Статті в журналах: "Virtual manikins"

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E., Eusébio, Mª Ines Conceição, Mª Manuela J. Lúcio, João M. Gomes, and Hazim Awbi. "Design Of virtual binaural manikins and auditorium acoustic system." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 265, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 5057–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2022_0730.

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In this work a numerical model is applied in the development of the design of virtual binaural manikins and auditorium acoustic system. The binaural acoustic manikins is based in human body methodology and is developed using empirical and geometrical equation numerical model also coupled with the CAD system. The auditorium geometry is based in a conic methodology and is developed using a geometric numerical model coupled with a CAD system. The binaural manikin geometry, using the Human Thermal Response and the Sound Propagation numerical models, is used in the human acoustic evaluation. The virtual binaural manikin evaluates the direct and indirect sound and calculates the reverberation time. In this preliminary study an auditorium with a group of rows and columns, occupied with 140 virtual manikins, is developed. Three virtual binaural manikins was selected to be evaluate the reverberation time. The acoustic level, in the left and right ears, that the virtual manikins are subjected are evaluated. In accordance the obtained results, the manikins acoustic level evolution, with the reverberation time in accordance with the international standards, presents slight differences between left and right ear and differences between the different binaural manikins.

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Ruzic, Dragan, and Sinisa Bikic. "An approach to the modeling of a virtual thermal manikin." Thermal Science 18, no. 4 (2014): 1413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci130115115r.

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The aim of the research described in this paper, is to make a virtual thermal manikin that would be simple, but also robust and reliable. The virtual thermal manikin was made in order to investigate thermal conditions inside vehicle cabins. The main parameters of the presented numerical model that were investigated in this paper are mesh characteristics and turbulence models. Heat fluxes on the manikin's body segments obtained from the simulations were compared with published results, from three different experiments done on physical thermal manikins. The presented virtual thermal manikin, meshed with surface elements of 0.035 m in nominal size (around 13,600 surface elements) and in conjunction with the two-layer RANS Realizable k-? turbulence model, had generally good agreement with experimental data in both forced and natural flow conditions.

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Gonzalez, Laura, Salam Daher, and Greg Welch. "Neurological Assessment Using a Physical-Virtual Patient (PVP)." Simulation & Gaming 51, no. 6 (August 12, 2020): 802–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046878120947462.

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Background. Simulation has revolutionized teaching and learning. However, traditional manikins are limited in their ability to exhibit emotions, movements, and interactive eye gaze. As a result, students struggle with immersion and may be unable to authentically relate to the patient. Intervention. We developed a new type of patient simulator called the Physical-Virtual Patients (PVP) which combines the physicality of manikins with the richness of dynamic visuals. The PVP uses spatial Augmented Reality to rear project dynamic imagery (e.g., facial expressions, ptosis, pupil reactions) on a semi-transparent physical shell. The shell occupies space and matches the dimensions of a human head. Methods. We compared two groups of third semester nursing students (N=59) from a baccalaureate program using a between-participant design, one group interacting with a traditional high-fidelity manikin versus a more realistic PVP head. The learners had to perform a neurological assessment. We measured authenticity, urgency, and learning. Results. Learners had a more realistic encounter with the PVP patient (p=0.046), they were more engaged with the PVP condition compared to the manikin in terms of authenticity of encounter and cognitive strategies. The PVP provoked a higher sense of urgency (p=0.002). There was increased learning for the PVP group compared to the manikin group on the pre and post-simulation scores (p=0.027). Conclusion. The realism of the visuals in the PVP increases authenticity and engagement which results in a greater sense of urgency and overall learning.

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Pitchurov, George, Detelin Markov, Iskra Simova, Rositsa Velichkova, Peter Stankov, and Radostina Angelova. "Modelling indoor pollutant distribution via passive scalar and virtual box approach." E3S Web of Conferences 327 (2021): 05001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132705001.

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The distribution of PM2.5 around a thermal manikin with realistic female body shape in a naturally ventilated room has been modelled. The health risk (HR) due to inhalation of the PM2.5 has been quantified by integrating the pollutants mass flux over the boundaries of a virtual box around the mannequin’s head (the breathing zone). By the same approach HR is evaluated over the boundaries of another virtual box that surrounds the manikins body and defines the occupied zone. The paper focuses on the peculiarities of creating and meshing a virtual geometry, as well as on the application of user-defined functions (UDF) for defining a pollutant source within the room using Ansys Fluent modelling package.

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Michalski, Rafal, and Jerzy Grobelny. "Designing Emergency-Medical-Service Helicopter Interiors Using Virtual Manikins." IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 34, no. 2 (March 2014): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcg.2014.26.

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HOTTA, Taro, and Kazuhide ITO. "Development of Virtual Manikins and Its Grid Library for CFD Analysis." Journal of the Visualization Society of Japan 25, Supplement2 (2005): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3154/jvs.25.supplement2_13.

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Li, Yi, Niclas Delfs, Peter Mårdberg, Robert Bohlin, and Johan S. Carlson. "On motion planning for narrow-clearance assemblies using virtual manikins." Procedia CIRP 72 (2018): 790–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2018.03.181.

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Rhén, Ida-Märta, Xuelong Fan, Magnus Kjellman, and Mikael Forsman. "A possible revival of population-representing digital human manikins in static work situations – exemplified through an evaluation of a prototype console for robotic surgery." Work 70, no. 3 (November 26, 2021): 833–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-213604.

