Статті в журналах з теми "Visual motor response test"
Щоб переглянути інші типи публікацій з цієї теми, перейдіть за посиланням: Visual motor response test.
Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями
Ознайомтеся з топ-50 статей у журналах для дослідження на тему "Visual motor response test".
Біля кожної праці в переліку літератури доступна кнопка «Додати до бібліографії». Скористайтеся нею – і ми автоматично оформимо бібліографічне посилання на обрану працю в потрібному вам стилі цитування: APA, MLA, «Гарвард», «Чикаго», «Ванкувер» тощо.
Також ви можете завантажити повний текст наукової публікації у форматі «.pdf» та прочитати онлайн анотацію до роботи, якщо відповідні параметри наявні в метаданих.
Переглядайте статті в журналах для різних дисциплін та оформлюйте правильно вашу бібліографію.
1
Hadar, Aviad A., Avi Lazarovits, and Kielan Yarrow. "Increased Motor Cortex Excitability for Concealed Visual Information." Journal of Psychophysiology 33, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 286–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000230.
Анотація:
Abstract. Deceptive behavior involves complex neural processes involving the primary motor cortex. The dynamics of this motor cortex excitability prior to lying are still not well understood. We sought to examine whether corticospinal excitability can be used to suggest the presence of deliberately concealed information in a modified version of the guilty knowledge test (GKT). Participants pressed keys to either truthfully or deceitfully indicate their familiarity with a series of faces. Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded during response preparation to measure muscle-specific neural excitability. We hypothesized that MEPs would increase during the deceptive condition not only in the lie-telling finger but also in the suppressed truth-telling finger. We report a group-level increase in overall corticospinal excitability 300 ms following stimulus onset during the deceptive condition, without specific activation of the neural representation of the truth-telling finger. We discuss cognitive processes, particularly response conflict and/or automated responses to familiar stimuli, which may drive the observed nonspecific increase of motor excitability in deception.
2
Taylor, J. L., and D. I. McCloskey. "Triggering of preprogrammed movements as reactions to masked stimuli." Journal of Neurophysiology 63, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 439–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.63.3.439.
Анотація:
1. Visual stimuli were presented to normal human subjects to test simple and more complex voluntary motor responses. Large and small visual stimuli were presented. In some trials, the small stimulus was followed 50 ms later by the large stimulus, so that the small stimulus was not perceived; this is the phenomenon of "backward masking." 2. Although subjects were not able to detect the masked, visual stimulus on forced-choice testing, they performed motor, reaction-time (RT) tasks in response to it. The RTs for responses to the masked stimulus were the same as those for responses to the easily perceived, nonmasked stimulus. 3. This result confirms and extends the findings of Fehrer and Biederman and was demonstrated with both simple and more complex motor responses. 4. Discussion of the findings focuses on their implications for motor control, particularly with respect to the preprogramming of voluntary movement.
3
Marino, Robert A., Ron Levy, and Douglas P. Munoz. "Linking express saccade occurance to stimulus properties and sensorimotor integration in the superior colliculus." Journal of Neurophysiology 114, no. 2 (August 2015): 879–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00047.2015.
Анотація:
Express saccades represent the fastest possible eye movements to visual targets with reaction times that approach minimum sensory-motor conduction delays. Previous work in monkeys has identified two specific neural signals in the superior colliculus (SC: a midbrain sensorimotor integration structure involved in gaze control) that are required to execute express saccades: 1) previsual activity consisting of a low-frequency increase in action potentials in sensory-motor neurons immediately before the arrival of a visual response; and 2) a transient visual-sensory response consisting of a high-frequency burst of action potentials in visually responsive neurons resulting from the appearance of a visual target stimulus. To better understand how these two neural signals interact to produce express saccades, we manipulated the arrival time and magnitude of visual responses in the SC by altering target luminance and we examined the corresponding influences on SC activity and express saccade generation. We recorded from saccade neurons with visual-, motor-, and previsual-related activity in the SC of monkeys performing the gap saccade task while target luminance was systematically varied between 0.001 and 42.5 cd/m2 against a black background (∼0.0001 cd/m2). Our results demonstrated that 1) express saccade latencies were linked directly to the arrival time in the SC of visual responses produced by abruptly appearing visual stimuli; 2) express saccades were generated toward both dim and bright targets whenever sufficient previsual activity was present; and 3) target luminance altered the likelihood of producing an express saccade. When an express saccade was generated, visuomotor neurons increased their activity immediately before the arrival of the visual response in the SC and saccade initiation. Furthermore, the visual and motor responses of visuomotor neurons merged into a single burst of action potentials, while the visual response of visual-only neurons was unaffected. A linear combination model was used to test which SC signals best predicted the likelihood of producing an express saccade. In addition to visual response magnitude and previsual activity of saccade neurons, the model identified presaccadic activity (activity occurring during the 30-ms epoch immediately before saccade initiation) as a third important signal for predicting express saccades. We conclude that express saccades can be predicted by visual, previsual, and presaccadic signals recorded from visuomotor neurons in the intermediate layers of the SC.
4
Müller, Sean, Yasmin Gurisik, Mark Hecimovich, Allen G. Harbaugh, and Ann-Maree Vallence. "Individual Differences in Short-Term Anticipation Training for High-Speed Interceptive Skill." Journal of Motor Learning and Development 5, no. 1 (June 2017): 160–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2016-0029.
Анотація:
Training studies in a variety of domains focus on between-group comparisons. This study investigated individual differences in learning based upon visual anticipation training using field hockey goalkeeping as the exemplar motor skill. In a within-subject design, four state-league level field hockey goalkeepers were tested before and after visual anticipatory training in an in-situ test that required them to save goals from a drag flick. Response initiation time and response accuracy were measured. Participants were tested at baseline, completed a control phase of sport-specific practice, were retested, then given an intervention phase of temporal occlusion training plus sport-specific practice, and retested. Results indicated that two goalkeepers’ response initiation times were earlier after the intervention. Effect sizes indicated that the two goalkeepers improved response accuracy after the intervention. Another goalkeeper’s response initiation time was later after the intervention, but this did not impede response accuracy of goals saved. The mechanism of individual learning appeared to be modulation of response timing to save goals. Anticipation training can improve in-situ visual-perceptual motor skill performance in an individualized and nonlinear fashion. Further research is needed to better understand how each individual learns the visual-perceptual motor skills of high time-stress tasks in the sport domain.
5
Brown, Rachel M., and Virginia B. Penhune. "Efficacy of Auditory versus Motor Learning for Skilled and Novice Performers." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 30, no. 11 (November 2018): 1657–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01309.
Анотація:
Humans must learn a variety of sensorimotor skills, yet the relative contributions of sensory and motor information to skill acquisition remain unclear. Here we compare the behavioral and neural contributions of perceptual learning to that of motor learning, and we test whether these contributions depend on the expertise of the learner. Pianists and nonmusicians learned to perform novel melodies on a piano during fMRI scanning in four learning conditions: listening (auditory learning), performing without auditory feedback (motor learning), performing with auditory feedback (auditory–motor learning), or observing visual cues without performing or listening (cue-only learning). Visual cues were present in every learning condition and consisted of musical notation for pianists and spatial cues for nonmusicians. Melodies were performed from memory with no visual cues and with auditory feedback (recall) five times during learning. Pianists showed greater improvements in pitch and rhythm accuracy at recall during auditory learning compared with motor learning. Nonmusicians demonstrated greater rhythm improvements at recall during auditory learning compared with all other learning conditions. Pianists showed greater primary motor response at recall during auditory learning compared with motor learning, and response in this region during auditory learning correlated with pitch accuracy at recall and with auditory–premotor network response during auditory learning. Nonmusicians showed greater inferior parietal response during auditory compared with auditory–motor learning, and response in this region correlated with pitch accuracy at recall. Results suggest an advantage for perceptual learning compared with motor learning that is both general and expertise-dependent. This advantage is hypothesized to depend on feedforward motor control systems that can be used during learning to transform sensory information into motor production.
6
Nikishena, I. S., V. A. Ponomarev, and J. D. Kropotov. "Event-Related Potentials of the Human Brain During the Comparison of Visual Stimuli." Физиология человека 49, no. 3 (May 1, 2023): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0131164622600902.
Анотація:
The aim of the investigation was to study the features of the brain activity when comparing visual stimuli under conditions of delayed motor response. Event-related potentials (ERP) were studied in 84 healthy subjects in a three-stimulus test, the first two stimuli were a comparison pair, and the third stimulus triggered a motor response. After presentation of the second stimulus ERP were recorded: a complex of two waves with occipital (Oz, most pronounced in the interval 100–150 ms) and posterior temporal localization (P7, P8, 190–270 ms); negative oscillation in the frontal regions (Fz, 240–300 ms) and positive oscillation in the parietal regions (Pz, 270–450 ms). Brain responses differ in amplitude in case of match and discrepancy of visual stimuli. The article discusses the physiological meaning of these waves and their differences under two conditions.
7
Lutskyi, Vasyl, Sergii Iermakov, and Iryna Kryventsova. "Visuo-motor response of students living in areas of military threat." Physical Culture, Recreation and Rehabilitation 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/physcult.2023.0203.
