Дисертації: "Views trade"

1

Tiranutti, Vilailuk. "Farmers and free trade : views from the rice and soybean farmers in Thailand." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437944.

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2

Beltran, Daniela, and Sardor Djurabaev. "Influence of free labour and services movement in integration of EU : Swedish trade unions and business society views." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-5910.

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The expansion of European union has posed vital changes in the European community as countries have erased their borders for their eastern neighbours and actively involved themselves in mutual business activity. Free movement of labour and service has taken place,and though some Western countries have posed obstacles for the further integration, the trend is currently occurring. In this paper we will try to take a closer look at the labour and service

movement in Sweden and cover different views from different parties – EU, Swedish tradeunions, business companies that would share their perspectives on the issue.

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3

Feng, Xiangnan. "How will RFID influence the retail environment in New Zealand? an investigation of the views of the retail sector : a dissertation submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Computer and Information Sciences (MCIS), 2009 /." Click here to access this resource online, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/782.

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4

Bredeby, Rickard. "Analysis of Copula Opinion Pooling with Applications to Quantitative Portfolio Management." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-168200.

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In 2005 Attilio Meucci presented his article Beyond Black-Litterman: Views on Non-Normal Markets which introduces the copula opinion pooling approach using generic non-normal market assumptions. Copulas and opinion pooling are used to express views on the market which provides a posterior market distribution that smoothly blends an arbitrarily distributed market prior distribution with arbitrarily chosen views. This thesis explains how to use this method in practice and investigates its performance in different investment situations. The method is tested on three portfolios, each showing some different feature. The conclusions that can be drawn are e.g. that the method can be used in many different investment situations in many different ways, implementation and calculations can be made within a few seconds for a large data set and the method could be useful for portfolio managers using mathematical methods. The presented examples together with the method generate reasonable results.

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5

Mkonza, Qhinga Aidan. "A common law view of "carrying on a trade"." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/60888.

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The term “trade” is defined in very wide terms in the Income Tax Act and includes a “business” and a “venture”. For a taxpayer to claim certain deductions in arriving at taxable income, the taxpayer must be carrying on a trade. The expression “carrying on a trade” is not defined in the Income Tax Act. Whether or not a taxpayer is carrying on a trade is a matter of fact. Case law has established certain principles and tests to be applied in determining whether a taxpayer is carrying on a trade. The goal of the thesis was to determine to what extent an activity can be considered as carrying on a trade. This research focused on the letting of property, money-lending, or farming operations in relation to carrying on a trade or business or engaging in a venture. The thesis also discussed at what stage a taxpayer ceases to carry on a trade and what the tax consequences are of ceasing to trade. An interpretative research approach was used in the research as it sought to understand and describe. No interviews conducted for this research and the data used for the research are publicly available. It was established that “carrying on a trade”, including a business, requires an active step taken by the taxpayer to trade. It involves regularity of buying and selling or rendering of services. The intention to trade is important but it is a subjective matter and cannot be persuasive in determining whether a taxpayer is carrying on a trade; objective factors are also considered. If the stated intention to trade matches the actions of the taxpayer, the taxpayer will be considered to be carrying on a trade. In determining whether a taxpayer is carrying on a trade each case must be considered with its own merits.

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6

com, A. ariffin@yahoo, and Anuar Ariffin. "The free trade doctrine, regionalism, the asean free trade area and their effects on trade and trade policy." Murdoch University, 2007. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20071130.140815.