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BACKGROUND: In the 90s, digital human manikins (DHMs) were introduced in planning of workstations, by static or semi-static simulations. Modern DHMs can simulate dynamic work and offer a rapid way for a virtual pre-production ergonomic evaluation. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders may affect surgical performance and patient safety. A prototype of an open console, which is contrary to the conventional closed consoles and may be seen as a representative for a new generation, has been designed to reduce workload for robotic surgery surgeons. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this project was to test a new DHM tool with improved usability to evaluate the ergonomics of a console of a robotic surgical system in a pre-production stage. METHODS: The DHM tool IMMA was used together with a 3D model of the prototype console. Twelve manikins who represented females and males from two national populations were introduced. Manikin-console distances, after console adjustments per manikin, were compared with a US checklist and Swedish standard for VDU work. RESULTS: The DHM tool was useful for this case, but the distances of the checklist and the standard were needed to be obtained “manually”. The automatic functions of the DHM worked smoothly but were not optimized for VDU work. The prototype fulfilled most, but not all, of the ergonomic criteria of the checklist and the standard. CONCLUSIONS: There is room for improvements of the adjustable ranges of the console prototype. DHMs may facilitate rapid pre-production evaluation of workstations for static work; if ergonomic assessment models for VDU work are built-in, there may be a revival of DHMs in static work situations.

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Ivanov, Martin, and Sergey Mijorski. "Assessment of Transient CFD Techniques for Virtual Thermal Manikins’ Breathing Simulations." Environmental Processes 6, no. 1 (January 22, 2019): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40710-019-00351-4.

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Schaefer, P., H. Rudolph, and W. Schwarz. "Load Evaluation by Digital Man Models - A Radical New 3 D-Approach Realized by Ramsis." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 44, no. 38 (July 2000): 865–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120004403850.

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A radical new approach was realized to integrate load evaluation into digital man models. The idea is to envelop articular strength-vectors by spacial bodies suggesting potatoes. A total of 244 articular “Moment-Potatoes” was recorded at 34 body joints. “M-Potatoes” allow not only efficient “virtual load evaluation” but possibly provide also a base for autonomously moving manikins.

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Ghee, Steve. "The Virtues of Virtual Products." Mechanical Engineering 120, no. 06 (June 1, 1998): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1998-jun-1.

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Manufacturing and engineering companies around the world are building virtual products that can communicate across the barriers of time, distance, discipline, and culture. Interactive-product-simulation (IPS) technology complements the processes used to create three-dimensional geometry. IPS software leverages a company's investment in computer-aided design (CAD) design by providing earlier access to prototypes, faster updates than with physical models, enterprise-wide distribution of information in an easy-to-understand format, support for existing processes, and long-term value that extends beyond the finalization of product designs. IPS provides real-time interaction via the virtual product-a simulated version of the final functioning design that can include functional simulations, animations, mechanisms, and simulated humans or ‘manikins.’ IPS has many applications in the concept phase, where one of the most critical challenges for manufacturers is the economic evaluation and frequent review of multiple high-level concepts and configurations. PS enables engineers, manufacturing and maintenance staff, and even customers to visualize and operate complex virtual products so that they can improve the designs' manufacturability, ergonomics, and maintainability.

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Croitoru, Cristiana, Ilinca Nastase, Florin Bode, and Gabriel Cojocaru. "Assessment of virtual thermal manikins for thermal comfort numerical studies. Verification and validation." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 02018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911102018.

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This study is a part of a larger experimental and numerical campaign intended to evaluate the influence of the turbulence intensity at the inlet of the terminal air distribution systems on the local draft sensation and thermal discomfort of ventilation users. In this paper we present preliminary results of CFD simulations using a realistic model of human body along with an experimental validation. The model is further used in a piston distribution scheme to evaluate the influence of turbulence intensity on the comfort indicators. The recorded velocity, turbulence and temperature fields allowed us to estimate the distributions of DR, PPD and PMV indexes. For the investigated case, the results indicated a direct correlation.

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Evans, Lowri, and Mark Taubert. "State of the science: the doll is dead: simulation in palliative care education." BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care 9, no. 2 (September 25, 2018): 117–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2018-001595.

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ObjectivesBoth simulation and high-fidelity simulation involving manikins, clinical training suites, wards, computer programs and theatres have established themselves in medical undergraduate and postgraduate education. Popular among students, they have been shown to be effective learning tools. Contrasted with this is the potential risk to patients and their proxy associated with learning ‘at the bedside’, which can pose a real challenge in medical and palliative settings. The need for education and training methods that do not expose the patient to preventable communication blunders from less experienced practitioners is a priority.MethodsHere, we provide a summary review on the current literature and evidence for simulation and high-fidelity simulation in palliative and end-of-life care settings, and discuss potential uses of technologies including virtual and augmented reality in future training.ResultsThe most common form of simulation in palliative medicine is often an actor-based role-play scenario with particular emphasis on communication skills. This is expensive and time-consuming to set up. Less evidence was found on the use of high-fidelity simulation in end-of-life care teaching.ConclusionPalliative medicine has been slow to adapt to an educational method and environment that now is widely used across other areas of healthcare. There has been less emphasis on training with manikins and even less on using computer simulation and virtual reality environments to recreate challenging end-of-life care scenarios. We provide some examples of where this could benefit the curriculum.

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Fuchs, Christian, Christoph Allmacher, Philipp Klimant, and Matthias Putz. "Holistic animation and functional solution for digital manikins in context of virtual assembly simulations." Procedia CIRP 97 (2021): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2020.05.198.

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Conceição, Eusébio, Mª Inês Conceição, João Gomes, Mª Manuela Lúcio, and Hazim Awbi. "Application of Horizontal Confluents Jets in a School Virtual Chamber." E3S Web of Conferences 246 (2021): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124602005.

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The study presented in this work is performed in a virtual chamber, similar to an existing experimental chamber, with dimensions of 4.50×2.55×2.50 m3. The chamber, occupied with twelve virtual manikins, is equipped with six tables, twelve chairs, one exhaust system and one inlet system, based in confluents jets system. In the exhaust system are considered six air ducts, located above the head level, connected to the ceiling area. The inlet system, based in four vertical ducts, with 0.15 m diameter, located on the corners of the chamber, are equipped with consecutive holes, that promotes horizontal jets near the wall. The results demonstrate that when the airflow rate increases the air quality number increases, the thermal comfort number decreases and the ADI increases slightly. The predicted percentage of dissatisfied index values show that the thermal comfort level is acceptable, the dioxide carbon concentration values show that the indoor air quality is near the acceptable value and the Draught Risk is acceptable.

