Статті в журналах: "Veterinary anesthesia"

1

Jones, R. S. "Veterinary Anesthesia." Veterinary Journal 164, no. 3 (November 2002): 304–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/tvjl.2001.0684.

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2

Hall, L. W. "Veterinary anesthesia." British Veterinary Journal 141, no. 4 (July 1985): 432–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0007-1935(85)90097-1.

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3

Schroeder, Carrie A., and Lesley J. Smith. "Veterinary Anesthesia." Advances in Anesthesia 29, no. 1 (January 2011): 59–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aan.2011.07.002.

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4

Natalini, Cláudio Correa. "SEVOFLURANE, DESFLURANE, AND XENON NEW INHALED ANESTHETICS IN VETERINARY MEDICINE." Ciência Rural 31, no. 1 (February 2001): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782001000100029.

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Inhalation anesthesia is widely used in veterinary medicine. New inhalation anesthetics that present less untoward effects, are more potent and produce a safe and easily changeable anesthetic plane are desirable over the older agents presently available. In this review some of the physical and chemical aspects of inhalation anesthesia is revisited. Because the agents used in inhalation anesthesia are gases or vapors, the physics of vaporization, delivery and administration of these agents should be understood. The two new inhalation anesthetics sevoflurane and desflurane, and the new anesthetic gas xenon have been used in human beings for some time. In veterinary medicine there is a lack of investigation and reports that assure the safety and clinical aspects of using them in animals. The information available on the use of these new agents in animals is revised in this article.

5

Leece, Elizabeth. "Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia." Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 44, no. 3 (May 2017): 694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2016.06.009.

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6

Harvey, Colin E., and Charles J. McGrath. "Welcome to VETERINARY ANESTHESIA." Veterinary Surgery 14, no. 1 (January 1985): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950x.1985.tb00812.x.

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7

Pestean, Cosmin, Liviu Oana, Lucia Bel, Iuliu Scurtu, George Clinciu, and Ciprian Ober. "A Survey of Canine Anaesthesia in Veterinary Practice in Cluj-Napoca." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Veterinary Medicine 73, no. 2 (November 30, 2016): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-vm:12192.

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A survey with 32 questions was performed in Cluj-Napoca veterinary private practices about the routine anaesthetic management of dogs. Of those veterinarians who answered this questionnaire, 18.2% are equipped with a machine for inhalation anesthesia, 27.3% do not use any monitoring during anesthesia and no one use methods of monitoring blood pressure. All the veterinarians graduated the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Ketamine and alpha 2 agonists remain the most used anesthetic substances in private practices. Postoperative analgesia is used constantly by 81.8% of veterinarians. The mortality rate in veterinary practices in Cluj - Napoca for two years was 0.25% (1:403).

8

THURMON, John C., G. J. BENSON, and W. J. TRANQUILLI. "Isoflurane anesthesia in veterinary practice." Japanese Journal of Veterinary Anesthesia & Surgery 20, no. 3 (1989): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2327/jvas.20.49.

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9

Klide, Alan M. "Lumb & Jones Veterinary Anesthesia." Anesthesia & Analgesia 83, no. 6 (December 1996): 1354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199612000-00058.

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10

Klide, Alan M. "Lumb & Jones Veterinary Anesthesia." Anesthesia & Analgesia 83, no. 6 (December 1996): 1354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199612000-00058.

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11

Heath, Robert Bruce. "Veterinary anesthesia intermediate rebreathing circuits." Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 46, no. 3 (May 2019): 407–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2018.12.005.

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12

Michielsen, A. J. H. C., K. Proost, B. Pardon, L. De Cremer, and S. Schauvliege. "General anesthesia for surgical treatment of urethral obstruction in nine goats." Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 87, no. 6 (December 28, 2018): 314–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/vdt.v87i6.16049.

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Nine pygmy goats underwent surgical treatment for obstructive urolithiasis in a period of six months. In two cases, (second) revision surgery was necessary resulting in a total of twelve procedures under general anesthesia. Different anesthetic protocols were applied: analgesia was provided by an opioid (12/12) combined with either benzodiazepine (10/12) or an alpha-2 agonist (2/12). Anesthesia was induced with propofol (10/12) or ketamine (2/12) and maintained with isoflurane (8/12) or sevoflurane (4/12) in oxygen in a semi-closed circle system with continuous monitoring during anesthesia. Minor complications were mild bradycardia (4/12), hypotension (3/12), metabolic acidosis (1/12) and hypothermia (12/12). In four cases, epidural anesthesia was performed; in one of those four cases, severe complications developed (paralysis, 1/4). The goat was euthanized later. Although urethral obstruction increases the risk of general anesthesia, the selection of an appropriate anesthetic protocol, adequate preoperative examination/ preparation and detailed monitoring throughout anesthesia reduced the incidence of severe complications in this case series.

13

Michielsen, A. J. H. C., and S. Schauvliege. "Epidural anesthesia and analgesia in horses." Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 88, no. 4 (August 30, 2019): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/vdt.v88i4.16013.

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Epidural anesthesia is a loco-regional anesthesia technique where drugs are injected in the epidural space. In the 19th century, this technique was developed for human medicine, and later found its way into veterinary medicine. It is useful for surgical interventions in the standing horse, as part of a balanced anesthetic protocol or for postoperative pain management. Analgesia and anesthesia involves the pelvis, pelvic limbs, tail, vagina, vulva, anus, perineum and abdomen. However, several contraindications and complications have been reported for epidural anesthesia. In horses, epidural injections can be performed cranially (lumbosacral space) or caudally (sacro-coccygeal or Co1-Co2 ). While single injections can be performed, the use of epidural catheters allows repeated administration. Depending on the desired effect, different drugs (local anesthetics, alpha2-agonists, opioids, ketamine, tramadol or tiletamine-zolazepam), drug combinations and volumes can be chosen.