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This thesis examines a number of issues concerning the free trade doctrine, regionalism and Regional Free Trade Areas (FTAs), with a special focus on the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA). This study is broadly divided into three parts. The first part examines the doctrine of free trade from the perspectives of ideological belief as well as theoretical expositions, and how these influence trade policies of many countries throughout the history of trade. The second part of the study analyses the forces that influence the formation of regionalism and regional FTAs all over the world. In the first and second parts, an extensive survey of the existing literature is undertaken to unearth relevant ideas and events, which are important to policy makers and the general public. The third part of the study deals primarily with empirical investigation of the economic effects brought about by the formation of regional FTAs. Two main issues are examined in this part. The first issue is the assessment of the effects that regional FTAs have on trade of members against other countries that do not become members of any economic groupings. The second issue is the examination of the effect of AFTA on trade of member vis-à-vis non-member countries. In addition, this part also examines the question of whether AFTA creates or diverts trade. For the purpose of addressing issues grouped in this part of the study, a gravity model is employed to answer the questions of interest. This part of the study covers a period of 24 years (1980-2003). Cross sectional data involving 990 pairs of countries, which trade with each other, are used in regression analysis based on the Ordinary Least Square technique. Findings from the first and second parts of the study indicate that trade between countries during the era of mercantilism (1500s-1750s) was carried out under enormous restrictions in consonance with the thinking of that time. However, by the end of eighteenth century the economic arguments in favour of free trade began to be accepted, resulting in the adoption of the free trade idea into the commercial policies of many countries, particularly in Europe in the middle of nineteenth century. The period characterized by unilateral free trade regimes lasted only about three decades, as protectionist elements made a return into trade policy formulation in the 1870s. The period of liberal trade policy regimes came to a complete end at the breakout of the First World War in 1914, and the protectionist trade policies of many countries continued to strengthen their grip until the Second World War. After WW2 ended in 1945, many countries realised that security and the orderly conduct of international trade were important to ensure continuous prosperity of the world. This led to series of negotiations involving major trading countries that resulted in the establishment of the GATT in 1947. The main thrust behind this initiative was that all trading nations must cooperate to liberalize their trade policies, reflecting the idea that countries should move towards adopting freer trade policy than the regime they adopted in the 1930s and the early 1940s. At the end of 1990s the world once again observed agreement amongst prominent trade economists for the case of pursuing free trade policy. This is due to the renewed recognition by economists of two important propositions: (1) if market failures remain unfixed, then pursing free trade policy can harm rather that help, and (2) if market failures are fixed through suitable policy interventions, then free trade can be used to exploit the potential gains from trade. Within the second proposition, economists emphasis that if market failures arise in domestic markets, then the most appropriate policy interventions would be to devise policies targeting at correcting those domestic market failures, while free trade is maintained externally. Findings from empirical assessment of the effects of regional FTAs on trade indicate that economic theory might be able to approximate reality. One important result of this part of the study suggests that three regional FTAs, AFTA, CER and MERCUSOR have had an intra-bloc trade intensifying effect in recent years, particularly since the early 2000s. This implies that trade among members of these economic groupings is higher than their trade with other countries. Meanwhile, the EU and NAFTA do not show an intra-bloc trade intensifying effect for any part of the study period. The other important result obtained by this study suggests that although AFTA member countries trade with each other, comparatively, more than their trade with the rest of the world, the intensity of trade between them is less pronounced for the period after the formation of AFTA. This implies that AFTA has the characteristic of an open trading bloc. Lastly, the finding of this part of the study also suggests that AFTA essentially creates rather than diverts trade. This means that AFTAs establishment does not only increase trade among member countries but it also boosts trade with the rest of the world.

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7

TSENG, ERIC H. "Trade Costs and Quality: Issues in International Trade." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1460387677.

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8

Eum, Jihyun. "Essays on Product Quality, Trade Costs, and Trade Liberalization." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1500505005414076.

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9

Bennett, Anthony Joseph William. "The implications of trade union merger : a view from the grassroots." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2001. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/21747/.

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July 1st 1993 witnessed the creation of UNISON, with 1.3 million members, the largest trade union in Britain. The thesis analyses the effects of this merger between NUPE, NALGO and COHSE on the grassroots activists of the union. Much valuable industrial relations research exists on the causes and consequences of trade union mergers at the macro-level of the movement and at the meso-level of the individual union. The thesis complements and builds on this knowledge by focusing on the experiences and feelings of the lay activists at two UNISON branches over a two-and-a-half-year period following the amalgamation of their former union branches. Although also drawing on secondary data, the study is based primarily on a qualitative analysis of empirical data. In identifying that few theoretical and analytical constructs currently exist in trade union literature to study the implications of merger at the micro-level, the thesis employs theories and concepts drawn from the field of organisation studies. In this way, the thesis also offered an opportunity to test the efficacy of applying analytical tools to an organisation seldom considered in organisation studies. Specifically, the thesis utilises perspectives of organisational culture to analyse the aspects of consensus, conflict and ambiguity that arose out of the merger. Furthermore, in order to consider the subjective elements of a merger for the individual activist, the thesis draws on the theoretical and analytical concepts of ideology, metaphor, power and identity. The thesis demonstrates that only through the utilisation of such tools and theories of organisation analysis can the experiences and feelings of the lay activists with respect to the merger become more fully understood. The thesis further highlights the centrality of the values and beliefs an activist draws from their trade union ideology, the role conflict that they must often manage, the importance of knowledge acquisition for the individual, and the strategies of identity construction individuals undertake when confronted by an organisational change such as merger.

