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Статті в журналах з теми "Violet-blue light"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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1

Choi, Won Chel, Ho Nyung Lee, Eun Kyu Kim, Yong Kim, Chong-Yun Park, Hong Seung Kim, and Jeong Yong Lee. "Violet/blue light-emitting cerium silicates." Applied Physics Letters 75, no. 16 (October 18, 1999): 2389–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.125023.

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2

Felix Gomez, Grace Gomez, Frank Lippert, Masatoshi Ando, Andrea F. Zandona, George J. Eckert, and Richard L. Gregory. "Photoinhibition of Streptococcus mutans Biofilm-Induced Lesions in Human Dentin by Violet-Blue Light." Dentistry Journal 7, no. 4 (December 11, 2019): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj7040113.

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This in vitro study determined the effectiveness of violet-blue light on Streptococcus mutans (UA159) biofilm induced dentinal lesions. Biofilm was formed on human dentin specimens in a 96-well microtiter plate and incubated for 13 h in the presence of tryptic soy broth (TSB) or TSB supplemented with 1% sucrose (TSBS). Violet-blue light (405 nm) from quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLFTM) was used to irradiate the biofilm. Supernatant liquid was removed, and the biofilm was irradiated continuously with QLF for 5 min twice daily with an interval of 6 h for 5 d, except with one treatment on the final day. Colony forming units (CFU) of the treated biofilm, changes in fluorescence (∆F; QLF-Digital BiluminatorTM), lesion depth (L), and integrated mineral loss (∆Z; both transverse microradiography) were quantified at the end of the fifth day. Statistical analysis used analysis of variance (ANOVA), testing at a 5% significance level. In the violet-blue light irradiated groups, there was a significant reduction (p < 0.05) of bacterial viability (CFU) of S. mutans with TSB and TSBS. Violet-blue light irradiation resulted in the reduction of ∆F and L of the dentinal surface with TSBS. These results indicate that violet-blue light has the capacity to reduce S. mutans cell numbers.

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3

Awad, Doaa, Joanna Wilińska, Dimitra Gousia, Xiaoye Shi, Jnina Eddous, Arne Müller, Veit Wagner, et al. "Toxicity and phototoxicity in human ARPE-19 retinal pigment epithelium cells of dyes commonly used in retinal surgery." European Journal of Ophthalmology 28, no. 4 (April 1, 2018): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120672118766446.

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Purpose: To compare, for the first time, systematically the toxicity and phototoxicity of dyes and dye combinations used in vitreoretinal surgery. The dyes were trypan blue, brilliant blue G, trypan blue + brilliant blue G, indocyanine green, bromophenol blue, bromophenol blue + brilliant blue G, and acid violet 17, in clinically used concentrations. Methods: Human ARPE retinal pigment epithelium cells were exposed to the dyes for 30 min. For phototoxicity, the cells were exposed for 15 min to high-intensity light from a light emitting diode source with an intensity similar to surgical conditions. Toxicity was assayed either directly after exposure to either dye alone or dye and light, or with a delay of 24 h. Results: None of the dyes or their combinations was toxic when cells were exposed to them at ambient light. Acid violet led to a reduction viability by 90% already immediately after light exposure. Bromophenol blue and its combination with brilliant blue G showed strong phototoxicity (reduction of viability by 83%) when assayed with delay. Indocyanine green with different agents to adjust osmolarity (balanced salt solution, glucose, and mannitol) was not found to be toxic. Conclusion: The strong immediate phototoxicity of acid violet reflects its clinical toxicity. Bromophenol blue might also be disadvantageous for patient outcome because of its delayed phototoxicity. The other dyes (trypan blue, brilliant blue g, and indocyanine green) were not found to be toxic neither with exposure to ambient light nor after exposure to light of intensities used in surgery.

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4

Tung, Ha Thanh, Huu Phuc Dang, and Phung Ton That. "The impacts of green LaBSiO<sub>5</sub>: Tb<sup>3+</sup>, Ce<sup>3+</sup> phosphor on lumen output of white LEDs." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 12, no. 3 (June 1, 2023): 1458–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v12i3.4772.

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The traditional solid-state technique was used to create LaBSiO5 phosphors doped with Ce3+ and Tb3+ at 1,100 °C. These phosphors' phase purity and luminous characteristics are looked at. Under ultraviolet (UV) light stimulation, LaBSiO5: Tb3+ phosphors emit bright green light, whereas LaBSiO5 samples incorporated with Ce3+ emit blue-violet light. With UV ray stimulation, LaBSiO5 samples incorporated with Ce3+ as well as Tb3+ emit blue-violet as well as green illumination. The 5d-4f shift for Ce3+ is responsible for the blue-violet radiation, while the 5D4→7F5 transition of Tb3+ is responsible for the green radiation. The mechanism for power conversion between Ce3+ and Tb3+ was examined since there is a spectral overlap among the stimulation line for Tb3+ and the emitting line for Ce3+.

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5

Veleska-Stevkoska, Daniela, and Filip Koneski. "Haemostasis in Oral Surgery with Blue-Violet Light." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 6, no. 4 (April 3, 2018): 687–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2018.181.

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BACKGROUND: The invasive dental procedures usually result in wounds accompanied by physiological bleeding. Even though the bleeding is easily manageable, it is still one of the major concerns of the patients and a reason for their subjective discomfort. Recently, a novel approach with light-emitting diode (LED) was introduced to control the bleeding. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the irradiation with blue-violet light LEDs on the haemostasis.MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 40 patients with an indication for tooth extraction, divided into two groups: examination group (n = 30) and a control group (n = 10). The site of the extraction socket in the examination group was irradiated with LED (410 nm) until the bleeding stopped. The patients from the control group were treated by conventional gauze pressure to stop the bleeding (control group). The duration of irradiation and gauze pressure was measured and compared. The statistical analysis was performed with Student T-test.RESULTS: The examination group showed the shorter duration of bleeding compared to the control group for 13.67 seconds and 156 seconds, respectively. The most of the cases in the examination group were irradiated in 10 seconds (70%), followed by irradiation of 20 seconds (23.3%) and 30 seconds (6.6%). In the control group, the average time to stop the bleeding by the conventional method was 156 second.CONCLUSION: The blue-violet LED light shortens the bleeding time from the extraction socket after tooth extraction and may be a promising method for achieving haemostasis.

