Дисертації: "Virtualization of economic relations"

1

Горовий, Дмитро Анатолійович. "Формування та розвиток віртуального капіталу промислового підприємства". Thesis, Приазовський державний технічний університет, 2014. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/38233.

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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня доктора економічних наук за спеціальністю 08.00.04 – економіка та управління підприємствами (за видами економічної діяльності). – ДВНЗ "Приазовський державний технічний університет", Маріуполь, 2014. Дисертацію присвячено комплексу питань, пов’язаних з проблемами формування та подальшого розвитку віртуального капіталу на промисловому підприємстві у сучасних умовах. Для цього уточнено зміст категорії "віртуальний капітал підприємства" та супутніх категорій і понять і їх роль в забезпеченні ефективної діяльності підприємства. Уточнено необхідність запобігання як недооцінки, так і переоцінки вартості нематеріальних здобутків в системі їх обліку. Визначено основні риси інформації, як найбільш недооціненого складника віртуального капіталу; запропоновано методику оцінки вартості інформації на підприємстві на основі зменшення ентропії в його діяльності. Визначено основні складники бренду підприємства; запропоновано заходи з ребрендінгу (ренеймінгу) промислових підприємств та заходи з популяризації його бренду. Проведено класифікацію методів оцінки бренду та запропоновано рейтингову методику оцінки бренду залежно від факторів, що визначають цінність торгової марки. Визначено прояви синергетичного та анергетичного ефектів вартості від поєднання віртуальних капіталів. Визначено фактори та розроблено методику оцінки привабливості підприємств до злиття-поглинання з точки зору синергетичного ефекту їх віртуального капіталу. Розроблено методичні рекомендації з визначення оптимального обсягу віртуального капіталу підприємства на основі багатокритеріальної оптимізації показників рентабельності віртуального капіталу, його вартості і схильності до синергетичного ефекту та ліквідності підприємства.
Thesis for scientific doctor's degree of economic sciences by specialty 08.00.04 – Economics and Management of the Enterprises (for economic activity types). – Pryazovskyi State Technical University, Mariupol, 2014. The dissertation is devoted to a complex of issues associated with the problems of the industrial enterprise virtual capital formation and further development in the modern world. For this purpose the contents of a category "the virtual capital of the company" and related categories and concepts, and their role in the efficient operation of the enterprise are specified. It is refined the need to prevent undervaluation and revaluation of intangible achievements in system of their accounting. The basic features of information are identified as the most invaluable part of the virtual capital, a method of information valuation at the enterprise is proposed basing on its activity entropy reduction. The main components of the corporate brand are marked, the activities on rebranding (renaming) of industrial enterprises and activities to promote its brand are determined. A classification of brand assessing methods is produced, and a method of brand estimating on the basis of ranking is proposed, depending on the factors that determine the value of the brand. There are defined the anergetic and synergistic effects influencing the cost of the virtual capital combination. The factors are defined, and a method of assessing the companies attractiveness to mergers and acquisitions due to the synergistic effect of their virtual capital is developed. The methodical recommendations are worked out for the enterprise virtual capital optimum amount determination on the basis of multicriteria optimization the profitability of virtual capital, its value and propensity to synergistic effects , and the company's liquidity.

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2

Vemuri, Avinash. "Dissecting Sino-African Economic Relations." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2108.

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In the last 15 years, China has greatly expanded their economic integration with Africa through a multi-dimensional approach. This paper utilizes a fixed effects approach to formally assess the impact of Chinese trade, foreign direct investment, loans, construction and engineering contracts, and labor in Africa on economic growth and human development in 50 African countries. This paper combines data from the World Bank World Development Indicators (WDI), China-Africa Research Initiative (CARI) at John’s Hopkins University, and the UN Human Development Report (HDI) covering the years 2003 to 2017. This study finds that during this period, contracts and foreign direct investment stock positively impact GDP per capita and Human Development Index, and bilateral trade positively impacts Human Development Index.

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3

Saady, Abaas M. "Economic incentives in the system of environmental-economic relations." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/26729.

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Environmental protection in Iraq suffers from a lack of means allocated by the government. In these conditions improving of economic mechanism of the environmental protection plays a crucial role. The main objective of the economic mechanism is to rich the goals of state environmental policy by economic measures. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/26729

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4

Poh, Ping Lee. "Southeast Asian Economic Relations with Japan." MIT-Japan Program, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9657.

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5

King, Kurt Wesley. "Sino-U.S. economic relations : problems and perspectives." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/26770.

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U.S.-China economic relations are currently strained as a direct result of the Chinese crackdown of demonstrators in Tiananmen square on June 4, 1989. However, the brutal suppression of the demonstrators is only one aspect of the overall Sino-U.S. economic relationship. This thesis examines the economic relationship beginning in 1978, when China embarked on its modernization effort. Though China has made many improvements in these efforts their modernization effort does not necessarily coincide with United States' desires. Instead, China is concerned with maintaining its socialist character for the foreseeable future. This thesis examines divergent Sino-U.S. economic relations, and offers some various recommendations for American policy-makers depending on the course that China's leadership decides to take. Financial aid, Four modernizations, Most favored nation, New reforms, Reform, Socialism, Technology transfers, Trade relations, U.S. Policy

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6

Teo, Ernie G. S. Economics Australian School of Business UNSW. "Strategic economic integration." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Economics, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/31492.