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10

JENKINS, JAMES GILBERT. "NEW WORLD TRADE." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1053541827.

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11

Powers, Kathy Leniece. "International institutions, trade and conflict : African regional trade agreements from 1950-1992." The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1283185178.

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12

Harman, Jason L. "Goals and Trade-Offs: Goal-Relative Valuation and Trade-Offs in Human Choice." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1343879157.

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13

Liu, Diana L. "Informing Trade Policy: Interest Group Influences on U.S. Congressional and Executive Steel Trade Protection." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1385561511.

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14

Bollen, Johannes Christoffel. "A trade view on climate change policies a multi-region multi-sector approach /." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2004. http://dare.uva.nl/document/87773.

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15

Chou, Yujen. "U.S.-Taiwan trade conflicts (1984-1989) : the political economy of accelerated trade liberalization in Taiwan /." The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487678444256949.

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16

Yuvaci, Abdullah. "International Politics, Special Interests and Foreign Trade Policy: A Study of Turkish-American Textile Trade Relations." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1271800423.

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17

Verspagen, Hubertus Henricus Gerardus. "Uneven growth between interdependent economies an evolutionary view on technology gaps, trade and growth /." Maastricht : Maastricht : Universitaire Pers Maastricht ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1992. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=6498.

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18

May, Sharon Lee. "Measuring the factor content of trade." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1149089792.

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19

May, Sharon L. "Measuring the factor content of trade." The Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1149089792.

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20

Plasman, Kellie Lynn. "Students’ Preference of Science Trade Books." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1307467480.

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21

Alexander, Amanda S. "Mid-Ohioan's perceptions of fair trade." The Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1406626549.

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22

Petronzio, Edward. "Talking trade over wine assessing the role of trade associations, bureacratic agencies and legislative bodies in the United States-European Union and Canada-European Union wine trade disputes /." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1192736566.

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23

Petronzio, Edward Jr. "TALKING TRADE OVER WINE: ASSESSING THE ROLE OF TRADE ASSOCIATIONS, BUREACRATIC AGENCIES AND LEGISLATIVE BODIES IN THE UNITED STATES-EUROPEAN UNION AND CANADA-EUROPEAN UNION WINE TRADE DISPUTES." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1192736566.

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24

Haddad, Deborah Moore. "Anticipating U.S. foreign import trade practices : an examination of the distance between legislated policy and import trade behavior /." The Ohio State University, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487950153600217.

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25

Dasgupta, Somasree. "Essays on Trade, Transportation Costs and Development." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1308002366.

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26

McGuire, William. "Essays on Voluntary Standards in International Trade." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1343240479.

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27

Hui, Xiang. "Essays on Trade, Trust, and Information Technology." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1462800111.

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28

Cho, Gue Dae. "Real exchange rate movements and agricultural trade /." The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488204276531047.

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29

Chu-Shore, Jesse Conan. "The effect of imports on export development : a network analytical view of international trade in music." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62074.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2010.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 187-209).
What are the effects of imports on export development? Would low influence from imports provide more opportunity to local producers to develop radically new products that could later be exported as a uniquely local specialization? Or would a lack of influence from imports only lead to local products being incompatible with foreign tastes or standards, thus hindering export development? I argue that consuming imports has a homogenizing effect on tastes, and domestic music that thrives in such an altered selective environment is more likely to be exportable as well. In a longitudinal network analysis of trade in music recordings, I find that success in developing new export markets was strongly dependent on importing history. The strongest effect from consuming imports for a given country's industry was in the likelihood of exporting to other countries that have experienced the same influences. I find that other industries describe a spectrum in terms of how strongly trade patterns are shaped by common influence effects in a cross-sectional network analysis of trade patterns beyond music. Other industries that were strongly shaped by common influence effects included goods that are largely valued in terms of personal tastes or cultural context. Industries at the opposite end of the spectrum, with very low common influence effects, included goods that are highly uniform or have an essentially objective utilitarian function. A middle group included goods for which personal taste is relevant, but also have widely shared criteria for quality. These findings are novel and important in that they require us to add the demand side, via the history of consumption of imports, to our understanding of global competitiveness in export development. The method of quantitative network analysis allows for a careful analysis of the endogenous dynamics of the global pattern of trade.
by Jesse Conan Chu-Shore.
Ph.D.