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6

Sasaki, Kentaro, Norikazu Kawamura, Haruki Tokumaru, and Yasuhiro Kuwana. "Blue-Violet Four-Beam Light Source Using Waveguides." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 46, no. 6B (June 22, 2007): 3729–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.46.3729.

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7

Qiu, Chengfeng, Haiying Chen, Man Wong, and Hoi S. Kwok. "Efficient blue-to-violet organic light-emitting diodes." Synthetic Metals 140, no. 1 (January 2004): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-6779(03)00359-x.

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8

Dmitriev, V. A., Ya V. Morozenko, B. V. Tzarenkov, and V. E. Chelnokov. "Silicon carbide blue and violet light-emitting diodes." Displays 13, no. 2 (January 1992): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-9382(92)90104-y.

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9

Brgoch, Jakoah, and Shruti Hariyani. "(Invited) Advancing Human-Centric Lighting." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 51 (October 9, 2022): 1958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02511958mtgabs.

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The concept of human-centric lighting stems from the evolution of sunlight’s intensity and color temperature throughout the course of a day. This natural progression of bright cold-white light during the middle of the day to a softer warm-white light in the evening stimulates intrinsic photosensitive retinal ganglion cells that control our circadian rhythm. The blue-hue of daylight activates these cells to produce dopamine and cortisol while suppressing melatonin, the sleep hormone, to keep humans awake and alert. The current generation of energy-efficient LED lights reproduce daylight by converting a blue-emitting LED into a broad-spectrum white light using inorganic phosphors. Unfortunately, the resulting intense blue-hue generated by cheap LED bulbs and the underlying blue light from even the most expensive bulbs have been shown to cause macular degeneration, cataract formation, mood disorders, and circadian disruption, resulting in insomnia and fatigue. This talk will investigate the production of a ‘human-centric’ light that minimizes blue light by using a violet LED chip and inorganic phosphors. We report a new phosphor, Na2MgPO4F:Eu2+, which can be readily excited by violet light to produce a bright blue emission. This material possesses all the necessary requirements for LED lighting, including a high quantum yield, thermally robust emission, and impressive chemical stability. Incorporating this material into a prototype device demonstrates our ability produce a warm-white light with a higher color rendering index than a commercially purchased LED light bulb while significantly reducing the blue component.

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10

Sandall, Sharon K., and R. Daniel Lineberger. "Stabilization of Chimeral African Violet Clones by In Vitro Inflorescence Culture." HortScience 32, no. 4 (July 1997): 593D—593. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.4.593d.

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The pinwheel-flowering African violet `Silver Summit', apericlinal chimera, has bicolor flowers with violet-blue corolla segment margins and white central stripes. Several off types were produced during in vitro culture of `Silver Summit'—solid violet-blue flowering from leaf or petiole explants, solid white flowering from petiole core explants, and two reverse pinwheel flowering types. The reverse pinwheel types varied in color; one had deep violet-blue stripes (DR, dark reverse) and the other had lighter stripes of the same color (LR, light reverse). Plantlets derived from inflorescence culture (Murashige and Skoog medium containing 0.1 mg/1 NAA, 0.1 mg/1 BA) were grown on to flowering. Of 55 plants from LR inflorescences, 51 were true-to-type. The remainder were solid violet-blue flowering. Of 64 plants from DR inflorescences, only 8 were true-to-type, 17 were solid violet-blue flowering, one was white flowering, and 38 were mixed flowering. In vitro inflorescence culture can be used to clone pinwheel flowering African violets; however, chimeral stability of the plant produced varies between clones.

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11

Nakamura, Shuji. "Blue-Green Light-Emitting Diodes and Violet Laser Diodes." MRS Bulletin 22, no. 2 (February 1997): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s088376940003253x.

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Short-wavelength-emitting devices, such as blue laser diodes (LDs) and light-emitting diodes (LEDs), are currently sought for a number of applications, including full-color electroluminescent displays, laser printers, read-write laser sources for high-density information storage on magnetic and optical media, and sources for undersea optical communications. For these purposes, II–VI materials such as ZnSe and SiC, and III–V-nitride semiconductors such as GaN have been investigated intensively for a long time. However it was impossible to obtain high-brightness (over 1 cd) blue LEDs and reliable LDs. Much progress has been achieved recently on green LEDs and LDs using II–VI-based materials. The short lifetimes prevent II–VI-based devices from commercialization at present. The short lifetime of these II-VI-based devices may be caused by the crystal defects at a density of 103/cm2 because one crystal defect would cause the propagation of other defects leading to failure of the devices. Another wide-bandgap material for blue LEDs is SiC. The brightness of SiC blue LEDs is only between 10 mcd and 20 mcd because of the indirect bandgap of this material.On green LEDs, the external quantum efficiency of conventional, green GaP LEDs is only 0.1% due to the indirect bandgap of this material. The peak wavelength is 555 nm (yellowish green). As another material for green emission devices, AlInGaP has been used. The present performance of green AlInGaP LEDs is an emission wavelength of 570 nm (yellowish green) and maximum external quantum efficiency of 1%.

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12

Karandashov, V. I., E. B. Petukhov, V. S. Zrodnikov, and V. A. Zhomov. "Biological and clinical effects of violet and blue light." Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 123, no. 4 (April 1997): 392–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02766197.

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13

Park, Jeong Woo, and Chul Young Choi. "Comparative Spectrophotometer Analysis of Ultraviolet-light Filtering, Blue-light Filtering, and Violet-light Filtering Intraocular Lenses." Korean Journal of Ophthalmology 36, no. 1 (February 5, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3341/kjo.2021.0157.