Анотація:
Background and Study Aim. In the modern fast-changing world, university students face a range of complex situations and challenges that require quick and accurate decision-making. In this context, the motor responses of students are crucial for successful adaptation to contemporary challenges. This is particularly important when students live in areas of military conflict. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the choice reaction and reaction time to visual stimuli through an online simulation test in university students. Material and Methods. The study involved students from three Ukrainian universities (physical culture faculties). A total of 86 students participated (men – n=38; women – n=48). An online simulation test was used to assess the visuo-motor reaction to visual stimuli. Information about the participants was collected through Google Form. For statistical analysis, the PyCharm CE development environment and various Python programming language libraries were used. Results. Differences in average visuo-motor reaction metrics were established among students from three universities. According to the test results, 9 men (27 clicks in 30 seconds) and 12 women (about 25 clicks in 30 seconds) were assigned to the first quartile. The best result was shown by students from university 2 (0.737 ± 0.19 ms). The best results by universities: men – university 3 (0.73 ± 0.106 ms); women – university 2 (0.785 ± 0.208 ms). It was determined that variations in time intervals between clicks decrease towards the end of the test. Conclusions. The impact of the conflict in Ukraine goes beyond direct physical threats, infiltrating the everyday existence of those in the impacted regions, encompassing college students. In such scenarios, prompt physical responses are vital for effectively adjusting to current challenges.
8
Kwon, MinHyuk, and Evangelos A. Christou. "Visual information processing in older adults: reaction time and motor unit pool modulation." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 5 (November 1, 2018): 2630–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00161.2018.
Анотація:
Presently, there is no evidence that magnification of visual feedback has motor implications beyond impairments in force control during a visuomotor task. We hypothesized that magnification of visual feedback would increase visual information processing, alter the muscle activation, and exacerbate the response time in older adults. To test this hypothesis, we examined whether magnification of visual feedback during a reaction time task alters the premotor time and the motor unit pool activation of older adults. Participants responded as fast as possible to a visual stimulus while they maintained a steady ankle dorsiflexion force (15% maximum) either with low-gain or high-gain visual feedback of force. We quantified the following: 1) response time and its components (premotor and motor time), 2) force variability, and 3) motor unit pool activity of the tibialis anterior muscle. Older adults exhibited longer premotor time and greater force variability than young adults. Only in older adults, magnification of visual feedback lengthened the premotor time and exacerbated force variability. The slower premotor time in older adults with high-gain visual feedback was associated with increased force variability and an altered modulation of the motor unit pool. In conclusion, our findings provide novel evidence that magnification of visual feedback also exacerbates premotor time during a reaction time task in older adults, which is correlated with force variability and an altered modulation of motor unit pool. Thus these findings suggest that visual information processing deficiencies in older adults could result in force control and reaction time impairments. NEW & NOTEWORTHY It is unknown whether magnification of visual feedback has motor implications beyond impairments in force control for older adults. We examined whether it impairs reaction time and motor unit pool activation. The findings provide novel evidence that magnification of visual feedback exacerbates reaction time by lengthening premotor time, which implicates time for information processing in older adults, which is correlated with force variability and an altered modulation of motor unit pool.
9
Bharmauria, Vishal, Amirsaman Sajad, Jirui Li, Xiaogang Yan, Hongying Wang, and John Douglas Crawford. "Integration of Eye-Centered and Landmark-Centered Codes in Frontal Eye Field Gaze Responses." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 9 (May 11, 2020): 4995–5013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhaa090.
Анотація:
Abstract The visual system is thought to separate egocentric and allocentric representations, but behavioral experiments show that these codes are optimally integrated to influence goal-directed movements. To test if frontal cortex participates in this integration, we recorded primate frontal eye field activity during a cue-conflict memory delay saccade task. To dissociate egocentric and allocentric coordinates, we surreptitiously shifted a visual landmark during the delay period, causing saccades to deviate by 37% in the same direction. To assess the cellular mechanisms, we fit neural response fields against an egocentric (eye-centered target-to-gaze) continuum, and an allocentric shift (eye-to-landmark-centered) continuum. Initial visual responses best-fit target position. Motor responses (after the landmark shift) predicted future gaze position but embedded within the motor code was a 29% shift toward allocentric coordinates. This shift appeared transiently in memory-related visuomotor activity, and then reappeared in motor activity before saccades. Notably, fits along the egocentric and allocentric shift continua were initially independent, but became correlated across neurons just before the motor burst. Overall, these results implicate frontal cortex in the integration of egocentric and allocentric visual information for goal-directed action, and demonstrate the cell-specific, temporal progression of signal multiplexing for this process in the gaze system.
10
Penhune, V. B., R. J. Zatorre, and A. C. Evans. "Cerebellar Contributions to Motor Timing: A PET Study of Auditory and Visual Rhythm Reproduction." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 10, no. 6 (November 1998): 752–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892998563149.
Анотація:
The perception and production of temporal patterns, or rhythms, is important for both music and speech. However, the way in which the human brain achieves accurate timing of perceptual input and motor output is as yet little understood. Central control of both motor timing and perceptual timing across modalities has been linked to both the cerebellum and the basal ganglia (BG). The present study was designed to test the hypothesized central control of temporal processing and to examine the roles of the cerebellum, BG, and sensory association areas. In this positron emission tomography (PET) activation paradigm, subjects reproduced rhythms of increasing temporal complexity that were presented separately in the auditory and visual modalities. The results provide support for a supramodal contribution of the lateral cerebellar cortex and cerebellar vermis to the production of a timed motor response, particularly when it is complex and/or novel. The results also give partial support to the involvement of BG structures in motor timing, although this may be more directly related to implementation of the motor response than to timing per se. Finally, sensory association areas and the ventrolateral frontal cortex were found to be involved in modality-specific encoding and retrieval of the temporal stimuli. Taken together, these results point to the participation of a number of neural structures in the production of a timed motor response from an external stimulus. The role of the cerebellum in timing is conceptualized not as a clock or counter but simply as the structure that provides the necessary circuitry for the sensory system to extract temporal information and for the motor system to learn to produce a precisely timed response.
11
Uahomo, Precious Ojo, Victor Tamunotonye Ibubeleye, Chidi Emmanuel Ezerioha, and Oghenefego Michael Adheke. "Sub-Anesthetic Dose of Ketamine Improves Cognitive Function and Motor Responses in Wistar Rats." International Neuropsychiatric Disease Journal 19, no. 4 (June 2, 2023): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/indj/2023/v19i4380.
Анотація:
Background: The cognitive and motor effects of sub-anesthetic doses of ketamine remain controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ketamine administration under anesthesia on cognitive function and motor responses in Wistar rats.
Methods: Twenty-five Wistar rats were randomized into five groups of five rats each (n=5): group 1 (normal control), group 2 (1mg/kg ketamine), group 3 (2mg/kg ketamine), group 4 (3mg/kg ketamine) and group 5 (0.5ml/100g celecoxib). Treatment for each group lasted 3 weeks. Rats from each group were subjected to a total of nine (9) trials of cognitive-motor tests, including; the Barnes maze test (memory based on visual scenes), hand grip test (motor response to foreleg strength), rotarod test (coordination ability). The neurobehavioral ability displayed by the animals was recorded and analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Results: Observations from the cognitive function study showed a significant improvement (p<0.05) from week 1 to week 3. The quality of motor task performance also improved from week 1 to week 3 compared to control and celecoxib-treated groups.
Conclusions: Sub-anesthetic doses of ketamine improved cognitive function and motor responses in Wistar rats.
12
Liu, Sicong, Jillian M. Clements, Elayna P. Kirsch, Hrishikesh M. Rao, David J. Zielinski, Yvonne Lu, Boyla O. Mainsah, et al. "Psychophysiological Markers of Performance and Learning during Simulated Marksmanship in Immersive Virtual Reality." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 33, no. 7 (June 1, 2021): 1253–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01713.
Анотація:
Abstract The fusion of immersive virtual reality, kinematic movement tracking, and EEG offers a powerful test bed for naturalistic neuroscience research. Here, we combined these elements to investigate the neuro-behavioral mechanisms underlying precision visual–motor control as 20 participants completed a three-visit, visual–motor, coincidence-anticipation task, modeled after Olympic Trap Shooting and performed in immersive and interactive virtual reality. Analyses of the kinematic metrics demonstrated learning of more efficient movements with significantly faster hand RTs, earlier trigger response times, and higher spatial precision, leading to an average of 13% improvement in shot scores across the visits. As revealed through spectral and time-locked analyses of the EEG beta band (13–30 Hz), power measured prior to target launch and visual-evoked potential amplitudes measured immediately after the target launch correlated with subsequent reactive kinematic performance in the shooting task. Moreover, both launch-locked and shot/feedback-locked visual-evoked potentials became earlier and more negative with practice, pointing to neural mechanisms that may contribute to the development of visual–motor proficiency. Collectively, these findings illustrate EEG and kinematic biomarkers of precision motor control and changes in the neurophysiological substrates that may underlie motor learning.
13
Williams, Sarah E., Sam J. Cooley, and Jennifer Cumming. "Layered Stimulus Response Training Improves Motor Imagery Ability and Movement Execution." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 35, no. 1 (February 2013): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.35.1.60.
Анотація:
This study aimed to test Lang’s bioinformational theory by comparing the effects of layered stimulus and response training (LSRT) with imagery practice on improvements in imagery ability and performance of a motor skill (golf putting) in 24 novices (age, M = 20.13 years; SD = 1.65; 12 female) low in imagery ability. Participants were randomly assigned to a LSRT (introducing stimulus and response propositions to an image in a layered approach), motor imagery (MI) practice, or visual imagery (VI) practice group. Following baseline measures of MI ability and golf putting performance, the LSRT and MI practice groups imaged successfully performing the golf putting task 5 times each day for 4 days whereas the VI practice group imaged the ball rolling into the hole. Only the LSRT group experienced an improvement in kinesthetic MI ability, MI ability of more complex skills, and actual golf putting performance. Results support bioinformational theory by demonstrating that LSRT can facilitate visual and kinesthetic MI ability and reiterate the importance of imagery ability to ensure MI is an effective prime for movement execution.