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The French and Dutch refusal to ratify the European Constitution in 2005 and the collapse of many East German businesses post-reunification; are just some examples of the hurdles integrating nations face. Integration of nations affects many economic factors such as public good allocation, trade, production, labour, consumption and even macro-economic policy instruments. Therefore, it is important to understand what motivates integration. Few scholars have broached the subject of the integration of nations (see Goyal and Staal (2004)), where size asymmetry and historical dependence are considered. Starting with Alesina and Spolaore (2003)'s Size of Nations symmetric framework, we attempt to do this with a two nation (asymmetric in size) location model. The key findings are that size differentials and the constitutional design (the identity of the decision maker) matters. In this thesis, we consider the social planner (government) and voters. The social planner maximizes social welfare for his own nation. Voting outcomes become non-trivial as it depends on the number of alternatives and the voting system. We categorize integration into two main forms. Full Integration is when the two nations fully integrate to form a new one, only one capital remains. Federated Integration is where the nations integrate but retain some form of sovereignty; this is represented by the retention of both capitals. Size difference matters when two nations chose to integrate. As the size difference between the two nations increase it becomes harder for integration to occur; nations would integrate if there is no size difference. The identity of the decision maker will affect the threshold on size.

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7

Hamalai, Ladi. "Government-business relations and economic liberalisation in Nigeria." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332789.

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8

Büge, Max. "Three essays on institutions and international economic relations." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012IEPP0024.

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L'objectif de cette thèse est d'évaluer empiriquement l'impact de différents cadres institutionnels sur le commerce transfrontalier et l'investissement direct. La thèse se compose de trois essais. Dans le premier essai, j’analyse les répercussions de l'incertitude institutionnelle sur le commerce international. Les résultats impliquent que l'incertitude institutionnelle a un impact négatif, qui est significatif et robuste, sur les volumes d'échanges commeciales. Le deuxième et le troisième chapitre de la thèse portent sur des types particuliers de contrats entre des nations souveraines qui régissent leurs relations économiques: les accords commerciaux préférentiels et des traités bilatéraux d'investissement. L'objectif du deuxième essai est de tester l'hypothèse selon laquelle un accord commercial préférentiel accroît l'investissement bilatéral de ses membres. Econométriqument, je trouve un effet fort et robuste qui confirme cette hypothèse (pour les pays développés et les pays en voie de développement). Basé sur les résultats du deuxième chapitre, je teste dans un troisième essai si un traité bilatéral d'investissement entre un pays en voie de développement et un pays développé influence les flux commerciaux des partenaires, mais un effet empirique des traités bilatéraux d'investissement sur le commerce s’éffond quand l’exogénéité stricte est prise en compte
The objective of this PhD thesis is to to empirically assess the impact of different institutional frameworks on cross-border trade and direct investment. The thesis consists of three substantive essays. In the first essay, I analyze the repercussions of institutional uncertainty on international trade. The results imply that institutional uncertainty has a significant and robust negative impact on trade volumes. The second and the third chapters of the thesis focus on particular types of contracts among sovereign nations that govern their economic relations: preferential trade agreements and bilateral investment treaties. The objective of the second essay is to test the hypothesis that a preferential trade agreements increases the bilateral investment of its members and I find a strong and robust effect (for developed and developing countries alike). Based on the results of the second chapter, I test in a third essay whether a bilateral investment treaty between a developing and a developed country influences the partners’ trade flows, but the empirical effect of bilateral investment treaties on trade collapses once strict exogeneity is accounted for

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9

Liashenko, A. V. "Diplomatic relations between Ukraine and Germany: economic aspect." Master's thesis, Sumy State University, 2021. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/86554.

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The master’s thesis focuses on diplomatic relationships between Ukraine and Germany the context of national development priorities. The main factors which affect on the influencing on international business. The main aim of this research is to recommendations to improve the relationships and bussines between Ukraine and Germany.
Магістерська робота присвячена дипломатичним відносинам між Україною та Німеччиною в контексті пріоритетів для національного економічного розвитку. Основною метою даного дослідження є рекомендації щодо покращення відносин та бізнесу між Україною та Німеччиною.

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10

Школа, Вікторія Юріївна, Виктория Юрьевна Школа, Viktoriia Yuriivna Shkola, and М. Д. Вавілічев. "Competitiveness of Ukraine in modern international economic relations." Thesis, Сумський державний педагогічний університет, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/82658.

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Україна займає значне місце у світовій економіці з точки зору свого ресурсного потенціалу та людських ресурсів, які досі не досягнуті в повному обсязі. Визначальним показником ефективності економічної політики держави є її місце у світових рейтингах. Загалом існує близько десяти міжнародних показників. Найпоширенішими є Індекс глобальної конкурентоспроможності, KOF Індекс глобалізації та Індекс легкості ведення бізнесу, Індекс економічної свободи, Індекс сприйняття корупції, Індекс людського розвитку, HDI, Індекс свободи преси. Відповідно до сучасних умов макроекономічної ситуації необхідно постійно контролювати місце України у міжнародних рейтингах та проводити комплексну оцінку. Оскільки відповідні місця України в рейтингу світових організацій є ключовими показниками розвитку її економіки.
Украина занимает значительное место в мировой экономике по ресурсному потенциалу и человеческим ресурсам, которые до сих пор полностью не реализованы. Определяющим показателем эффективности экономической политики государства является его место в мировых рейтингах. Всего существует около десяти международных индексов. Наиболее распространенными являются Индекс глобальной конкурентоспособности, KOF Индекс глобализации и Индекс легкости ведения бизнеса, Индекс экономической свободы, Индекс восприятия коррупции, Индекс человеческого развития, Индекс свободы прессы. В соответствии с текущими условиями макроэкономической ситуации необходимо постоянно отслеживать место Украины в международных рейтингах и давать комплексную оценку. Ведь соответствующие места Украины в рейтинге мировых организаций являются ключевыми показателями развития ее экономики.
Ukraine takes a significant place in the world economy in terms of its resource potential and human resources, which are still not fully achieved. The determining indicator of the effectiveness of the economic policy of the state is its place in global rankings. In total, there are about ten international indexes. The most common are the Global Competitiveness Index, the KOF Index of Globalization, and the Ease of doing business Index, Index of Economic Freedom, Corruption Perceptions Index, CPI, Human Development Index, HDI, Press Freedom Index, PFI. In accordance with the current conditions of the macroeconomic situation, it is necessary to constantly monitor Ukraine's place in international rankings and to make a comprehensive assessment. As the relevant Ukraine's places in the rating of world organizations are key indicators of its economy development.

