope of
123x60.5x46.4 mm and is battery powered. The acquired antennal data is transmitted to
a laptop computer via a USB connection. Applications of this device range from the
identification of semiochemicals used in pest management programs to bio-sensor
development and evaluation. Noise and linearity characterization of the device was
performed and the olfactory responses of the eucalyptus weevil, Gonipterus platensis
(Coleoptera curculionidae) to verbenone were successfully measured. The results
obtained are discussed.
43
Huang, Show-Chu, and 黃秀株. "Volumetric Measurement of the Adsorption Equilibrium of VOCs and Compared with the Gravimetric Measurement." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/07245808139979103975.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士中原大學
化學工程研究所
94
The objective of this study was to investigate the adsorption isotherm of nine volatile organic compounds (n-hexane, cyclohexane, 1-hexene, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, acetone, 2-butanone, 2-pentanone) adsorbed by activated carbon by the equipment of volumetric adsorption. This study focused on the effects of the physical and chemical properties of different volatile organic compounds and temperature on the behavior of adsorption. And the results of this study were compared with the results of gravimetric adsorption. Toth model was used to fit experimental data. The isosteric heat of adsorption was calculated by the combination of Clausius-clapeyron equation and Toth model. The results from the adsorption equilibrium data reveal the interaction between the adsorbent and the adsorbate. Results from the study indicated that the interaction between adsorbents and adsorbates was complex. The adsorption interaction between adsorbents and adsorbates would affected by different factor. And results from the study indicated the nonpolar or weak polar adsorbate, adsorbate with little steric barrier and adsorbate with little molecular weight was adsorbed more easily by active carbon. The polar adsorbate was adsorbed more easily in high pressure. And low temperature was good for adsorption. The experimental data was fitted well by Toth model. The isosteric heat of adsorption at zero coverage was inverse proportioned to polarity of adsorbate. The isosteric heat of adsorption for all adsorbates investigated decreases with increasing loading. It implies that the surface of activated carbon is energetically heterogeneous.
44
Spreckelsen, Burkhard von. "Performance Measurement von F & E-Kooperationsprojekten /." 2004. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=012032035&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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45
"A VOT Measurement of the Pronunciation of Word-Initial /p/ by Libyan Speakers of English." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.27413.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
abstract: ABSTRACT
The absence of the consonant sound /p/ in Libyan Arabic leads Libyan speakers of English to pronounce /p/ as /b/. This study examines how Libyan Arabic speakers distinguish the English /p/ and /b/ in their production of L2 English. The study also examines the effect of the production contexts and the learning environment on two groups of Libyan Arabic speakers' attainment of the English /p/ in the USA and Libya. The study collected voice recordings of word-initial /p/ and /b/ in isolated-words, minimal pairs, and sentences in English from both Libyan Arabic speakers and American English speakers. The study also collected Libyan Arabic stop consonants /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, and /g/ from the Libyan participants. The voice recording data were collected using the WhatsApp mobile application from all participants and the Libyan Arabic participants were also asked to fill an online survey. Using voice onset time (VOT) as a measurement tool, this study measured the English and Libyan Arabic data through Praat software. The findings show that most Libyan Arabic participants distinguish between /p/ and /b/, but they did not have as high VOT averages as the American participants' /p/. It also reveals that the production context, especially in minimal pairs and sentence contexts, has an effect on their participants' production. However, the learning environment does not have an effect on the Libyan participants' pronunciation of /p/ in this study.Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis English 2014
46
Severgnini, Battista [Verfasser]. "Essays in total factor productivity measurement / von Battista Severgnini." 2010. http://d-nb.info/1010221167/34.
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47
Yu, Samison, and 游秋榮. "Fabrication of Low Phase Noise VCO from Measurement Viewpoint." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75709174200824810180.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國立交通大學
電信工程系
89
ABSTRACT Leeson model is adopted in this thesis and actual characteristic of each element to design low phase noise oscillators. The quality factor of the tank, low frequency noise of the transistor and noise factor of oscillators are discussed in the contents. Firstly, the non-ideal of tank part implemented by MLCC is taken account to calculate the quality factor, and the best value of capacitors and inductors can be obtained quickly from one design flow. Secondly, the low frequency noises of three transistors were measured and their noise parameters were extracted. The transistor with lowest phase noise was chosen to design one oscillator. Its phase noise is as low as —126dBc/Hz at 100KHz offset. This result is outstanding for general MLCC oscillators. Finally, the notch filter is used to reduce noise factor of the oscillator then phase noise will be reduced about 4dB. Therefore, notch filter can be adopted even when the quality factor and noise feature cannot be improved. In brief, we can successfully implement low phase noise oscillators after understanding three above variables of Lesson model.
48
Sturm, Anke [Verfasser]. "Performance measurement und environmental Performance measurement : Entwicklung eines Controllingmodells zur unternehmensinternen Messung der betrieblichen Umweltleistung / von Anke Sturm." 2000. http://d-nb.info/96354358X/34.
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49
Spank, Uwe [Verfasser]. "Site water budget: influences of measurement uncertainties on measurement results and model results = Standortswasserbilanz: Einflüsse von Messunsicherheiten auf Mess- und Modellergebnisse / von Uwe Spank." 2010. http://d-nb.info/1011059312/34.
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50
Feltresi, Enrico [Verfasser]. "Measurement of the decays B → Dlv / vorgelegt von Enrico Feltresi." 2010. http://d-nb.info/1003343201/34.
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