14

Goodroe, Anna, Jaco Bakker, Edmond J. Remarque, Corinna N. Ross, and Diana Scorpio. "Evaluation of Anesthetic and Cardiorespiratory Effects after Intramuscular Administration of Three Different Doses of Telazol® in Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)." Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 2 (February 3, 2023): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10020116.

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Marmosets’ small body size makes anesthesia challenging. Ideally, small volumes of drugs should be administered intramuscularly (i.m.). In addition, dose-dependent sedation and anesthesia are desirable properties for sedatives and anesthetics in marmosets. Telazol® (tiletamine and zolazepam) is highly concentrated, allowing the use of small injection volumes and dose-dependent sedation and anesthesia. A randomized, blinded study with crossover design in ten healthy adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) was performed to evaluate the anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of three doses of i.m. Telazol® (respectively, 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg). Depth of anesthesia, cardiorespiratory effects, and induction, immobilization, and recovery times were determined. A significant difference was observed in immobilization time between 5 and 15 mg/kg of Telazol®. In addition, 15 mg/kg of Telazol® resulted in increased recovery times compared to 5 mg/kg. The cardiorespiratory effects during the first 45 min of immobilization were within clinically acceptable limits. The pedal withdrawal reflex was the best indicator of the anesthetic depth.

15

Rasys, Ashley M., Stephen J. Divers, James D. Lauderdale, and Douglas B. Menke. "A systematic study of injectable anesthetic agents in the brown anole lizard (Anolis sagrei )." Laboratory Animals 54, no. 3 (July 26, 2019): 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023677219862841.

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Anolis lizards have served as important research models in fields ranging from evolution and ecology to physiology and biomechanics. However, anoles are also emerging as important models for studies of embryo development and tissue regeneration. The increased use of anoles in the laboratory has produced a need to establish effective methods of anesthesia, both for routine veterinary procedures and for research procedures. Therefore, we tested the efficacy of different anesthetic treatments in adult female Anolis sagrei. Alfaxalone, dexmedetomidine, hydromorphone, ketamine and tribromoethanol were administered subcutaneously (SC), either alone or combined at varying doses in a total of 64 female anoles. Drug induction time, duration, anesthesia level and adverse effects were assessed. Differences in anesthesia level were observed depending on injection site and drug combination. Alfaxalone/dexmedetomidine and tribromoethanol/dexmedetomidine were the most effective drug combinations for inducing a surgical plane of anesthesia in anoles. Brown anoles injected SC with alfaxalone (30 mg/kg) plus dexmedetomidine (0.1 mg/kg) or with tribromoethanol (400 mg/kg) plus dexmedetomidine (0.1 mg/kg) experienced mean durations of surgical anesthesia levels of 31.2 ± 5.3 and 87.5 ± 19.8 min with full recovery after another 10.9 ± 2.9 and 46.2 ± 41.8 min, respectively. Hydromorphone given with alfaxalone/dexmedetomidine resulted in deep anesthesia with respiratory depression, while ketamine/hydromorphone/dexmedetomidine produced only light to moderate sedation. We determined that alfaxalone/dexmedetomidine or tribromoethanol/dexmedetomidine combinations were sufficient to maintain a lizard under general anesthesia for coeliotomy. This study represents a significant step towards understanding the effects of anesthetic agents in anole lizards and will benefit both veterinary care and research on these animals.

16

Van Loon, V. J. F., T. J. Van den Brink, J. P. A. M. Van Loon, C. J. W. Scheffer, and H. J. Bergman. "Influence of romifidine and detomidine on the induction of anesthesia and recovery from total intravenous anesthesia in horses." Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 83, no. 3 (June 27, 2014): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/vdt.v83i3.16652.

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In the present study, the quality of the induction of and the recovery from anesthesia was compared in 146 horses undergoing total intravenous anesthesia with guaifenesin, ketamine and detomidine for computed tomography (CT), randomly assigned to receive either romifidine (n = 110) or detomidine (n = 36) during premedication. The induction of anesthesia was performed with a ketamine-midazolam combination. The anesthetic duration was short (mean +/- SD time: 23.5 +/- 8.8 minutes). No significant difference in induction score was observed. However, the recovery quality was significantly better in horses premedicated with romifidine.

17

Wilson, D. V. "Book Review: Handbook of Veterinary Anesthesia." Veterinary Pathology 45, no. 2 (March 2008): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.45-2-282.

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18

Hall, Leslie. "Veterinary Anesthesia and Pain Management Secrets." Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 31, no. 2 (April 2004): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2987.2004.00098.x.

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19

Skelding, Alicia M., and Alexander Valverde. "Sympathomimetics in veterinary species under anesthesia." Veterinary Journal 258 (April 2020): 105455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105455.

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20

Galante, Rafaela, Elizabeth Regina Carvalho, José A. P. C. Muniz, Paulo H. G. Castro, Vanessa Nadine Gris, Dorli S. Amora Júnior, and Ricardo G. D’Otaviano C. Vilani. "Comparison between total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and intermittent bolus of tiletamine-zolazepam in capuchin monkey (Sapajus apella)." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 39, no. 4 (April 2019): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5847.