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11

Mills, Jason. "Sino-American economic relationship after the global economic slowdown." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/33994.

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The continued funding of America's persistent trade and fiscal deficits has sparked debate among international economists. One controversial explanation argues that East Asia is pursuing "Bretton Woods II" and funding American deficits as part of a greater development policy. This paper examines the Chinese policy response to the global economic crisis and finds that China's policy actions provide evidence for "Bretton Woods II." Furthermore, the Sino-American relationship is now characterized by codependence which has implications for the policy decisions of each country.

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12

Khouangvichit, Damdouane. "Socio-Economic Transformation and Gender Relations in Lao PDR." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-33937.

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The aim of this study is to examine socio-economic transformation and gender relations in Lao PDR after the adoption of economic liberalization by the Lao government in the late 1980s. Against a background of general socio-economic transformation in Laos the main focus of the study is on the local level, with emphasis on how people in their everyday lives have engaged with and handled the changes. The application of economic liberalization shaped new conditions for people in local communities, and various livelihoods strategies were adopted under the new circumstances. The study examines gender relations, livelihoods and actors of change in two different contexts of globalization. The first context is the case of foreign direct investment in the Sepone mine, the largest gold-copper mine in the country located in Vilabury district, Savannakhet province. Five villages located close to the mine and directly affected by the operation were chosen as research site. The second case is the context of international tourism development in the small town of Vang Vieng, situated halfway between Vientiane Capital and the world heritage town of Luangprabang. The purpose with the two case studies is to examine how changes take place in different places of the same country under the same political direction and development policy. The study is inspired by theories of space and place and the view that phenomena are place-based and different places are constituted by different socio-spatial relations. The findings show that profound changes took place both in the economic and social-cultural spheres, including in gender relations. The two contexts experienced different processes of changes: in the context of Vilabury district, the transformation was produced through top-down development and created a dependency pattern where new social inequalities and social stratification emerged through unequal access to the new resources of the villagers. In the context of Vang Vieng and the expansion of international tourism, the development process proceeded more through a bottom-up pattern; the villagers perceived they were important actors of development, had more equal access to resources and could define livelihood strategies by themselves.

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13

Talibova, Dinara Malik. "Economic relations of the United Kingdom inside the EU." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-15338.

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From 1971 UK has committed herself to the new brand name of Europeanism. Since that time Britain is continuously forced to adjust itself to the EEC regulations. The questions brought up in this thesis are about an outcome from the EU membership as well as reflection on Britain's regional policies. The work is streamed towards better understanding of main roles and activities that Britain was, is and will consign to the European Union. Moreover, there are several issues which bringing up a point of having some disadvantages from EU member. But with a time people could be concerned of more benefits that EU membership brought as an effective economic strategy is proved.

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14

Goryashenko, Maya. "Economic and trade relations between Azebaijan and the EU." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-71821.

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The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the level of economic and trade cooperation between the EU and Azerbaijan starting from the beginning of its formation. I have used SWOT analysis tool to show different aspects which influence current level and further possibilities for cooperation. The study finds that, the EU is presently a major investor and trade partner of Azerbaijan. Up to latest time, the main factor of cooperation was the country's energy resources. However, later Azerbaijan has enlarged its participation by enrollment in the EU Eastern Partnership agreement and European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) and is currently closely working with the EU in a number of areas. Azerbaijan is seeking for the membership in the WTO which can potentially facilitate trade flows between the two parties and bring the country closer to the European market.

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15

Beynon, Robert Arthur. "Decline and growth : Canadian-Japanese economic relations, 1978-1988." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29185.

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This thesis examines the development of Japanese economic interest in Canada between 1978 and 1988, with a special emphasis on multinational decision making. The paper takes an eclectic approach to the issue because the trends within different industrial sectors varied widely, from strong growth in forestry investment and trade to slow expansions of technological ties. As a result of the increasing importance of the United States and the European Economic Community in the eyes of Japanese managers, coupled with the decline of the energy crisis in mid decade, resource suppliers like Canada declined in relative importance to Japan during this period, although Japanese investment and trade here expanded steadily in real terms.
Arts, Faculty of
History, Department of
Graduate

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16

Гладченко, Оксана Робертівна, Оксана Робертовна Гладченко, Oksana Robertivna Hladchenko, and I. S. Marekha. "Air quality management within the international economic relations framework." Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/17155.

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17

Грищенко, Олена Федорівна, Елена Федоровна Грищенко, Olena Fedorivna Hryshchenko, Вадим Федорович Грищенко, Вадим Федорович Грищенко, Vadym Fedorovych Hryshchenko, and I. Andrusenko. "Ecological factor in regulation of Ukrainian international economic relations." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2006. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8451.

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18

Ільяшенко, Анастасія, and Anastasiia Ilyashenko. "Global challenges in the system of international economic relations." Thesis, Національний авіаційний університет, 2020. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/43560.