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Podsiadło, Paweł, Ewa Zender-Świercz, Giacomo Strapazzon, Sylweriusz Kosiński, Marek Telejko, Tomasz Darocha, and Hermann Brugger. "Efficacy of warming systems in mountain rescue: an experimental manikin study." International Journal of Biometeorology 64, no. 12 (September 1, 2020): 2161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00484-020-02008-6.

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Abstract Mountain accident casualties are often exposed to cold and windy weather. This may induce post-traumatic hypothermia which increases mortality. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of warming systems to compensate for the victim’s estimated heat loss in a simulated mountain rescue operation. We used thermal manikins and developed a thermodynamic model of a virtual patient. Manikins were placed on a mountain rescue stretcher and exposed to wind chill indices of 0 °C and − 20 °C in a climatic chamber. We calculated the heat balance for two simulated clinical scenarios with both a shivering and non-shivering victim and measured the heat gain from gel, electrical, and chemical warming systems for 3.5 h. The heat balance in the simulated shivering patient was positive. In the non-shivering patient, we found a negative heat balance for both simulated weather conditions (− 429.53 kJ at 0 °C and − 1469.78 kJ at − 20 °C). Each warming system delivered about 300 kJ. The efficacy of the gel and electrical systems was higher within the first hour than later (p < 0.001). We conclude that none of the tested warming systems is able to compensate for heat loss in a simulated model of a non-shivering patient whose physiological heat production is impaired during a prolonged mountain evacuation. Additional thermal insulation seems to be required in these settings.

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Kim, Eun Joo, Ji Young Lim, and Geun Myun Kim. "A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on extended reality-based pediatric nursing simulation program development." Child Health Nursing Research 29, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2023.29.1.24.

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Purpose: This systematic literature review and meta-analysis explored extended reality (XR)-based pediatric nursing simulation programs and analyzed their effectiveness.Methods: A literature search was conducted between May 1 and 30, 2022 in the following electronic databases: MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and CINAHL. The search period was from 2000 to 2022. In total, 6,095 articles were reviewed according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and 14 articles were selected for the final content analysis and 10 for the meta-analysis. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and the Comprehensive Meta- Analysis program.Results: XR-based pediatric nursing simulation programs have increased since 2019. Studies using virtual reality with manikins or high-fidelity simulators were the most common, with six studies. The total effect size was statistically significant at 0.84 (95% confidence interval=0.50-1.19, z=4.82, <i>p</i><.001).Conclusion: Based on the findings, we suggest developing standardized guidelines for the operation of virtual pediatric nursing simulation education and practice. Simultaneously, the application of more sophisticated research designs for effect measurement and the combined applications of various virtual simulation methods are needed to validate the most effective simulation methodology.

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Conceição, Eusébio, Ma Inês Conceição, João Gomes, Manuela Lúcio, and Hazim Awbi. "Influence of the Ceiling Mounted Localized Air Distribution System Performance in the Human Body." E3S Web of Conferences 362 (2022): 14002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202236214002.

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This work presents a numerical study of the influence of the ceiling mounted localized air distribution system performance in the human thermal behavior. In his study a coupling of the Computational Fluids Dynamics and the Human Thermal Modelling is used to evaluate the thermal comfort, the indoor air quality and the Draught Risk. The input data, of the coupling numerical models, are evaluated in the Building Dynamics Modelling. The virtual chamber geometry is generated using the Computational Aided Design system and the occupants’ geometry is generated using empirical equations, based on occupant height and weight. The ADI (Air Distribution Index) and the ADTI (Air Distribution Turbulence Index), used to evaluate the Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning system performance, depends of the thermal comfort level, the indoor air quality level, the Draught Risk level, the effectiveness for heat removal, the effectiveness for contaminant removal and the effectiveness for airflow removal. The study is made in a virtual chamber occupied by twelve virtual manikins and equipped with twelve seats, six desks and with a ceiling mounted localized air distribution system. The ceiling mounted localized air distribution system is equipped with an inlet system and an extraction system located above the head level.

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Flor, Nick V. "A Method for Teaching the Modeling of Manikins Suitable for Third-Person 3-D Virtual Worlds and Games." ICST Transactions on e-Education and e-Learning 12, no. 7–9 (August 10, 2012): e2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eeel.2012.07-09.e2.

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Sankaranarayanan, Suresh. "A Method for Teaching the Modeling of Manikins Suitable for Third-Person 3-D Virtual Worlds and Games." ICST Transactions on e-Education and e-Learning 12, no. 7–9 (August 10, 2012): e6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eeel.2012.07-09.e6.

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Conceição, Eusébio, João Gomes, M. Manuela Lúcio, M. Inês Conceição, André Ramos, and Hazim Awbi. "Coupling of differential CFD and integral human thermophysiology numerical models applied in indoor ventilated spaces." E3S Web of Conferences 321 (2021): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132103002.

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This work presents the development of the coupling of differential Computer Fluid Dynamics and integral human thermo-physiology numerical models applied in indoor ventilated spaces. The study is performed in a virtual chamber, similar to an existing experimental chamber, with dimensions of 4.50×2.55×2.50 m3. The chamber, occupied with twelve virtual manikins, is equipped with six tables, twelve chairs, one exhaust system and one inlet system, based on confluents jets system. In the exhaust system, they are considered six air ducts, located above the head level, connected to the ceiling area. The inlet system, based in four vertical ducts, with 0.15 m diameter, located on the corners of the chamber, is equipped with consecutive holes, that promotes horizontal jets near the wall. The results demonstrate that when the airflow rate increases the air quality number increases, the thermal comfort number decreases, and the Air Diffusion Index increases slightly. The predicted percentage of dissatisfied index values show that the thermal comfort level of occupants is acceptable, the dioxide carbon concentration values show that the indoor air quality is near the acceptable value and the Draught Risk is acceptable.