14
Brown, V. J., R. Desimone, and M. Mishkin. "Responses of cells in the tail of the caudate nucleus during visual discrimination learning." Journal of Neurophysiology 74, no. 3 (September 1, 1995): 1083–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.3.1083.
Анотація:
1. The tail of the caudate nucleus and adjacent ventral putamen (ventrocaudal neostriatum) are major projection sites of the extrastriate visual cortex. Visual information is then relayed, directly or indirectly, to a variety of structures with motor functions. To test for a role of the ventrocaudal neostriatum in stimulus-response association learning, or habit formation, neuronal responses were recorded while monkeys performed a visual discrimination task. Additional data were collected from cells in cortical area TF, which serve as a comparison and control for the caudate data. 2. Two monkeys were trained to perform an asymmetrically reinforced go-no go visual discrimination. The stimuli were complex colored patterns, randomly assigned to be either positive or negative. The monkey was rewarded with juice for releasing a bar when a positive stimulus was presented, whereas a negative stimulus signaled that no reward was available and that the monkey should withhold its response. Neuronal responses were recorded both while the monkey performed the task with previously learned stimuli and while it learned the task with new stimuli. In some cases, responses were recorded during reversal learning. 3. There was no evidence that cells in the ventrocaudal neostriatum were influenced by the reward contingencies of the task. Cells did not fire preferentially to the onset of either positive or negative stimuli; neither did cells fire in response to the reward itself or in association with the motor response of the monkey. Only visual responses were apparent. 4. The visual properties of cells in these structures resembled those of cells in some of the cortical areas projecting to them. Most cells responded selectively to different visual stimuli. The degree of stimulus selectivity was assessed with discriminant analysis and was found to be quantitatively similar to that of inferior temporal cells tested with similar stimuli. Likewise, like inferior temporal cells, many cells in the ventrocaudal neostriatum had large, bilateral receptive fields. Some cells had "doughnut"-shaped receptive fields, with stronger responses in the periphery of both visual fields than at the fovea, similar to the fields of some cells in the superior temporal polysensory area. Although the absence of task-specific responses argues that ventrocaudal neostriatal cells are not themselves the mediators of visual learning in the task employed, their cortical-like visual properties suggest that they might relay visual information important for visuomotor plasticity in other structures. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
15
Wong, Teser, and Denise Y. P. Henriques. "Visuomotor Adaptation Does Not Recalibrate Kinesthetic Sense of Felt Hand Path." Journal of Neurophysiology 101, no. 2 (February 2009): 614–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90544.2008.
Анотація:
Motor control relies on multiple sources of information. To estimate the position and motion of the hand, the brain uses both vision and body-position (proprioception and kinesthesia) senses from sensors in the muscles, tendons, joints, and skin. Although performance is better when more than one sensory modality is present, visuomotor adaptation suggests that people tend to rely much more on visual information of the hand to guide their arm movements to targets, even when the visual information and kinesthetic information about the hand motion are in conflict. The aim of this study is to test whether adapting hand movements in response to false visual feedback of the hand will result in the change or recalibration of the kinesthetic sense of hand motion. The advantage of this cross-sensory recalibration would ensure on-line consistency between the senses. To test this, we mapped participants' sensitivity to tilted and curved hand paths and then examined whether adapting their hand movements in response to false visual feedback affected their felt sense of hand path. We found that participants could accurately estimate hand path directions and curvature after adapting to false visual feedback of their hand when reaching to targets. Our results suggest that although vision can override kinesthesia to recalibrate arm motor commands, it does not recalibrate the kinesthetic sense of hand path geometry.
16
Hinz, Matthias, Nico Lehmann, Kevin Melcher, Norman Aye, Vanja Radić, Herbert Wagner, and Marco Taubert. "Reliability of Perceptual-Cognitive Skills in a Complex, Laboratory-Based Team-Sport Setting." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (June 3, 2021): 5203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11115203.
Анотація:
The temporal occlusion paradigm is often used in anticipation and decision-making research in sports. Although it is considered as a valid measurement tool, evidence of its reproducibility is lacking but required for future cross-sectional and repeated-measures designs. Moreover, only a few studies on decision making in real-world environments exist. Here, we aimed at (a) implementing a temporal occlusion test with multi-dimensional motor response characteristics, and (b) assessing intra- and inter-session item reliability. Temporally occluded videos of attack sequences in a team handball scenario were created and combined with the SpeedCourt® contact plate system. Participants were instructed to perform pre-specified defensive actions in response to the video stimuli presented on a life-size projection screen. The intra- and inter-session (after at least 24 h) reproducibility of subjects’ motor responses were analyzed. Significant Cohen’s (0.44–0.54) and Fleiss’ (0.33–0.51) kappa statistics revealed moderate agreement of motor responses with the majority of attack situations in both intra- and inter-session analyses. Participants made faster choices with more visual information about the opponents’ unfolding action. Our findings indicate reliable decisions in a complex, near-game test environment for team handball players. The test provides a foundation for future temporal occlusion studies, including recommendations for new explanatory approaches in cognition research.
17
Tsai, Chia-Liang, and Sheng-Kuang Wu. "Relationship of Visual Perceptual Deficit and Motor Impairment in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder." Perceptual and Motor Skills 107, no. 2 (October 2008): 457–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.107.2.457-472.
Анотація:
The study explored the relations of visual perceptual deficits and motor impairments in 60 children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (120.8 ± 4.0 mo.) and 60 controls (121.0 ± 5.3 mo.), who were matched by sex (29 boys and 31 girls) and age. They were separately assessed on fine and gross motor-dexterity tasks of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children, static balance and reaction time of lower extremities with eyes open or closed, and the Test of Visual-Perceptual Skills–Revised. Analysis showed the children with Developmental Coordination Disorder performed significantly worse than the control group, but only the visual perception and motor skills with timed responses were significantly correlated. When visual information was controlled, no significant correlation was noted, so motor-free visual perception appears to be significantly related to motor performance having a speed component in these children.
18
Dirnberger, Georg, Judith Novak, and Christian Nasel. "Perceptual Sequence Learning Is More Severely Impaired than Motor Sequence Learning in Patients with Chronic Cerebellar Stroke." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25, no. 12 (December 2013): 2207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00444.
Анотація:
Patients with cerebellar stroke are impaired in procedural learning. Several different learning mechanisms contribute to procedural learning in healthy individuals. The aim was to compare the relative share of different learning mechanisms in patients and healthy controls. Ten patients with cerebellar stroke and 12 healthy controls practiced a visuomotor serial reaction time task. Learning blocks with high stimulus–response compatibility were exercised repeatedly; in between these, participants performed test blocks with the same or a different (mirror-inverted or unrelated) stimulus sequence and/or the same or a different (mirror-inverted) stimulus–response allocation. This design allowed to measure the impact of motor learning and perceptual learning independently and to separate both mechanisms from the learning of stimulus–response pairs. Analysis of the learning blocks showed that, as expected, both patients and controls improved their performance over time, although patients remained significantly slower. Analysis of the test blocks revealed that controls showed significant motor learning as well as significant visual perceptual learning, whereas cerebellar patients showed only significant motor learning. Healthy participants were able to use perceptual information for procedural learning even when the rule linking stimuli and responses had been changed, whereas patients with cerebellar lesions could not recruit this perception-based mechanism. Therefore, the cerebellum appears involved in the accurate processing of perceptual information independent from prelearned stimulus–response mappings.
19
Shtanagey, D. V., G. V. Korobeynikov, A. N. Kolumbet, and L. Y. Dudorova. "THE STUDY OF THE DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF HAND MOVEMENTS OF FEMALE BOXERS WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF FUNCTIONAL ASYMMETRY." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 7(138) (July 27, 2021): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2021.7(138).03.
Анотація:
Purpose: determining peculiarities of speed characteristics of hand movements of female boxers with different functional asymmetry types during dynamic work performance. Material: 50 highly skilled female boxers (masters of sports of international class, masters of sports). The study of female boxer psychomotor functions was designed according to a certain scheme. The motor component of motor response was examined by means of tapping test. The time of a simple and two complex visual-motor responses was determined. The study was completed by determining the identification time for visual stimuli of various degrees of complexity without a motor response. It was assumed that this will allow to consider the visual-gnostic component in a "pure" form. Such a design of the study permitted to evaluate the contribution of each component of psychomotor response to the response speed of female boxers with different types of functional hemispheric asymmetry (FHA) profile. Results: For the first time, the psychophysiological indices of female boxers were obtained. Female boxers were conditionally divided into right-handers, left-handers and ambidexters. The differences of these groups of female athletes in psychophysiological indices were established. Conclusions: In convenient mode, ambidexters perform work at a high rate than right-handers. At that, their right hand is faster than the left. The total number of movements performed by left-handers is greater than that of right-handers and ambidexters (it concerns both hands). The speed characteristics of female boxers with different types of functional asymmetry in accelerated mode are the same. The pace stability of right-handers and left-handers is high, but less than that of ambidexters. Ambidexters who use the right-handed stance are at advantage than right-handers with right-handed stance. Left-handed female athletes perform movements with greater speed than right-handed ones. For right-handed and left-handed female athletes it is more difficult to maintain the optimal pace of the right than the left hand, whereas ambidexters have problems with maintaining the optimal pace of the left hand. Left-handed female athletes are faster than right-handed ones.