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ABSTRACT: Dissociative anesthesia results in stressful and long recovery periods in monkeys and use of injectable anesthetics in medical research has to be refined. Propofol has promoted more pleasure wake up from anesthesia. The objectives of this study were to investigate the use of intravenous anesthetic propofol, establishing the required infusion rate to maintain surgical anesthetic level and comparing it to tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia in Sapajus apella. Eight healthy capuchin monkeys, premedicated with midazolam and meperidine, were anesthetized with propofol (PRO) or tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) during 60 minutes. Propofol was infused continually and rate was titrated to effect and tiletamine-zolazepam was given at 5mg/kg IV bolus initially and repeated at 2.5mg/kg IV bolus as required. Cardiopulmonary parameters, arterial blood gases, cortisol, lactate and quality and times to recovery were determined. Recovery quality was superior in PRO. Ventral recumbency (PRO = 43.0±21.4 vs TZ = 219.3±139.7 min) and normal ambulation (PRO = 93±27.1 vs TZ = 493.7±47.8 min) were faster in PRO (p<0.05). Cardiopulmonary effects did not have marked differences between groups. Median for induction doses of propofol was 5.9mg/kg, varying from 4.7 to 6.7mg/kg, Mean infusion rate was 0.37±0.11mg/kg/min, varying during the one-hour period. In TZ, two animals required three and five extra doses. Compared to tiletamine-zolazepam, minor post-anesthetic adverse events should be expected with propofol anesthesia due to the faster and superior anesthetic recovery.

21

Bufalari, A., SM Miller, C. Giannoni, and CE Short. "The use of propofol as an induction agent for halothane and isoflurane anesthesia in dogs." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 34, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-34-1-84.

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Cardiovascular, pulmonary, and quantitative electroencephalographic parameters were assessed in 12 anesthetized dogs to determine the compatibility of the injectable anesthetic propofol with halothane and isoflurane. No cases of apnea were observed during induction of anesthesia. An adequate level of anesthesia was established in each protocol as judged by both the lack of response to mechanical noxious stimuli (i.e., tail clamping) and evidence of reduction in total amplitude of brain wave activity. The initial propofol-mediated decrease in arterial blood pressure continued during either halothane (52.4%) or isoflurane (38%) anesthesia without a simultaneous increase in heart rate. The results of this study suggest that propofol, in combination with inhalant agents, can be used effectively and safely for canine anesthesia in veterinary practice.

22

Shimizu, Yuki, and Teppei Kanda. "Effects of Pre-Anesthesia Anxiety on Propofol Induction Dose in Cats." Animals 11, no. 7 (July 17, 2021): 2126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11072126.

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In humans, peri-anesthesia anxiety reportedly increases the anesthetic requirements for anesthesia induction. However, no studies have been conducted on cats regarding the effects of anxiety on anesthesia induction or anesthetic-mediated physiological changes. Therefore, we intended to investigate the effect of pre-anesthesia anxiety in healthy cats on the propofol dose required for anesthesia induction, and its impact on behavioral and physiological evaluations. The cats were placed in either a calm (CAL) or tense (ANX) environment. We performed physiological and behavioral evaluations before and after each environmental acclimatization period. Anesthesia was induced using propofol. We recorded the total dose of propofol administered for each clinical sign observed during anesthesia induction. The post-acclimatization behavioral evaluation score was significantly higher in the ANX group than the pre-acclimatization score. However, there was no significant difference in the propofol dose required for each clinical sign in the ANX or CAL groups. There were also no significant differences in the physiological evaluations between the ANX and CAL groups. Therefore, pre-anesthesia anxiety felt by cats did not affect propofol-mediated anesthesia induction.

23

Baier, Maria Eduarda, Nelson Junior Tagliari, Bruna Zafalon Da Silva, Paula Cristina Sieczkowski Gonzalez, Marcelo Meller Alievi, and Eduardo Raposo Monteiro. "Anesthetic Management of an Orange-Spined-Hairy-Dwarf-Porcupine (Sphiggurus villosus) Undergoing Myelography." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 44, no. 1 (January 16, 2016): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.83206.

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Background: The orange-spined hairy dwarf porcupine (Sphiggurus villosus) is a mammal that belongs to the rodentia order. Accidents involving this porcupine and dogs have become usual in some cities of Brazil. Dog bites may eventually result in spinal injuries. When there is clinical evidence of spinal cord injury, a myelography under general anesthesia may be required to allow identification of the exact location of the injury. To the authors’ knowledge, there is only one case report about anesthesia in Sphiggurus villosus where dissociative anesthesia was employed. This paper describes one case report of inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane in a Sphiggurus villosus undergoing myelography.Case: A 1.6 kg orange-spined hairy dwarf porcupine, with a history of dog bite was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the University. On clinical examination, the patient was in good physical condition, alert, with an approximately 1-cm injury near the 10th and 11th thoracic vertebrae. Nociception in pelvic limbs was present whereas proprioception was absent. Radiographic examinations were suggestive of vertebral dislocation and fracture between the 10th and 11th thoracic vertebrae. A myelography was then requested by the responsible veterinarian. The porcupine received intramuscular midazolam (0.5 mg/kg) in combination with meperidine (10 mg/kg) as premedication. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen via a face mask connected to a non-rebreathing circuit. Monitored variables at 5-min intervals included: pulse rate (PR) and systolic arterial blood pressure (SAP) measured by a Doppler ultrasound with its probe positioned at the palmar metacarpal artery; pulse oximetry (SpO2) measured by a sensor positioned at the tarsus; rectal temperature; and respiratory rate (RR). During the myelography, the range of values for the above mentioned variables were: PR, 189-206 beats/min; SAP, 90-130 mmHg; SpO2, 94-96%; RR, 32-40 breaths/min; and rectal temperature decreased by 0.5oC. Anesthetic recovery was uneventful. Postoperative pain relief was achieved with intramuscular tramadol (5 mg/kg).Discussion: To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first case report of inhalation anesthesia in a Sphiggurus villosus specimen. In a previous case report, other authors described anesthesia for myelography in a porcupine with IM tiletamine/ zolazepam (5 mg/kg). In the case reported here, dissociative anesthetics, such as tiletamine, were avoided because these agents may increase intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid pressure, which are undesirable in patients with spinal trauma. Although physiologic variables were considered to be stable during anesthesia with isoflurane in this report, these findings have to be interpreted carefully. First, normal range of values for physiologic variables has not been reported for porcupines. Second, accuracy of the measurement techniques used (e.g. noninvasive measurement of SAP) has not been validated. Under the conditions reported in this case report, premedication with meperidine and midazolam was effective to induce good muscle relaxation and allowed anesthetic induction with isoflurane via a face mask. This anesthetic protocol provided adequate conditions for performing the myelography in a porcupine and physiologic variables remained stable throughout the procedure.Keywords: rodents, anesthesia, spinal trauma.

