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Дисертації з теми "Viking and Middle Ages"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 7 липня 2024

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1

Carrasco, Gamboa Pamela. "The Lives of the People from Banken 1. : A study based on muscular development and other activity markers." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-392563.

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Tre skelett från en kyrkogård daterad till Gotlands sen-vikingatid till tidig medeltid har analyserats avseende aktivitetsspår. Metoden som användes innebar observation av muskelutvecklingen tillsammans med förändringar i entesiterna som är fästen för muskler och ligament. Hittills har forskningen ägnat sig åt att studera dessa förändringar på ett kvantitativt sätt, genom att tilldela poäng till de olika förändringarna enligt hur utvecklade de är och sedan skapa en statistik. Men dessa metoder har fortfarande många begränsningar, eftersom det är väldigt få av dessa entesiter som har studerats. Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka vilka muskler var utvecklade och utröna hur dessa rörde sig tillsammans för att återskapa ett rörelsemönster som kan hjälpa att skapa en teori om vilka aktiviteter individerna sysslade med (arbetsuppgifter, fritidssysslor, m.m.). Analysen har gjorts med hjälp av litteratur om aktivitetsspår, paleopatologi, fysioterapi och med referensmaterialet från Osteologilaboratoriet vid Uppsala Universitet, Campus Gotland.

2

Engblom, Mathias. "Vallen i Västergarn." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-392901.

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In the small town of Västergarn on Gotland lies a rather impressive rampart, circa one kilometre long. Excavations of the area inside of the rampart, as well as excavations of the rampart itself, have yielded no conclusive answers regarding the dating and main purpose of the rampart and the settlement that supposedly lies within. This paper aims to shed some light on the date and purpose of the Västergarn rampart. This will mainly be done by a comparative study, where the Västergarn Rampart will be compared to other ramparts, one in Waterford and one in Birka. In this analysis the construction, mainly of the core construction of the ramparts, will be taken into consideration but aspects such as terrain and building material will also be considered. The results of earlier research in and around the Västergarn area will also be used to then come to a comprehensive theory regarding the dating and purpose of the Västergarn rampart.

3

Crichton, Anna-Claire. "What’s in a Name; An Examination of Scandinavian Groups and their Interactions in Viking Age Ireland." Wittenberg University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wuhonors1624284838035963.

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4

Engerdahl, Tomas. "Tools of the Trade : An analysis using conservation and SEM of the context and iron material from the excavation of House X in the city block Humlegården 3 in Sigtuna." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Arkeologiska forskningslaboratoriet, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-82870.

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Sigtuna’s trade and production has been the subject of an increasing amount of archaeological investigations during the last 30 years. However, most of the research has been conductedregarding the buildings, coin mints and precious metal objects. This thesis will instead research one of the basics of the production, namely the iron. By reviewing the iron objectsand currency bars from house X in the city block Humlegården 3. Through high precision studies with conservation and scanning electron microscope I will be able to come one step closer to identifying what sort of items were produced on the site and discerning what status and function the smithy had. I will also investigate the possibility to track the origin of the iron.
Sigtunas handel och produktion har varit föremål för ett ökande antal arkeologiska undersökningar de senaste 30 åren. De flesta av dessa undersökningar har handlat ombyggnader, mynthus och föremålsstudier. Den här uppsatsen kommer istället att undersöka ett av hantverken som krävs för att kunna utföra många andra hantverk, nämligen järnhantverk. Genom att undersöka järnfynden och ämnesjärnen från hus X i kvarteret Humlegården 3, via detaljerade studier som inkluderar konservering och Svepelektronmikroskop, kommer jag att komma ett steg närmare vilka föremål som producerats på platsen samt utröna vad för status och funktion smedjan hade. Jag kommer även undersöka om det är möjligt att säga någonting om järnets ursprung.

5

Hammarsten, Eleonor. "Djurhushållningen i Västergarn : en osteoarkeologisk fallstudie av animalt benmaterial från Snauvalds 1:2, Västergarn, Gotland." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-1921.

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In this Bachelor thesis an animal bone material from Västergarn parish is analyzed and discussed. The purpose of this thesis is to gain more knowledge about the Viking Age/Early Medieval Västergarn. Västergarn has a few remains from former days which have been discussed throughout the years and are still a bit of a mystery for archaeologists. The main focus is to inquire into whether Västergarn was an urban, complex society or a rural settlement. This will be done by studying the animal husbandry from the property of Snauvalds 1:2. The animal bones have been typed, and sex and age estimations have been made on the most common domestic animals, ergo cattle, sheep/goat and pig. The result from the analysis shows that Västergarn has tendencies of both countryside settlement and a more urban society and the final conclusion is that it has most probably been a trading place or a market place considering its closeness to a Viking Age harbor.

6

Thell, Kevin. "Det medeltida Visby : en kritisk studie av disskusionen om stadens etablering." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-1959.

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Visby is a city that at first glance is of medieval origins. The popular image of scientists today is that the city was formed in the Middle Ages. According to some of the researchers Visby was formed during the Viking Age, it is based on the basis that the area has been used for a long period. Urban development in the Nordic countries is complex and there are different opinions as to why the Nordic cities emerge. It is important to shed light on the underlying process on why cities are emerging to provide clarity as to why Visby city is emerging. The aim of this paper is to do analyze the theories of several researchers, considering the urban development of Visby. The results show that the area of Visby has been a place that has been used since Stone Age, during the Viking age the area was a place for season trade. According to the archaeological sources is it not an indication of at town during the Viking age, because of the lack of permanent buildings.

7

Baranes, Angela. "La formation d'un paysage chrétien au Danemark viking et médiéval : Logiques spatiales et pratiques sociales (VIIIe-XIIIe siècles)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ2001.