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30

Service, Jessica. "Seeing the forest for the trees an examination of the Canadian/United States softwood lumber dispute and the impact of dispute resolution procedures /." Connect to this document online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1114460538.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Miami University, Dept. of Political Science, 2005.
Title from second page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains [2], ix, 199 p. : ill., maps. Includes bibliographical references (p. 135-147).

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31

Ramirez, Grajeda Mauricio. "Three essays on geographic consequences of trade openness." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1157128468.

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32

Mauck, Robert A. "Life history trade-offs in long-lived animals /." The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487946776022849.

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33

HABERL, CHRISTIANE. "ANTIDUMPING AS A FORM OF PROTECTIONISM." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1137254891.

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34

Wan, Kwo-Feng. "A behavioural view of the decision for capability investments : the solar PV industry in Taiwan." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2015. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/56779/.

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This research examines the role of framing in the process of decision-making for new capability investments under conditions of policy and technological uncertainty. I argue that framing can explain the decision to exploit current capabilities, but is not sufficient to explain the decision to explore new capabilities. This research discriminates between “frames” and “framing” in the investigation: whereas “framing” is the process of constructing the meaning of the decision problem, “frame” refers to a specific perspective adopted by the decision makers. I develop a three-level research design: the industry-level analysis adopts the approach of eliciting heuristics to identify general patterns. The firm-level examines sources of variation and causal complexity by comparative case analysis. The decision-maker level investigates the influence of senior managers' professional experience using a scenario evaluation approach. Three observations from the case study of Taiwanese solar PV firms: firstly, systematic patterns are found in the process of framing environmental uncertainty and attributing the causes of the decision problem of capability investments. Secondly, whilst differentiated framing exists and corresponds to selective attention; such a difference is not necessarily associated with different choice pattern. Finally, the loosely coupling framing and choices leads to the speculation that the role of deliberate practice, rather than framing has a stronger influence on the decision to explore. This research illustrates that the capabilities investment decision is not a single event but a complex process. While the stylised psychological principles explain the heuristic judgments, the influencing factors of an organisational decision are interdependent and temporally connected in the decision context. I argue that the problem of framing lies in prohibiting the alterative frame. Therefore exploration needs to be deliberately sought by the specially designed practice. This research contributes to understanding the relationship between behavioural view of descriptive analysis and prescriptive view of procedural rationality in the decision- making process.

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35

Lowder, Sarah K. "A post-Schultzian view of food aid, trade and developing country cereal production a panel data analysis /." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1087579426.

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Анотація:

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 91 p.; also includes graphics (some col.) Includes bibliographical references (p. 88-91). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

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36

Sanchez, Codie Ann. "A pension manager’s view of exchange traded funds from São Paulo to Santiago." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/13310.

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This paper examines the current Chilean and Brazilian pension markets, how these pension markets are structured, how they have historically invested their portfolios in ETFs and how they utilize Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs). This investigation will give an overview of the current pension landscape in each country, ETFs and ETF managers in the region, as well as distribution allowances and regulations for ETF providers within the region. Finally it will offer insights throughout that will be useful to those building a business or creating an expansion plan in Brazil or Chile.

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37

Miller, Jennifer Marie. "Teaching and Learning Through a Multimodal Fair Trade Curriculum." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1211995110.

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38

Monge-Gonzalez, Ricardo. "The political economy of trade reform in Costa Rica." The Ohio State University, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1298483526.

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39

Monge, González Ricardo. "The political economy of trade reform in Costa Rica /." The Ohio State University, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487849377294872.

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40

Shiptsova, Rimma O. "Linkages among agricultural trade, development, and the demographic transition /." The Ohio State University, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487953567771918.

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41

Slyman, Paul M. "Oregon's Oil: A Geographic View of Petroleum Distribution and Associated Risks." PDXScholar, 1996. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5140.