20
Gupta, Rishikesh Kumar, Iga Wasilewska, Oksana Palchevska, and Jacek Kuźnicki. "Knockout of stim2a Increases Calcium Oscillations in Neurons and Induces Hyperactive-Like Phenotype in Zebrafish Larvae." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 17 (August 27, 2020): 6198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176198.
Анотація:
Stromal interaction molecule (STIM) proteins play a crucial role in store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) as endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ sensors. In neurons, STIM2 was shown to have distinct functions from STIM1. However, its role in brain activity and behavior was not fully elucidated. The present study analyzed behavior in zebrafish (Danio rerio) that lacked stim2a. The mutant animals had no morphological abnormalities and were fertile. RNA-sequencing revealed alterations of the expression of transcription factor genes and several members of the calcium toolkit. Neuronal Ca2+ activity was measured in vivo in neurons that expressed the GCaMP5G sensor. Optic tectum neurons in stim2a−/− fish had more frequent Ca2+ signal oscillations compared with neurons in wildtype (WT) fish. We detected an increase in activity during the visual–motor response test, an increase in thigmotaxis in the open field test, and the disruption of phototaxis in the dark/light preference test in stim2a−/− mutants compared with WT. Both groups of animals reacted to glutamate and pentylenetetrazol with an increase in activity during the visual–motor response test, with no major differences between groups. Altogether, our results suggest that the hyperactive-like phenotype of stim2a−/− mutant zebrafish is caused by the dysregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis and signaling.
21
Diedrichsen, Jörn, Timothy Verstynen, Andrew Hon, Yi Zhang, and Richard B. Ivry. "Illusions of Force Perception: The Role of Sensori-Motor Predictions, Visual Information, and Motor Errors." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 5 (May 2007): 3305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01076.2006.
Анотація:
Internal predictions influence the perception of force. When we support an object with one hand and lift it up with the other, we expect the force to disappear from the first, postural hand. In a virtual reality system, we violated this prediction by maintaining the force on the postural hand, whereas the object was still seen and felt to be lifted by the lifting hand. In this situation, participants perceived an illusionary increase in force on the postural hand, which was, in reality, constant. We test three possible mechanisms of how force perception may be influenced in this context. First, we showed that part of the illusion can be linked to a sensorimotor prediction—the predicted sensory consequences based on an efference copy of the lifting action. The illusion is reduced when the object is lifted by an external force. We also showed that the illusion changes on a trial-by-trial basis, paralleling the fast adaptation of the postural response. Second, motor errors that arise from a miscalibrated forward model do not contribute to the illusion; the illusion was unchanged even when we prevented motor errors by supporting the postural hand. Finally, visual information signaling the removal of the object is sufficient to elicit part of the illusion. These results argue that both sensorimotor predictions and visual object information, but not motor errors, influence force perception.
22
Mańkowska, Maja, Tatiana Poliszczuk, Dmytro Poliszczuk, and Monika Johne. "Visual Perception And Its Effect On Reaction Time And Time-Movement Anticipation In Elite Female Basketball Players." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 22, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjst-2015-0008.
Анотація:
Abstract Introduction. The efficient collection and analysis of information from both the central and the peripheral field of vision may affect human coordination motor abilities. An analysis of the literature on the subject suggests that coordination motor abilities interact with one another, and it is only their combined effect that allows athletes to achieve technical mastery. The main aim of the study was to assess specific coordination motor abilities and to determine how visual perception and reaction time correlate with time-movement anticipation in elite female basketball players. Material and methods. The study participants comprised 17 female basketball players from the Polish National Team aged 18.1 ± 0.8 years. The study involved three ability tests from the Vienna Test System: the Reaction Test (RT, S1), the Peripheral Perception test (PP), and the Time/Movement Anticipation test (ZBA, S2). Results. The analysis of the results obtained proves that the best-developed ability in participants is reaction time, while the other abilities show average development. Study participants were able to develop their response abilities to such high levels by means of practice. A correlation coefficient was found between motor time and tracking deviation (r=0.56), and between time anticipation and the number of correct responses to stimuli appearing in the left (r=0.92) and right (r=0.88) field of vision. Athletes who achieved better results in time anticipation omitted fewer visual stimuli (r=0.7) in the peripheral field of vision. Statistically significant correlations were observed between movement anticipation and reaction time to stimuli in the central field of vision (r=0.58). Conclusions. Perception abilities have a significant effect on time anticipation. The range of one's field of vision does not determine the reaction time to a visual stimulus. Perception efficiency and divided attention, in conjunction with time and movement anticipation, create a complex of specific psychomotor abilities that is indispensable for achieving success in team sports.
23
Ferrera, Vincent P. "Smooth pursuit preparation modulates neuronal responses in visual areas MT and MST." Journal of Neurophysiology 114, no. 1 (July 2015): 638–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00636.2014.
Анотація:
Primates are able to track small moving visual targets using smooth pursuit eye movements. Target motion for smooth pursuit is signaled by neurons in visual cortical areas MT and MST. In this study, we trained monkeys to either initiate or withhold smooth pursuit in the presence of a moving target to test whether this decision was reflected in the relative strength of “go” and “no-go” processes. We found that the gain of the motor response depended strongly on whether monkeys were instructed to initiate or withhold pursuit, thus demonstrating voluntary control of pursuit initiation. We found that the amplitude of the neuronal response to moving targets in areas MT and MST was also significantly lower on no-go trials (by 2.1 spikes/s on average). The magnitude of the neural response reduction was small compared with the behavioral gain reduction. There were no significant differences in neuronal direction selectivity, spatial selectivity, or response reliability related to pursuit initiation or the absence thereof. Variability in eye speed was negatively correlated with firing rate variability after target motion onset during go trials but not during no-go trials, suggesting that MT and MST activity represents an error signal for a negative feedback controller. We speculate that modulation of the visual motion signals in areas MT and MST may be one of the first visual cortical events in the initiation of smooth pursuit and that the small early response modulation may be amplified to produce an all-or-none motor response by downstream areas.
24
Colby, C. L., J. R. Duhamel, and M. E. Goldberg. "Visual, presaccadic, and cognitive activation of single neurons in monkey lateral intraparietal area." Journal of Neurophysiology 76, no. 5 (November 1, 1996): 2841–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.76.5.2841.
Анотація:
1. Posterior parietal cortex contains neurons that are visually responsive and active in relation to saccadic eye movements. We recorded from single neurons in a subregion of parietal cortex, the lateral intraparietal area (LIP), in alert rhesus monkeys. To characterize more completely the circumstances under which LIP neurons are responsive, we used five tasks designed to test the impact of sensory, motor, and cognitive factors. We obtained quantitative data in multiple tasks in 91 neurons. We measured neural activity during central fixation and in relation to stimulus onset and saccade onset. 2. LIP neurons have visual responses to the onset of a stationary stimulus in the receptive field. These visual responses occurred both in tasks that require a subsequent eye movement toward the stimulus and in tasks in which eye movements are not permitted, indicating that this activity is sensory rather than presaccadic. 3. Visual responses were enhanced when the monkey had to use information provided by the stimulus to guide its behavior. The amplitude of the sensory response to a given stimulus was increased in a task in which the monkey would subsequently make a saccade to the location signaled by the stimulus, as compared with the amplitude of the visual response in a simple fixation task. 4. The visual response was also enhanced when the monkey attended to the stimulus without looking at it. This result shows that enhancement does not reflect saccade preparation because the response is enhanced even when the monkey is not permitted to make a saccade. Instead, enhancement reflects the allocation of attention to the spatial locus of the receptive field. 5. Many LIP neurons had saccade-related activity in addition to their visual responses. The visual response for most neurons was stronger than the saccade-related activation. 6. Saccade-related activity was independent of visual activity. Similar presaccadic activity was observed in trials that included a recent visual stimulus (memory-guided saccade task) and in trials with no visual stimulus (learned saccade task). 7. We observed increases in activity during fixation in tasks in which the monkey could anticipate the onset of a behaviorally significant stimulus. LIP neurons usually showed low levels of background firing in the fixation task during the period before stimulus onset. This background activity was increased in the peripheral attention and memory-guided saccade tasks during the period when the monkey was waiting for a behaviorally relevant stimulus to appear. 8. The results from these several tasks indicate that LIP neurons are activated in a variety of circumstances and are not involved exclusively in sensory processing or motor planning. The modulation of sensory responses by attention and anticipation suggests that cognitive factors play a major role in parietal function.
25
Beyer, Robbi. "Motor Proficiency of Boys with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Boys with Learning Disabilities." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 16, no. 4 (October 1999): 403–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.16.4.403.
Анотація:
The motor proficiency of 56 boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was compared with that of 56 boys with learning disabilities (LD); both groups were divided into two age groups, 7 to 8 years and 9 to 12 years. Boys with ADHD were taking Ritalin and attending public schools. Boys with LD were medication-free and attending private schools for LD. The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency–Long Form (BOTMP–LF) was used to measure balance, bilateral coordination, strength, upper limb coordination, response speed, visual-motor coordination, and upper limb speed and dexterity. MANOVA revealed significant main effects for condition and age. Subsequent univariate ANOVAs revealed (a) expected age differences on all but one item and (b) significantly poorer performance for boys with ADHD than boys with LD on all variables except balance, upper limb coordination, and response speed.