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La thèse propose d'étudier la formation d'un paysage chrétien au Danemark au cours de la christianisation (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle), en croisant les sources textuelles, matérielles, toponomastiques et cartographiques. La transition religieuse s'est déroulée de manière graduelle, non imposée par les voisins chrétiens et par l'adhésion progressive des élites. Elle implique des transformations sociales qui ont aussi des traductions spatiales, modifiant la forme, la pratique et la conception des espaces, des lieux et des paysages. La recherche menée propose d'en faire l'analyse de manière systémique, à petite échelle, c'est-à-dire avec un regard porté sur l'ensemble du Danemark historique, et en rompant les bornes chronologiques et disciplinaires (Protohistoire et Moyen Âge ; histoire, archéologie et géographie) maintenues dans la recherche. Divisée en trois parties chrono-thématiques (période missionnaire, « conversion officielle » et institutionnalisation), la thèse s'attache à comprendre les mécanismes et l'évolution de l'implantation et la sacralisation des lieux cultuels et funéraires, dont les formes sont variables d'une période à l'autre, ainsi que de l'élaboration de territoires pastoraux. In fine, il s'agit de déterminer si les expressions spatiales et monumentales de la christianisation s'inscrivent dans une continuité ou une rupture avec la période païenne antérieure et si elles trouvent des similitudes avec les christianisations réalisées en Europe aux siècles précédents. Ce travail repose sur l'élaboration de plusieurs corpus de sources textuelles et d'inventaires de monuments, d'objets et de sites (sites ecclésiaux et funéraires, mobilier liturgique, pierres runiques à caractères chrétiens, sources saintes, lieux de culte païens, habitats) jusque-là discutés séparément. L'ensemble est visualisé et analysé par le biais de productions cartographiques et d'outils SIG qui réintègrent les sites dans leur contexte (occupation biophysique du sol et occupation humaine, routes, toponymes)
The aim of this thesis is to study the making of a Christian landscape in Denmark during the period of Christianisation (8th-13th century), using a combination of textual, material, toponomastic and cartographic sources. The religious transition took place gradually, not imposed by the Christian neighbours, but by the gradual acceptance of the Christian faith by the elites. It involved social transformations that also had spatial consequences, modifying the form, practice and conception of spaces, places and landscapes. The aim of this research is to carry out a systemic analysis on a small scale, looking at historical Denmark in its entirety and breaking down the chronological and disciplinary boundaries (Protohistory and the Middle Ages; history, archaeology and geography) hitherto maintained in research. Divided into three chrono-thematic parts (missionary period, 'official conversion' and institutionalisation), the thesis sets out to understand the mechanisms and evolution of the establishment and sacralisation of places of worship and funerary sites, the forms of which vary from one period to another, as well as the development of pastoral territories. Ultimately, the aim is to determine whether the spatial and monumental expressions of Christianisation form part of a continuity or a break with the earlier pagan period, and whether there are similarities with the Christianisations carried out in Europe in previous centuries. This work is based on the development of several corpus of textual sources and inventories of monuments, objects and sites (ecclesiastical and funerary sites, liturgical objects, runestones with Christian characteristics, using cartographic production and GIS tools that place the sites in their context (biophysical occupation of the land and human occupation, roads, place names)

8

Zilmer, Kristel. ""He drowned in Holmr's sea - his cargo-ship drifted to the sea-bottom, only three came out alive" records and represantations of Baltic traffic in the Viking age and the middle ages in early Nordic sources." Tartu Tartu Ülikool, 2005. http://www.utlib.ee/ekollekt/diss/dok/2005/b1734458x/zilmer.pdf.

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9

Viberg, Andreas. "Remnant echoes of the past : Archaeological geophysical prospection in Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antikens kultur, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-79239.

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The aim of this thesis has been to investigate the benefits, pitfalls and possibilities of using geophysical methods in archaeological projects. This is exemplified by surveys carried out at archaeological sites in different geographical and chronological contexts. The thesis also aims at investigating the cause for the under-use of the methods in Swedish archaeology by looking at previously conducted surveys. The methods used during these surveys have been Ground-penetrating radar (GPR), magnetometer, slingram and a kappameter. The surveys in the mountain tundra region of Lapland show that magnetic susceptibility surveys is a valuable aid in discovering heaps of fire-cracked stones and when combined with magnetometry, also hearths. GPR and magnetometer surveys within the Migration Period ringfort Sandbyborg provided the spatial layout of the fort and indicated, along with results from recent excavations and metal detections, many similarities with the ringfort Eketorp II. The non-magnetic character of the sedimentary bedrock on Öland and Gotland is suitable for magnetometer surveys and the method is also highly appropriate for the detection of the remains of high-temperature crafts. GPR surveys at St. Mary’s Dominican convent in Sigtuna produced the spatial layout of the central cloister area. The investigations also show that the geology, pedology, land use and the character of commonly occurring prehistoric remains in Sweden, in certain circumstances and in certain areas, have restricted the possibility of successfully carrying out geophysical surveys. Care must therefore be taken to choose the right instrument for the survey and to tailor the sampling density of each geophysical survey, according to the character and size of the expected archaeological remains, in order to maximize their information return. To increase the use of geophysical methods in Sweden the educational opportunities, both for surveyors and professional archaeologists, need to improve.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 3: Manuscript.

10

Rumsey, Patricia. "Sacred time in early Christian Ireland : the Nauigatio and the Céli Dé in dialogue to explore the theologies of time and the liturgy of the hours in pre-Viking Ireland." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683216.

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11

Horvath, Andrea. "Vikingatida eller medeltida kammar i Västergarn? : en fallstudie av enkelkammarna funna vid Högskolan på Gotlands seminariegrävningar i Västergarn mellan åren 2006-2011." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-1485.

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The University of Gotland has between the years 2006-2011 conducted seminar excavations in Västergarn parish, Gotland. During this time 167 comb fragments have been registered. Out of these are 51 of importance for this study, since they are defined as either a single-sided composite comb or a comb case. The purpose of this thesis is to enlighten the earliest period in the history of Västergarn by focusing on the earliest forms of combs and their cases. And as the title expresses do the combs date to the Viking Age or the Middle Ages? The combs from the excavations will be compared to different type schemes, both Viking Age and Middle Age and different places in Scandinavia such as Lund, Oslo, Lödöse and Gotland. The conclusion of the analysis is that the combs from Västergarn are from the late 11th century to the early 13th century, during the Early Middle Age.

12

Melander, Victor Niels Love. "Det obetydliga : om fiskhuvudformiga hängen, sociala praktiker och förändring, 600-1200 e. Kr." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-226743.