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Abstracts are devoted to the study of global challenges of the 21st century. Now, the question arises of international cooperation and interaction in times of crisis that affect the economic capacity of individual countries, regions and the whole world. It would seem that under the influence of globalization processes all the countries of the world should establish channels of cooperation and become competitive. But since 2020, there has been an increasing need for new solutions to global problems and for new approaches to deal with critical situations.

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19

Yao, Ning. "BRICS cooperation mechanism and its impacts on global economic governance." Thesis, University of Macau, 2015. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3335238.

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20

Wick, Shelley D. "Constructing Threat: How Americans Identify Economic Competitors." FIU Digital Commons, 2013. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/860.

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China’s emergence as an economic powerhouse has often been portrayed as threatening to America’s economic strength and to its very identity as “the global hegemon.” The media’s alarmist response to an economic competitor is familiar to those who remember US-Japanese relations in the 1980s. In order to better understand the basis of American threat perception, this study explores the independent and interactive impact of three variables (perceptions of the Other’s capabilities, perceptions of the Other as a threat versus as an opportunity, and perceptions of the Other’s political culture) on attitudes toward two different economic competitors (Japan 1977-1995 and China 1985-2011). Utilizing four methods (historical process tracing, public polling data analysis, social scientific experimentation, and content analysis), this study demonstrates that increases in the Other’s economic capabilities have a much smaller impact on attitudes than is commonly believed. It further shows that while perceptions of threat/opportunity played a significant role in shaping attitudinal response toward Japan, perceptions of political culture are the most important factor driving attitudes toward China today. This study contributes to a better understanding of how states react to threats and construct negative images of their economic rivals. It also helps to explain the current Sino-American relationship and enables better predictions as to its potential future course. Finally, these findings contribute to cultural explanations of the democratic peace phenomenon and provide a boundary condition (political culture) for the liberal proposition that opportunity ameliorates conflict in the economic realm.

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21

Gabriel, Vasco Joaquin da Cruz Ricardo de Assuncas. "Long run relations and structural change." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268808.

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22

Kunovich, Sheri Locklear. "Intergenerational exchanges and economic security evidence from the United States /." Connect to this title online, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1069634506.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 193 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 178-193). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

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23

Shevchenko, Maryna Mykolaivna, and Marek Ostaszewski. "Perspectives of economic cooperation between Poland and Ukraine." Thesis, Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", 2015. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/47487.

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24

Angliss, John. "Turkish-british Economic Relations 2002-2012: An Intensely Political Relationship." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615531/index.pdf.

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Over the last ten years Britain and Turkey have sustained an unusually harmonious economic relationship. However, this has not been the outcome of undirected free markets and the effective exploitation of comparative advantage. Instead, it has come about as the result of a series of political compromises. This analysis looks at how the relationship has evolved on a variety of political levels: through international organisations, state-to-state diplomacy, the direct state sponsorship of British business in Turkey and the varied political relations of British multinationals inside Turkey. At each level, activist British governments have used political methods to promote British business, even sometimes at the expense of their reputation or other strategic interests. Complementing this is a structural power imbalance between the two countries, which has helped open up Turkey&rsquo
s markets to British capital.

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25

Edigheji, Oghenemano Emmanuel. "The State, State-Society Relations and Developing Countries’ Economic Performance." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of sociology and political science, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-1779.

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Developing countries have undergone different development trajectories beginning in the 1970s -- a period that coincided with the current form of globalisation. Most of these countries have experienced low economic growth, poverty, high unemployment, diseases and inequalities. Few others have witnessed an unprecedented high rate of economic growth combined with qualitative improvements in the living standards of their people.

The initial and pervasive discourse about these diverse developmental outcomes was cast in terms of the former set of countries having gotten the “economic fundamentals” wrong while the latter set of countries got the “basic economic fundamentals” right. A key thrust of this conceptual framework was that the market is the most efficient allocator of resources and that integration into the global economy depends on the ability of countries to get the fundamental rights. Once again, there seems to be a resurgence of the Smithian invisible hand, where markets were seen as the best protector of the public good. Within this framework, the state becomes almost irrelevant to the process of national economic reforms and integration into the global economy – indeed unimportant to successful economic transformation and public welfare.

By the 1980s however, a school of revisionist institutionalists had emerged to reassert the centrality of the state to economic transformation. Broadly, this school argued that the ability of countries to take advantage of the opportunities flowing from economic globalisation depends on the state’s capacity. Consequently, a number of state capacity theories were advanced to explain variations in national economic outcomes among developing countries. Despite these various attempts, we lack a comprehensive state-capacity theory. Furthermore, most of these explanations relied on a hodgepodge of case studies, and few were comparative in nature. Although, these sorts of case studies are valuable for their mastery of details, most failed to operationalise how differences in state institutions lead to variations in national economic outcomes. The only existing study that has attempted to develop comparative indicators is limited to “Weberianness”, and by so doing excludes an important aspect of state autonomy. Worse, none of the studies provided measurable indicators for state-society relations as important domestic institutions. The discussion in this study is anchored in measurable indicators of state autonomy and (statesociety) synergy across developing countries. Furthermore, the study focuses on equitable growth rather than a narrower concern with growth that has been the major preoccupation of most studies.

This study develops a number of operational indicators for state institutions and state-society relations for the purposes of comparing developmental outcomes across countries. It develops and compares the institutional characteristics of twelve developing countries. On this basis, two main hypotheses were tested in this study, namely (a) that successful economic performance (that is high economic growth combined with low inequality) is highly associated with autonomous state institutions that are synergistically tied to its socio-economic partners, and (b) that a country’s institutional attributes determine its capacity to effectively engage with the globalisation process.