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Since no local crude oil sources exist, every drop of petroleum consumed in Oregon originates from outside sources and is distributed multi-modally to consumers. As population continues to increase and oil sources dwindle, this reliance may add financial and environmental risks to Oregonian' s quality of life. This paper examines Oregon's oil distribution system, and analyzes the risks oil movements pose in the state. A comprehensive understanding of oil distribution in Oregon can best be gained geographically. Pipelines, ships, barges, railroads and trucks play different roles in this system, yet data for these transport modes are maintained by different groups and unstandardized. Therefore, the data must be normalized to present a map of how oil is being moved around the state. This study sets all levels to a barrels (42 U.S. gallons) per month (assumed 30 days) standard. Oil's role in the economy of our state, most noticeably in the sale of motor gasoline, creates different types of risk. The most obvious risk results from transportation, and Oregon is plagued daily by unintended releases. A second type of risk, supply risk, exists because of our reliance on the petroleum networks of Alaska, Washington and California, and was evident during the 1974 oil embargo. Lastly, economic risk should theoretically be present since Oregon is a downstream consumer from adjacent states. During times of shortages, Oregon should be at the mercy of those who provide its supply. The data do not support this, but suggest that oil is purely a global commodity, and price and supply are determined worldwide in response to typical marketing forces. The distribution systems detailed herein are dynamic, and outside forces such as the proposed export of Alaskan crude oil, the increased exploration of offshore oil fields, and the development of a cross-Cascades pipeline may alter this scheme. Oregonians can ensure the most effective petroleum distribution systems only by understanding them and their associated risks.

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42

Showers, Vince Eric. "The relative impacts of price/income and non-price/non-income trade barriers on agricultural trade : a case study of Japanese wheat imports /." The Ohio State University, 1989. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487670346876214.

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43

Reynaldos, i. Sistané Ricard. "Desenvolupament de vies de valorització per a un residu industrial." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/403920.