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Conceição, Eusébio, and Hazim Awbi. "Evaluation of Integral Effect of Thermal Comfort, Air Quality and Draught Risk for Desks Equipped with Personalized Ventilation Systems." Energies 14, no. 11 (June 1, 2021): 3235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113235.

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This work evaluates the integral effect of thermal comfort (TC), indoor air quality (IAQ) and Draught Risk (DR) for desks with four personalized ventilation (PV) systems. The numerical study, for winter and summer thermal conditions, considers a virtual chamber, a desk, four different PV systems, four seats and four virtual manikins. Two different PV configurations, two upper and two lower air terminal devices (ATD) with different distance between them are considered. In this study a coupling of numerical methodology, using one differential and two integral models, is used. The heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) system performance in this work is evaluated using DR and room air removal effectiveness (εDR) that is incorporated in an Air Distribution Index (ADI). This new index, named the Air Distribution Turbulence Index (ADTI), is used to consider simultaneously the TC, the IAQ, the DR and the effectiveness for heat removal (εTC), contaminant removal (εAQ) and room air removal (εDR). The results show that the ADI and ADTI, are generally higher for Case II than for Case I, increase when the inlet air velocity increases, are higher when the exit air is located at a height 1.2 m than when is located at 1.8 m, and are higher for summer conditions than for winter conditions. However, the values are higher for the ADI than ADTI.

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Chen, Hong-En, Rucha R. Bhide, David F. Pepley, Cheyenne C. Sonntag, Jason Z. Moore, David C. Han, and Scarlett R. Miller. "Can Eye Tracking be Used to Predict Performance Improvements in Simulated Medical Training? A Case Study in Central Venous Catheterization." Proceedings of the International Symposium on Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care 8, no. 1 (September 2019): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2327857919081025.

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Manikins have traditionally been used to train ultrasound-guided Central Venous Catheterization (CVC), but are static in nature and require an expert observer to provide feedback. As a result, virtual simulation and personalized learning has been increasingly adopted in medical education to efficiently provide quantitative feedback. The Dynamic Haptic Robotic Trainer (DHRT) trains surgical residents in CVC needle insertions by simulating various patient profiles and presenting personalized feedback on objective performance. However, no studies have examined the learning gains of the personalized learning feedback or the relation of feedback to what the user is focusing on during the training. Thus, this study was developed to determine the effectiveness of the current personalized learning interface through a long-term investigation with 7 surgical residents. The eye tracking analysis showed that residents spent significantly more time fixated on percent aspiration throughout the study; the more time participants spent looking at the Number of Insertions, Percent Aspiration and the Angle of Insertion on the DHRT GUI, the better they performed on subsequent trials on the DHRT system.

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Carvalho, Maria Luiza, William J. Davies, and Bruno Fazenda. "Manchester Soundscape Experiment Online 2020: an overview." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 265, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 5993–6001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2022_0888.

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This paper presents results from the Manchester Soundscape Experiment Online 2020. It consisted of a virtual reality (VR) experiment online where participants rated 12 different scenarios with questions. The selected locations were Piccadilly Gardens, Market Street, Peel Park, and a bus stop. Each site was visited and recorded with a 360 camera and soundfield microphone on three crowd densities (empty, medium, and busy). Audio stimuli were converted from first-order ambisonic recordings to head-tracked binaural using Facebook Spatial Workstation software. The questions included the eight soundscape attributes from ISO 12913, three emotional self-assessment manikins, and demographic information. A total of 63 nationalities composed the group of 158 participants. Results from Piccadilly Gardens demonstrated that the eventful and vibrant scales significantly increased with the number of people in the scene. This tendency also happened at Market Street and Peel Park on the arousal emotional state. The other sites had these increases but were not as significant. Future research will include verifying these findings in laboratory conditions alongside measurements of brain activity via electroencephalogram.

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Bernard, Fabien, Mohsen Zare, Jean-Claude Sagot, and Raphael Paquin. "Using Digital and Physical Simulation to Focus on Human Factors and Ergonomics in Aviation Maintainability." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 62, no. 1 (July 30, 2019): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720819861496.

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Objective: This research aimed to evaluate the differences in the assessments made by three simulation tools used in a maintainability design office to perform human factor/ergonomics (HFE) analysis: digital human modeling (DHM), virtual reality (VR), and physical mock-up (PMU). Background: Maintainability engineers use digital/physical simulation tools in the early design phase to analyze whether the design is well adapted for maintenance operators. Knowing the potential of these simulation tools would encourage maintainability stakeholders to integrate HFE in the design process more efficiently. Method: Eleven maintenance tasks were analyzed from the participation of six maintenance operators. Various HFE indicators including physical, cognitive, and organizational indicators were assessed. Each operator repeated 11 maintenance tasks on VR and PMU. Based on the anthropometric parameters, six manikins were created to analyze 11 maintenance tasks on DHM. Results: A significant difference was found for the organizational indicators between VR and PMU, whereas the physical and cognitive indicators are similar. DHM, VR, and PMU are compared with the common HFE indicators for the physical dimension and present a significant difference for individual tasks. Conclusion: To reduce the gap between simulation tools, a better physical representation is requested on the VR platform, improving the perception of work sequences in the virtual world. Concerning DHM, a new paradigm is proposed to study a few tasks per work area instead of studying each task independently. Application: This study will help develop a new methodology and tools specifically for non-HFE experts in the maintainability department.