Through the pursuit and application of comparative indicators, the dissertation concludes that, indeed, countries with highly synergistic autonomous (Auto-Synergy) institutions have achieved egalitarianism and high economic growth. But contrary to a priori expectations, it also concludes that in rare circumstances, such as in countries with rich natural resource endowments and initial income and wealth distributions that altered the ownership pattern and production relations, countries with low or no levels of Auto-Synergy can still achieve equitable growth.

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26

Pommen, Wayne Longmire. "NAFTA's institutions and the management of North American economic relations." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612737.

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27

Albursan, Ahmed Salim. "The superpowers and the Maghreb : political, economic and strategic relations." Thesis, Durham University, 1992. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6121/.

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The study focuses on superpower relations with the Maghreb from independence until 1985. It contains eight chapters and conclusion together with a bibliography. The introduction defines the scope and objectives of the study, as well as discussing the methodology and techniques employed in the research. Chapter two gives a historical background to European relations with the Maghreb states and explains how the Maghreb became part of European political, economic and strategic objectives in the European multipolar system. Chapter three presents a theoretical basis for superpower relations with the Third World. Chapter four examines the historical relations between the Maghreb and the superpowers until the independence, and the role of the superpowers in Maghreb independence. Chapter five deals with political relations between the Maghreb and the superpowers and chapter six examines the economic relations between the superpowers and the Maghreb states. Chapter seven deals with superpower strategic relations with the Maghreb focusing on Mediterranean security, arms transfers, military bases and intelligence cooperation. Chapter eight examines superpower behaviour toward regional conflict and stability in the Maghreb. The final chapter contains a summary and conclusion and future prospects for superpowers relations with the Maghreb and the role of the EC in future relations.

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28

Muniz, Blanca P. "EEC strategies towards Latin America : hegemony and international economic relations." Thesis, University of Essex, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328998.

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29

Bloed, Arie. "The external relations of the Council for mutual economic assistance /." Dordrecht : Utrecht : M. Nijhoff ; Europa instituut, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37667353q.

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30

Fölster, Christian Alexander Marks Gary. "The new rise of economic nationalism in transatlantic trade relations." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,2783.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Mar. 10, 2010). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Political Science, Concentration TransAtlantic Studies." Discipline: Political Science; Department/School: Political Science.

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31

Hadzi-Jovancic, Perica. "Economic relations between the Third Reich and Yugoslavia, 1933-1941." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/271132.

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This thesis focuses on economic relations between the Third Reich and Yugoslavia before the German attack in April 1941. It questions the conventional wisdom, according to which economic relations served mainly as a tool of German foreign policy towards Yugoslavia. Instead, it aims to place mutual economic relations within both the broader context of the German economic and financial plans and policies in the 1930s, and within the already existing economic and trading ties between the two countries, as they had been developing since the 1920s. Before 1936, economic relations between Yugoslavia and Germany are observed from the context of the polycratic character of the Third Reich’s executive, which enabled various economic policies, pursued by different levels of authority such as the Foreign Ministry, Economic Ministry, Food and Agriculture Ministry, the Reichsbank, etc. to exist alongside each other. After 1936, Yugoslav-German economic relations increasingly functioned within the framework of the German Four-Year-Plan. Yugoslavia’s mineral riches were of importance for German rearmament and, particularly after the Anschluss and the creation of the Bohemian Protectorate, Yugoslavia found itself increasingly dependent on trade with Germany. At the same time, the German market and exports were necessary for the process of Yugoslavia’s industrialisation, which had gathered momentum since the mid-1930s. This was however in many aspects inconsistent with the German long-term imperialist ambitions in South-Eastern Europe. This dissertation concludes that German economic policy towards Yugoslavia failed. Also, that contrary to the traditional view in historiography and despite its economic dependency on Germany, Yugoslavia maintained its political agency. It was international political developments beyond Yugoslavia’s control which eventually decreased Belgrade’s political maneuverability and forced the government in Belgrade to become more receptive towards German demands, particularly after the fall of France in June 1940.

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32

Gjochi, Marigona. "Economic Relations Between China and the United States of America." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-198691.

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The master thesis emphasizes the economic relations between China and the United States. It gives an overview and theoretical background support on the significance of contemporary the economic relations between countries in today`s globalized era. Secondly, it analyzes how the theoretical background of economic and trade relations affect the empirical case study of the economic relations between China and the USA. The goal is to show how the economic and trade relations between China and the United States influence each other`s economies and what is the effect of such relations on the economic performance of both countries. More precisely, in order to answer the question above, the master thesis deals with complex analysis in regard of historical perspective concerning the economic relations between these countries, their ongoing cooperation in terms of balance of payments, the current and potential issues what both countries face and the existing challenges for the future. In order to complete the analysis and answer the research question, list of various sources will be used, starting from academic journals, books, literature reviews, reports from the World Trade Organization (hereafter WTO), reports from the respective countries on their economic progress, data available from the ministries of trade of respective countries and other sources related to the analysis of the contemporary economic and trade relations between the countries participating in the global economy.

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33

Venteicher, Jerome Felix Drury A. Cooper. "What economic sanctions signal cheap talk, or putting your money where your mouth is? /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6164.

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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb. 15, 2010 ). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Dissertation advisor: Dr. A. Cooper Drury. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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34

Finocchio, Chris James. "Latin American regional cooperative security : civil-military relations and economic interdependence." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/02sep%5FFinocchio.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2002.
Thesis advisor(s): Jeanne K. Giraldo, Harold A. Trinkunas. Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-71). Also available online.

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35

Rilea, Ryan Christopher. "Not-So Splendid Isolation: an IPE Study of Iranian Sanction Busting." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5458.