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Fish-head pendants are one of the characteristic Gotlandic Late Iron Age artefacts. This object has been rather neglected and mainly considered as an insignificant embellishment, normally worn as a neck-collar and seen as an artefact include in the typical Gotlandic set of female jewellery. The fact that the fish-head pendant has a very long life span, which stretches from grave-finds in the Early Vendel Age to hoards in Viking Age as well as secondary usage as brooches in the Early Middle Ages, makes the artefact an excellent starting point for discussions on social practices and change through material culture. It's shown in this study that, contrary to previous beliefs, the normal usages for fish-head pendants is as solitary pendants and not as neck-collars. Neck-collars is shown to have an intricate relation to inhumations for young individuals, whereas solitary pendants are found in cremation deposits for adult individuals, something that relates to a fixed social practice mainly in the period 700-900 AD and that develops from the cremation funeral practice. This particular social practice relates to aspects of attraction and protection and continues in to the 10th century outside of funeral structures, which is shown by the composition of hoard-finds from the 10th century, but is totally absent when the pendants is given a secondary usage as brooches in the end of the 11th and beginning of the 12th century. Hence the material also gives the possibility to discuss the division among pre-historic periods. This paper is divided into six chapters. Chapter 1 gives the prerequisites. Chapter 2 provides a theoretical framework; concerning aspects such as agency, structuralism, social structures, change and material culture. Chapter 3 discusses questions of chronology and typology. In chapter 4 fish- head pendants and their practices of usage and social practices are discussed in the grave-material from the period 600-1000 AD. Chapter 5 concerns hoards and amber-pendants during the 10th to 12th century, and finally chapter 6 discusses the effects and reasons seen in the social practices defined in chapters 4 and 5, as well as the implication of social practices on pre-historic periods. The material is further presented in four catalogues, chapters 10-13.

13

Bengtsson, Fanny. "Dräkt och identitet : En studie av tidigmedeltida dräktföremål från Västergarn." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Arkeologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-452267.

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Västergarn is a medieval settlement situated on the west coast of the island of Gotland in the Baltic Sea. It has for a long time been the focus of study for researchers due to its cultural heritage in regards of its church, rampart and archaeological remains of a settlement dating to the Early Middle Ages. The University of Uppsala conducted excavations at the site during 2005–2013 which have led to large amounts of archaeological material which enabled several theses being written about the place. This thesis aims to study metal dress accessories from Västergarn and the people behind these artifacts who lived there during the early medieval period. Gender identity, ethnicity and cultural belonging will be addressed. The main part of the thesis focuses on typology and chronology. This will be achieved by a morphological study of the material. In addition to this, an ArcGis study is conducted to study distribution patterns in the settlement. The conclusion is that dress accessories allow different conclusions on the population of Västergarn. In terms of gender, it is argued that both men and women were present, albeit artefacts of male gender dominate the assemblages. The majority of the material in terms of ethnicity and cultural identity can be attributed to a Gotlandic tradition, while some dress accessories seem to come from abroad, to the Slavonic areas and other regions in the Baltic Sea. Also, oriental influences can be seen, mainly in regard to the decorated belt mounts. in conclusion, the result of this thesis indicates that two separate groups, both Gotlanders and non-Gotlanders were active in Västergarn during the early Middle Ages which is visible in the two churches, the Baltic ware pottery and the form of dress accessories people wore at the time.

14

Hedenstierna-Jonson, Charlotte. "The Birka Warrior : the material culture of a martial society." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-1272.

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This is a study of martial material culture in the context of the Viking Age warrior of Birka, Sweden. The aim is to establish the role, function and affiliation of the Birka warrior and thereby place Birka on the power-political map of the 10th century. The study is based on the excavations of the fortified structures, particularly the Garrison, at the trading post of Birka as well as the extensive remains of material culture deriving from these investigations. A starting hypothesis is that an analysis of material culture constitutes a way of mapping social structures and that style and iconography reflect cultural groups, contacts and loyalties.

Based on the case studies of six papers, the synthesis deals with questions of the work and world view of the warriors, as too their relation to their contemporary counterparts in eastern and western Europe. Questions are raised concerning the value and function of symbols in a martial context where material culture reflects rank, status and office. In defining the Birka warrior’s particular stylistic expression, a tool is created and used in the search for contacts and affiliations reflected through the distribution patterns. The results show close contacts with the eastern trading posts located on the rivers Volga and Dnjepr in Ancient Russia.

It is stated that these Rus’ trading posts, essentially inhabited by Northmen, shared a common cultural expression that was maintained throughout a vast area by exceptionally close contacts. It is suggested that a particular stylistic expression developed in these Rus’ trading places containing elements of mainly Scandinavian, Steppe nomadic and Byzantine origin.

In conclusion, the results of this thesis show that the warriors from Birka’s Garrison had a share in the martial development of contemporary Europe but with their own particular traits. Close relations with the eastern trade route and contact with the powerful Byzantine Empire were enjoyed. As a pointer for future research, it is wondered what organisational form the close-knit structure of the Rus’ trading posts actually took, keeping the subsequent guilds of medieval Europe in mind. The fall of the Garrison, as of Birka, corresponds with the establishment of Christianity in the region. Such changes were not limited to Central Sweden but part of a greater process where a new political structure was developing, better anchored in local concerns.

15

Evans, Robert. "God's agency and the recent past in Carolingian history writing, c.750-900." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/277428.

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The historians writing in the Carolingian Empire, with a few important exceptions, frequently ascribed events in recent history to God. Where they have been noticed at all, these statements of God’s agency have usually been explained as political propaganda, to demonstrate God’s favour towards the reigning dynasty. Alternatively, they have been explained by the legacy of late antique Christian historians, from which this language supposedly derived. This thesis aims to demonstrate that this language was a distinctive and innovative feature of the emerging tradition of Carolingian history writing and is best explained in religious terms. It argues that Carolingian historians reflected the emphasis on God’s agency found throughout contemporary culture and that they deliberately reshaped the Christian language bequeathed by their Roman, Anglo-Saxon, and Frankish predecessors. It offers a text-by-text analysis of how God’s agency functioned within each major Carolingian history, to further show the versatility of this language over the period. Taken together, these texts suggest that Carolingian historians wanted to teach their audiences about God’s agency and its implications for their own beliefs, identities, and behaviour. As a result, these histories and their depictions of God’s agency can be seen as a distinctive contribution to Carolingian religious renewal. This thesis thus aims to contribute to our understanding of the relationship between religion, history, and culture in early medieval Europe.

16

McGuigan, Neil. "Neither Scotland nor England : Middle Britain, c.850-1150." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7829.

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In and around the 870s, Britain was transformed dramatically by the campaigns and settlements of the Great Army and its allies. Some pre-existing political communities suffered less than others, and in hindsight the process helped Scotland and England achieve their later positions. By the twelfth century, the rulers of these countries had partitioned the former kingdom of Northumbria. This thesis is about what happened in the intervening period, the fate of Northumbria's political structures, and how the settlement that defined Britain for the remainder of the Middle Ages came about. Modern reconstructions of the era have tended to be limited in scope and based on unreliable post-1100 sources. The aim is to use contemporary material to overcome such limitations, and reach positive conclusions that will make more sense of the evidence and make the region easier to understand for a wider audience, particularly in regard to its shadowy polities and ecclesiastical structures. After an overview of the most important evidence, two chapters will review Northumbria's alleged dissolution, testing existing historiographic beliefs (based largely on Anglo-Norman-era evidence) about the fate of the monarchy, political community, and episcopate. The impact and nature of ‘Southenglish' hegemony on the region's political communities will be the focus of the fourth chapter, while the fifth will look at evidence for the expansion of Scottish political power. The sixth chapter will try to draw positive conclusions about the episcopate, leaving the final chapter to look in more detail at the institutions that produced the final settlement.