24

West, Sylvia E., Jonathan C. Lee, Tinika N. Johns, and Elizabeth A. Nunamaker. "Intraperitoneal Alfaxalone and Alfaxalone–Dexmedetomidine Anesthesia in Sprague–Dawley Rats (Rattus norvegicus)." Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 59, no. 5 (September 1, 2020): 531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000161.

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Due to their unpredictability and variable effects, injectable anesthetic regimens in laboratory rodent species warrant refinement. In our study we sought to evaluate alfaxalone, which has gained recent popularity in veterinary medicine, alone and in combination with dexmedetomidine to evaluate their anesthetic ability in Sprague–Dawley rats when administered intraperitoneally. Three doses of alfaxalone only and 4 dose combinations of alfaxalone-dexmedetomidine were tested in males and female rats. The time to induction, anesthetic duration, pulse rate, respiratory rate, temperature, and time to recovery were recorded by a blind observer. The level of anesthesia induced by the various anesthetic protocols was assessed by using pedal withdrawal reflex to a noxious stimulus and scored according to the response. Dependent on the treatment group, atipamezole or saline was administered intraperitoneally once animals reached 60 min of anesthesia. Regardless of the dose, alfaxalone alone achieved only a sedative level of anesthesia, whereas all alfaxalone-dexmedetomidine combinations led to a surgical level of anesthesia in all animals. Anesthesia regimens using alfaxalone alone and in combination with dexmedetomidine demonstrated sex-associated differences, with female rats maintaining longer durations of sedation or anesthesia than their male counterparts. Both male and female rats displayed decreases in physiologic parameters consistent with the effects of dexmedetomidine. Given the results described herein, we recommend 20 mg/kg alfaxalone for sedation and 30 mg/kg alfaxalone combined with 0.05 mg/kg dexmedetomidine for surgical anesthesia in female rats. Appropriate doses of alfaxalone only and alfaxalone-dexmedetomidine for male rats were not determined in this study and need further evaluation.

25

Daskalaki, Maria, Charis Drummer, Rüdiger Behr, and Michael Heistermann. "The use of alfaxalone for short-term anesthesia can confound serum progesterone measurements in the common marmoset: a case report." Primate Biology 9, no. 2 (July 27, 2022): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/pb-9-23-2022.

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Abstract. Alfaxan® (alfaxalone) is a steroid general anesthetic widely used in veterinary medicine for induction and maintenance of anesthesia in several species. While the use of alfaxalone in veterinary practice has several benefits compared to the use of other anesthetic agents, the fact that it is derived from progesterone may confound the measurement of the latter in the blood of animals under alfaxalone treatment. In the present case study, we report the measurement of serum progesterone in an individual common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) during five ovarian cycles in which luteolysis was induced by PGF2α. Blood samples were usually taken from the awake animal with the exception of the fifth cycle in which the sample was collected under alfaxalone anesthesia in connection with a tooth extraction. In contrast to the previous four cycles in which luteolysis resulted in the expected marked decrease in progesterone concentrations, the – apparent – progesterone level in the cycle under alfaxalone treatment remained unexpectedly high. Cross-reactivity of the non-specific antibody used in the progesterone assay with alfaxalone most likely explains this finding.

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Gozalo-Marcilla, M., C. J. Seymour, S. Schauvliege, T. Bosmans, and F. Gasthuys. "Anesthetic management for the correction of a patent ductus arteriosus by means of either surgical ligation or transarterial occlusion in dogs Anesthesie voor de correctie van een persisterende ductus arteriosus via chirurgie of transarteriële occlusie bi." Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 81, no. 1 (February 29, 2012): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/vdt.v81i1.18373.

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Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is one of the most common congenital vascular abnormalities in the dog. In veterinary medicine, surgical ligation (SL) and transarterial occlusion (TO) are two possible treatments that require general anesthesia. Two 4-month-old dogs were anesthetized for the correction of PDA, one by SL and the other by TO. Two different anesthetic and analgesic protocols were used, and were chosen to avoid potential complications. This case report describes two possible anesthetic approaches for PDA corrective surgery (SL and TO).

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LIANG, YUE, ZHENGRU WANG, LIUYANG LI, JIPENG LI, XINWU MA, SHULIN CHEN, YUPENG YIN, and DEZHANG LU. "Comparison of the anesthesia effects of ketamine, dexmedetomidine and tiletamine-zolazepam with or without tramadol in cats." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 77, no. 09 (2021): 6555–2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6555.