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Purpose: To compare the light transmittance property of seven currently used intraocular lens (IOL) models by spectrophotometer data.Methods: Light transmission spectra of seven IOL models were assessed with a spectrophotometer. The transmittance properties were analyzed in 1 nm units from 350 nm wavelength to 800 nm.Results: Three ultraviolet filtering IOL models (ZCB00, XC1-SP, and AT LISA 809M) showed nearly full transmittance of the light from 400 to 500 nm, while steeply attenuating light with shorter wavelengths in various degrees. Three blue-light filtering IOLs (yellow-tinted IOLs; XY1, SN60WF, and TNFT00) showed a slow-sloped increase of light transmission between 400 to 500nm. Among the three, XY1 showed different degree of inclination, showing a steeper slope than SN60WF and TNFT00. The violet-light filtering IOL (ZFR00V) showed a rapid increase of the transmission at around 435 nm wavelength, which is similar to ultraviolet filtering IOLs.Conclusions: The seven different IOLs measured showed different characteristics of light transmission depending on the properties of each material and color. Blue-light filtering IOLs tend to blocked a wide range of wavelength up to 500 nm, but rather were not effective at the range of 400 to 430 nm. Violet-light filtering IOL showed advantages in filtering the high-energy wavelength, around 430 nm, having a potential risk to retina and allowing the transmission of useful blue and green wavelength which is necessary for a better scotopic contrast sensitivity.

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14

Oh, Jae-Hyeok, Seung-Beom Cho, Il-Kyu Park, and Sung-Nam Lee. "Monolithic Multicolor Emissions of InGaN-Based Hybrid Light-Emitting Diodes Using CsPbBr3 Green Quantum Dots." Materials 16, no. 3 (February 2, 2023): 1290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16031290.

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To address the increasing demand for multicolor light-emitting diodes (LEDs), a monolithic multicolor LED with a simple process and high reliability is desirable. In this study, organic–inorganic hybrid LEDs with violet and green wavelengths were fabricated by depositing CsPbBr3 perovskite green quantum dots (QDs) as the light-converting material on InGaN-based violet LEDs. As the injection current was increased, the total electroluminescence (EL) intensities of the hybrid LEDs increased, whereas the light-converted green emission efficiency of the CsPbBr3 QDs decreased. The maximum green-to-violet EL spectral intensity ratio of the hybrid LEDs with CsPbBr3 QDs was achieved with the injection current of <10 mA. Moreover, the EL spectral ratio of the green-to-violet emission decreased at an injection current of 100 mA. The light-conversion intensity of the CsPbBr3 QDs decreased linearly as the junction temperature of the hybrid LEDs was increased with increasing injection current, similar to the temperature-dependent photoluminescence degradation of CsPbBr3 QDs. In addition, the junction temperature of the hybrid LED was minimized by pulse injection to suppress the thermal degradation of QDs and increase the light conversion efficiency to green emission. Therefore, the overall emission spectrum color coordinates of the hybrid LEDs exhibited a red shift from violet to blue in the low-current region and a blue shift toward violet as the green emission of the QDs was decreased above 10 mA.

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15

Mellor, H. E., and J. G. C. Hamilton. "Navigation of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) under dusk or starlight conditions." Bulletin of Entomological Research 93, no. 4 (July 2003): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2003248.

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AbstractThe responses of male and female Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva) to different wavelengths of light was tested by presenting the sandflies with two light sources simultaneously, a series of test wavelengths between 350–670 nm and a 400 nm control. To test whether L. longipalpis could discriminate between the test and control, three sets of experiments were carried out in which the test wavelengths were presented at higher, equivalent or lower intensity than the control. In all three experiments, ultra-violet (350 nm) and blue-green-yellow (490–546 nm) light was more attractive to L. longipalpis than the control wavelength. However, at low intensity, UV was less attractive, than equivalent or higher intensity UV light. At intensities equivalent to or higher than the control wavelength, ultra-violet light was more attractive than blue-green. Furthermore, at low intensity, green-yellow (546 nm) light was more attractive to males whereas blue-green (490 nm) was more attractive to females. Blue-violet (400 nm) and orange-red (600–670 nm) light were least attractive in all three sets of experiments. Response function experiments indicated that the responses were dependent on both intensity and wavelength and that therefore more than one photoreceptor must be involved in the response. The results indicated that L. longipalpis can discriminate between different wavelengths at different intensities and thus have true colour vision. It also suggests that L. longipalpis may be able to navigate at dusk or under moonlight or starlight conditions using light in the blue-green-yellow part of the spectrum. The difference in response of males and females to light in this region is interesting and may indicate the different ecology of the sexes at night. Overall, these results may have important implications for sandfly trap design.

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16

Akansha, Elizebeth O., Bang V. Bui, Shonraj B. Ganeshrao, Pugazhandhi Bakthavatchalam, Sivakumar Gopalakrishnan, Susmitha Mattam, Radhika R. Poojary, Judith S. Jathanna, Judy Jose, and Nagarajan N. Theruveethi. "Blue-Light-Blocking Lenses Ameliorate Structural Alterations in the Rodent Hippocampus." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (October 9, 2022): 12922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912922.

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Evidence suggests that prolonged blue-light exposure can impact vision; however, less is known about its impact on non-visual higher-order functions in the brain, such as learning and memory. Blue-light-blocking lenses (BBLs) claim to reduce these potential impacts. Hence, we assessed structural and functional hippocampal alterations following blue-light exposure and the protective efficacy of BBLs. Male Wistar rats were divided into (n = 6 in each group) normal control (NC), blue-light exposure (LE), and blue-light with BBLs (Crizal Prevencia, CP and DuraVision Blue, DB) groups. After 28 days of light exposure (12:12 light: dark cycle), rats were trained for the Morris water maze memory retention test, and brain tissues were sectioned for hippocampal neuronal analysis using Golgi and Cresyl violet stains. The memory retention test was significantly delayed (p < 0.05) in LE compared with DB groups on day 1 of training. Comparison of Golgi-stained neurons showed significant structural alterations, particularly in the basal dendrites of hippocampal neurons in the LE group, with BBLs significantly mitigating these structural changes (p < 0.05). Comparison of Cresyl-violet-stained neurons revealed significantly (p < 0.001) increased degenerated hippocampal neurons in LE rats, with fewer degenerated neurons in the CP lens group for CA1 neurons (p < 0.05), and for both CP and DB groups (p < 0.05) for CA3 neurons. Thus, in addition to documented effects on visual centers, high-level blue-light exposure also results in degeneration in hippocampal neurons with associated behavioral deficits. These changes can be partially ameliorated with blue-light-blocking lenses.