17

Назаренко, Олена В`ячеславівна, Елена Вячеславовна Назаренко, Olena Viacheslavivna Nazarenko, and E. M. Kovalyova. "The translation in the middle ages." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2015. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/40029.

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In the Middle Ages the main attention was paid to the translations in the field of mathematics, medicine, astronomy, astrology, because Europe remains relatively poor in its scientific achievements. In the period of Middle Ages the universal Latin was replaced by Spanish. The city Toledo took the lead in the matter of translation achievements. It was the Spanish translators, who with the help of King Alfonso X in XII century introduced their own cultural tradition, the so-called "Toledo School" which opened the world culture for Europe. "Toledo School" has an outstanding role in the habituation of medieval Europe with the scientific and philosophical achievements of previous civilizations. The translators of Toledo significantly influenced the formation of Western scientific worldview. It is thanks to Averroes and Avicenna Europe discovered Aristotle and Plato. All this created the basis for the establishment of the first universities here.

18

Alrasheed, Khalid Mosleh. "The postcolonial Middle Ages a present past /." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=2065749111&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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19

Ogata, Kiwako. "Elephant in Antiquity and the Middle Ages." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/257007.

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The aim of this study is to describe the evolution of knowledge and representation of an animal – elephant – from Antiquity to the Middle Ages up to the 13th century in the West and to demonstrate continuity and changes, from one civilization to another, especially in its visual representations. We tried to introduce the fruits of contemporary study of philosophical and ethical thought on the animal and its relationship with man, represented especially by Jacques Derrida and Giorgio Agamben. The study therefore, discusses not only the relationship between man and the elephant, but also includes a consideration of the attitude of man toward the animal in general, a theme discussed already by Philon and Plutarch. The study takes a similar approach with the study on the monster which became more popular after the 1980s. Study of the monster raises questions on the relationship between "ourselves" and "the others" and on the boundary between them. The relation between "us human beings" and "monsters" can be projected on the relation between "us human beings" and "the animals except men". In Judaism and Christianity, man is created in the image of God and placed at the pinnacle of the hierarchy of the creatures. He is allowed by God to exercise dominion over other animals (and to eat them). Domination of other peoples (including monstrous races) is justified by the idea that other peoples lack reason just as animals lack it. Because of its huge size, peculiar appearance, and remarkable intelligence, the elephant is one of the most surprising pieces of the evidence of God's marvellous Creation. That is why scenes of the "creation of the animals", "Adam naming animals" and Noah's Ark often included the elephant. In particular, the elephant's trunk was praised as a mystery of creation from the time of Aristotle and Pliny. However, the elephant was often considered half animal, half monster, and in consequence "other" par excellence. It is illustrated on the Souvigny Pillar with monsters and monstrous races. Therefore, the elephant was used sometimes as a symbol of "appropriation" of other peoples and their culture by Europeans, as in portraits of Alexander the Great and the Diadokoi wearing exuviae elephantis, head dresses made from elephant's scalp. To analyse visual images, we took into consideration various factors that form an image, such as artists' scientific knowledge of the animal, influence from the words (written or pronounced), use of model books, transmission of iconography among itinerant artists and ateliers, and the imagination of artists and programme makers who tend to fill any lack of information by knowledge of other animals, etc. Minute observation on some details of the visual representation of the elephant helped to reveal some aspects of the inter-relationship of various factors, especially between text and image.
Ce travail cherche à suivre le fil de l'évolution des connaissances sur un animal- l'éléphant- et sa représentation de l'Antiquité au Moyen Age dans l'Occident pour en éclaircir les continuités et changements notables. Nous avons cherché à situer nos recherches sur l'iconographie concernant l'éléphant dans le courant contemporain de pensée philosophique et éthique sur les animaux, représentée par Jacques Derrida et Giorgio Agamben notamment. C'est pourquoi les considérations sur l'attitude de l'homme contre l'animal en général, à partir de Philon et Plutarque occupe une partie assez importante de notre thèse. Nous avons adopté une approche similaire à l'étude sur le monstre qui a connu un développement remarquable surtout après les années 80. Les études sur les monstres adressent des questions concernant les rapports entre "soi " et "les autres" et les limites entre eux. Les rapports entre "nous" et "les monstres" sont une projection des rapports entre le "nous homme" et les "autres animaux excepté l'homme". L'homme est créé à la ressemblance de Dieu dans le Judaïsme et le Christianisme. Mettre sous la domination les autres peuples, dont aussi les peuples monstrueux se justifie par leur identification aux animaux dépourvus de raison. L'éléphant constitue une évidence de la grande variété de l'œuvre créatrice de Dieu par excellence, mais dans le même temps il a été considéré mi animal mi monstre à cause de sa dimension et de sa forme particulière. Il a été connu presque toujours comme africain ou indien et donc "étranger", et en conséquence "autre". La représentation visuelle de l'éléphant est donc utilisée quelquefois comme symbole d'appropriation d'un autre peuple et de sa culture par les Européens. Notre travail reconnait que les représentations visuelles de l'éléphant n’oscillent pas seulement entre les deux pôles de " réel" et "non réel", mais qu'elles consistent plutôt en divers éléments. Ces éléments sont: la connaissance scientifique sur l'animal, l'influence directe des mots (écrits et émis par la voix), l'usage de modèles visuels (carnet des modèles), la transmission par les artistes itinérants, l'action de l'imagination de l'artiste ou du programmateur iconographique qui essaie de combler l'information manquante par la connaissance sur d'autres animaux, etc. On ne connait pas bien les rapports entre celui qui a commandé l'objet d'art ou l’édifice, l'auteur du programme iconographique et l'artiste ou constructeur au Moyen Age, et vérifier les relations entre ces éléments n'est pas facile, mais l'observation de certains détails a permis d'en mettre au clair quelques éléments.
Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

20

Robichaud, Paul Joseph. "David Jones, modernism, and the Middle Ages." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ63655.pdf.

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21

Rider, Catherine Rosemary. "Magic and impotence in the Middle Ages." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407131.