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This study investigated the analgesia effects of intramuscular injection of ketamine, dexmedetomidine and tiletamine-zolazepam combined with tramadol (KDZT) and compared the efficacy of this combination with that of ketamine, dexmedetomidine and tiletamine-zolazepam (KDZ) in Chinese local mongrel cats. Ten cats were tested twice as a comparison between the two groups, and the interval between the two groups was more than a week. The animals received ketamine (10 mg/kg), dexmedetomidine (10 μg/kg) and zoletil (5 mg/kg) combined with or without tramadol (2 mg/kg) for anesthesia in separate tests. Heart rate, respiration rate, non-invasive systolic pressure, hemoglobin oxygen saturation, rectal temperature, subjective pain scores and venous blood-gas were measured simultaneously. The induction time, recovery time of the righting reflex, standing and walking, the time during the anesthesia period were recorded. Cardiopulmonary variables changed after injection, some of which were significantly different from baselines before anesthesia induction. Values regarding blood gas changed after intramuscular administration, and significant differences were found between two groups at one of the timepoints. Both KDZT and KDZ provided adequate analgesia in cats. The induction period of two anesthetic mixtures was within 1-3 min and could effectively maintain anesthesia for 75-175 min. The change of physiological parameters remained within a biologically acceptable range and was not significantly different between the two groups. The use of KDZT resulted in better anesthesia, with shorter anesthesia induction period and longer anesthesia period compared with KDZ. No side effects were observed, no rescue analgesic was required.

28

Borges, P. A., N. Nunes, V. F. Barbosa, E. D. V. Conceição, C. T. D. Nishimori, D. P. Paula, R. Carareto, R. Thiesen, and P. A. C. Santos. "Cardiorespiratory variables, bispectral index and recovery of anesthesia in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane, treated or not with tramadol." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 60, no. 3 (June 2008): 613–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352008000300014.

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It was studied fortuitous cardiorespiratory and bispectral index changes in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane associated or not to tramadol. Sixteen dogswere distributed in two groups named CG (control group) and TG (tramadol group). General anesthesia was induced in all animals with isoflurane via mask. After 10 minutes, the animals of CG received 0.05ml/kg of saline solution at 0.9%, and TG received 2mg/kg of tramadol, both via intramuscular. It was evaluated heart rate, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures; electrocardiography; respiratory rate; oxihemoglobin saturation; end tidal carbon dioxide; bispectral index and recovery of anesthesia. The administration of tramadol in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane did not produce changes in cardiorespiratory variables, bispectral index and anesthetic recovery time. In addition, this association promoted good quality of anesthetic recovery.

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Kona-Boun, Jean-Jacques, Amer Silim, and Eric Troncy. "Immunologic aspects of veterinary anesthesia and analgesia." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 226, no. 3 (February 2005): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2005.226.355.

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Leece, Elizabeth A. "Lumb & Jones’ Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia." Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 36, no. 1 (January 2009): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2008.00425.x.

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Glowaski, Maria M., and Lois A. Wetmore. "Propofol: Application in veterinary sedation and anesthesia." Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice 14, no. 1 (February 1999): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1096-2867(99)80021-8.

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Martin, David D., and Alondra L. Martin. "Pain Management and Anesthesia in Veterinary Dermatology." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 36, no. 1 (January 2006): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2005.09.010.

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Baetge, Courtney L., and Nora S. Matthews. "Anesthesia and Analgesia for Geriatric Veterinary Patients." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 42, no. 4 (July 2012): 643–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2012.05.001.

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Strahl-Heldreth, Danielle, and Sathya K. Chinnadurai. "Ambulatory Anesthesia for the Exotic Veterinary Practitioner." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 21, no. 3 (September 2018): 593–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2018.05.011.

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Rodrigues, B. E., A. P. Ribeiro, T. M. Amorim, A. B. Perotto, M. A. Mendes, and L. D. Guimarães. "Intraocular pressure and pupil diameter in healthy cats anesthetized with isoflurane and pre-medicated with isolated acepromazine or in combination with tramadol." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 73, no. 3 (May 2021): 631–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-12102.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine changes on intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil diameter (PD) in healthy cats anesthetized with isoflurane, and premedicated with acepromazine alone or in combination with tramadol. Thirty cats were allocated in two groups (n=15/each) and were treated with acepromazine (AG) or acepromazine/tramadol (ATG). PD and IOP were assessed before and following 30 (PM1), and 40 minutes (PM2) of treatments. Anesthesia was induced with propofol, and IOP and DP were recorded (A10) at 10 minute intervals until the end of anesthesia (A40). IOP decreased in AG and ATG, when comparing baseline with PM1. IOP decreased only in AG, in comparisons between baseline and PM2. During anesthesia, IOP did not change within and between groups. Comparisons between baseline with those recorded at PM1 and 2 showed that PD increased in the ATG. During anesthesia, PD decreased significantly in AG and ATG. Both protocols maintained the IOP within the reference range to perform corneal or intraocular surgery in healthy cats but did not sustain pre-anesthetic pupil dilation observed in ATG.

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KARASU, ABDULLAH, NURI ALTUG, LOGMAN ASLAN, BAHTIYAR BAKIR, and NAZMI YUKSEK. "Evaluation of the anesthetic effects of xylazine-ketamine, xylazine-tiletamine-zolazepam and tiletamine-zolazepam using clinical and laboratory parameters in rabbits." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 74, no. 10 (2018): 646–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6119.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the anesthetic effects of xylazine-ketamine (XK), xylazine-tiletamine-zolazepam (XTZ) and tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) using hematological and biochemical parameters in rabbits. A total of 18 rabbits were divided into three equal treatment groups (n = 6). The rabbits in the XK, XTZ, and TZ groups were administered xylazine (5 mg/kg) and ketamine (50 mg/kg), xylazine (5 mg/kg) and TZ (15 mg/kg), and TZ (15 mg/kg), respectively, via the intramuscular route. Following the injection, their reflexes were tested every 5 minutes. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature were determined before the injection (0 min) and at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 120 min after injecting the anesthetic combinations. Furthermore, hematological and biochemical (alanine transaminase [ALT], aspartate transaminase [AST], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen [BUN], and urea) analyses were also performed before, during, and after anesthesia administration. The duration of anesthesia and loss of reflexes were significantly longer in the XTZ group than in the other groups. However, in the TZ group, reflexes were remained. Respiratory rate and body temperature decreased in all the groups. Moreover, heart rate reduced only in the XK and XTZ groups, and the hematological parameters of all groups were comparable. Serum AST and ALP levels increased in the XTZ group compared to that in the XK and TZ groups, respectively. However, these increases were within the reference limits. The post-anesthesia serum BUN and urea levels significantly increased in the XTZ group (p < 0.05) compared to that in the other groups. Thus, although the XTZ combination provided satisfactory anesthetic effect in rabbits, it may be nephrotoxic. Therefore, its use for anesthesia induction in invasive renal procedures and experimental nephrotoxicity studies is not advisable..

