Статті в журналах: "Veterinary anesthesia"

1

Jones, R. S. "Veterinary Anesthesia." Veterinary Journal 164, no. 3 (November 2002): 304–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/tvjl.2001.0684.

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2

Hall, L. W. "Veterinary anesthesia." British Veterinary Journal 141, no. 4 (July 1985): 432–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0007-1935(85)90097-1.

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3

Schroeder, Carrie A., and Lesley J. Smith. "Veterinary Anesthesia." Advances in Anesthesia 29, no. 1 (January 2011): 59–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aan.2011.07.002.

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4

Natalini, Cláudio Correa. "SEVOFLURANE, DESFLURANE, AND XENON NEW INHALED ANESTHETICS IN VETERINARY MEDICINE." Ciência Rural 31, no. 1 (February 2001): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782001000100029.

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Inhalation anesthesia is widely used in veterinary medicine. New inhalation anesthetics that present less untoward effects, are more potent and produce a safe and easily changeable anesthetic plane are desirable over the older agents presently available. In this review some of the physical and chemical aspects of inhalation anesthesia is revisited. Because the agents used in inhalation anesthesia are gases or vapors, the physics of vaporization, delivery and administration of these agents should be understood. The two new inhalation anesthetics sevoflurane and desflurane, and the new anesthetic gas xenon have been used in human beings for some time. In veterinary medicine there is a lack of investigation and reports that assure the safety and clinical aspects of using them in animals. The information available on the use of these new agents in animals is revised in this article.

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5

Pestean, Cosmin, Liviu Oana, Lucia Bel, Iuliu Scurtu, George Clinciu, and Ciprian Ober. "A Survey of Canine Anaesthesia in Veterinary Practice in Cluj-Napoca." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Veterinary Medicine 73, no. 2 (November 30, 2016): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-vm:12192.

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A survey with 32 questions was performed in Cluj-Napoca veterinary private practices about the routine anaesthetic management of dogs. Of those veterinarians who answered this questionnaire, 18.2% are equipped with a machine for inhalation anesthesia, 27.3% do not use any monitoring during anesthesia and no one use methods of monitoring blood pressure. All the veterinarians graduated the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Ketamine and alpha 2 agonists remain the most used anesthetic substances in private practices. Postoperative analgesia is used constantly by 81.8% of veterinarians. The mortality rate in veterinary practices in Cluj - Napoca for two years was 0.25% (1:403).

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6

Leece, Elizabeth. "Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia." Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 44, no. 3 (May 2017): 694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2016.06.009.

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7

Harvey, Colin E., and Charles J. McGrath. "Welcome to VETERINARY ANESTHESIA." Veterinary Surgery 14, no. 1 (January 1985): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950x.1985.tb00812.x.

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8

de Jesus, Jairo Ramos, Ingrid Horlle Schein, Sabrina Tabajara de Souza, Aline Fantinel Pazzim, Karine Gehlen Baja, and Tatiana Lichmann. "Inhalational anesthesia in the penectomy of a Jabuti Piranga (Chelonoidis carbonaria) – a case report." Clínica Veterinária XVIII, no. 107 (November 1, 2013): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.46958/rcv.2013.xviii.n.107.p.88-98.

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Reptiles represent a challenge for the veterinary anesthesiologist. Anesthesia efficiency requires planning, patience and knowledge for either healthy or diseased patients. The anesthetic success depends on knowledge about the specific requirements of each species and accurate understanding of the anatomy and physiology of these patients. Inhalation anesthesia is effective and presents major advantages in reptiles, for it allows more accurate adjustment of anesthesia depth and permanent control of ventilation, as well as a quicker recovery. The present article reports an inhalational anesthesia performed in a Jabuti Piranga (Chelonoidis carbonaria). Ketamine and butorphanol were used as pre-anesthetic medication and isoflurane was used for anesthesia induction and maintenance in a vaporizer calibrated with a Baraka open circuit. The anesthetic protocol proved effective for the species.