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This study analyzes the US sanction regime imposed on the Islamic Republic of Iran. This single case study assesses its weaknesses and shortcomings in order to present a preliminary conclusion of the character of Iranian policies to bust the US sanctions regime. In charting the evolution of the US sanction regime through three distinct “waves” of sanctions the study highlighted the general shortcomings of the regime. First, the US sanction regime has failed to impose significant costs on Iran. Second, the slow pace of unveiling each new wave of sanctions failed to bring the necessary immediate pressure on Iran. Third, the inability of the US to gain sufficient multilateral support has limited the scope of the sanctions. These failures has allowed the Iranian leadership to construct a viable counterstrategy to bust US sanctions and continue the stalemate over the conflict of an Iranian foreign policy based on supporting Hamas and Hezbollah and the continued secrecy of its nuclear program. The Iranian counterstrategy has been centered on a domestic economic policy of autonomy, the courting of states outside the US sanction regime through the use of its valuable energy resources and the procurement of sanctioned goods through regional third party states.
ID: 031001321; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Title from PDF title page (viewed March 27, 2013).; Thesis (M.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-94).
M.A.
Masters
Political Science
Sciences
Political Science; American and Comparative Politics

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36

‘Mokose, ‘Manapo. "The Belt and Road Initiative: Implications for Economic Development in Africa." Master's thesis, Faculty of Humanities, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32869.

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This study examines the possible impact of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) on economic development in Africa. Launched in October of 2013, the initiative was established to alleviate trade and investment bottlenecks between the more than 65 countries that are signed on to it as member states. In 2017, it became the centrepiece of China's foreign economic policy and the filter through which all of its commercial ties with external actors would be pursued, framed, or determined. It is expected that when fully operationalized, the initiative will restructure China's ties with other countries. The study analyses the possible repercussions of that restructuring, focusing on its relationship with Africa. Since consolidating their commercial relationship in the early 1990s, China has played a vital role in developing Africa's economy. With the operationalisation of the BRI, its capacity or interest to maintain that role will be modified. Depending on the changes that emerge, and given its deep economic reliance on Beijing, Africa must prepare for both positive and negative implications for its economies. The study examines these implications. It notes, among others, the upgrades Africa stands to gain to its industrial structure and business environment. It also highlights potential losses, including the hit that Africa's revenue earnings might take and the heightened competition that local industries will be exposed to because of the liberalisation that the BRI pursues. Ultimately, the study advises that what outcomes arise – be they positive or negative – will depend on how well or sufficiently the continent positions itself to moderate the negative impact of the BRI on its economies. In the concluding chapter, the study makes recommendations on how Africa might facilitate or magnify projected benefits stemming from the BRI.

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37

Wan, Chi Shun. "Economic aspects of the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1949-1964." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29867.

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The characteristics of the Sino-Soviet Alliance have been analyzed extensively for more than three decades. However, the economic aspects of this Alliance remain unclear. A number of factors, such as statistical discrepancies, complexity of interpretation, and the quality and reliability of the Chinese and Soviet sources , are accountable for this obscurity. A more narrowly focused study examining the role Sino-Soviet economic relations played in shaping the Alliance is useful to better our understanding. After a chronological, review of the Sino-Soviet economic relationship, its significance in shaping the Alliance is examined through the reappraisal of three major areas. Firstly, the relative costs and benefits for each partner are assessed in an objective and detached way. The Soviet Union made a decisive contribution to China's industrialization. Soviet financial aid , though modest in figure, was provided in a timely way. Together with the provision of scientific and technological knowledge, the value of Soviet aid must be regarded as considerable. The benefits to the Soviet Union were less impressive; but since the imported Chinese consumer goods were largely consumed in the Soviet Far East, the benefits should not be underestimated. The cost for both sides remains obscure; though it is obvious that the questions of "Soviet exploitation", concerning the joint-stock companies, the overvaluation of the rouble and the pricing in Sino-Soviet trade are highly complex and should be interpreted with greater care. Secondly, the effect of Sino-Soviet economic cooperation on the Alliance — whether it strengthened or weakened it — is explored. Undoubtedly, the economic relationship had both unifying and divisive effects. It was a unifying factor because the Soviets had provided China with support and assistance that would have been difficult to obtain elsewhere . Another factor which had tied China to the USSR was the strong Soviet influences resulting from the implementation of the Soviet model and the close cooperation in the fields of education and sciences. On the other hand, these Soviet influences proved to be a divisive factor as well, because they produced a domestic political and social situation that Mao found profoundly distasteful. Different economic interests and competition in foreign aid programs also created tensions and frictions. The independent outlook of China's leaders made them resentful of their role as a junior partner in the early 1950's, and prevented them from entering a long-term trade agreement with the USSR or joining the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance, as the Soviets had wished. Finally, the impact of Sino-Soviet economic relations upon China's policy-making is discussed, albeit speculatively. In the early 1950's, China's economic and military dependence on the USSR made its leaders exercise greater caution in their claim of "Mao's Road " as the model for other Asian countries. As China gained strength, however, Soviet influence declined. While the discontinuation of Soviet financial aid can reasonably be regarded as one of the major factors contributing to China's decision to abandon the Soviet model in 1958, the economic pressure applied by Khrushchev failed to change China's policy, and proved counterproductive.
Arts, Faculty of
History, Department of
Graduate

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38

Lee, Khang Min. "Interaction between financial and real decisions in an international economy." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq25089.pdf.

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39

Dumitrascu, Radu. "Corporate-adaptation in international public relations." Fairfax, VA : George Mason University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1920/3156.

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Thesis (M.A.)--George Mason University, 2008.
Vita: p. 72. Thesis director: Tim Gibson. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Communication. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed July 18, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-71). Also issued in print.