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Đukić, Igor, Srećko Selaković, Marija Bubalo, Jovana Selaković, and Zoran Tatić. "Thermal Vision Examination of Vasoconstriction and Vasodilatation of Blood Vessels under the Influence of Local Anesthetic Solutions." Acta Veterinaria 68, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 340–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acve-2018-0028.

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Abstract A quality local anesthesia is one of the imperatives of performing dental interventions, and especially oral-surgical interventions, where the success of the oral-surgical intervention is seen through the success of local anesthesia. There is a high number of different local anesthetic solutions (LAS) on the market, holding different levels of vasoconstrictors which are attributed with causing numerous complications during the local anesthesia. The aim of this research is to point out the temperature changes caused by different LAS, depending on the strength and the concentration of LAS, using thermal vision camera. Testing was performed on 70 experimental Wistar rats, aged 4.5 months, with an average weight of 250 grams, male, and divided into seven groups of 10 animals each, depending on the applied anesthetic. After injecting the anesthetic solution into the haunch area, a stopwatch was turned on and control measurements were conducted for a period of two hours. All footage from the thermal camera was later transferred to a computer unit. Occurrence of multiple temperatures in the rats’ examined regions, compared to the control region, was noticed only when applying 2% pure lidocaine (without vasoconstrictors). The highest temperature drop, compared to the control region, was noticed with 2% mepivacaine with adrenaline (1 : 100 000), and 2% mepivacaine with noradrenaline (1 : 100 000), fi ve minutes after applying the local anesthetic. In conclusion: vasoconstricting effects are most expressed in the fi fth minute after applying LAS, and there are minimal differences between the effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline, in the examined combinations together with LAS.

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Miller, L., M. Gozalo-Marcilla, P. J. Pollock, and A. Panti. "Anesthetic management of a pregnant broodmare with gastrointestinal colic." Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 90, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/vdt.v90i1.17769.

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Gastrointestinal colic in mares during early pregnancy may require general anesthesia for surgical correction. There is a scarcity of literature identifying anesthetic risk factors associated with negative outcome in the pregnant mare. In this case report, a seven-year-old Thoroughbred broodmare, presenting for the investigation and treatment of colic in the fifth month of pregnancy, underwent surgery for the correction of right dorsal displacement of the large colon. Intraoperatively, interventions for maternal hypoxemia and hypotension were necessary. The mare recovered well from general anesthesia and was discharged from the hospital eleven days postoperatively. In this case report, the successful anesthetic management of a pregnant broodmare is described, and all aspects that may improve the outcome for both mare and fetus are considered, with emphasis on the prevention of cardiovascular and respiratory disturbances.

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MOUSA, Y. "Etomidate anesthesia in chicks: Effect of xylazine." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 71, no. 4 (January 25, 2021): 2463. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.25921.

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The current study aimed to evaluate the etomidate anesthetic action, its toxicity profile and safety alone and to determine the benefit of xylazine coadministration to enhance its anesthetic duration, efficacy and to reach a state of balanced anesthesia in chicks. By using the up-and-down technique, it was found that the hypnotic Median Effective Dose (ED50) of the etomidate was 4.30 mg/kg, IM, whereas the acute Median Toxic Dose (TD50) was 17.90 mg/kg, IM in the chicks. In response, the calculated Therapeutic Index (TI) and Standard Safety Margin (SSM) indicate that the etomidate has a wide safety margin. Etomidate injection at 4, 8 and 16 mg/kg, IM yields a significant dose-response and dependent hypnosis in the chicks by evaluating the onset of the righting reflex loss, its period and regaining from it. The combination composed of etomidate and xylazine at 5 mg/kg, IM for each, reduced the onset of hypnosis and significantly distended its period besides a significant rise of the recovery time when compared with the group receiving etomidate alone. At the same time, this coadministered drugs elicited a significant raise in analgesic efficacy. Concerning plasma glucose, Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Transaminase (AST) concentrations, neither etomidate nor etomidate plus xylazine differ significantly from the control group. The results of this study propose the likelihood of using etomidate as an anesthetic agent for short surgical trials in the chickens that can be more effective by using xylazine to yield balanced anesthesia without causing significant side effects.

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Gorczak, Rochelle, Rafael Oliveira Chaves, Marcella Linhares Teixeira, Ítalo Barros De Freitas, Raimy Costa Martins, Marilia Avila Valandro, Bruna Copat, and André Vasconcelos Soares. "Anestesia em Jacaré-americano (Alligator mississipiensis) para Amputação de Membro." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 45 (June 27, 2017): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.85452.