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Horobet, Tiberiu, Paul Danca, Ilinca Nastase, and Florin Bode. "Preliminary research on virtual thermal comfort of automobile occupants." E3S Web of Conferences 32 (2018): 01022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183201022.

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Numerical simulation of climate conditions in automotive industry for the study of thermal comfort had become more and more prominent in the last years compared with the classical approach which consists in wind tunnel measurements and field testing, the main advantages being the reduction of vehicle development time and costs. The study presented in this paper is a part of a project intended to evaluate different strategies of cabin ventilation for improving the thermal comfort inside vehicles. A virtual thermal manikin consisting of 24 parts was introduced on the driver seat in a vehicle. A heat load calculated for summer condition in the city of Cluj-Napoca, Romania was imposed as boundary condition. The purpose of this study was to elaborate a virtual thermal manikin suitable for our research, introduction of the manikin inside the vehicle and to examine his influence inside the automobile. The thermal comfort of the virtual manikin was evaluated in terms of temperature and air velocity.

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Nilsson, Håkan O. "Thermal comfort evaluation with virtual manikin methods." Building and Environment 42, no. 12 (December 2007): 4000–4005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.04.027.

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Conceição, Eusebio, Mª Ines Conceição, Mª Manuela Lúcio, and João Gomes. "Development and application of an integrated virtual thermal-acoustic manikin design used inside an office space." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 4226–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-2637.

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In this study an integrated virtual thermal-acoustic manikin design used inside ventilated and occupied office spaces is developed and applicated. The component of the virtual thermal manikin evaluates the internal airflow and occupants' thermal, thermo-physiology and clothing systems and calculates the thermal comfort and the indoor air quality levels. The component of the virtual binaural manikin evaluates the direct and indirect sound and calculates the reverberation time. The space geometry with complex topology is developed using a Computer Aid Design (CAD), while the occupants' geometry is made using geometric equations. The grid generation, in the surrounding space surfaces and around the external occupants' surfaces geometry, is used to calculate the radiative heat exchanges and the sound propagation. In this study, performed in an office room occupied by eight persons and equipped with personalized ventilation system, the thermal comfort level, the air quality level and the space reverberation time is evaluated and discussed. In accordance with the obtained results the values are, in general, in accordance the actual standards.

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Dong, Zhan Xun, Zhen Yu Gu, and Zhan Wei Wu. "A New Ergonomics Manikin Generation Method from Real 3D Scanning Body." Applied Mechanics and Materials 26-28 (June 2010): 1075–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.26-28.1075.

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Computer-Aided Ergonomics (CAE) makes it possible that people may build a virtual environment for ergonomics evaluation in the product’s digital model phase. Manikin with anthropometry data supplies fundamental information in design lifecycle, so it also plays an important role in CAE software. Thanks to the 3D scanning technology, we developed a new ergonomics manikin generation method which could create free-form surface human model from real body. Generation method concluded body scanning, model optimization, and combining skeleton stages. Finally, case study proved that Paper’s method could generate more exact manikin than former parametric modeling methods, and it would benefit customized products design.

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Martin, Jeanne E., and Deborah Tyndall. "Effect of Manikin and Virtual Simulation on Clinical Judgment." Journal of Nursing Education 61, no. 12 (December 2022): 693–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20221003-03.

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Wang, Wei, Xu Liang Xie, Fu Lin Shen, and Xiao Feng Wang. "Virtual Testing for Frontal Impact of High-Top Cab of Heavy Truck." Applied Mechanics and Materials 148-149 (December 2011): 1081–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.148-149.1081.

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ECE R29 regulation has legally claimed that the survival space must be guaranteed for the safety for driver and front seat passenger in event of crash during design of truck cabin. In this paper, a finite element model of a high-top cabin of a heavy truck with a manikin on the driver seat was built with commercial code Hypermesh, The explicit finite element program Ls-Dyna was used to simulate the frontal pendulum impact on the high-top cab in the light of ECE R29 regulation. Deformation of the truck cabin and the survival space of the dummy were analyzed and discussed. Also, some suggestions were given to solve the contact possibility between steering column and the knees of manikin.

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Sarti, Aimee J., Rola Ajjawi, Stephanie Sutherland, Angele Landriault, John Kim, and Pierre Cardinal. "Comparison of simulation debriefs with traditional needs assessment methods: a qualitative exploratory study in a critical care community setting." BMJ Open 8, no. 10 (October 2018): e020570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020570.

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ObjectiveTo better understand the potential of a needs assessment approach using qualitative data from manikin-based and virtual patient simulation debriefing sessions compared with traditional data collection methods (ie, focus groups and interviews).DesignOriginal data from simulation debrief sessions was compared and contrasted with data from an earlier assessment of critical care needs in a community setting (using focus groups and interviews), thus undertaking secondary analysis of data. Time and cost data were also examined. Debrief sessions were coded using deductive and inductive techniques. Matrices were used to explore the commonalities, differences and emergent findings across the methods.SettingCritical care unit in a community hospital setting.ResultsInterviews and focus groups yielded 684 and 647 min of audio-recordings, respectively. The manikin-based debrief recordings averaged 22 min (total=130 min) and virtual patient debrief recordings averaged 31 min (total=186 min). The approximate cost for the interviews and focus groups was $13 560, for manikin-based simulation debriefs was $4030 and for the virtual patient debriefs was $3475. Fifteen of 20 total themes were common across the simulation debriefs and interview/focus group data. Simulation-specific themes were identified, including fidelity (environment, equipment and psychological) and the multiple roles of the simulation instructor (educative, promoting reflection and assessing needs).ConclusionsGiven current fiscal realities, the dual benefit of being educative and identifying needs is appealing. While simulation is an innovative method to conduct needs assessments, it is important to recognise that there are trade-offs with the selection of methods.