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17

Qiu, Lei, Ying Guo, Bin Yuan, Yu Shi Su, and Yan Hui Qi. "Chromatographic Study of Blue-Violet Tanzanite’s Color Appearance." Science of Advanced Materials 14, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 1032–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2022.4288.

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Tanzanite is a blue-purple zoisite currently produced only in Tanzania. Tanzanite is loved by the public for its attractive blue-violet color. In this study, the color appearance of tanzanite will be studied chromatically using the CIE 1976 L*a*b* unified color space and the CIECAM16 color appearance model, respectively. The blue color of tanzanite is quantitatively characterized in CIE 1976 L*a*b* uniform color space using an X-Rite SP62 spectrophotometer. The tristimulus values XYZ of tanzanite’s color are input into the CIECAM16 forward model to calculate the color appearance parameters of tanzanite under different light sources, different illumination levels, and different surroundings. And the results show that D65 light source is more suitable for the display of tanzanite. The change in illumination will have a significant effect on Brightness (Q). Darkening of the surroundings will lead to an increase in the lightness of tanzanite. The blue-violet color of tanzanite has a better visual effect when observed in darker conditions.

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18

Sandall, Sharon K., and R. Daniel Lineberger. "Flowering Patterns of Reverse Pinwheel Chimeras Produced during in Vitro Culture of Saintpaulia ionantha `Silver Summit'." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 547C—547. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.547c.

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The pinwheel flowering African violet `Silver Summit', a periclinal chimera, has bicolor flowers with violet-blue 93B corolla segment margins and white 155B central stripes. Several off-types were produced during in vitro culture of `Silver Summit', the two of greatest potential value having reversed color patterns with violet-blue stripes and white margins. The off-types varied in color, one with deep violet-blue stripes (DR, dark reverse) and the other with lighter stripes of the same color (LR, light reverse). Unexpanded inflorescences of both off types were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium containing 0.1 mg/L benzyladenine and 0.1 mg/L naphthaleneacetic acid. Plantlets resulting from expansion and multiplication of the dormant buds in the inflorescences were removed, acclimated, and grown on to flowering. Thirteen LR inflorescences produced 55 plants; 51 were true to type and four had solid violet-blue flowers (non-chimeral). Thirteen DR inflorescences produced 64 plants; only eight were true to type, 17 produced solid violet-blue flowers, 38 produced flowers with mixtures of the DR chimeral pattern and solid violet-blue flowers, and one was solid white flowering. To visualize the chimeral arrangement of the meristems of the off-types, flower patterns of all plants were recorded and “fl oral maps” were constructed. Floral maps of LR were constant from plant to plant and varied little as the plants aged, indicating LR to be a stable periclinal chimera. Floral maps of DR were highly variable from plant to plant, and changed considerably over time indicating that the DR meristems were less stable.

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19

Kitagawa, Yuuki, Jumpei Ueda, Jian Xu, Takayuki Nakanishi, Takashi Takeda, Naoto Hirosaki, and Setsuhisa Tanabe. "Deep-red to near-infrared luminescence from Eu²⁺-trapped exciton states in YSiO₂N." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 24, no. 7 (2022): 4348–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cp05242j.

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20

Feezell, Daniel F., Mathew C. Schmidt, Steven P. DenBaars, and Shuji Nakamura. "Development of Nonpolar and Semipolar InGaN/GaN Visible Light-Emitting Diodes." MRS Bulletin 34, no. 5 (May 2009): 318–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2009.93.

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AbstractThis article reviews the development of nonpolar and semipolar InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs), emphasizing structures on freestanding bulk GaN. A brief history of LED development on each orientation is provided, followed by a discussion of the most relevant and recent results. The context is related to several current LED issues, such as the realization of high-efficiency white solid-state lighting, potential solutions to the “green gap,” and applications for polarized emitters. The section on nonpolar LEDs highlights high-power violet and blue emitters and considers the effects of indium incorporation and substrate miscut. The section on semipolar GaN reviews the development of LEDs in the violet, blue, green, and yellow regions and highlights the potential of InGaN/GaN LEDs as an alternative technology to AlInGaP for yellow emitters. A brief review of polarization anisotropy also is included for each orientation. Finally, a two source white light system utilizing a nonpolar blue LED and a semipolar yellow LED is presented.

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21

SPARDHAN, Shahina, and Raju P. SAPKOTA. "Eye Complications of Exposure to Ultraviolet and Blue-Violet Light." Highlights of Ophthalmology 45, no. 2ENG (2017): 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/highlights-45-2-2.

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22

Wei, Z. P., Y. M. Lu, D. Z. Shen, Z. Z. Zhang, B. Yao, B. H. Li, J. Y. Zhang, D. X. Zhao, X. W. Fan, and Z. K. Tang. "Room temperature p-n ZnO blue-violet light-emitting diodes." Applied Physics Letters 90, no. 4 (January 22, 2007): 042113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2435699.

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23

Zhao, Xinwei, Olaf Schoenfeld, Junichi Kusano, Yoshinobu Aoyagi, and Takuo Sugano. "Violet and Blue Light Emissions from Nanocrystalline Silicon Thin Films." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 33, Part 2, No. 5A (May 1, 1994): L649—L651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.33.l649.

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24

Mainster, M. A. "Violet and blue light blocking intraocular lenses: photoprotection versus photoreception." British Journal of Ophthalmology 90, no. 6 (June 1, 2006): 784–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2005.086553.

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25

Gomez, Grace F., Ruijie Huang, Meoghan MacPherson, Andrea G. Ferreira Zandona, and Richard L. Gregory. "Photo Inactivation of Streptococcus mutans Biofilm by Violet-Blue light." Current Microbiology 73, no. 3 (June 8, 2016): 426–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00284-016-1075-z.

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26

Maciel, G. S., L. de S. Menezes, Cid B. de Araújo, and Y. Messaddeq. "Violet and blue light amplification in Nd3+-doped fluoroindate glasses." Journal of Applied Physics 85, no. 9 (May 1999): 6782–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.370194.