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22

Barabino, Victor. "Des guerriers d’Odin aux chevaliers du Christ : la relation combattant/divinité au prisme de la christianisation dans la diaspora scandinave médiévale, IXe-XIVe siècle." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023NORMC027.

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Cette thèse se propose d’étudier les représentations qui sont données des relations entre les combattants et leurs divinités au sein de la diaspora scandinave à l’époque de l’adoption officielle du christianisme par les monarchies scandinaves émergentes. Elle s’intéresse à la transition d’un paradigme polythéiste à un paradigme chrétien dans ces représentations, à la lumière de sources textuelles scandinaves et non scandinaves, ainsi que de données archéologiques. L’étude se consacre tout d’abord à la représentation de la conversion des combattants au christianisme pour montrer comment guerriers et chefs de guerre ont progressivement inscrit leurs activités martiales dans une dévotion au dieu chrétien. Ensuite, les différentes catégories d’entités divines avec lesquelles les combattants construisent une relation sont examinées, que ce soit du côté des divinités masculines, des divinités féminines ou de figures surnaturelles intermédiaires (héros, saints). Enfin, les interactions combattant/divinité qui prennent place directement sur le champ de bataille sont étudiées, à la fois du point de vue de la matérialité des combats, de leur déroulement et de leur aboutissement eschatologique. En accordant une place importante aux transferts culturels qui s’opèrent au sein de la diaspora scandinave, cette thèse suggère que le changement de religion a profondément bouleversé le rapport que les combattants entretenaient avec la sphère du divin, faisant alors émerger en Scandinavie l’idée d’une guerre menée au nom de Dieu
The aim of this thesis is to study the representations of the relationship between fighters and their gods within the Scandinavian diaspora at the time of the official adoption of Christianity by the emerging Scandinavian monarchies. It examines the transition from a polytheistic to a Christian framework in these representations, in the light of Scandinavian and non-Scandinavian textual sources, as well as archaeological evidence. The study first looks at the representation of the conversion of fighters to Christianity, to show how warriors and warlords gradually made their martial activities part of a devotion to the Christian god. The thesis then examines the various categories of deity with which warriors developed a relationship, whether they be male deities, female deities, or intermediary supernatural figures (heroes, saints). Finally, the interactions between the fighters and the gods that take place directly on the battlefield are studied, from the point of view of the materiality of combat, its proceedings, and its eschatological outcome. By focusing on the cultural transfers that took place within the Scandinavian diaspora, this thesis suggests that the change of religion profoundly altered the relationship that fighters had with the sphere of the divine, leading to the emergence in Scandinavia of the idea of a war waged in the name of God

23

Geuenich, Dieter. "Zukunftsvorstellungen im Mittelalter - Future in the Middle Ages." Gerhard-Mercator-Universitaet Duisburg, 2001. http://www.ub.uni-duisburg.de/ETD-db/theses/available/duett-12172001-135105/.

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Wenn wir Heutige uns mit den Gedanken der Menschen längst vergangener Zeiten, soweit sie uns schriftlich überliefert sind, beschäftigen, stellen wir oft erstaunliche Übereinstimmungen fest. Diese Beobachtung dürfte auch einer der Gründe dafür sein, daß geschichtliche Rückblicke zunehmend populärer werden und historische Ausstellungen große Menschenmengen anlocken. Für unser Thema - dies sei vorweg bemerkt - gilt dies jedoch nicht. Das mittelalterliche Denken über das Kommende hat mit den heutigen Vorstellungen von der Zukunft, mit unserer Fortschrittsgläubigkeit im Bereich der Technik, der Medizin, ja der menschlichen Erkenntnis überhaupt, nichts gemeinsam. Hinzu kommt, daß unsere Gegenwart nicht im geringsten den Zukunftsvorstellungen des Mittelalters entspricht. Dennoch erscheint es nicht überflüssig, sich mit den mittelalterlichen Vorstellungen von der Zukunft zu beschäftigen; es sei denn, wir wollten uns Heutige so wichtig nehmen, daß wir nur die Linien in der geschichtlichen Entwicklung verfolgen wollen, die geradlinig zu uns führen. Die Geschichtlichkeit des Menschen sollte jedoch umfassender betrachtet werden als ausschließlich aus der gegenwärtigen Sicht.

24

Bayless, Martha. "Parody in the Middle Ages : the Latin tradition." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385364.

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25

Summers, Dominic. "Norfolk church towers of the later Middle Ages." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2011. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/36359/.

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26

Storm, William M. "The Creation of Heaven in the Middle Ages." Thesis, Marquette University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3666124.

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My dissertation focuses on the intersection of the discourses of space and place, art, religion, and politics in poetical accounts of heaven. My study investigates how authors deploy these various traditions to create a heaven that accommodates the needs of a particular audience. Heaven is, according to Yi-Fu Tuan, a "mythical place," which cannot be located. To avoid the problems of a "mythical place," we represent that location with slightly-blurred experiential knowledge or communally-sanctioned practices. The creation of heaven, I argue, does not occur ex nihilo but through a refashioning of knowledge and practices to engage audiences with descriptions of heaven. To examine this concept, I primarily analyze the descriptions of place in Pearl and Piers Plowman, while providing discussion of Paradiso, The Vision of Tnugdal, and episodes from the writings of Hadewijch that offer competing and complementing visions. This study offers an opportunity to view heaven not as simply a consistent and monolithic feature of society but as a created site. Rather than examining heaven solely as art, or only through doctrinal concerns, heaven must be considered in terms of a variety of discourses. The layering of art, politics, religion, and space and place remind readers of the medieval religious project. God, for the medieval, was not an abstract ideal but an ever-present quality of their daily existences; as God could be seen in all facets of life, so too can heaven be seen through aspects of life that seem mundane and removed from ethereal experience.

The first chapter of The Creation of Heaven in the Middle Ages outlines the problem of considering heaven as a monolithic entity. By tracing the history of heaven, the chapter demonstrates that we cannot view heaven as outside of time and place; heaven responds to the needs of particular audiences. As such, heaven cannot be considered only a religious place; heaven is a place that depends upon the engagement of multiple ideas, including theories of space and place, art history, and politics. The second chapter investigates the places of the afterlife in Pearl and Piers Plowman. While similarities exist between the two, each text offers a striking vision of the afterlife; and while a cityscape, and a besieged church and tower evoke distinct impressions of heaven, the chapter examines how each of these visions forces the reader to wonder if heaven might be a viable end. The third chapter engages in how the aesthetic choices of heaven work to create meaning within the mind of the reader. The larger goals of medieval aesthetics, embodied in stained-glass windows, reflect the projects of Pearl and Piers Plowman, namely to teach through a series of highly colored and instructive scenes. The final chapter offers a view of heaven through the political atmospheres of Ricardian England, reflecting the various choices of that monarch that impacts not only earth but also the heavenly retinue. A brief postscript closes out the dissertation that asks how these medieval visions might allow us to view the current interest of heaven, which can be seen in the popularity and success of life after death accounts

27

Kleineke, Hannes. "The Dinham family in the later middle ages." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287243.