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L’augment de la demanda i el progressiu esgotament dels jaciments minerals per a produir metalls emprats en la indústria galvànica, fa que els residus d’aquesta industria, que habitualment són gestionats als abocadors com un rebuig, siguin avui dia un producte potencialment valorable. L’objectiu d’aquesta tesi es desenvolupar processos per a valoritzar un residu generat a les empreses galvàniques. Aquest tipus d’empresa genera un gran volum d’aigües residuals, amb baixes concentracions de metalls, resultants dels processos de rentat. Aquestes aigües se sotmeten a un tractament de depuració físicoquímic que genera un rebuig sòlid anomenat fang galvànic. Aquest fang està format bàsicament per una mescla d’hidròxids metàl·lics, sulfat de calci i aigua. El contingut metàl·lic del fang estudiat en aquesta tesi està format per una barreja de crom, níquel, coure i ferro. Per a transformar aquest residu en un producte valoritzable s’estudia la separació dels metalls que poden acabar en forma de sals o òxids o en directament en forma metàl·lica per deposició catòdica. A continuació es resumeixen alguns d’aquest processos de separació: 1) S’ha comparat diferents mètodes de lixiviació del fang galènic: lixiviació per complexació, lixiviació oxidant i lixiviació àcida. D’aquestes tres tècniques, la lixiviació per complexació i la lixiviació oxidant no permeten la separació dels metalls valoritzables amb un rendiment elevat. La lixiviació àcida, amb àcid sulfúric 5%, permet la dissolució d’un 96% Cu(II), 99% Ni(II) i 98% Cr(III). Els insolubles resultants continguts en el fang, pràcticament tot CaSO4, són separats per filtració. 2) La separació de metalls en solució mitjançant la precipitació selectiva d’hidròxids és una tècnica senzilla per a la que és possible l’obtenció de concentrats de metalls a partir de les diferències existents entre els productes de solubilitat que tenen les sals d’hidròxid formades. No obstant, la puresa dels productes obtinguts és molt baixa ja que existeix coprecipitació d’altres metalls. 3) S’ha estudiat l’electrodeposició per a l’obtenció de càtodes metàl·lics de coure i níquel a partir de la solució lixiviada. El rendiment elèctric i la morfologia del càtode obtingut es poden veure influenciats per la composició de l’electròlit, per això, s’han establert les condicions de treball a les quals és possible l’obtenció de metall mitjançant aquesta tècnica. En el cas de l’electrodeposició de coure, és possible obtenir coure metàl·lic pur, no obstant, la baixa concentració en la que es troba a l’electròlit obliga a treballar a baixes densitat de corrent (1 A/dm2) per a evitar la formació d’anomalies al dipòsit (com ara dentrites o cremats). L’aplicació de l’electrodeposició de níquel no és possible, ja que la baixa concentració de Cr(III) que conté l’electròlit (100ppm) no fa possible una adequada deposició. 4) L’extracció líquid-líquid amb determinats agents extractants mereix un èmfasi especial degut a la seva elevada selectivitat en les separacions. Depenent de les característiques d’aquests agents extractants es produeix certa selectivitat per una determinada barreja dels metalls. L’extracció líquid-líquid a més de separar permet concentrar i per això és aplicable a separar i/o purificar un metall a partir d’una mescla metàl·lica residual de concentració diluïda. Una vegada purificat un metall la seva concentració porta a productes d’ús industrial. S’ha aprofundit en l’estudi de dos agents extractants: una oxima (Acorga M5640) i una amina primària (Primene 81R). S’ha estudiat la seva selectivitat de cara al fang galvànic s’ha adequat cada solvent a la matriu del licor galvànic i s’ha estimat les operacions de separació industrial que permeten la valorització dels metalls. L’agent extractant Acorga M5640 permet l’extracció selectiva de Cu(II) i de Ni(II) seleccionant el pH de treball adequat. D’aquesta manera és possible obtenir solucions concentrades i purificades de cada un dels dos metalls, a partir de les quals és possible l’aplicació de tècniques com l’electrodeposició o cristal·lització per a l’obtenció de productes comercials. En un ampli interval de pH, l’agent extractant Acorga M5640 no interacciona amb el Cr(III), lo que permet obtenir solucions concentrades de sulfat de coure (45,8 g/L Cu(II)) i de sulfat de níquel (24,0 g/L Ni(II)) que són separables en forma metàl·lica mitjançant l’electrodeposició o en forma d’hidròxids mitjançant la precipitació. El crom de l’extracte es pot precipitar en forma d’hidròxid de crom pràcticament pur (93% Cr(OH)3 (deshidratat)). S’ha utilitzat l’amina primària Primene 81R per a separar el Cr(III) del Ni(II) del lixiviat àcid del fang galvànic, en el que s’ha separat prèviament el coure. S’han estudiat les condicions de treball per a que aquest agent extractor sigui selectiu pel Cr(III). Això ha permès la valorització del Cr(III) i la purificació del Ni(II). Mitjançant aquesta operació és possible obtenir una solució concentrada de sulfat de crom(III) ( 41,8g/L Cr(III)) amb una puresa elevada (> 99%). Un cop analitzades les diferents operacions de valorització dels metalls del fang galvànic, s’han esbossat tres propostes de processos industrials, tècnicament viables. per a recuperar els metalls continguts al fang galvànic.
The metal obtaining using extraction with solvents was initiated during the Second World War to satisfy the high purity nuclear resource requirements and exploit poor minerals uneconomically using conventional techniques. Thereafter, solvent extraction has quickly spread in hydrometallurgy field, not only applied in the nuclear energy developing, but also in metal synthesis process of copper, nickel, zinc… With the growing demand of metals as raw materials, has dedicated big efforts to develop new extractor solvents, diluents and industrial scale equipment, improving and offering new applications for this technique. Actually, despite of the attempts to minimize the waste, a big number of industries are producing hazardous residues during their workflow. The growing waste generation, associated with the increase of consumption, and shortage of raw materials make necessary the implementation of valorization and recycle process. These processes are able to manage part of the produced waste achieving the reintroduction to the industry as raw materials. In this thesis the metal extraction using solvents has been applied to recover value from a plating sludge containing Cu(II), Ni(II), Cr(III) and Fe(III). Acorga M5640 has been used to separate Cu(II) and Ni(II) with high selectivity from leach solution at pH 1,50 and 3,50, respectively. Also there is possible to increase the value of the content of Cr(III) in the sludge. The Cr(III) extraction has been performed with Primene 81R at pH 3,50. The products obtained with solvent extraction are high concentrated and purity solutions. This solutions are able to be reintroduced to the market or transformed to another valuable products like metals, oxides and salts. The application of solvent extraction technique has proved the feasibility of the metal waste recovery from leached plating sludge.

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44

Ellersick, Linda J. "Expanding Fair Trade to Garment Production in Ciudad Sandino, Nicaragua." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1236817596.

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45

Yen, Meng-Fen Yen. "Three Essays on International Trade, Market Structure, and Agricultural Cooperatives." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1502465536450035.

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Ariza-Montobbio, Pere. "Large-scale Renewable Energy? A transdisciplinary view on conflicts and trade-offs in the implementation of renewable energy." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/120541.