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Ragupathy, Viswanath, Mohan Haleyurgirisetty, Neetu Dahiya, Caitlin Stewart, John Anderson, Scott MacGregor, Michelle Maclean, Indira Hewlett, and Chintamani Atreya. "Visible 405 nm Violet-Blue Light Successfully Inactivates HIV-1 in Human Plasma." Pathogens 11, no. 7 (July 8, 2022): 778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11070778.

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Despite significant advances in ensuring the safety of the blood supply, there is continued risk of transfusion transmitted infections (TTIs) from newly emerging or re-emerging infections. Globally, several pathogen reduction technologies (PRTs) for blood safety have been in development as an alternative to traditional treatment methods. Despite broad spectrum antimicrobial efficacy, some of the approved ultraviolet (UV) light-based PRTs, understandably due to UV light-associated toxicities, fall short in preserving the full functional spectrum of the treated blood components. As a safer alternative to the UV-based microbicidal technologies, investigations into the use of violet-blue light in the region of 405 nm have been on the rise as these wavelengths do not impair the treated product at doses that demonstrate microbicidal activity. Recently, we have demonstrated that a 405 nm violet-blue light dose of 270 J/cm2 was sufficient for reducing bacteria and the parasite in plasma and platelets suspended in plasma while preserving the quality of the treated blood product stored for transfusion. Drawn from the previous experience, here we evaluated the virucidal potential of 405 nm violet-blue light dose of 270 J/cm2 on an important blood-borne enveloped virus, the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), in human plasma. Both test plasma (HIV-1 spiked and treated with various doses of 405 nm light) and control plasma (HIV-1 spiked, but not treated with the light) samples were cultured with HIV-1 permissive H9 cell line for up to 21 days to estimate the viral titers. Quantitative HIV-1 p24 antigen (HIV-1 p24) levels reflective of HIV-1 titers were measured for each light dose to assess virus infectivity. Our results demonstrate that a 405 nm light dose of 270 J/cm2 is also capable of 4–5 log HIV-1 reduction in plasma under the conditions tested. Overall, this study provides the first proof-of-concept that 405 nm violet-blue light successfully inactivates HIV-1 present in human plasma, thereby demonstrating its potential towards being an effective PRT for this blood component safety.

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Bao, Zhen, Zhen-Feng Jiang, Qiang Su, Hsin-Di Chiu, Heesun Yang, Shuming Chen, Ren-Jei Chung, and Ru-Shi Liu. "ZnSe:Te/ZnSeS/ZnS nanocrystals: an access to cadmium-free pure-blue quantum-dot light-emitting diodes." Nanoscale 12, no. 21 (2020): 11556–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr01019g.

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The emission wavelength of ZnSe/ZnS quantum dots was successfully tuned from the violet (∼420 nm) to pure-blue (∼455 nm) region by doping Te into the ZnSe core. A specific structure QLED fabricated with ZnSe:0.03Te/ZnSeS/ZnS QDs realized pure-blue emission.

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29

Chen, Wen-Cheng, Yi Yuan, Shao-Fei Ni, Qing-Xiao Tong, Fu-Lung Wong, and Chun-Sing Lee. "Achieving efficient violet-blue electroluminescence with CIEy <0.06 and EQE >6% from naphthyl-linked phenanthroimidazole–carbazole hybrid fluorophores." Chemical Science 8, no. 5 (2017): 3599–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6sc05619a.

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30

Fornaini, Carlo, Reza Fekrazad, Jean-Paul Rocca, Shiying Zhang, and Elisabetta Merigo. "Use of Blue and Blue-Violet Lasers in Dentistry: A Narrative Review." Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences 12, no. 1 (July 4, 2021): e31-e31. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/jlms.2021.31.

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Introduction: Blue and blue-violet diode lasers (450 and 405 nm) seem to represent an interesting approach for several clinical treatments today. The aim of this narrative review is to describe and comment on the literature regarding the utilization of blue and blue-violet lasers in dentistry. Methods: A search for "blue laser AND dentistry" was conducted using the PubMed database, and all the papers referring to this topic, ranging from 1990 to April 2020, were analyzed in the review. All the original in vivo and in vitro studies using 450 nm or 405 nm lasers were included in this study. All the articles on the LED light, laser wavelengths other than 405 and 450 nm and using lasers in specialties other than dentistry, as well as case reports, guideline papers and reviews were excluded. Results: From a total of 519 results, 47 articles met the inclusion criteria and were divided into 8 groups based on their fields of application: disinfection (10), photobiomodulation (PBM) (4), bleaching (1), resin curing (20), surgery (7), periodontics (1), endodontics (1) and orthodontics (3). Conclusion: Blue and blue-violet diode lasers may represent new and effective devices to be used in a large number of applications in dentistry, even if further studies will be necessary to fully clarify the potentialities of these laser wavelengths.

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Cook, Javan H., José Santos, Hameed A. Al-Attar, Martin R. Bryce, and Andrew P. Monkman. "High brightness deep blue/violet fluorescent polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs)." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 3, no. 37 (2015): 9664–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5tc02162f.

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New deep blue/violet emitting co-polymers are reported. In simple PLED architectures efficiency values as high as η_ext,max 1.4% and L_max 565 cd m⁻² with CIE_x,y (0.16, 0.07) are obtained.

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32

Gaikwad, Asha. "COLOUR SPECTRUM." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 11 (November 30, 2019): 80–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i11.2019.3704.

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Colour is one of the most important elements in our life. Colour can attract our attention and change our mood. When white light dispersed by prism or a diffraction grating the colours are produce. There is a continuous change in wavelength from red to violet. Seven colours are usually distinguished – Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green Yellow, Orange and Red. It is called spectrum. A rainbow shows the colours of the spectrum. It is a range of Light waves or radio waves within particular frequencies.

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33

Wang, Aqiang, Huaibin Shen, Shuaipu Zang, Qingli Lin, Hongzhe Wang, Lei Qian, Jinzhong Niu, and Lin Song Li. "Bright, efficient, and color-stable violet ZnSe-based quantum dot light-emitting diodes." Nanoscale 7, no. 7 (2015): 2951–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4nr06593j.