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28

Eustace, Frances. "Insular secular carolling in the Late Middle Ages." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/50286f95-6cc6-46f7-ad79-900a0a51ee5d.

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This study shows the importance of carolling in the celebrations and festivities of medieval Britain and demonstrates its longevity from the eleventh century to the sixteenth. It illustrates the flexibility of the English carole form for adaptation to include content in high and low registers and its suitability for use on all occasions and by different communal peer groups. It also shows that the carole was part of a developmental trajectory that was not totally subsumed by the dominance, from the sixteenth century onwards, of the religious, composed, polyphonic carol and the subsequent use of the name to denote a specifically Christian Christmas hymn. Although the vast majority of extant texts in carol form, from the late medieval period, are religious in subject content, secular carolling was far more prevalent than the textual record implies. The dance-song elements of the medieval carole were so strongly woven into the vernacular cultural fabric of the British Isles that their threads can be traced through the folk-songs and dances of subsequent centuries. This study contextualises the written evidence and re-integrates the various components of the activity in order to illuminate our understanding of the universally popular medieval, participatory, pastime of carolling.

29

Norrie, James. "Land and cult : society and radical religion in the diocese of Milan, c.990-1130." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8bcf7186-2591-446e-bd6d-a52876ae4f54.

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This thesis asks how cities changed the world, by conducting a close study of urban change in Milan during the long eleventh-century. The growth of the city both transformed and responded to religion and the rural landscape around it. The radicalism of social change in this period is above all reflected by the emergence of the popular movement for religious reform known as the Pataria. Between 1057 and 1075 this social campaign against simony and clerical marriage revolted against episcopal authority, and the kinship groups which stood behind it. In size and radicalism, the social movement had no parallel in contemporary Europe. In order to account for the extent of social and religious change in eleventh century Milan, this thesis engage with both the historiography of socio-economic change, and contemporary religious reform. Chapter 1 characterises the political and religious institutions which shaped Milan in this period. Chapter 2 studies how property relations and land management changed under the pressure of urban growth, underlining the precocious extension of city market relations from the 1050s in the north-east of the diocese. These rural changes enabled rapidly expanding growth and complexity in the city, mapped using a range of evidence in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 offers a new social account of the origins of the Pataria, which foregrounds the transformation of social relations in the north-east of the diocese especially. Chapters 5 and 6 explore how saints' cults and urban ritual and liturgy were crucial to the reproduction of authority in an evermore complex urban environment, and how for this reason these structures were contested by the Pataria.

30

Saak, Eric Leland. "Religio Augustini: Jordan of Quedlinburg and the Augustinian tradition in late medieval Germany." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186376.

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This study focuses on the Expositio Orationis Dominicae of the little known Augustinian friar Jordan of Quedlinburg (d. 1370/80). An edition of this work is presented in Part One. Jordan's treatise originated from lectures he held in the Order's studium at Erfurt in 1327. As such, they offer insight into the 'other side' of the Augustinian School, the teaching in the studia not associated with a university. In the fourteenth century there were 32 studia generalia in which Augustinians could receive the prerequisite instruction for the 'degree' lector, the license to teach in any school of the Order except for those associated with a university. The theology of the other side of the Augustinian school was more representative of the Order's theology than were the Sentences commentaries of the Order's magistri. Furthermore, the office of lector was not merely a stage within the Order's educational system. The lectors were the legislators of the Order's doctrine. Jordan's theology was thoroughly Augustinian. This becomes apparent when his theology is placed in context of the religio Augustini. Jordan exhorted his brothers to be the imitators of Augustine and to follow Augustine's religion. Thus, they were not to remain cloistered in their cells, but were to bring the riches of the contemplative life to society at large by teaching and preaching. In this light, the religio Augustini offers the foundation for an historical interpretation of late medieval Augustinianism, rather than one based on theological definitions of the term Augustinian. For the late medieval Augustinian Hermit, it was the religio Augustini that made one an Augustinian.

31

Kim, Kyunghyun. "Tribuni plebis and res publica in the middle ages." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407923.

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32

Loseby, Simon Thomas. "Marseille in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356966.

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33

Lewis, David Glynne. "A peculiar prosperity : Windsor in the high Middle Ages." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438208.

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34

Tietze, Gwendolyn Veronika. "Writing the middle ages : medieval music in the 1920s." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.420993.

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35

Bailey, M. D. "At the margin : Suffolk Breckland in the Middle Ages." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383715.

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36

Nevell, Richard. "The archaeology of castle slighting in the Middle Ages." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/33181.

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Medieval castle slighting is the phenomenon in which a high-status fortification is demolished in a time of conflict. At its heart are issues about symbolism, the role of castles in medieval society, and the politics of power. Although examples can be found throughout the Middle Ages (1066–1500) in England, Wales and Scotland there has been no systematic study of the archaeology of castle slighting. Understanding castle slighting enhances our view of medieval society and how it responded to power struggles. This study interrogates the archaeological record to establish the nature of castle slighting: establishing how prevalent it was chronologically and geographically; which parts of castles were most likely to be slighted and why this is significant; the effects on the immediate landscape; and the wider role of destruction in medieval society. The contribution of archaeology is especially important as contemporary records give little information about this phenomenon. Using information recovered from excavation and survey allows this thesis to challenge existing narratives about slighting, especially with reference to the civil war between Stephen and Matilda (1139–1154) and the view that slighting was primarily to prevent an enemy from using a fortification. The thesis proposes a new framework for understanding how slighting is represented in the archaeological record and how it might be recognised in the future. Using this methodology, a total of 60 sites were identified. Slighting often coincides with periods of civil war, illustrating the importance of slighting as a tool of social control and the re-assertion of authority in the face of rebellion. Slighting did not necessarily encompass an entire site some parts of the castle – halls and chapels – were typically deliberately excluded from the destruction. There are also examples which fit the old narrative that slighting was used to prevent a fortification falling into enemy hands, but these cases are in the minority and are typically restricted to Scotland during the Scottish Wars of Independence. Given the castle’s role in shaping the landscape – acting as a focus for seigneurial power and precipitating the creation and growth of towns – it is important to understand how slighting effected nearby associated settlements. The evidence suggests that larger towns were able to prosper despite the disruption of slighting while smaller settlements were more likely to decline into obscurity. Importantly towns themselves were very rarely included in the destruction of slighting.