26
LeFauve, Matthew K., Cassie J. Rowe, Mikayla Crowley-Perry, Jenna L. Wiegand, Arthur G. Shapiro, and Victoria P. Connaughton. "Using a variant of the optomotor response as a visual defect detection assay in zebrafish." Journal of Biological Methods 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): e144. http://dx.doi.org/10.14440/jbm.2021.341.
Анотація:
We describe a visual stimulus that can be used with both larval and adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). This protocol is a modification of a standard visual behavior analysis, the optomotor response (OMR). The OMR is often used to determine the spatial response or to detect directional visuomotor deficiencies. An OMR can be generated using a high contrast grated pattern, typically vertical bars. The spatial sensitivity is measured by detection and response to a change in grating bar width and is reported in cycles per degree (CPD). This test has been used extensively with zebrafish larvae and adults to identify visual- and/or motor-based mutations. Historically, when tested in adults, the grated pattern was presented from a vertical perspective, using a rotating cylinder around a holding tank, allowing the grating to be seen solely from the sides and front of the organism. In contrast, OMRs in zebrafish larvae are elicited using a stimulus projected below the fish. This difference in methodology means that two different experimental set-ups are required: one for adults and one for larvae. Our visual stimulus modifies the stimulation format so that a single OMR stimulus, suitable for use with both adults and larvae, is being presented underneath the fish. Analysis of visuomotor responses using this method does not require costly behavioral tracking software and, using a single behavioral paradigm, allows the observer to rapidly determine visual spatial response in both zebrafish larvae and adults.
27
Varich, Lidiya, Elena Zhelonkina, and Nina Nemolochnaia. "Effect of Nervous System on Cognitive Functions in Foreign Students." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Humanities and Social Sciences 2023, no. 2 (July 4, 2023): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2542-1840-2023-7-2-133-140.
Анотація:
The research identified and described the correlation between the nervous system and the cognitive profile in foreign university students. The quantitative properties of cognitive functions included short-term memory, concentration, and combinatorial thinking. The indicators and their neurodynamic features were subjected to an integrated cognitive approach. The neurodynamic indicators included the rate of simple visual-motor reaction, functional mobility of nervous processes, equilibrium of the nervous system in response to a moving object, and nervous system stability in terms of brain performance. Unlike the Russian control group, the foreign students demonstrated a slow inhibition – excitation cycle and a poor visual memory for numbers and words. The control group had a stronger nervous system with a higher degree of activation. In the test group, the cognitive functions depended on the expression degree of nervous processes. Students with a weaker nervous system demonstrated a lower level of simple and complex visual-motor reaction and functional mobility of nervous processes: they made more errors in the test tasks. Those with a stabler nervous system showed better combinatorial thinking abilities and concentration. The indicators of mechanical and semantic memory did not correlate with the nervous system stability.
28
Bestaven, Emma, Charline Kambrun, Dominique Guehl, Jean-René Cazalets, and Etienne Guillaud. "The influence of scopolamine on motor control and attentional processes." PeerJ 4 (May 5, 2016): e2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2008.
Анотація:
Background:Motion sickness may be caused by a sensory conflict between the visual and the vestibular systems. Scopolamine, known to be the most effective therapy to control the vegetative symptoms of motion sickness, acts on the vestibular nucleus and potentially the vestibulospinal pathway, which may affect balance and motor tasks requiring both attentional process and motor balance. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of scopolamine on motor control and attentional processes.Methods:Seven subjects were evaluated on four different tasks before and after a subcutaneous injection of scopolamine (0.2 mg): a one-minute balance test, a subjective visual vertical test, a pointing task and a galvanic vestibular stimulation with EMG recordings.Results:The results showed that the reaction time and the movement duration were not modified after the injection of scopolamine. However, there was an increase in the center of pressure displacement during the balance test, a decrease in EMG muscle response after galvanic vestibular stimulation and an alteration in the perception of verticality.Discussion:These results confirm that low doses of scopolamine such as those prescribed to avoid motion sickness have no effect on attentional processes, but that it is essential to consider the responsiveness of each subject. However, scopolamine did affect postural control and the perception of verticality. In conclusion, the use of scopolamine to prevent motion sickness must be considered carefully because it could increase imbalances in situations when individuals are already at risk of falling (e.g., sailing, parabolic flight).
29
Takeuchi, Annie H., and Stewart H. Hulse. "Absolute-Pitch Judgments of Black and White-Key Pitches." Music Perception 9, no. 1 (1991): 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40286157.
Анотація:
Absolute-pitch possessors have been reported to identify black-key pitches less quickly and accurately than they identify white-key pitches. However, it is possible in these experiments that the greater speed of identifying white-compared with black-key pitches was due to a motor response bias because the motor requirements for indicating a black-key pitch were more difficult than those for indicating a white-key pitch. The greater accuracy in identifying white-compared with black-key pitches may have been due to a choice response bias favoring white-key pitch responses. We compared absolute- pitch judgments of black-and white-key pitches in a task free of motor response biases. Subjects compared the pitch of an auditory tone with a visually presented pitch name and responded Same or Different. The absolute- pitch possessors responded significantly more slowly to black- key auditory pitches, and to black- key visual pitch names, than to white-key pitches and pitch names. These differences may have been due to perceptual and retrieval processes associated with the frequencies with which black-and white-key pitches and pitch names occur in music literature. Another possible explanation is that absolute-pitch possessors may learn absolute pitch for only white-key pitches in development and may interpolate blackkey pitches from neighboring white-key pitches. Experiments to test these alternative accounts are proposed.
30
Farshchiansadegh, Ali, Rajiv Ranganathan, Maura Casadio, and Ferdinando A. Mussa-Ivaldi. "Adaptation to visual feedback delay in a redundant motor task." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 2 (January 15, 2015): 426–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00249.2014.
Анотація:
The goal of this study was to examine the reorganization of hand movements during adaptation to delayed visual feedback in a novel and redundant environment. In most natural behaviors, the brain must learn to invert a many-to-one map from high-dimensional joint movements and muscle forces to a low-dimensional goal. This spatial “inverse map” is learned by associating motor commands to their low-dimensional consequences. How is this map affected by the presence of temporal delays? A delay presents the brain with a new set of kinematic data, and, because of redundancy, the brain may use these data to form a new inverse map. We consider two possible responses to a novel visuomotor delay. In one case, the brain updates the previously learned spatial map, building a new association between motor commands and visual feedback of their effects. In the alternative case, the brain preserves the original map and learns to compensate the delay by a temporal shift of the motor commands. To test these alternative possibilities, we developed a virtual reality game in which subjects controlled the two-dimensional coordinates of a cursor by continuous hand gestures. Two groups of subjects tracked a target along predictable paths by wearing an instrumented data glove that recorded finger motions. The 19-dimensional glove signals controlled a cursor on a 2-dimensional computer display. The experiment was performed on 2 consecutive days. On the 1st day, subjects practiced tracking movements without delay. On the 2nd day, the test group performed the same task with a delay of 300 ms between the glove signals and the cursor display, whereas the control group continued practicing the nondelayed trials. We found evidence that to compensate for the delay, the test group relied on the coordination patterns established during the baseline, e.g., their hand-to-cursor inverse map was robust to the delay perturbation, which was counteracted by an anticipation of the motor command.
31
Lucia, Stefania, Valentina Bianco, Luca Boccacci, and Francesco Di Russo. "Effects of a Cognitive-Motor Training on Anticipatory Brain Functions and Sport Performance in Semi-Elite Basketball Players." Brain Sciences 12, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12010068.
Анотація:
The aim of this research was to test the possible effects of cognitive–motor training (CMT) on athletes’ sport performance and cognitive functions. Namely, specific athletic tests, brain processes associated with anticipatory event-related potential (ERP) components and behavioral performance during a cognitive discrimination response task were evaluated pre- and post-training. Twenty-four young semi-professional basketball players were recruited for the study and randomly divided into an experimental (Exp) group executing the CMT training and a control (Con) group performing standard motor training. The CMT training protocol included exercises in which participants performed cognitive tasks during dribbling exercises using interactive devices which emitted visual and auditory stimuli, in which athletes’ responses were recorded. Results showed that following training, only the Exp group improved in all sport-specific tests (17%) and more than the Con group (88% vs. 60%) in response accuracy during the cognitive test. At brain level, post-training anticipatory cognitive processes associated with proactive inhibition and top-down attention in the prefrontal cortex were earlier and heightened in the Exp group. Our findings confirm previous studies on clear improved efficacy of CMT training protocols on sport performance and cognition compared to training based on motor exercises only, but extend the literature in showing that these effects might be explained by enhanced anticipatory brain processing in the prefrontal cortex. The present study also suggests that in order to achieve specific athletic goals, the brain adapts cognitive functions by means of neuroplasticity processes.
32
Lebon, Florent, Célia Ruffino, Ian Greenhouse, Ludovica Labruna, Richard B. Ivry, and Charalambos Papaxanthis. "The Neural Specificity of Movement Preparation During Actual and Imagined Movements." Cerebral Cortex 29, no. 2 (January 4, 2018): 689–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhx350.
Анотація:
Abstract Current theories consider motor imagery, the mental representation of action, to have considerable functional overlap with the processes involved in actual movement preparation and execution. To test the neural specificity of motor imagery, we conducted a series of 3 experiments using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). We compared changes in corticospinal excitability as people prepared and implemented actual or imagined movements, using a delayed response task in which a cue indicated the forthcoming response. TMS pulses, used to elicit motor-evoked responses in the first dorsal interosseous muscle of the right hand, were applied before and after an imperative signal, allowing us to probe the state of excitability during movement preparation and implementation. Similar to previous work, excitability increased in the agonist muscle during the implementation of an actual or imagined movement. Interestingly, preparing an imagined movement engaged similar inhibitory processes as that observed during actual movement, although the degree of inhibition was less selective in the imagery conditions. These changes in corticospinal excitability were specific to actual/imagined movement preparation, as no modulation was observed when preparing and generating images of cued visual objects. Taken together, inhibition is a signature of how actions are prepared, whether they are imagined or actually executed.