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El capitalismo industrial se encuentra ante una crisis multidimensional con serios retos ambientales, sociales, culturales, económicos y políticos. Los combustibles fósiles baratos hicieron posible la revolución industrial y han sostenido el crecimiento de la sociedad industrial. Ahora los combustibles fósiles están empezando a escasear y están generando el calentamiento global. En respuesta al cambio climático y al 'pico del petróleo' gobiernos, corporaciones, ciudadanos y movimientos sociales promueven las energías renovables. La menor densidad energética y el carácter disperso de las energías renovables aumentan la demanda de territorio tanto cuantitativamente como cualitativamente. Ello requiere atención a los cambios espaciales y a la planificación del territorio para su implementación. Además, hay diferentes posibles caminos hacia un sistema energético basado en renovables. Un camino 'duro' promovería centrales eléctricas y plantaciones de biomasa a gran escala conectadas a redes e infraestructuras centralizadas para la masiva generación y transporte de electricidad y combustible. Un camino 'suave' enfatizaría la generación distribuida de energía a través de infraestructuras a pequeña escala ajustadas a los usos finales. Dada la existencia de diferentes posibles escenarios, la implantación de las energías renovables probablemente se verá moldeada por conflictos sociales. Esta tesis es un estudio interdisciplinar de conflictos tanto entre grupos sociales como entre varias dimensiones en la implantación de energías renovables, con especial interés en las relaciones entre energía y territorio. La tesis sigue una estrategia de investigación basada en casos de estudio. Evalúa la implementación de energías renovables en dos distintas regiones del mundo, en la India y en Europa. Analiza los agrocombustibles, plantaciones de biodiesel en el Sur de la India y la energía eólica en Cataluña, España como ejemplos de las tecnologías renovables más maduras y en mayor desarrollo. Un tercer caso evalúa el potencial y las restricciones a una generación distribuida de energía renovable en Cataluña con un especial foco en la demanda. Esta investigación se enmarca en el estudio del metabolismo social y tiene el objetivo metodológico de integrar el análisis de discurso con la contabilidad biofísica. La tesis da particular importancia a tres elementos: (a) como la demanda de tierra para generar energía renovable está relacionada con la dicotomía rural-urbana y la planificación del territorio. (b) como los conflictos y disputas ideológicas entre ambientalismos influencian la planificación e implementación de las renovables. Paradigmas hegemónicos como el neoliberalismo o la modernización ecológica interactúan y chocan con la contestación popular y las poblaciones locales dónde se implantan proyectos renovables. (c) como en la relación entre ciencia y política ciertas representaciones del metabolismo son consideradas y otras descartadas. A lo largo de los casos de estudio encontramos que los conflictos entre distintas dimensiones y grupos sociales en lugar de ser reconocidos y negociados son reprimidos por la imposición de perspectivas reduccionistas. La superioridad de un enfoque de sostenibilidad 'débil' frente a un enfoque de sostenibilidad 'fuerte' se revela en la incapacidad de las políticas de energía renovable de lidiar con la inconmensurabilidad técnica (la existencia de conflictos entre diferentes dimensiones) y la inconmensurabilidad social (la existencia de múltiples perspectivas legítimas en conflicto). Además, encontramos que esta negación de la inconmensurabilidad social y técnica es parte de un proceso de toma de decisiones que privilegia la argumentación técnica basada en los hechos sobre la argumentación política o basada en los valores. Ello privilegia posiciones políticas que son más compatibles con el status quo más que visiones que reclaman la transformación social. La energía renovable es orientada en nuestros casos de estudio al desarrollo de un sector industrial y comercial en lugar de como parte de una reconfiguración multifuncional de la planificación del territorio. Usando la distinción de Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen entre “fondos” y “flujos”, la planificación del territorio y las transformaciones socio-demográficas (centradas en los fondos) son secundarias frente al fomento de flujos de energía e ingreso monetario que es la prioridad. Este enfoque parece ser beneficioso a la consolidación de un camino 'duro' hacia las renovables, en lugar de uno 'blando'.
Industrial capitalism is nowadays facing a multi-dimensional crisis, confronting serious environmental, social, cultural, economic and political challenges. Cheap fossil fuels made possible the industrial revolution. They have sustained the growth of industrial society. Now fossil fuels are getting scarce while generating global warming. Responding to climate change and 'peak oil', governments, corporations, citizens and social movements are promoting renewable energy. The lower power densities and the dispersed character of renewable energies increase the demand for land both quantitatively and qualitatively. This requires attention to spatial changes and land use planning for their implementation. Moreover, there are different possible pathways to follow toward an energy system based on renewables. A 'hard' path would promote large-scale power plants and biomass plantations connected to centralized grids and infrastructures for 'bulk power' and fuels transport. A 'soft' path would emphasize distributed energy generation through small-scale facilities matching to end uses. Given these two possible scenarios with different losers and winners, the implementation of renewable energy is likely to be shaped by social conflict. This thesis is an interdisciplinary study of current conflicts and trade-offs in the implementation of renewable energy, with a special interest on energy and land use relationships. The thesis follows a case study research strategy and assesses the implementation of renewable energies in two different world regions, India and Europe. It analyses agrofuels, biodiesel plantations in Tamil Nadu in South India and wind energy in Catalonia, Spain, as two of the most mature and booming renewable technologies. A third case study assesses the potential and constraints for distributed generation of renewable energy in Catalonia, with a special focus on demand management. The research is framed within the broader theoretical framework of societal metabolism. It has the methodological objective of integrating discourse analysis with biophysical accounting. The thesis pays particular attention to three elements: (a) how land demands for generating renewable energy relate to the rural-urban dichotomy and land use planning. (b) How conflicts and ideological struggles between varieties of environmentalism influence planning and implementing renewable energies. How hegemonic paradigms such as neoliberalism and ecological modernization interact with grassroots contestations and local populations hosting renewable energy. (c) How in the interaction between science and politics, certain representations of metabolism become authoritative while others are dismissed. Throughout the case studies this thesis found that conflicts and trade-offs in renewable energy implementation, rather than acknowledged and negotiated, were suppressed by the imposition of reductionist perspectives. The superiority of a "weak" over a "strong" sustainability approach is revealed in the inability of renewable energy policies to tackle technical (trade-offs between different dimensions) and social inconmensurability (the existence of multiple legitimate perspectives in conflict). Moreover, we found that the neglect of social and technical inconmensurability is part and parcel of a process of privileging technical and fact-based argumentation over political and value-based argumentation. This process privileges political positions whose arguments are more compatible with the status quo rather than views which claim for societal transformation. Renewable energy is promoted, in our cases, as commercially oriented and as an industrial sector rather than as a strategic part of broader multi-functional reconfiguration of land use planning. Drawing on Georgescu-Roegen’s distinction between “funds” and “flows”, land use planning and socio-demographic transformations (fund centered) are secondary, in front of boosting energy and revenue flows, which are the priority. This approach seems to be beneficial to the consolidation of a 'hard' path to renewable energies rather than a 'soft' path.