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34

CHEN, YUAN-YUAN, MIN WANG, BO ZHANG, and BAO-KAI CUI. "Neoalbatrellus odorus sp. nov. (Albatrellaceae, Russulales) from Southwest China." Phytotaxa 309, no. 3 (June 16, 2017): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.309.3.2.

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We describe herein the Neoalbatrellus odorus sp. nov. accounting on its peculiar morphological features and molecular data. It is characterized by fleshy basidiomata with a deep violet to dark violet pileal surface, which turns blackish blue and glossy after drying. It also has a white pore surface, light violet to bluish violet stipe, simple septate generative hyphae, and thick-walled, non-amyloid basidiospores. The phylogenetic analyses, based on ITS and 28S rDNA sequences of Neoalbatrellus and its related genera, were performed using Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference, confirming the affiliation of the new species to Neoalbatrellus.

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35

Chellini, Flaminia, Alessia Tani, Sandra Zecchi-Orlandini, Marco Giannelli, and Chiara Sassoli. "In Vitro Evidences of Different Fibroblast Morpho-Functional Responses to Red, Near-Infrared and Violet-Blue Photobiomodulation: Clues for Addressing Wound Healing." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (November 6, 2020): 7878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217878.

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Although photobiomodulation (PBM) has proven promising to treat wounds, the lack of univocal guidelines and of a thorough understanding of light–tissue interactions hampers its mainstream adoption for wound healing promotion. This study compared murine and human fibroblast responses to PBM by red (635 ± 5 nm), near-infrared (NIR, 808 ± 1 nm), and violet-blue (405 ± 5 nm) light (0.4 J/cm2 energy density, 13 mW/cm2 power density). Cell viability was not altered by PBM treatments. Light and confocal laser scanning microscopy and biochemical analyses showed, in red PBM irradiated cells: F-actin assembly reduction, up-regulated expression of Ki67 proliferation marker and of vinculin in focal adhesions, type-1 collagen down-regulation, matrix metalloproteinase-2 and metalloproteinase-9 expression/functionality increase concomitant to their inhibitors (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2) decrease. Violet-blue and even more NIR PBM stimulated collagen expression/deposition and, likely, cell differentiation towards (proto)myofibroblast phenotype. Indeed, these cells exhibited a higher polygonal surface area, stress fiber-like structures, increased vinculin- and phospho-focal adhesion kinase-rich clusters and α-smooth muscle actin. This study may provide the experimental groundwork to support red, NIR, and violet-blue PBM as potential options to promote proliferative and matrix remodeling/maturation phases of wound healing, targeting fibroblasts, and to suggest the use of combined PBM treatments in the wound management setting.

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36

Greer, Alexander. "Violet‐blue Light Induces “Natural” Photodynamic Plasma Disinfection with Endogenous Sensitizers." Photochemistry and Photobiology 98, no. 2 (February 2022): 513–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/php.13591.

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37

Felix Gomez, Grace, Frank Lippert, Masatoshi Ando, Andrea Zandona, George Eckert, and Richard Gregory. "Effect of Violet-Blue Light on Streptococcus mutans-Induced Enamel Demineralization." Dentistry Journal 6, no. 2 (March 21, 2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj6020006.

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38

Shakibaie, F., and LJ Walsh. "Violet and blue light-induced green fluorescence emissions from dental caries." Australian Dental Journal 61, no. 4 (December 2016): 464–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/adj.12414.

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39

Quintana, Andrea, Jana Albrechtova, Tom Davis, Robert J. Griesbach, and Rosanna Freyre. "(239) Genetics, Anatomy and Biochemistry of Flower Color in Anagallis monelli (L.) `Pimpernel'." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1002E—1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1002e.

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Wild Anagallis monelli has blue or orange flowers. Hybrids with red flowers were developed at the Univ. of New Hampshire. Orange is due to pelargonidin, but delphinidin and malvidin can also be present; red is due to delphinidin and malvidin; and blue is due to malvidin only. In this study, blue and orange wild diploid accessions were used to develop four F2 populations (n = 46 to 81). In three populations, segregation ratios supported a previously proposed three-gene model for flower color in this species (P> 0.01). In the fourth population, white flower color was obtained in addition to blue, orange, and red. Molecular studies of genes in the anthocyanin pathway using a candidate gene approach are in progress. In a separate F2 population, blue, violet, lilac, and red flower colors were obtained. One hybrid per color was studied on three replicate plants. Cells with vacuoles containing anthocyanins in upper and lower petal epidermis peels were counted in five flowers per clone using light microscopy (M = 200×). Blue and red hybrids had mostly blue and red cells, respectively, on both surfaces. Lilac and violet hybrids included cells that were blue and intermediate (containing both red and blue) on both surfaces, and also had red cells on the lower epidermis only. Violet hybrids had more blue cells on the upper epidermis than the lilac hybrids. Anthocyanins were determined by HPLC for each petal epidermis in the four flower colors. The blue hybrid had only malvidin in both upper and lower epidermis, and the red hybrid had mainly delphinidin in both surfaces. Lilac and violet hybrids had small amounts (2% and 2.5%, respectively) of delphinidin on upper surfaces, while lower surfaces had 25% to 33% delphinidin.

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40

Lu, Hsin-Wei, Huei-Ling Weng, Po-Ching Kao, Sheng-Yuan Chu, and Yung-Der Juang. "Fabrication of Color-Tunable Blue-Violet Organic Light Emitting Diodes for White Light Source." ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology 5, no. 6 (2016): R104—R109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0151606jss.

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41

Nakano, Shinichiro, Akira Miyata, Junya Kizawa, Daijiro Kurosaka, Kazunori Miyata, and Tetsuro Oshika. "Blue light–filtering and violet light–filtering hydrophobic acrylic foldable intraocular lenses: Intraindividual comparison." Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery 45, no. 10 (October 2019): 1393–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrs.2019.05.027.