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Background: The knowledge of secure anesthetic protocols for reptiles is very important, especially because they are aggressive species and they have peculiar physiology, unpredictable reactions to the same drug in different environmental conditions and different physiological responses can be observed. The anesthetic protocol aims immobilization, analgesia and muscle relaxation for adequate, safe and easily reversible anesthesia. Few reports have been described on anesthesia in animals and, before that, the objective of this study is to report the anesthetic protocol that was used and vital parameters monitoring in an Alligator mississipiensis that was submitted to surgery for limb amputation.Case: A female American alligator was attended, with about 8-year-old, 2 m long and 268,964 pounds, with fight history with other animal six months ago, resulting in a wound in the right toracic limb. When the lesion occurred, it was the breeding season of the species, so we chose not to perform the treatment at that time. An X-ray of the member was performed, which showed, among other changes, osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. Thus, the limb amputation was indicated. Ketamine association (10 mg/kg) and medetomidine (0.1 mg/kg) were used as anestesic premedication, both administered intramuscularly. For anesthetic induction, propofol (4 mg/kg) intravenously was used. The animal was intubated using an endotracheal tube number 11 without inflating the cuffing, and for the maintenance it was employed isoflurane. The heart rate was measured using Doppler and the respiratory rate by visual and balloon observation in the oxygen circular system. The other parameters were measured using a multiparameter monitor sensor connected to the tongue. The local anesthetic block was made close to the incision line, the medium third humerus with 2 mg/kg of 2% lidocaine without vasoconstrictor, diluted in 0.9% NaCl until the volume of 10 mL is completed to assist in analgesia. The parameters recorded during the procedure, which lasted 80 min, remained within the normal pattern of species (three breaths per minute, 30 heart beats per min and 80.6°F temperature). After surgery meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg) and atipamezole reverser (0.5 mg/kg) were administered, both intramuscularly. The animal took about seven hours to fully return from anesthesia.Discussion: Different anesthetics protocols may be employed to crocodilians using both local anesthetic techniques and general, in order to promote analgesia, muscle relaxation and adequate anesthesia. Still, it is very important to monitor the patient during the procedure, in order to be a different physiology kind of species. Cardiac auscultation is quite difficult in these animals, so it is recommended to use non-invasive electronic equipment as the Doppler, the multiparameter monitor, the pulse oximeter and esophageal stethoscope for assistance in monitoring heart and respiratory rate, providing important trans-operative information. The realization of amputations in crocodilians is common, however there are few reports in the literature about their anesthesia, this way, this article has a significant contribution to a better anesthetic protocol clarification to be used in these animals. Therefore, it is concluded that the anesthetic protocol based on premedication with ketamine and medetomindina, propofol induction and maintenance with isoflurane, besides local anesthesia with lidocaine was effective and safe for thoracic limb amputation surgery in an American alligator.

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Machin, Karen. "Waterfowl anesthesia." Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine 13, no. 4 (October 2004): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.saep.2004.04.006.

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Velázquez-Delgado, Perla I., Eduardo Gutierrez-Blanco, Felipe de J. Torres-Acosta, Antonio Ortega-Pacheco, Armando J. Aguilar-Caballero, and Brighton T. Dzikiti. "Comparison of Propofol or Isoflurane Anesthesia Maintenance, Combined with a Fentanyl–Lidocaine–Ketamine Constant-Rate Infusion in Goats Undergoing Abomasotomy." Animals 11, no. 2 (February 13, 2021): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11020492.

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This study aimed to compare, first, the anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of propofol or isoflurane anesthetic maintenance in goats receiving a fentanyl–lidocaine–ketamine infusion undergoing abomasotomy and, secondly, to compare the quality of the recovery from anesthesia. Two groups were used: propofol (TIVA) and isoflurane (PIVA). Goats were premedicated with fentanyl (10 μg/kg intravenously [IV]), lidocaine (2 mg/kg, IV), and ketamine (1.5 mg/kg, IV). Anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintenance consisted of fentanyl (10 μg/kg/h, IV), lidocaine (50 μg/kg/min, IV), and ketamine (50 μg/kg/min, IV) as constant-rate infusions (CRIs), combined with either CRI of propofol at initial dose of 0.3 mg/kg/min, IV (TIVA), or isoflurane with initial end-tidal (FE’Iso) concentration of 1.2% partial intravenous anesthesia (PIVA). The mean effective propofol dose for maintenance was 0.44 ± 0.07 mg/kg/min, while the mean FE’Iso was 0.81 ± 0.2%. Higher systolic arterial pressure (SAP) values were observed in total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) during some time points. Recovery was smooth in PIVA, while restlessness, vocalizations, and paddling were observed in TIVA. Both protocols produced a satisfactory quality of anesthesia during surgery, with minimal impact on cardiopulmonary function. Nevertheless, recovery after anesthesia in TIVA might be of poor quality.

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Furumoto, Kayo, Kumi Ogita, Tomomi Kamisaka, Asami Kawasumi, Koushi Takata, Noritaka Maeta, Takamasa Itoi, Masakatsu Nohara, Kaori Saeki, and Teppei Kanda. "Effects of Multimodal Analgesic Protocol, with Buprenorphine and Meloxicam, on Mice Well-Being: A Dose Finding Study." Animals 11, no. 12 (November 30, 2021): 3420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11123420.