37

Zale, Sanford C. "Unofficial Histories of France in the Late Middle Ages /." The Ohio State University, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487861396026567.

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38

Cowan, Yuri Allen. "William Morris and the Middle Ages : two socialist dream-visions /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ55498.pdf.

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39

Blythe, James M. "Ideal government and the mixed constitution in the Middle Ages /." Princeton, NJ : Princeton Univ. Press, 1992. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/276580729.pdf.

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40

Neufeld, Christine Marie. "Xanthippe's sisters : orality and femininity in the later Middle Ages." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38251.

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This dissertation contributes to medieval feminist scholarship by forging new insights into the relationship between gender theory and developing notions of orality and textuality in late medieval Europe. I examine three conventional satirical depictions of women as deviant speakers in medieval literature---as loquacious gossips, scolding shrews and cursing witches---to reveal how medieval perceptions of oral and textual discursive modes influenced literary representations of women. The dissertation demonstrates that our comprehension of the literary battle between the sexes requires a recognition and understanding of how discursive modes were gendered in a culture increasingly defining itself in terms of textuality. My work pursues the juxtaposition of the rational, literate male and the irrational, oral female across a wide range of texts, from Dunbar and Chaucer's courtly literature, to more socially diffused works, such as carols, sermon exempla and the Deluge mystery plays, as well as texts, like Margery Kempe's autobiography and witchcraft documents, that pertain to historical women. I demonstrate the social impact of this convention by anchoring these literary texts in their socio-historical context. The significance of my identification of this nexus of orality and femininity is that I am able to delineate an ideology profoundly affecting the way women's speech and writings have been received and perceived for centuries. This notion of gendered discourse can also redefine how we perceive medieval literature. Mikhail Bakhtin's discursive principles---ideas that stem from his application of the dynamics of oral communication and performance to the literary text---help to liberate new meanings from old texts by allowing us to read against the grain of convention. Both Bakhtin's theory of dialogism and Walter Ong's summary of the psychodynamics of orality suggest that orally influenced discourse is less interested in monolithic truth than in the art of tellin

41

Fluck, Katherine. "Medieval topics : perception, rhetoric and representation in the Middle Ages." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60032.

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This thesis is an architectural investigation of perception, depth and representation. It explores the changing historical relationship between "two-dimensional" representation and architecture in an effort to understand the effects of modern perspectival depth on the making of architecture. The non-perspectival, medieval representations studied in this paper, are not looked upon as primitive forerunners of renaissance perspective, but as being expressive of a completely different notion and location of depth. In an attempt to access this "other" depth, the move from nonperspectival to perspectival perception and representation is looked at in relation to the change in perceptual values, brought on by the move from the largely oral culture of the Middle Ages, to the increasing textual culture of Renaissance and Modern ages. Perhaps without the fixity, neutrality and disengagement inherent in both perspectival and textual perception, architectural depth might return to the active world of human experience.

42

Dick, Bryan. "Framing 'Piracy' : restitution at sea in the later Middle Ages." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2010. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2244/.

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The focus of the thesis is the diplomatic and legal implications of the capture of ships at sea in the later Middle Ages. It challenges key assumptions in much secondary literature concerning the definition of piracy, seeking to explore several major themes relating to the legal status of shipping in periods of war or diplomatic tension in this period. The thesis draws primarily on diplomatic, legal and administrative records, largely those of English royal government, but also makes use of material relating to France, Holland and Zealand, Flanders and the Hanse. The majority of studies on this subject stress the importance of developments which occurred in the fifteenth century, yet I have found it necessary to follow the development of the law of prize, diplomatic provisions for the keeping of the sea and the use of devolved sea-keeping fleets back to the start of the thirteenth century. This thesis questions the tendency of historians to attach the term ‘piracy’, with its modern legal connotations, to a variety of actions at sea in the later Middle Ages. In the absence of a clear legislative or semantic framework a close examination of the complexity of practice surrounding the judgement of prize, the provision of restitution to injured parties, and diplomatic mechanisms designed to prevent disorder at sea, enables a more rounded picture to emerge. A detailed examination of individual cases is set within the broader conceptual framework of international, commercial and maritime law. Chapter 1 provides a study of the wartime role of devolved flees by means of a case study of Henry III’s Poitou campaigns of 1242-3. It demonstrates that private commissioned ships undertook a variety of naval roles including the transport of troops, patrolling the coast and enforcing blockades. Further, it argues that it is anachronistic to criticise private shipowners for seeking profit through attacks on enemy shipping as booty was an integral incentive in all forms of medieval warfare. Chapter 2 provides a detailed examination of the application of letters of marque, one of the principal means of obtaining redress for injuries suffered at the hands of the subject of a foreign sovereign. It demonstrates that far from being a justification for ‘piracy’ letters of marque were highly regulated legal instruments applied in the context of an internationally accepted body of customs. Chapter 3 examines the concept of neutrality and the relationship between warfare and commerce through a study of Anglo-Flemish relations during the Anglo-Scottish wars between 1305 and 1323. It argues that universal standards of neutrality did not exist in this period and that decisions on prize took place within the context of an ever-changing diplomatic background. Chapter 4 focuses on the provision of restitution once judgement had been made through an examination of a complex dispute between English merchants and the count of Hainault, Holland and Zeeland spanning the opening decades of the fourteenth century. It emphasises the ad hoc nature of restitution with a variety of means devised to compensate the injured parties and the difficult and often inconclusive process undergone by litigants against a backdrop of competing interests, both local and national. The thesis concludes that the legal process surrounding the capture of shipping was civil rather than criminal in nature. The plaintiff’s need to obtain restitution was the driving force behind such actions rather than the state’s desire to monopolise the use of violence at sea. The reliance of the English crown on devolved shipping made such a policy fiscally impractical.

43

Sinclair, Alexandra Frances Jane. "The Beauchamp earls of Warwick in the Later Middle Ages." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282304.