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40

Davis, Kenneth Thomas. "Grounded Labels from the Behavioral International Economic Development Growth Path Model on Economic Development Patterns from 2002-2012." ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1131.

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Economic models generally fail to adequately measure positive and negative growth paths in development through agrarian, industry, and service economies. The purpose of this grounded theory study was to design a new model that could accommodate both directions of growth and better measure development paths with particular attention to labors contributions. The theoretical foundation for this study was Walt Whitman Rostow's 5 economic stages of growth classifications. This Study attempted to find the most common economic growth path. While most development models use three to five classifications, this study used nine new classifications giving it a unique and specific look at international development. The two model indicators used were gross domestic product composition by sector (the economic success of the system) and labor force occupation by sector (labors activity to help define behavior of the system). The sample included data from 279 nations from the CIA World Factbook. A systematic method of analysis was used in the open, axial, and selective theoretical coding phases. The key findings reveal 9 distinct growth phases, 15 identified growth paths, and 4 distinct path clusters which helps measure and define development behavior. This analysis resulted in building upon Rostow's original observations. The implications for social change show that policy makers can benefit from using this new model, named the behavioral international economic development growth path model, to provide improved decision making measurements related to agrarian, service, and industry sectors of the economy. In addition, public administrators in developing nations may benefit from a better understanding of more specific development paths, probabilities of path movement, and comparison of policies from same classification nations.

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41

Epstein, Natan P. "Essays on international economics /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7481.

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42

Sharpe, Marie F. "Tourism in Peru the missing strategy for economic and social development." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Jun%5FSharpe_Marie.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2006.
Thesis Advisor(s): Kent Eaton. "June 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-78). Also available in print.

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43

Zhang, Shuxiu. "The dragonomic diplomacy (De)code : a study on the causal relationship between Chinese economic diplomacy preference formation and the influence of multilateral economic regimes." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/747/.

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Since the reformation of the Chinese economy, two notable trends have developed. First, the growing prominence of multilateral economic regimes (MERs) on the political agenda of Beijing has propelled deepened engagements between Chinese policy actors and institutions, and the agencies of MERs. This development is accompanied by a second trend, which is a growing dynamism in China’s economic diplomacy within the multilateral arenas. This dynamism is reflected in the evolving national preferences and approaches for multilateral economic negotiations, from outright resistance to gradual flexibility, and in some cases, acceptance. The simultaneous and parallel developments of these two trends stem a curiosity on whether a causal relationship exist between the deepened China-MER engagements and the dynamism of China’s economic diplomacy. Has Beijing’s open-door policy to global economic integration opened new windows of opportunity for the MER agencies to influence China’s economic diplomacy and its preference formation? In what way(s) and/or in which capacities can the agencies of MERs assert influence on China’s economic diplomacy preference formation? Under what conditions is this form of external influence successful? What are the long-run implications of the deepened China-MER engagements on Beijing’s economic diplomacy preference formation structure? What does the China-MER relationship tell us about China’s economic diplomacy preference formation in the 21st century? Although China’s partake in the international political economy has received much scholarly attention, few studies have attempted to decode China’s economic diplomacy preference formation, and even fewer have investigated the important nexus between the China-MER relationship and the behaviours of Chinese economic diplomacy. This thesis is a response to the knowledge deficit in these regards. By examining China’s participation in the multilateral climate change, and trade 4 negotiations, the thesis addresses the primary research question, how do multilateral economic regimes and their agencies influence China’s economic diplomacy preference formation? The study finds that the MER agencies do affect Chinese economic diplomacy preference formation. However, their influence peaks at an absorption level whereby Chinese preferences adapt to external preferences but not to the extent of reforming traditional principles and beliefs. The comparatively more effective ways of asserting influence for the MER agencies is through a costs-and-benefits calculus, information dissemination, shuttle diplomacy proximity talks, and informal negotiation practices. In general, Chinese policy actors do not refute the influence of the MER agencies; rather they absorb and adapt to it. In addition, the MER agencies assert influence at different stages of the preference formation, and over time, implicitly establish themselves as integrated policy actors in Beijing. On the whole, this thesis contributes to a deeper understanding about how, why, and when international linkages matter in China’s economic diplomacy, and to the extent of driving preference transformation. The study provides useful analytic lenses that flesh out the variety of functions the MER agencies have in shaping and informing China’s national preferences and negotiation approaches. At the same time, it offers a fuller description of how the Chinese policy actors and institutions respond to (implicit) external interventions in its policy processes. Consequently, this thesis is a significant contribution that adds value to the scholarly debates and knowledge-building about one of the most important political and economic phenomenon of our time.

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44

Peng, Dan Ni. "The EU-China trade relations in the context of economic globalization." Thesis, University of Macau, 2010. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2555591.

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45

McGinnity, Ian J. "Selling its Future Short: Armenia's Economic and Security Relations with Russia." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2010. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/58.

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It is necessary and desirable for Armenia to retain close relations with Russia in both the short and long term. However, recent concessions to Russia for good relations in the short term may have potentially harmful repercussions for Armenia in the future. These concessions have in part resulted in the Russian dominance in the economic sector, over-dependence on Russia for Armenia’s energy needs, and the perpetuation of Armenian submissiveness to Russian interests. Armenia should, therefore, maintain good relations with Russia while simultaneously securing long-term paths that focus on actual strategic partnership and not dependence. In short, Armenia should return to a foreign policy of complementarism, which was first enacted under the Republic of Armenia’s first president, Levon Ter-Petrossian. Complementarism stresses the importance of pursuing Armenia’s best interest through the adoption of balanced policies and through minimal involvement or identification within regional blocs. The leveraging of Armenia’s long-term interests for close relations with Russia is possibly best exemplified in the state of Armenia’s economy. Like many former Soviet republics, the collapse of entangled Soviet trading patterns and the legacy of its centrally-planned economy still have negative implications for Armenian industry and trade.