33
Echeverria-Altuna, Irene, Anna C. Nobre, and Sage E. P. Boettcher. "Goal-Dependent Use of Temporal Regularities to Orient Attention under Spatial and Action Uncertainty." Journal of Cognition 7, no. 1 (April 25, 2024): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/joc.360.
Анотація:
The temporal regularities in our environments support the proactive dynamic anticipation of relevant events. In visual attention, one important outstanding question is whether temporal predictions must be linked to predictions about spatial locations or motor plans to facilitate behaviour. To test this, we developed a task for manipulating temporal expectations and task relevance of visual stimuli appearing within rapidly presented streams, while stimulus location and responding hand remained uncertain. Differently coloured stimuli appeared in one of two concurrent (left and right) streams with distinct temporal probability structures. Targets were defined by colour on a trial-by-trial basis and appeared equiprobably in either stream, requiring a localisation response. Across two experiments, participants were faster and more accurate at detecting temporally predictable targets compared to temporally unpredictable targets. We conclude that temporal expectations learned incidentally from temporal regularities can be called upon flexibly in a goal-driven manner to guide behaviour. Moreover, we show that visual temporal attention can facilitate performance in the absence of concomitant spatial or motor expectations in dynamically unfolding contexts.
34
Korobeynikova, L., A. Berejna, G. Korobeynikov, T. Danko, and V. Kostuchenko. "Gender peculiarities of visual perception and information processing in wrestlers." Єдиноборства, no. 4(26) (November 1, 2022): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15391/ed.2022-4.03.
Анотація:
. Purpose: to study gender peculiarities of visual perception and information processing of female wrestlers. Material and methods. The research involved 23 female and 22 male wrestlers, members of the national teams of Ukraine. We studied the perception and decision-making in testing conditions using the hardware and software complex «Multispychometer-05». The perception of visual information was studied by the perceptual speed test. The athlete was asked to find the missing element of geometric shapes among the proposed on the display screen. The task was to quickly and accurately recognize the missing element. The following indicators were determined: speed, performance, accuracy and efficiency of visual perception. Decision making was studied by a choice test among three stimuli of different colors. The stimuli appeared randomly, the task of the athlete was to respond quickly and accurately to the corresponding stimulus with the right or left hand. The speed of sensory response was studied by the test of determining the latent time of a simple visual-motor reaction. The sportsman was offered to react to a random stimulus as quickly as possible. The latency and stability of the reaction were determined. Results: the study of gender peculiarities of visual perception and information processing in wrestlers was conducted. For sports wrestling perception and processing of information is an important property that provides adequate decision-making in the fight with the active action of the opponent. The best indicator in the study of decision-making time, in terms of choosing stimuli among different external stimuli, was found in men. They make decisions more quickly in conditions of time limit than women. At the same time, women have a faster level of perception of visual information with simultaneous psycho-emotional stress. Men have a faster nature of information processing and decision-making on external visual stimuli. It is advisable to use the results of the study for the construction of training load of women in wrestling. Conclusions. The results of the study showed that the faster nature of visual perception in women who specialize in wrestling than in men wrestlers. The presence of faster decision-making in men wrestlers compared to women in the choice of an external stimulus was revealed. The slowing down of the time of visual-motor reaction in women against the background of the growth of psycho-emotional tension is established. Keywords: freestyle wrestling, elite sportsmen, visual-motor reaction, gender peculiarities.
35
Shehab, Randa L., and Robert E. Schlegel. "A Test of Fitts' Law in a Dual-Task Paradigm." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 37, no. 9 (October 1993): 559–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129303700909.
Анотація:
A simulated automobile driving environment was used to assess the validity of Fitts' Law under dual-task conditions. An aimed hand movement task was used as the Fitts task representative of reaching for controls on an instrument panel. The task required activation of one of four touch-sensitive response plates upon recognition of an auditory stimulus. Movement difficulty was manipulated by varying target location and size. Target location was examined at four levels corresponding to position in a 2 × 2 array. Distances of the targets from the two-o'clock position on the steering wheel ranged from 27 cm to 53 cm. The target plates were square and measured 1.27 cm (1/2 inch) or 0.64 cm (1/4 inch) along the side. The eight combinations of movement amplitude and target size yielded seven unique levels of Fitts' Index of Difficulty (ID) ranging from 5.4 to 7.4. The movement task was performed alone and in combination with two other tasks to create three levels of task loading. A display monitoring task was used to represent the visual demands of driving while an unstable tracking task was used to represent the perceptual-motor demands of driving. Following adequate training, ten subjects performed three replications of six task conditions (three loading levels x two target sizes). Within each replication, the order of testing was counterbalanced across subjects. The dual-task visual loading condition involving the movement and monitoring tasks consistently resulted in the longest reaction times. The dual-task perceptual-motor loading condition involving the movement and tracking tasks resulted in consistently longer movement times. Fitts' ID had a significant effect on both reaction time and movement time for all three conditions of task loading. However, separate linear regressions of movement time on ID for each task loading level resulted in R2 values of 0.66 to 0.82. Multiple linear regressions involving target size and movement amplitude as predictor variables provided better predictions with R2 values of 0.90 to 0.93. The regression equations provided in this paper may be used by designers to estimate differences in response time due to control size and location.
36
Mahoney, Jeannette R., Joe Verghese, and Claudene George. "The Influence of Diabetes on Multisensory Integration and Mobility in Aging." Brain Sciences 11, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11030285.
Анотація:
(1) Background: one out of every four adults over the age of 65 are living with diabetes, and this alarming rate continues to increase with age. Diabetes in older adults is associated with many adverse health outcomes, including sensory and motor impairments. The objective of this exploratory study was to determine whether diabetes influences the interplay between multisensory integration processes and mobility in aging. (2) Methods: in this cross-sectional observational study, we recruited 339 non-demented older adults (76.59 ± 6.21 years; 52% female, 18% with diabetes). Participants completed a simple reaction time test in response to visual, somatosensory, and combined visual-somatosensory stimulation. Magnitude of visual-somatosensory integration was computed and served as the independent variable. (3) Results: logistic regression revealed that presence of diabetes was inversely associated with the magnitude of visual-somatosensory integration (β = −3.21; p < 0.01). Further, mediation models revealed that presence of diabetes negatively influenced the relationship of visual–somatosensory integration magnitude with balance (95% CI −0.16, −0.01) and gait (95% CI −0.09, −0.01). Participants with diabetes and taking insulin (n = 14) failed to integrate sensory information entirely; (4) conclusions: taken together, results from this exploration provide compelling evidence to support the adverse effect of diabetes on both multisensory and motor functioning in older adults.
37
Maldonado Moscoso, Paula A., Guido M. Cicchini, Roberto Arrighi, and David C. Burr. "Adaptation to hand-tapping affects sensory processing of numerosity directly: evidence from reaction times and confidence." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1927 (May 27, 2020): 20200801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0801.
Анотація:
Like most perceptual attributes, the perception of numerosity is susceptible to adaptation, both to prolonged viewing of spatial arrays and to repeated motor actions such as hand-tapping. However, the possibility has been raised that adaptation may reflect response biases rather than modification of sensory processing. To disentangle these two possibilities, we studied visual and motor adaptation of numerosity perception while measuring confidence and reaction times. Both sensory and motor adaptation robustly distorted numerosity estimates, and these shifts in perceived numerosity were accompanied by similar shifts in confidence and reaction-time distributions. After adaptation, maximum uncertainty and slowest response-times occurred at the point of subjective (rather than physical) equality of the matching task, suggesting that adaptation acts directly on the sensory representation of numerosity, before the decisional processes. On the other hand, making reward response-contingent, which also caused robust shifts in the psychometric function, caused no significant shifts in confidence or reaction-time distributions. These results reinforce evidence for shared mechanisms that encode the quantity of both internally and externally generated events, and advance a useful general technique to test whether contextual effects like adaptation and serial dependence really affect sensory processing.
38
Chaudhary, Sailesh, and Gaurav Jung Shah. "Reaction Time Based Cognitive Functions and Associated Recovery Heart Rate in Medical Student." Journal of Nepalgunj Medical College 20, no. 1 (July 31, 2022): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngmc.v20i1.48349.
Анотація:
Introduction: Physical activity is an indicator of physical function that preserve or promotes cerebral blood flow which in turn is associating with better functioning cognitive function. Cognitive functions can be assessed using reaction time. It is the ability to quick motor response to definite stimulus, while the time that elapses between the sensory stimulation and the motor activity.
Aims: To assess the cognitive function of medical students using visual & auditory reaction times in different fitness groups and to correlate values of reaction times to recovery heart rate.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 57 consenting healthy medical students age 17-30 years, underwent 3-Minutes Step Test to assess their physical fitness along with Auditory reaction time and Visual reaction time to assess their cognitive function. Based on Recovery heart rate which was calculated after 3-Minute step test. Students were categorized into four groups that is good, satisfactory, poor and very poor their Auditory reaction time and Visual reaction time T were measured for these groups.