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Morrissey, Mark. "Human-Centric Design." Mechanical Engineering 120, no. 07 (July 1, 1998): 60–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1998-jul-2.

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This article reviews that advances in manikin software have enabled engineers to consider a fuller spectrum of user interactions with virtual products. It has been 15 years since Sammie—a computer model of a human or manikin—emerged from the research labs of Nottingham University in the United Kingdom, promising human-factors (HF) engineers a supporting software tool to improve the study of human elements of product design. Although Sammie incorporated accurate anthropometric data and representative joint constraints, the software was very difficult to use, could not import models from a computer-aided-design (CAD) system, and was not dynamic. After phase 1 of the collaborative project, Rolls-Royce and VSEL expanded their study to evaluate the use of virtual reality for the design and layout of larger and more complex machinery spaces. This second collaborative effort had several objectives: to understand how virtual-prototyping technology could help designers better visualize complex designs, design for ease of assembly and maintenance much earlier, train maintenance engineers, and enhance communications between disparate project teams, customers, and suppliers.

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Puspitaningrum, Ike, Rr Sri Endang Pujiastuti, and Kurniati Puji Lestari. "Peningkatan Kompetensi Mahasiswa Keperawatan Melalui Strategi Pembelajaran Berbasis Virtual Reality." Jurnal Kepemimpinan dan Manajemen Keperawatan 2, no. 2 (November 1, 2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32584/jkmk.v2i2.379.

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Nursing higher education has new challenges to prepare nursing students as agents of change in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0. Nursing students today are millennial and Z generation with unique needs and ways of learning. Students more interested in digital-based learning media. Digital-based learning methods were an urgent need to be developed to provide solutions to the learning needs of the millennial generation. The systematic review aimed to discuss the use of VR technology for educating the nursing student. The databases searched included: PubMed, Springerlink and Proquest from the years 2015 to 2019 with the keywords virtual reality, virtual simulation, simulation technology, immersive learning. The inclusion criteria included: articles published in the English language, student respondents and randomized controlled trial (RCT) research methods. The results of article was identified and reviewed by 3 researchers. Researchers approved 158 titles of article that match the keywords without duplicates and 5 articles that match the inclusion criteria. Four articles discuss the students' competencies when using virtual simulations compared with the manikin simulated. The results showed an increase in psychomotor skills, communication, and knowledge. Self-confidence increases, learning satisfaction and anxiety levels decrease. Two articles discuss the analysis of the unit cost, which states that the virtual simulation has cost utility ratio more profitable compared with the Manikin simulations. The results of the systematic review showed that virtual reality was relevant method as a learning strategy to enhance students’ competencies and have more profitable costs compared to conventional methods.

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E., Eusébio, Mª Ines Conceição, Mª Manuela J. Lúcio, João M. Gomes, and Hazim Awbi. "Application of a thermo-biomechanical virtual manikin used In transient systems." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 265, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 4950–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2022_0717.

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In this paper is developed and applied a thermo-biomechanical virtual manikin used in transient systems. This numerical model, under transient conditions, is applied in the thermal and vibrations of the different sections of the human body. The thermal numerical model, based in energy and mass balance integral equations, considers the first order equations systems, while the vibration numerical model, based in Newton equation, considers the second order equations systems converted in first order equation system. The resolution of the numerical model is made through the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method with error control. The thermal numerical model is used in the study of the periodical and randomized airflow fluctuations applied to the human body section and the biomechanical numerical model is used in the study of the periodical and randomized vibrations applied to the feet, that a standing person is subjected. The signals of the stimuli, the power spectrum, the equivalent frequencies and the Draught Risk (DR) of the same signals will be presented. In accordance with the obtained results, is verified that: in the thermal component the DR is evaluated and in the vibration component the body structure reduces the power spectra energy frequency and the equivalent frequency analysis.

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Xu, Ji Hong, Xiao Lin Dai, and Shu Ping Gao. "A Study on Data Acquisition from Sections of Virtual Coat Profile." Advanced Materials Research 230-232 (May 2011): 1204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.230-232.1204.

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Data was obtained through scanning manikin and coats separated by using [TC]2 3D body scanner. The method, using [TC]2 scanner as the experimental method and through double converting the scanned data format to get torso geometric section sets, was analyzed. Main program source code of Torso was provided in this paper. Geometric algorithms of point cloud data and curve data in there sections was provided based on the interception ways of horizontal sections, vertical sections and other random oblique sections toward torso geometric cross section.

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Toohey, Shannon, Alisa Wray, John Hunter, Ian Waldrop, Soheil Saadat, Megan Boysen-Osborn, Gabriel Sudario, Jonathan Smart, Warren Wiechmann, and Sarah D. Pressman. "Comparing the Psychological Effects of Manikin-Based and Augmented Reality–Based Simulation Training: Within-Subjects Crossover Study." JMIR Medical Education 8, no. 3 (August 1, 2022): e36447. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/36447.