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46

Hjalmarsson, Simon. "Socially poorer than peers? : Economic resources and school class friendship relations." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-116957.

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That a lack of economic resources negatively affects the social relations of children is often assumed, sometimes described, but rarely tested using methods allowing generalization. When addressing this issue, previous research has largely been limited to self-reported data on social relations. This thesis uses peer reported measures of social relations in combination with survey and register data to examine the effect of economic resources on the probability of social isolation and on the number of school class friendships of Swedish adolescents. While not entirely unambiguous, the results indicate that a lack of economic resources negatively affects the social relations of children, at least in regards to the school class social relations of adolescents. The results point to the importance for adolescent’s social relations of having the economic and material possibilities to participate in the social life and in the activities undertaken by peers.

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47

Bulut, Mehmet. "Ottoman-Dutch economic relations in the early modern period 1571-1699 /." Hilversum : Verloren, 2001. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb388145263.

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48

Kahn, Justin Giles Griffith. "Economic dependence : a study in Osage-American trade relations (1803-1825) /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1422935.

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Анотація:

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004.
Appendix A includes facsimiles of Inventories from Fort Osage for 1809, 1810, 1813, 1814, 1815, and 1820 Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 93-98). Also available on the Internet.

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49

Bindman, Eleanor Frances. "Economic and social rights within EU-Russia relations : a missed opportunity?" Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2013. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4702/.

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In recent years the EU’s strategy towards promoting human rights in Russia has been the focus of considerable internal and external attention, much of it critical. Despite longstanding programmes for funding human rights projects in Russia and the launch of biannual EU-Russia human rights consultations in 2005, the subject of human rights remains contentious within EU-Russia relations. One striking aspect of the EU’s policy towards Russia is its focus on issues such as prison reform, freedom of speech and prevention of torture which can broadly be characterized as civil and political rights issues. The purpose of this thesis is to explore an area of human rights theory and practice which tends to receive far less attention, namely economic and social rights issues such as the right to housing, health, access to social security and workers’ rights. Utilising data gathered from interviews with EU and Member State officials and Russian NGOs and a discourse analysis of EU policy documents on human rights, the thesis examines how EU institutions, Member States and Russian civil society actors conceptualise the meaning and significance of economic and social rights in both a general and specifically Russian context. The study situates these understandings of economic and social rights and the State’s role in guaranteeing them in Russia in the historical context of the Soviet legacy of emphasizing such rights over civil and political rights. It also highlights enduring public expectations of what the State should provide and the policy of the various presidential administrations since 2005 of reasserting the State’s role in relation to the apparent realisation of economic and social rights through social service provision. It explores the differing approaches taken by human rights and more socially-oriented NGOs to engagement with various State structures and State-affiliated structures such as the regional human rights ombudsmen, and the privileged position Russian human rights NGOs appear to enjoy in terms of their relationship with the EU. The thesis argues that the EU’s closeness to this very specific type of civil society organisation and its apparent lack of internal and external consensus on the importance of economic and social rights issues hinders its ability to raise issues relating to these rights in its interactions with Russia. At the same time, the fact that economic and social rights continue to enjoy a relatively high degree of visibility and importance in Russia make cooperation on economic and social rights issues an area where more fruitful engagement on human rights could take place between the EU and Russia.

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50

Leitz, Christian. "The economic relations between Nazi Germany and Franco Spain, 1936-1945." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4b43eb26-a59b-4b94-ad66-1f00dafc2ba5.

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During the course of the Spanish Civil War Nazi Germany's intervention on behalf of General Francisco Franco and his fellow insurgents became increasingly dominated by economic considerations. National Socialist policies vis-Ã -vis Nationalist Spain developed into a programme of large-scale economic exploitation. Under the command of Hermann Goring two companies were founded in Spain in late July 1936 (HISMA) and in Berlin in early October 1936 (ROWAK) to take control not only of National Socialist supply operations for Franco but also of the whole economic relationship between Nazi Germany and Nationalist Spain. During the course of the civil war HISMA/ROWAK managed to alter the trading pattern between Spain and Germany away from mainly fruit imports towards a substantial increase in raw material supplies. As British companies controlled most of the pyrite and iron ore mines of Spain and were therefore directly affected by Franco's redirection of ore exports to Germany, this development was challenged by the British government. The Nazi regime was only partly successful in reducing non-German economic influence in Spain. Aware of the temporary nature of Franco's dependence on German war matÃ©riel, Hermann Goring initiated the MONTANA project in 1937 to build up a German-owned mining empire in Spain. While the purchase of Spanish mines by HISMA/ROWAK was reluctantly accepted by Franco in late 1938, the Nazi regime was left with very little time to proceed even further with its economic "colonization" of Spain. The outbreak of war in September 1939 put an effective halt to German-Spanish economic relations until the defeat of France in summer 1940 led to a reopening of rail links to Spain. Subsequent - unsuccessful - negotiations on a Spanish entry into the war were dominated by economic considerations. From 1941 onwards an increasing trade and clearing imbalance developed in favour of Spain. Germany was desperate to import certain goods from Spain, particularly wolfram ore, a vital raw material for German armaments producers. Yet, the Allied economic warfare campaign in Spain led to huge price increases and during the period 1942 to 1944 the Nazi regime found itself forced to export growing amounts of war matÃ©riel to Spain. The Allied invasion of France in 1944 finally led to the effective end of German-Spanish trade relations, although both regimes tried to maintain them until Hitler's final defeat.

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