Results: Results showed Auditory reaction time and Visual reaction time was statistically significant when all groups of physically fitness were compared (p-0.014). When pairs of groups were compared significant differences of Auditory reaction time was found good fitness level Vs very poor fitness level in Auditory reaction time (p0.008) and significant difference of Visual reaction time was found between good fitness level Vs satisfactory fitness level in Visual reaction time (p-0.028). Comparison of many other pairs of fitness groups found to be non-significant.
Conclusion: Good fitness level has higher cognition which can be achieved by doing physical activity to improve the fitness level.
39
Sun, Huihui, Naijun Wan, Xinli Wang, Liang Chang, and Dazhi Cheng. "Genotype-Phenotype Analysis, Neuropsychological Assessment, and Growth Hormone Response in a Patient with 18p Deletion Syndrome." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 154, no. 2 (2018): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000487371.
Анотація:
18p deletion syndrome is a rare chromosomal disease caused by deletion of the short arm of chromosome 18. By using cytogenetic and SNP array analysis, we identified a girl with 18p deletion syndrome exhibiting craniofacial anomalies, intellectual disability, and short stature. G-banding analysis of metaphase cells revealed an abnormal karyotype 46,XX,del(18)(p10). Further, SNP array detected a 15.3-Mb deletion at 18p11.21p11.32 (chr18:12842-15375878) including 61 OMIM genes. Genotype-phenotype correlation analysis showed that clinical manifestations of the patient were correlated with LAMA1, TWSG1, and GNAL deletions. Her neuropsychological assessment test demonstrated delay in most cognitive functions including impaired mathematics, linguistic skills, visual motor perception, respond speed, and executive function. Meanwhile, her integrated visual and auditory continuous performance test (IVA-CPT) indicated a severe comprehensive attention deficit. At age 7 and 1/12 years, her height was 110.8 cm (-2.5 SD height for age). Growth hormone (GH) treatment was initiated. After 27 months treatment, her height was increased to 129.6 cm (-1.0 SD height for age) at 9 and 4/12 years, indicating an effective response to GH treatment.
40
Alhamdan, Areej A., Melanie J. Murphy, Hayley E. Pickering, and Sheila G. Crewther. "The Contribution of Visual and Auditory Working Memory and Non-Verbal IQ to Motor Multisensory Processing in Elementary School Children." Brain Sciences 13, no. 2 (February 5, 2023): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13020270.
Анотація:
Although cognitive abilities have been shown to facilitate multisensory processing in adults, the development of cognitive abilities such as working memory and intelligence, and their relationship to multisensory motor reaction times (MRTs), has not been well investigated in children. Thus, the aim of the current study was to explore the contribution of age-related cognitive abilities in elementary school-age children (n = 75) aged 5–10 years, to multisensory MRTs in response to auditory, visual, and audiovisual stimuli, and a visuomotor eye–hand co-ordination processing task. Cognitive performance was measured on classical working memory tasks such as forward and backward visual and auditory digit spans, and the Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM test of nonverbal intelligence). Bayesian Analysis revealed decisive evidence for age-group differences across grades on visual digit span tasks and RCPM scores but not on auditory digit span tasks. The results also showed decisive evidence for the relationship between performance on more complex visually based tasks, such as difficult items of the RCPM and visual digit span, and multisensory MRT tasks. Bayesian regression analysis demonstrated that visual WM digit span tasks together with nonverbal IQ were the strongest unique predictors of multisensory processing. This suggests that the capacity of visual memory rather than auditory processing abilities becomes the most important cognitive predictor of multisensory MRTs, and potentially contributes to the expected age-related increase in cognitive abilities and multisensory motor processing.
41
Coswig, Victor, Jader Sant' Ana, Maicon Nascimento Coelho, Antonio Renato Pereira Moro, and Fernando Diefenthaeler. "Development of a Mobile Phone App for Measuring Striking Response Time in Combat Sports: Cross-Sectional Validation Study." JMIR mHealth and uHealth 7, no. 11 (November 11, 2019): e14641. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/14641.
Анотація:
Background TReaction is a mobile app developed to determine strike response time at low cost and with easy application in combat sports. However, the validity and accuracy of the response time obtained by the TReaction app has not yet been evaluated. Objective This study aimed to test the validity and reliability of the TReaction app in measuring motor response time in combat sports. Methods A total of two athletes performed 59 strikes to assess the response time upon visual stimulus using the TReaction app simultaneously with a high-speed camera. Accuracy of the measure was verified using a computer simulator programmed to discharge visual stimuli and obtain the response time. Pearson correlation, Student t test for dependent samples, and the Bland-Altman analysis were performed. Accuracy was verified using the intraclass correlation coefficient. Effect size (g) and the typical error of measurement (TEM) were calculated. The significance level was set at P<.05. Results No significant difference (P=.56) was found between both systems. The methods presented a very strong correlation (r=0.993). The magnitude of differences was trivial (g<0.25), and TEM was 1.4%. These findings indicate a high accuracy between the computer screen and the mobile app measures to determine the beginning of the task and the response time. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the TReaction app is a valid tool to evaluate the response time in combat sports athletes.
42
Greene, Jennifer, Jennifer Greene, Eduardo Molina, Carrie Champ Morera, Cecil Reynolds, and Robert McCaffrey. "A-302 Identi-Fi: Development and Validation of a Visual Organization Test." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 37, no. 6 (August 17, 2022): 1456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acac060.302.
Анотація:
Abstract Objective: Visual organization measures are critical to assess accurately neuropsychological integrity. The Identi-Fi was developed to improve upon existing measures of visual organization by providing updated norms, updated visual stimuli, and reducing the need for motor responses. Method: The Identi-Fi requires examinees to recognize illustrations which have been cut up and rearranged in the stimulus book. It consists of two subtests: Visual Recognition and Visual Matching, comprising the Visual Organization Index (VOI). The Identi-Fi was standardized utilizing a nationally-representative sample of 901 participants, aged 5 to 79 years. Multiple lines of reliability and validity evidence were examined. Results: Cronbach’s alpha for the VOI was .90; the test-retest correlation was .81. The VOI had a significant negative correlation (r = -.62; p < .01) with Hooper Visual Organization Test (VOT). This was expected given the similarity in construct and that on the Hooper VOT, higher T scores indicate worse performance, while on Identi-Fi, higher T scores and standard scores indicate better performance. The Reynolds Intellectual Screening Test, Second Edition (RIST-2) Index was also significantly correlated with the Identi-Fi VOI (r = .41) demonstrating correlations with intelligence (p < .05). All clinical groups observed significant mean differences on the VOI compared to the control group (p < .01) with the largest effect sizes for the intellectual disability (d = 2.59) and dementia (d = 1.88) groups. Conclusion(s): Evidence suggests Identi-Fi provides a reliable and valid measurement of visual organization when used as described. Independent research is sought for additional evidence.
43
Korneeva, Yana, and Natalia Simonova. "Job Stress and Working Capacity among Fly-In-Fly-Out Workers in the Oil and Gas Extraction Industries in the Arctic." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (October 23, 2020): 7759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217759.
Анотація:
(1) Background: the research purpose is to identify and describe the stress and working capacity dynamics of oil and gas fly-in-fly-out (FIFO) workers in the Arctic during the fly-in period using biochemical, psychophysiological and psychological methods with further analysis of the relationship between them using objective, subjective and projective indicators. (2) Methods: The research involved 70 oil and gas FIFO specialists in the Arctic. The study of stress and working capacity was carried out using biochemical (saliva analysis for cortisol), psychophysiological (complex visual–motor reaction and variational cardiointervalometry) and psychological (questionnaire “Well-being. Activity. Mood”, M. Luscher’s color test and the subjective control level methods. (3) Results: There is a similarity in the dynamic curves of oil and gas FIFO employees’ stress and working objective, subjective and projective indicators during the fly-in period. The maximum relationships number was obtained between objective cortisol indicators in saliva (stress), complex visual–motor response indicators (operator working capacity), variational cardiointervalometry (functionality level), and interpretation coefficients (working capacity, stress, vegetative balance) according to M. Luscher’s test. (4) Conclusions: The obtained results made it possible to explain the mechanisms underlying the previously developed FIFO workers’ adaptation strategies classification, in which emergency and economic adaptation strategies were identified.
44
Mancopes, Renata, and Fernanda Schultz. "Processing of metaphors in transcortical motor aphasia." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 2, no. 4 (December 2008): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-57642009dn20400019.
Анотація:
Abstract Great emphasis has been placed on the right hemisphere, due to its possible selective contribution, in the processing of metaphorical statements. Objectives: To describe the processing of metaphors in the case of a patient with transcortical motor aphasia, using specific tests for patients with encephalic injuries of the right hemisphere, and to contribute to the discussion on the inter-hemispheric relationships associated with this function. Methods: A 54 year-old man with transcortical motor aphasia was evaluated three years after a left hemisphere stroke. The tasks of comprehension of metaphors were based on the subtest Metaphor Comprehension Task of the Montreal Evaluation of Communications Scale (MEC). Two metaphor comprehension tests were applied, in 45-minute sessions with a 48 hour interval between each. Test 1 involved comprehension of the metaphors according to the options offered, and Test 2 the comprehension of metaphors measured by response time and visual field. Results: Although the right hemisphere was not affected by the stroke in this case, difficulties were observed in the processing of metaphors. Conclusions: This study suggests that the left hemisphere participates in the processing of figurative meanings. The adaptability of the brain can also re-accommodate the uninjured areas of the brain, causing the dynamic of the brain to be modified. As a result, deducing cerebral functions based on clinical data can be problematic. The value of this study is that it can contribute to clinical aspects of language rehabilitation.