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42

Sun, Chen, Kuan Jiang, Meng-Fei Han, Mei-Jun Liu, Xi-Kai Lian, Yong-Xin Jiang, Hua-Sen Shi, Cheng-Yang Yue, and Xiao-Wu Lei. "A zero-dimensional hybrid lead perovskite with highly efficient blue-violet light emission." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 8, no. 34 (2020): 11890–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tc02351e.

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By using a structural slicing strategy toward 3D CsPbCl₃, we successfully constructed the first 0D perovskite displaying the highest-energy blue-violet light emission (392 nm) with improved photoluminescence quantum yield ranging from <5% to 21.3%.

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43

De Sousa, Samuel, Siliu Lyu, Laurent Ducasse, Thierry Toupance, and Céline Olivier. "Tuning visible-light absorption properties of Ru–diacetylide complexes: simple access to colorful efficient dyes for DSSCs." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 35 (2015): 18256–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta04498g.

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44

Hooks, Triston, Joseph Masabni, Ling Sun, and Genhua Niu. "Effect of Pre-Harvest Supplemental UV-A/Blue and Red/Blue LED Lighting on Lettuce Growth and Nutritional Quality." Horticulturae 7, no. 4 (April 14, 2021): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7040080.

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Blue light and ultra-violet (UV) light have been shown to influence plant growth, morphology, and quality. In this study, we investigated the effects of pre-harvest supplemental lighting using UV-A and blue (UV-A/Blue) light and red and blue (RB) light on growth and nutritional quality of lettuce grown hydroponically in two greenhouse experiments. The RB spectrum was applied pre-harvest for two days or nights, while the UV-A/Blue spectrum was applied pre-harvest for two or four days or nights. All pre-harvest supplemental lighting treatments had a same duration of 12 h with a photon flux density (PFD) of 171 μmol m−2 s−1. Results of both experiments showed that pre-harvest supplemental lighting using UV A/Blue or RB light can increase the growth and nutritional quality of lettuce grown hydroponically. The enhancement of lettuce growth and nutritional quality by the pre-harvest supplemental lighting was more effective under low daily light integral (DLI) compared to a high DLI and tended to be more effective when applied during the night, regardless of spectrum.

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45

Klyachkin, L. N. "On the treatment of Basedow's disease with a mercury-quartz lamp." Kazan medical journal 20, no. 4 (August 11, 2021): 362–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj76506.

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Even Finsen, when observing lupus, found that the active principle of any light source is not all its rays, but only those that make up the extreme right part of the solar spectrum, namely: blue, violet and, mainly, ultraviolet.

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46

Buller, Gayle M., JiXiang Liu, Stephen Yue, Jolene A. Bradford, and William L. Godfrey. "Use of Pacific Orange™ Dye with Qdot® Nanocrystals and Other Violet-Excited Dyes in Polychromatic Flow Cytometry." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 16, 2006): 3901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.3901.3901.

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Abstract Violet-excited fluorochromes are becoming more commonly used in polychromatic flow cytometry experiments. However, violet-excited fluorochromes with emissions longer than 450 nm have been shown to produce small signals relative to the autofluorescent background, usable only on densely expressed antigens, and are sometimes excited by a 488 nm argon ion laser. We have developed a novel violet-excited organic fluor, Pacific Orange™ dye, which has an emission maximum at 551 nm and which is not excited by 488 nm light. Pacific Orange dye is at least twice as bright as the other green emitting violet excitable dyes, Cascade Yellow™ dye and Alexa Fluor® 430 dye. Pacific Orange dye (585/42 nm bandpass filter) can be used for two color immunophenotyping with Pacific Blue ™ dye (450/50 nm band pass filter) with minimal compensation. Data is shown comparing a human CD4/CD8 combination using a direct antibody conjugate with a Zenon® labeling reagent bound to a primary antibody. CD45 antigen is easily resolved with Pacific Orange dye, allowing CD45/SSC gating of leukocytes using violet excitation. Pacific Orange and Pacific Blue dyes can be paired with the violet-excited Fixable Aqua dead cell stain (525/50 nm bandpass filter) to exclude dead cells from immunofluorescence staining. (Figure 1) Finally, a five-color human peripheral blood leukocyte panel is shown using only violet excitation, and pairing Pacific Orange anti-CD8 and Pacific Blue anti-CD4 with Qdot® 605, Qdot 655, and Qdot 705 nanocrystal streptavidin conjugates used sequentially with biotinylated anti-CD19, anti-CD3, and anti-CD56. (Figure 2) Pacific Orange dye provides a tool to transfer detection of abundant target antigens from 488 nm excitation to the violet laser, enabling the use the 488 laser for another marker. In addition, the use of multiple violet-excited dyes can enable the detectection of five or more additional markers to standard laser combinations for greater multiplexing in polychromatic flow cytometry. Figure 1. Immunophenotyping of mixed live and heat-killed human leukocytes using Pacific Orange dye, Pacific Blue dye and the Fixable Aqua dead cell reagent. Live cell events (Fixable Aqua stain-negative) were gated in the histogram (left) for display in the CD4/CD8 scatter plot (right). Figure 1. Immunophenotyping of mixed live and heat-killed human leukocytes using Pacific Orange dye, Pacific Blue dye and the Fixable Aqua dead cell reagent. Live cell events (Fixable Aqua stain-negative) were gated in the histogram (left) for display in the CD4/CD8 scatter plot (right). Figure 2. Five-color immunophenotyping of human leukocytes with Pacific Orange dye, Pacific Blue dye and three Qdot nanocrystal streptavidin conjugates using violet excitation. The Qdot nanocrystal staining was done with sequential staining and washing with biotinylated primary antibodies and streptavidin conjugates. Figure 2. Five-color immunophenotyping of human leukocytes with Pacific Orange dye, Pacific Blue dye and three Qdot nanocrystal streptavidin conjugates using violet excitation. The Qdot nanocrystal staining was done with sequential staining and washing with biotinylated primary antibodies and streptavidin conjugates.

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47

Kelly, Richard O., Zhanao Deng, and Brent K. Harbaugh. "Evaluation of 125 Petunia Cultivars as Bedding Plants and Establishment of Class Standards." HortTechnology 17, no. 3 (January 2007): 386–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.17.3.386.