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Background Patient simulators are an increasingly important part of medical training. They have been shown to be effective in teaching procedural skills, medical knowledge, and clinical decision-making. Recently, virtual and augmented reality simulators are being produced, but there is no research on whether these more realistic experiences cause problematic and greater stress responses as compared to standard manikin simulators. Objective The purpose of this research is to examine the psychological and physiological effects of augmented reality (AR) in medical simulation training as compared to traditional manikin simulations. Methods A within-subjects experimental design was used to assess the responses of medical students (N=89) as they completed simulated (using either manikin or AR) pediatric resuscitations. Baseline measures of psychological well-being, salivary cortisol, and galvanic skin response (GSR) were taken before the simulations began. Continuous GSR assessments throughout and after the simulations were captured along with follow-up measures of emotion and cortisol. Participants also wrote freely about their experience with each simulation, and narratives were coded for emotional word use. Results Of the total 86 medical students who participated, 37 (43%) were male and 49 (57%) were female, with a mean age of 25.2 (SD 2.09, range 22-30) years and 24.7 (SD 2.08, range 23-36) years, respectively. GSR was higher in the manikin group adjusted for day, sex, and medications taken by the participants (AR-manikin: –0.11, 95% CI –0.18 to –0.03; P=.009). The difference in negative affect between simulation types was not statistically significant (AR-manikin: 0.41, 95% CI –0.72 to 1.53; P=.48). There was no statistically significant difference between simulation types in self-reported stress (AR-manikin: 0.53, 95% CI –2.35 to 3.42; P=.71) or simulation stress (AR-manikin: –2.17, 95% CI –6.94 to 2.59; P=.37). The difference in percentage of positive emotion words used to describe the experience was not statistically significant between simulation types, which were adjusted for day of experiment, sex of the participants, and total number of words used (AR-manikin: –4.0, 95% CI –0.91 to 0.10; P=.12). There was no statistically significant difference between simulation types in terms of the percentage of negative emotion words used to describe the experience (AR-manikin: –0.33, 95% CI –1.12 to 0.46; P=.41), simulation sickness (AR-manikin: 0.17, 95% CI –0.29 to 0.62; P=.47), or salivary cortisol (AR-manikin: 0.04, 95% CI –0.05 to 0.13; P=.41). Finally, preexisting levels of posttraumatic stress disorder, perceived stress, and reported depression were not tied to physiological responses to AR. Conclusions AR simulators elicited similar stress responses to currently used manikin-based simulators, and we did not find any evidence of AR simulators causing excessive stress to participants. Therefore, AR simulators are a promising tool to be used in medical training, which can provide more emotionally realistic scenarios without the risk of additional harm.

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Roitberg, G. E., O. O. Sharkhun, and A. Sh Davydova. "Virtual reality technology in physician education: focus on emergency medical care." Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention 21, no. 4S (December 15, 2022): 3372. http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/1728-8800-2022-3372.

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Virtual reality technology has been developing rapidly over the past two decades and is becoming available in various areas of healthcare — in surgery, neurology, rehabilitation, and education. The need for virtual reality technology is also manifested in the development of algorithms for emergency medical care by primary care physicians. Currently, 6 interactive case problems have been developed for the most common emergency conditions, requiring, among other things, resuscitation. The concept of teaching using virtual reality technology has become the basis for the development of an additional professional advanced training program for general practitioners "Development of an algorithm for providing emergency medical care for sudden acute diseases and conditions". A unique feature of the program is the ability to practice the emergency medical care algorithm using virtual reality technology, as well as practice skills using a simulation manikin and an automatic external defibrillator.

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Podmarkova, A. D., M. A. Zasimova, N. G. Ivanov, V. V. Ris, and A. G. Abramov. "Supercomputer Modelling of Human Respiration Using Virtual Thermal Manikin Under Test Conditions." Lobachevskii Journal of Mathematics 43, no. 10 (October 2022): 2877–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1995080222130364.

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Badowski, Donna, Kelly L. Rossler, and Nanci Reiland. "Exploring student perceptions of virtual simulation versus traditional clinical and manikin-based simulation." Journal of Professional Nursing 37, no. 4 (July 2021): 683–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2021.05.005.

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Conceição, Eusebio, Mª Inês Conceição, and Mª Manuela Lúcio. "Development of a virtual biomechanical manikin used in vibrations studies in occupied spaces." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 4246–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-2641.

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In this paper is developed and applied a virtual biomechanical manikin used in occupied spaces. This multi-nodal numerical model is applied in the vibrations of the different sections of the human body, under transient conditions. The integration of second order equations systems, based in Newton equation, after being converted in a first order equation system, is solved through the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method with error control. This multi-nodal numerical model will be used, in this work, in the study of the vibrations that a standing person is subjected when stimuli are applied to the feet. The influence of various types of stimuli is analyzed, with periodic irregularities, in the dynamic response of the vibrations in different sections of the human body. The signals of the stimuli, the displacement of some sections of the body and the power spectrum of the same signals will be presented. In the study the influence of the floor vibration in the human body sections is analyzed and presented.

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Imber, S., G. Shapira, M. Gordon, H. Judes, and Z. Metzger. "A virtual reality dental simulator predicts performance in an operative dentistry manikin course." European Journal of Dental Education 7, no. 4 (November 2003): 160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0579.2003.00299.x.

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Taylor, Natasha, and Adam Layland. "Comparison study of the use of 360-degree video and non-360-degree video simulation and cybersickness symptoms in undergraduate healthcare curricula." BMJ Simulation and Technology Enhanced Learning 5, no. 3 (June 28, 2018): 170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjstel-2018-000356.

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The increasing use of emerging technologies in healthcare simulation, particularly virtual reality, has caused in increase in both use and misuse. It is the exploration and study of these types of technology that are key to their success—or failure—in simulation learning and teaching. Therefore, this exploratory study evaluated the most common perceived side effect of virtual reality, that of cybersickness. A total of n=60 undergraduate healthcare students participated in one of four identical learning outcome simulation events, using different simulation techniques. This study compared these four common simulation tools, high-fidelity manikin, standardised patient, video case study and 360-degree virtual reality video, and analysed the self-reported cybersickness symptoms. The results show that some virtual reality tools, in this case 360-degree video, are no more likely to provoke cybersickness symptoms than the other simulation methods used in this study. In addition, virtual reality is reported as less fatiguing than other methods of simulation learning. Virtual reality technologies may be a useful addition to the spectrum of simulation tools and techniques currently in use. This study suggests that there is no greater risk of cybersickness symptoms and this potential barrier to use is not borne out by this study.

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Argo, Theodore F., David A. Anderson, Andrew D. Brown, Nathaniel Greene, and Jennifer Jerding. "Development of an electromechanical test system and acoustical metrics to predict impacts of hearing protection devices on sound localization." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 4 (April 2022): A165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0010990.