45
Frolova, Liudmyla Serhiivna, Nataliia Pavlivna Chernenko, and YuriyOleksiyovych Petrenko. "FEATURES OF THE VISUAL-MOTOR REACTION OF YOUNG VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS AND ITS IMPACTON THE ACCURACY OF THE ATTACKING BLOW." CHERKASY UNIVERSITY BULLETIN: BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SERIES, no. 2 (2021): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31651/2076-5835-2018-1-2021-2-71-79.
Анотація:
Introduction.The high speed and accuracy of the visual-motor reaction are the basis for the formation of the precision of volleyball players' movements. However, the visual-motor reaction of young volleyball players and its effect on the accuracy of an attack strike has not been studied.Purpose.Establishing features of the visual-motor reaction of young volleyball players with the direction of the periphery of the vision during the visual perception of moving objects and their influence on the accuracy of the attacking blow, taking into account motor asymmetry.Methods and material. 66 femaile volleyball players (7-16 years old) were examined. Technical preparedness of 22 femaile volleyball players (14-16 years old) were researched. A computer-based visual-response program and an impact test were used.Results.The dependence of the motor action on the accuracy of the reaction to the object moving is shown.At binocular perception,7-9-year-old volleyball players are dominated by the processes of excitation both in the general hit and in the reaction to the irritants presented fromthe left and fromthe rightsides. Volleyball players 13-16 years demonstrated the balance of nerve processes.Inhibition processes prevailed for athletes 10–12 years old. Proximity to balance of nervous processes was observed for 13–16 year olds when perceived with the left eye. The results of the study showed the correlation of the accuracy of the reaction with the accuracy of the attacking blow in the binocular and monocular perception of moving objects.Originality.Data on sensorimotor reactions in volleyball have been expanded. Taking into account the versatile perception of moving objects.Conclusions.Sensory prerequisites for the formation of the accuracy of an attack hit of young volleyball players are considered. The accuracy of the attacking blow by the right (dominant) hand depends on the accuracy of the reaction to the object moving from above-below with binocular perception. The connection of the accuracy of the reaction to a moving object from above with the accuracy of the attacking blow to the left area of the volleyball court increases significantly with the perception of the left eye. The accuracy of the reaction to the moving object from the right-left is less significant for the accuracy of the attacking blow by the right (the dominant) hand compared with the reaction to the object moving from above-below.Keywords.reaction to a moving object, periphery ofvisual perception, motor accuracy, motor asymmetry, excitation and inhibition of the nervous system.
46
O'Connor, S., T. Dean, R. J. Elbin, and P. Schatz. "Exposure to Serial Post-Concussion Neurocognitive Testing Does not Affect Future “Updated” Baseline Neurocognitive Performance in Adolescent Athletes." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 5 (July 2019): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz026.27.
Анотація:
Abstract Purpose We investigated a dose response for serial post-concussion neurocognitive testing exposure on updated post-concussion baseline testing performance. Methods Athletes (13-18 yrs) that completed two, valid baseline neurocognitive testing (ImPACT) sessions approximately 1-3 years apart participated in this study. A sub-sample of athletes that sustained a SRC between baseline sessions were categorized into dose-response groups based on the number of serial, post-concussion neurocognitive tests completed following SRC: ONE (n=76), TWO (n=99), and THREE OR MORE (n=111). Athletes that did not sustain a SRC comprised the ZERO group (n=289). Change scores between the first to the second baseline were calculated for the ImPACT Composite and Symptom Scores and compared between the dose-response groups and controls with 5 ANOVAs, with a Bonferroni-corrected p-value of (p<.01). Baseline testing was administered using ImPACT stimuli within the “Baseline” administration, and all post-concussion ImPACT testing was administered using alternate-form associated with that specific post-injury assessment (Post-Injury1, Post-Injury2, etc). Results ANOVAs revealed no effect of number of post-concussion assessments (0, 1, 2, or 3+) on magnitude of the change between first and final baselines, for Verbal Memory (p=.08), Visual Memory (p=.96), Visual Motor Speed (p=.47), Reaction Time (p=.91), or Total Symptom Scores (p=.86). Conclusion Repeated exposure to neurocognitive testing has revealed improvements in Visual Motor Speed among normal controls, across test-retest intervals of 1-month, 1-year, and 2-years. However, in this study, exposure to post-concussion, serial neurocognitive testing had no effect on future performance on post-concussion baseline neurocognitive testing.
47
Deplancke, A., L. Madelain, A. Chauvin, P. Cardoso-Leite, A. Gorea, and Y. Coello. "Influence of Near Threshold Visual Distractors on Perceptual Detection and Reaching Movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 104, no. 4 (October 2010): 2249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01123.2009.
Анотація:
Providing evidence against a dissociation between conscious vision for perception and unconscious vision for action, recent studies have suggested that perceptual and motor decisions are based on a unique signal but distinct decisional thresholds. The aim of the present study was to provide a direct test of this assumption in a perceptual-motor dual task involving arm movements. In 300 trials, 10 participants performed speeded pointing movements toward a highly visible target located at 10° from the fixation point and ±45° from the body midline. The target was preceded by one or two close to threshold distractor(s) (80 ms stimulus onset asynchrony) presented ±30° according to the target location. After each pointing movement, participants judged whether the distractor was present or not on either side of the target. Results showed a robust reaction time facilitation effect and a deviation toward the distractor when the distractor was both present and consciously perceived (Hit). A small reaction time facilitation was also observed when two distractors were physically present but undetected (double-miss)—this facilitation being highly correlated with the physical contrast of the distractors. These results are compatible with the theory proposing that perceptual and motor decisions are based on a common signal but emerge from a contrast dependent fixed threshold for motor responses and a variable context dependent criterion for perceptual responses. This paper thus extends to arm movement control previous findings related to oculomotor control.
48
Zhou, Weiwei, Justin Fitzgerald, Katrina Colucci-Chang, Karthik G. Murthy, and Wilsaan M. Joiner. "The temporal stability of visuomotor adaptation generalization." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 2435–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00822.2016.
Анотація:
Movement adaptation in response to systematic motor perturbations exhibits distinct spatial and temporal properties. These characteristics are typically studied in isolation, leaving the interaction largely unknown. Here we examined how the temporal decay of visuomotor adaptation influences the spatial generalization of the motor recalibration. First, we quantified the extent to which adaptation decayed over time. Subjects reached to a peripheral target, and a rotation was applied to the visual feedback of the unseen motion. The retention of this adaptation over different delays (0–120 s) 1) decreased by 29.0 ± 6.8% at the longest delay and 2) was represented by a simple exponential, with a time constant of 22.5 ± 5.6 s. On the basis of this relationship we simulated how the spatial generalization of adaptation would change with delay. To test this directly, we trained additional subjects with the same perturbation and assessed transfer to 19 different locations (spaced 15° apart, symmetric around the trained location) and examined three delays (~4, 12, and 25 s). Consistent with the simulation, we found that generalization around the trained direction (±15°) significantly decreased with delay and distance, while locations >60° displayed near-constant spatiotemporal transfer. Intermediate distances (30° and 45°) showed a difference in transfer across space, but this amount was approximately constant across time. Interestingly, the decay at the trained direction was faster than that based purely on time, suggesting that the spatial transfer of adaptation is modified by concurrent passive (time dependent) and active (movement dependent) processes. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Short-term motor adaptation exhibits distinct spatial and temporal characteristics. Here we investigated the interaction of these features, utilizing a simple motor adaptation paradigm (recalibration of reaching arm movements in response to rotated visual feedback). We examined the changes in the spatial generalization of motor adaptation for different temporal manipulations and report that the spatiotemporal generalization of motor adaptation is generally local and is influenced by both passive (time dependent) and active (movement dependent) learning processes.
49
Poliszczuk, Tatiana, Dmytro Poliszczuk, Agnieszka Da̧browska-Perzyna, and Monika Johne. "Asymmetry of Complex Reaction Time in Female Épée Fencers of Different Sports Classes." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2013-0003.
Анотація:
AbstractIntroduction. The issue of asymmetry is becoming more and more widespread, causing considerable difficulties for sportspersons. The aim of this study was to assess dynamic asymmetry of complex reaction time in female épée fencers from different sports classes. Material and methods. Study participants comprised 45 female fencers divided into 3 groups. The RT-S5 test of the Vienna Test System was used to record reaction time and motor time in response to visual and audiovisual stimuli. Conclusions. The study found differences in complex reaction time between fencers of different sports classes. Champion-class fencers showed a very high dynamic asymmetry. Considerable differences in complex reaction time were found depending on the type of stimulus involved.
50
Liefooghe, Baptist, Ariane Jim, and Jan De Houwer. "Automatic effects of covert practice." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 74, no. 10 (April 5, 2021): 1697–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17470218211007138.
Анотація:
Automatic behaviour is supposedly underlain by the unintentional retrieval of processing episodes, which are stored during the repeated overt practice of a task or activity. In the present study, we investigated whether covertly practicing a task (e.g., repeatedly imagining responding to a stimulus) also leads to the storage of processing episodes and thus to automatic behaviour. Participants first either responded overtly or covertly to stimuli according to a first categorization task in a practice phase. We then measured the presence of automatic response-congruency effects in a subsequent test phase that involved a different categorization task but the same stimuli and responses. Our results indicate that covert practice can lead to a response-congruency effect. We conclude that covert practice can lead to automatic behaviour and discuss the different components of covert practice, such as motor imagery, visual imagery, and inner speech, that contribute to the formation of processing episodes in memory.