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The anesthetic or analgesic agent of choice, route and frequency of anesthetic or analgesic administration, and stressors induce distress during the perioperative period. We evaluated a multimodal analgesic protocol using buprenorphine and meloxicam on the well-being of mice. Twenty-four Slc:ICR male mice were divided into control, anesthesia + analgesia, and surgery + anesthesia + analgesia groups. Tap water (orally: PO) and water for injection (subcutaneous: SC) were administered to the control group. Buprenorphine was administered twice (SC, 0.1 mg/kg/8 h) and meloxicam was administered thrice (PO, 5 mg/kg/24 h) to the anesthesia + analgesia and surgery + anesthesia + analgesia groups. The mice were subjected to laparotomy and assessed for several parameters. Even in absence of surgical pain, the anesthesia + analgesia group presented the same negative effects as the surgery + anesthesia + analgesia group. This multimodal analgesic protocol for mice was expected to have an analgesic effect on pain associated with laparotomy but was not sufficient to prevent food intake and weight decrease. This does not negate the need to administer analgesics, but suggests the need to focus on and care not only about the approach to relieve pain associated with surgery, but also other types of distresses to minimize negative side effects that may interfere with postoperative recovery in mice.

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Marija, Lipar, Turner Rajka, Radišić Berislav, Grgurević Lovorka, Erjavec Igor, Brajenović Nataša, Brčić Karačonji Irena, Samardžija Marko, and Vnuk Dražen. "Influence of Epinephrine and Medetomidine on Systemic Absorption of Lidocaine Applied Epidurally in Anesthetized Swine." Acta Veterinaria 64, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 456–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acve-2014-0043.

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Abstract Epinephrine and alpha 2 agonist drugs are often used with epidural anesthesia to minimize local anesthetic systemic absorption, as well as to prolong the duration of the block. The aim of the current study was to determine by which extent epinephrine and medetomidine influenced lidocaine systemic absorption rate following epidural application. This was achieved by monitoring the serum lidocaine concentration in a porcine model. During general anesthesia, the first group received epidurally plane lidocaine, the second received lidocaine containing epinephrine (1 : 80.000), and the third lidocaine with medetomidine (15 μg/kg). Venous blood samples were taken before and 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60 and 90 minutes following epidural administration of the anesthetic. The effects of epinephrine and medetomidine were comparable. They both failed to cause a significant decrease in serum lidocaine concentration (p>0.05). In these settings we were unable to demonstrate a greater capacity of these two adrenergic agonists for reducing lidocaine systemic uptake and, accordingly, its systemic toxicity potential.

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Steiner, Aline R., Frédérik Rousseau-Blass, Aileen Schroeter, Sonja Hartnack, and Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger. "Systematic Review: Anesthetic Protocols and Management as Confounders in Rodent Blood Oxygen Level Dependent Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (BOLD fMRI)—Part B: Effects of Anesthetic Agents, Doses and Timing." Animals 11, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010199.

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In rodent models the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) under anesthesia is common. The anesthetic protocol might influence fMRI readouts either directly or via changes in physiological parameters. As long as those factors cannot be objectively quantified, the scientific validity of fMRI in rodents is impaired. In the present systematic review, literature analyzing in rats and mice the influence of anesthesia regimes and concurrent physiological functions on blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) fMRI results was investigated. Studies from four databases that were searched were selected following pre-defined criteria. Two separate articles publish the results; the herewith presented article includes the analyses of 83 studies. Most studies found differences in BOLD fMRI readouts with different anesthesia drugs and dose rates, time points of imaging or when awake status was compared to anesthetized animals. To obtain scientifically valid, reproducible results from rodent fMRI studies, stable levels of anesthesia with agents suitable for the model under investigation as well as known and objectively quantifiable effects on readouts are, thus, mandatory. Further studies should establish dose ranges for standardized anesthetic protocols and determine time windows for imaging during which influence of anesthesia on readout is objectively quantifiable.

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Asorey, Iago, Beatrice Sambugaro, Rebecca J. Bhalla, and Maja Drozdzynska. "Ultrasound-guided serratus plane block as an effective adjunct to systemic analgesia in four dogs undergoing thoracotomy." Open Veterinary Journal 10, no. 4 (February 5, 2021): 407–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ovj.v10i4.8.

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Background: Ultrasound-guided serratus plane block (UGSPB) is a loco-regional anesthesia technique designed to desensitize the thoracic wall. It is a compartmental block, where local anesthetic is delivered to the fascial, intermuscular plane. Since its original description in humans, two cadaveric veterinary studies, redefining the technique, have been performed. Taking into account the successful use of the UGSPB in human medicine, we employed the veterinary description to perform this block in four dogs undergoing thoracotomy. The case series described below aims to share our experience of the clinical application of this new loco-regional anesthesia technique in dogs. Case Description: Four dogs, with different underlying medical conditions underwent cranial lateral thoracotomy. The analgesia protocol consisted of intravenous methadone and UGSPB performed half an hour before the beginning of the procedure. The cardiovascular system was closely monitored for any signs of nociception. Fentanyl, although available as rescue analgesia, was not required in any of these cases as no signs of nociception were present. Conclusion: To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first veterinary clinical report using the UGSPB as a part of a multimodal analgesia protocol in dogs undergoing thoracotomy. Based on this observation, UGSPB has the potential to prevent nociception and reduce the intraoperative opioid requirements in dogs undergoing thoracotomy. A prospective randomized clinical trial is required to confirm these promising results.

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Zimmerman, Dawn, and Julie A. Smith. "Veterinary Medicine Today Anesthesia Case of the Month." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 223, no. 5 (September 2003): 619–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2003.223.619.

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48

Hofmeister, Erik H., Christine M. Egger, and Kathleen Keenan. "Veterinary Medicine Today Anesthesia Case of the Month." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 224, no. 2 (January 2004): 209–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2004.224.209.

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49

Wilson, Diane, and Glenn R. Pettifer. "Veterinary Medicine Today Anesthesia Case of the Month." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 225, no. 5 (September 2004): 685–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2004.225.685.

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Carpenter, Rachael E., and A. Thomas Evans. "Veterinary Medicine Today Anesthesia Case of the Month." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 226, no. 6 (March 2005): 874–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2005.226.874.

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