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Ensconced as sheriffs of Worcestershire since Norman times, the Beauchamps owed their earidom to a particularly fortunate marriage in the thirteenth century. Thereafter, they, like other magnate families, owed their increasing prosperity to marriage alliance and to royal service, found wanting only when the Crown itself exhibited weakness. Though virtually all the Beauchamp earls belonged to the later middle ages, the chance survival of their records and other factors have dictated that emphasis be laid on their history after 1369 and that, within that period, a personal bias be given to the life of the fifth earl. The balance has been redressed, however, by the discussion of other aspects not confined to the years 1401-39. The fourth earl's disgrace in 1397 marked the nadir of Beauchamp fortunes, a situation reversed by the advent of Henry IV. The beginning of the Lancastrian regime practically coincided with the majority of Earl Richard, who oversaw the recovery and expansion of the family's wealth and influence and prepared the way for their short-lived dukedom. This was extinguished, along with their earldom, on the failure of the male line in 1446. Detailed attention is given to the estate administration and finances of the fourth and fifth earls, who took an interest in such matters. As a result, they probably enjoyed a fairly steady income from land (political loss aside) in the period 1395-1423, and its expenditure reflected their current preoccupations: lawsuits, the purchase of property, the war, and patronage. The Beauchamps dispensed largesse to a numerous following, the subject of a final chapter dealing with the cost and nature of their patronage, the composition and stability of the affinity, and the interaction of the war and peace-time retinues.

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Holt, Richard Arthur. "Gloucester : an English provincial town during the later Middle Ages." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247530.

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45

Zumbuhl, Mark Joseph. "The practice of Irish kingship in the Central Middle Ages." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2005. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1209/.

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The institution of kingship was a fundamental feature of medieval Irish society; if we can better understand kingship, we can similarly gain a greater appreciation of the distinctive features of that society. This thesis investigates the practices of Irish kings and dynasties in the Central Middle Ages (roughly, the ninth to twelfth centuries) as represented by the sources. Several kingdoms and dynasties of medieval Ireland are closely studied with reference to different aspects of royal practice. There are two particular elements of this methodology. The first is to trace the practices employed by the kings of those dynasties over time; this gives us a greater sense of how kingship changed through the centuries, and enables us to move away from the static and synchronic models of kingship which have informed much previous scholarship. The second is to focus closely on these kingdoms so that we may gain a better sense of regional variation within Ireland. The investigation proceeds with the belief that Irish conditions may be better understood by reference to parallels drawn from the wider European context. This thesis demonstrates that the nature of Irish kingship and the practices of its kings are more sophisticated and varied matters than has been realised. The ‘dynamic’ model of kingship is validated, but it has become clear that we must allow for a greater degree of variation in the strategies and styles of Irish royal practice, both regionally, and as time progressed. Many features were common to the whole Irish polity; this is not surprising, for pre-Norman Ireland, as mediated to us through the sources, appears to possess a remarkably uniform culture. However, in different ways, the ruling dynasties of Mide, Ailech, Munster, Bréifne and Osraige innovated and contributed to the development of Irish royal practices, and arguably to the nature of Irish kingship itself. The thesis also re-examines the arguments which have been advanced that the nature of kingship had profoundly changed by ca 1200.

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Page, Sophie Louise. "Magic at St Augustine's, Canterbury in the late Middle Ages." Thesis, University of London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340649.

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47

Elliott, Andrew Brian Ross. "Recreation and representation : the Middle Ages on film (1950-2006)." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/88498.

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In evaluating the Middle Ages on film, this thesis combines two different critical approaches, drawn from historiography on one side and semiotics on the other. In the first chapter, I argue that historiographic criticism has largely undermined our belief in a monolithic, objective History, and that modern historical enquiry contains a tacit admission of its own subjectivity. In Chapter Two, I use these admissions to argue the case for history on film, demonstrating that in terms of the construction of history, the processes of filmmaking closely resemble those of ‘doing’ history, and that criticisms of historical films are often the same criticisms which Historians raise in respect of their own works of ‘pure history’. In the remaining chapters (3-6), I look at specific examples of types of historical character, drawn from the medieval separation of society into “those who work, those who fight and those who pray”, as well as “those who rule”. In each case, I adopt a similar methodological approach, conducting close cinematographic analysis on a range of film extracts in order to see how filmmakers have tried to construct the past visually in their representation of historical characters. Here my arguments move away from historical criticism to focus instead on aesthetics and cinematography. The overall theory is that there exist two fundamental approaches to the medieval past in film: the first iconic and syntagmatic, the second paradigmatic. Iconic approaches, I argue, work to try to recreate the lost medieval referent by using aesthetic ‘signifiers’ in order to communicate their significance to a medieval audience. The paradigm, on the other hand, works in the opposite way; in order to explain a medieval object, the filmmaker casts about for modern equivalents to use as metaphors. Where the icon recreates the object to communicate the concept, the paradigm communicates the object by re-presenting the concept.

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Chadwick, Eleanor. "Shakespeare, the Middle Ages, and contemporary historically-responsive theatre practice." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/106492/.

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This thesis explores the notion that the emergent language of theatre, and more generally of modern culture, has links to much earlier forms of storytelling and an ancient worldview, and raises questions as to how theatre practitioners might best understand and utilise early modes of entertainment and ideologies in the creation of performance work today. It examines the emergence and history of theatrical performance in Britain, with particular focus on how medieval ideologies and theatrical forms were absorbed into the practices of the first professional theatres in the early modern age, using Shakespeare’s work as a core example. Further, it uncovers and interrogates, through practice, links between performance approaches today and the ritual roots of native theatrical tradition: links which have been largely lost in Britain and much of the Western world, but which still exist in certain other cultures. The thesis includes analysis of how Shakespeare’s medieval inheritance shaped the drama he created, and demonstrates (through practice-based research) how a practical, psychosomatic understanding of residual as well as emergent modes in the plays can not only benefit practitioners seeking to stage Shakespeare’s work for today’s audiences, but also provide inspiration for the creation of new work. This research has practice as its core: drawing directly on my own theatre work, and exploring an alternative kind of ‘knowing’ through the body. It relates current trends in modern theatre practice (the immersive, the psychosomatic, the multisensory, the site-specific and so on) to the ritual, amalgamative, communal and visceral modes of early performance, interrogating particular elements such as mankind’s position in the universe, time and space, language and the body, universality versus specificity, and ritual behaviour in performance. The work concludes that the ritual, embodied, hierophanic and communal mode of medieval performance is not only what practitioners today are searching for in their experimental practice and in the intercultural engagement with other (ritualised) cultures, but also presents a way of understanding and dealing with the traumas and anxieties of society that is efficacious and malleable to any period in human history, and is especially relevant to times of great change and upheaval, such as both the early modern age of Shakespeare and our own time.

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Brigljevic, Kseniga. "The Cistercian economy in England in the later Middle Ages." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272303.

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50

Jones, Samantha A. "THE LOATHLY LADY AND THE MARGINS OF THE MIDDLE AGES." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin998078206.

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