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Weber, T. "The politics of the European social dimension : a comparative view of trade union demands in Britain and Germany." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.663594.

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This thesis provides an assessment of the factors influencing the politics of the European social dimension. In recent years the debate on European social legislation has often assumed centre stage on the transnational and national policy agendas of many member states. However, compared with the rapid implementation of the measures aimed at bringing about the creation of the internal market, there has been little progress in the creation of a floor of European social rights which Jacques Delors had called for in 1989. This research seeks to highlight the determining factors behind the slow progress of the European social dimension. As the member state, through their representation at the European Council/Council of Ministers remain the prime decision-making powers, this study focused on the factors shaping decision-making in two member states, Britain and Germany. These two countries are held to represent different welfare state regime types (Esping-Andersen, 1990), divergent industrial relations systems and different styles of policy making. All the above factors have been held to shape policy outcomes in the social state and would therefore lead us to expect different approaches to the EC social dimension. The study equally seeks to assess claims that "trade union failure" is partly to blame for the lack of progress in European social policy making. Different authors have stressed their failure to adapt their organisational structures to the challenges of European integration. Different views represented between national affiliates and structural weakness of the trade unions were also considered to be important factors. Britain and Germany represent very different positions within the European Communities and towards the social dimension in particular. This is to some extent conditioned by their industrial relations and welfare state systems, but this cannot fully explain why certain positions are adopted in the Council. In Germany the economic challenges arising form the world recession and German unification have led to substantial changes in social policy making.

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Xu, Yun. "Pricing to market and international trade evidence from U.S. agricultural exports." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1158609695.

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Ma, Xiaodong. "Age Differences in Processing Strategies of Emotionally Difficult Trade-off Decisions." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1276920066.

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Donato, Roberta Mourão. "Globalization and Trade Relations: the US and Brazilian Orange Juice Dispute." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1141950268.

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