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Central Florida has a climate similar to many locations in the southeastern United States and parts of Asia, Europe, and Australia. Thus, Florida is an important testing ground for new bedding plant cultivars not only in the United States, but around the world. The authors evaluated 125 petunia (Petunia ×hybrida) cultivars in replicated class tests at Bradenton, Fla. (lat. 27º4′N, long. 82º5′W) in 2000–04 and at Balm, Fla. (lat. 27º8′N, long. 82º2′W) in 2005–06. In this report they establish petunia classes and cultivar standards for each class, and provide objective plant measurements of vegetative and floral characteristics, and subjective performance ratings. Petunia cultivars were grouped into 73 classes based on the distinguishing characteristics for petunia, which are plant type and height, and flower type, color, and color pattern. Comparisons were made within each class to determine performance and to select a cultivar as the standard for the class—a plant with the highest overall performance rating that can represent the class in future trials against new cultivars. During the initial trials, larger numbers of cultivars were evaluated and eliminated from future comparisons when each class standard was selected. Many flower colors and color combinations, as well as plant types and other distinctive characteristics have been developed for bedding plants. By creating class standards for each distinctive characteristic, better choices over a wider range of classes are available to growers and landscapers in this climate. Cultivars with an outstanding overall performance rating (combined foliage, flower, arthropod feeding symptom, and disease symptom ratings ≥5.5 points on a 1 to 7-point scale) for class standard selections were (floribunda, single mix class) ‘Madness Waterfall Mix’ and [single purple (dark), red-violet class] ‘Madness Magenta’; [grandiflora, single blue (dark) class] ‘Eagle Blue’, (single orange shades/tints class) ‘Ultra Salmon’, and [single purple (dark), red-violet class] ‘Storm Violet’; and [spreading, normal, orange (dark) shades/tints class] ‘Ramblin’ Salmon Capri’, [orange (light) shades/tints class] ‘Ramblin’ Peach Glo’, [pink (dark) class] ‘Wave Pink’, [purple (dark), blue-violet class] ‘Avalanche Lavender’, [purple (light) blue-violet class] ‘Ramblin’ Lavender’, (red class) ‘Avalanche Red Improved’, (rose class) ‘Avalanche Rose Improved’, (white class) ‘Plush White’, and [spreading, tall; blue (dark) class] ‘Wave Blue’. These cultivars would likely perform well in the southern United States or areas of the world with similar heat and cold hardiness zones.

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48

Zhai, Xiaoyu, Siqi Li, Yufeng Ding, Liangliang Pan, Hejia Yang, Bingyin Jiang, Dongpeng Yan, and Qingyun Meng. "Fabrication and Investigation of Two-Component Film of 2,5-Diphenyloxazole and Octafluoronaphthalene Exhibiting Tunable Blue/Bluish Violet Fluorescence Based on Low Vacuum Physical Vapor Deposition Method." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4363541.

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Organic luminescent materials play an important role in the fields of light-emitting diodes and fluorescent imaging. Moreover, new synthetic approaches towardsπ-conjugated molecular systems with high fluorescence quantum efficiency are highly desired. Herein, different 2,5-diphenyloxazole-octafluoronaphthalene (DPO-OFN) films with tunable fluorescence have been prepared by Low Vacuum Physical Vapor Deposition (LVPVD) method. DPO-OFN films showed some changed properties, such as molecular vibration and fluorescence. All films exhibited blue/bluish violet fluorescence and showed blue shift, in comparison with pristine DPO. This work introduced a new method to fabricate two-component molecular materials with tunable blue/bluish violet luminescence properties and provided a new perspective to prepare organic luminescent film materials, layer film materials, cocrystal materials, and cocrystal film materials. Importantly, these materials have potential applications in the fields of next generation of photofunctional materials.

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49

Ohta, Hiroaki, and Kuniyoshi Okamoto. "Nonpolar/Semipolar GaN Technology for Violet, Blue, and Green Laser Diodes." MRS Bulletin 34, no. 5 (May 2009): 324–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2009.94.

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AbstractTo achieve 520–532 nm green laser diodes (LDs), nonpolar and semipolar nitrides have attracted much attention because their usage leads to the elimination of the quantum-confined Stark effect and higher optical gains in this wavelength region. Since the breakthrough in the homoepitaxial growth technology for them, many nonpolar m -plane devices such as mW-class blue light-emitting diodes, violet 405 nm LDs, blue 460 nm LDs, and blue-green LDs beyond 490 nm have been announced. Advantages such as small blueshift and high slope efficiency (high output power to injected current ratio) have been confirmed for the first time in m -plane LDs beyond the blue region. On the other hand, the semipolar plane is also a candidate for green LDs. The pulsed operation of semipolar (1011) and (1122) violet LDs and lasing for a (1122) LD at 514 nm by optical pumping also have been reported. Such rapid progress in this research field will be reviewed.

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50

Hessling, Martin, Tobias Meurle, and Katharina Hoenes. "Surface disinfection with white-violet illumination device." AIMS Bioengineering 9, no. 2 (2022): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/bioeng.2022008.

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<abstract> <p>The spread of infections, as in the coronavirus pandemic, leads to the desire to perform disinfection measures even in the presence of humans. UVC radiation is known for its strong antimicrobial effect, but it is also harmful to humans. Visible light, on the other hand, does not affect humans and laboratory experiments have already demonstrated that intense visible violet and blue light has a reducing effect on bacteria and viruses. This raises the question of whether the development of pathogen-reducing illumination is feasible for everyday applications. For this purpose, a lighting device with white and violet LEDs is set up to illuminate a work surface with 2,400 lux of white light and additionally with up to 2.5 mW/cm<sup>2</sup> of violet light (405 nm). Staphylococci are evenly distributed on the work surface and the decrease in staphylococci concentration is observed over a period of 46 hours. In fact, the staphylococci concentration decreases, but with the white illumination, a 90% reduction occurs only after 34 hours; with the additional violet illumination the necessary irradiation time is shortened to approx. 3.5 hours. Increasing the violet component probably increases the disinfection effect, but the color impression moves further away from white and the low disinfection durations of UVC radiation can nevertheless not be achieved, even with very high violet emissions.</p> </abstract>

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