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Hearing protection devices (HPDs) such as earplugs and earmuffs can protect users from dangerously high acoustical pressures but also distort cues important for the spatial localization of sounds, likely through spectral distortions associated with occlusion of the pinnae. Evaluation of the degree to which an HPD distorts localization cues is essential for critical situations where users must be protected from high pressures but maintain spatial awareness. Automated testing offers several prospective advantages over human subject testing including cost, speed, and repeatability. In this paper, we describe an electromechanical system using a rotating manikin test fixture and a speaker on a track to simulate a hemispheric speaker array. The sound source localization impact of an HPD is estimated by comparing test signals recorded by the manikin with and without an HPD in place. Test results, as a function of sound source azimuth and elevation in the virtual speaker array, and as an average across locations, are shown for a variety of HPDs. Results are compared to an initial set of parallel measurements of sound localization during HPD use in human subjects.

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Pokorný, Jan, Barbora Kopečková, Jan Fišer, and Miroslav JÍcha. "Simulator with integrated HW and SW for prediction of thermal comfort to provide feedback to the climate control system." EPJ Web of Conferences 180 (2018): 02085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818002085.

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The aim of the paper is to assemble a simulator for evaluation of thermal comfort in car cabins in order to give a feedback to the HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) system. The HW (hardware) part of simulator is formed by thermal manikin Newton and RH (relative humidity), velocity and temperature probes. The SW (software) part consists of the Thermal Comfort Analyser (using ISO 14505-2) and Virtual Testing Stand of Car Cabin defining the heat loads of car cabin. Simulator can provide recommendation for the climate control how to improve thermal comfort in cabin by distribution and directing of air flow, and also by amount of ventilation power to keep optimal temperature inside a cabin. The methods of evaluation of thermal comfort were verified by tests with 10 test subjects for summer (summer clothing, ambient air temperature 30 °C, HVAC setup: +24 °C auto) and winter conditions (winter clothing, ambient air temperature -5 °C, HVAC setup: +18 °C auto). The tests confirmed the validity of the thermal comfort evaluation using the thermal manikin and ISO 14505-2.

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Ivanov, Martin, and Sergey Mijorski. "CFD Modelling of Flow Interaction in the Breathing Zone of a Virtual Thermal Manikin." Energy Procedia 112 (March 2017): 240–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1093.

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Sevilgen, Gökhan, and Muhsin Kiliç. "Investigation of transient cooling of an automobile cabin with a virtual manikin under solar radiation." Thermal Science 17, no. 2 (2013): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci120623150s.

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The aim of the paper is to present a three dimensional transient cooling analysis of an automobile cabin with a virtual manikin under solar radiation. In the numerical simulations the velocity and the temperature distributions in the automobile cabin as well as around the human body surfaces were computed during transient cooling period. The surface-to-surface radiation model was used for calculations of radiation heat transfer between the interior surfaces of the automobile cabin and a solar load model that can be used to calculate radiation effects from the sun's rays that enter from the glazing surfaces of the cabin was used for solar radiation effects. Inhomogeneous air flow and non-uniform temperature distributions were obtained in the automobile cabin and, especially in ten minutes of cooling period, high temperature gradients were computed and measured and high temperature values were obtained for the surfaces which were more affected from the sunlight. Validations of the numerical results were performed by comparing numerical data with the experimental data presented in this study. It is shown that the numerical results were good agreement with the experimental data.

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Ingrassia, Pier Luigi, Giulia Mormando, Eleonora Giudici, Francesco Strada, Fabio Carfagna, Fabrizio Lamberti, and Andrea Bottino. "Augmented Reality Learning Environment for Basic Life Support and Defibrillation Training: Usability Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 5 (May 12, 2020): e14910. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/14910.

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Background Basic life support (BLS) is crucial in the emergency response system, as sudden cardiac arrest is still a major cause of death worldwide. Unfortunately, only a minority of victims receive cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) from bystanders. In this context, training could be helpful to save more lives, and technology-enhanced BLS simulation is one possible solution. Objective The aim of this study is to assess the feasibility and acceptability of our augmented reality (AR) prototype as a tool for BLS training. Methods Holo-BLSD is an AR self-instruction training system, in which a standard CPR manikin is “augmented” with an interactive virtual environment that reproduces realistic scenarios. Learners can use natural gestures, body movements, and spoken commands to perform their tasks, with virtual 3D objects anchored to the manikin and the environment. During the experience, users were trained to use the device while being guided through an emergency simulation and, at the end, were asked to complete a survey to assess the feasibility and acceptability of the proposed tool (5-point Likert scale; 1=Strongly Disagree, 5=Strongly Agree). Results The system was rated easy to use (mean 4.00, SD 0.94), and the trainees stated that most people would learn to use it very quickly (mean 4.00, SD 0.89). Voice (mean 4.48, SD 0.87), gaze (mean 4.12, SD 0.97), and gesture interaction (mean 3.84, SD 1.14) were judged positively, although some hand gesture recognition errors reduced the feeling of having the right level of control over the system (mean 3.40, SD 1.04). Conclusions We found the Holo-BLSD system to be a feasible and acceptable tool for AR BLS training.

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Kilic, Muhsin, and Gökhan Sevilgen. "Evaluation of Heat Transfer Characteristics in an Automobile Cabin with a Virtual Manikin During Heating Period." Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications 56, no. 6 (October 2, 2009): 515–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10407780903266356.

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Abulfaraj, Maher M., Sean Tackett, Justin Jeffers, and Todd P. Chang. "Virtual Reality vs. High-fidelity Manikin-Based Simulation: A Randomized Comparison Trial on Case Leadership Skills." Pediatrics 147, no. 3_MeetingAbstract (March 1, 2021): 498–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.147.3ma5.498.

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