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9

THURMON, John C., G. J. BENSON, and W. J. TRANQUILLI. "Isoflurane anesthesia in veterinary practice." Japanese Journal of Veterinary Anesthesia & Surgery 20, no. 3 (1989): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2327/jvas.20.49.

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10

Klide, Alan M. "Lumb & Jones Veterinary Anesthesia." Anesthesia & Analgesia 83, no. 6 (December 1996): 1354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199612000-00058.

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11

Klide, Alan M. "Lumb & Jones Veterinary Anesthesia." Anesthesia & Analgesia 83, no. 6 (December 1996): 1354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199612000-00058.

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12

Heath, Robert Bruce. "Veterinary anesthesia intermediate rebreathing circuits." Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 46, no. 3 (May 2019): 407–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2018.12.005.

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13

Michielsen, A. J. H. C., K. Proost, B. Pardon, L. De Cremer, and S. Schauvliege. "General anesthesia for surgical treatment of urethral obstruction in nine goats." Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 87, no. 6 (December 28, 2018): 314–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/vdt.v87i6.16049.

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Nine pygmy goats underwent surgical treatment for obstructive urolithiasis in a period of six months. In two cases, (second) revision surgery was necessary resulting in a total of twelve procedures under general anesthesia. Different anesthetic protocols were applied: analgesia was provided by an opioid (12/12) combined with either benzodiazepine (10/12) or an alpha-2 agonist (2/12). Anesthesia was induced with propofol (10/12) or ketamine (2/12) and maintained with isoflurane (8/12) or sevoflurane (4/12) in oxygen in a semi-closed circle system with continuous monitoring during anesthesia. Minor complications were mild bradycardia (4/12), hypotension (3/12), metabolic acidosis (1/12) and hypothermia (12/12). In four cases, epidural anesthesia was performed; in one of those four cases, severe complications developed (paralysis, 1/4). The goat was euthanized later. Although urethral obstruction increases the risk of general anesthesia, the selection of an appropriate anesthetic protocol, adequate preoperative examination/ preparation and detailed monitoring throughout anesthesia reduced the incidence of severe complications in this case series.

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14

Moon, P. F., and E. K. Stabenau. "Anesthetic and postanesthetic management of sea turtles." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 208, no. 5 (March 1, 1996): 720–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1996.208.05.720.

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Objective To examine the physiologie effects of inhalation anesthesia in aquatic turtles to improve anesthetic techniques and postanesthetic monitoring. Design Retrospective case series. Animals 9 Kemp's ridley sea turtles. Procedure Isoflurane was used as the general anesthetic during 14 minor surgical procedures. Turtles were orotracheally intubated, and a surgical plane of anesthesia was maintained with 2.7 ± 0.4% (mean ± SE) isoflurane. The duration of anesthesia was 131 ± 12 minutes. Pulse rate, blood pressure, blood gases (PaO2 and PaCO2) and pH, blood lactic acid concentration, and capnography were used to evaluate the physiologic responses of sea turtles to isoflurane. Results An isoflurane concentration of 3.4 ± 0.3% provided anesthetic induction in 7 ± 1 minutes. The mean duration of the recovery phase was 241 ± 31 minutes. The duration of the recovery phase was not affected by the duration of anesthesia, type of carrier gas, method of ventilatory weaning, or use of selected pharmacologic agents. The recovery phase was characterized by hypoxemia, progressive acidemia, hypercapnia, and lactic acidosis. Awakening in the turtles was preceded by a characteristic tachycardia and tachypnea. All sea turtles recovered from isoflurane anesthesia without apparent adverse effects within 24 hours. Clinical Implications Isoflurane appears to be safe and effective in providing surgical anesthesia in turtles that require a timely return to an aquatic environment. This study should assist veterinarians in predicting the physiologic responses of aquatic turtles to inhalation agents. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:720–726)

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15

Michielsen, A. J. H. C., and S. Schauvliege. "Epidural anesthesia and analgesia in horses." Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 88, no. 4 (August 30, 2019): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/vdt.v88i4.16013.

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Epidural anesthesia is a loco-regional anesthesia technique where drugs are injected in the epidural space. In the 19th century, this technique was developed for human medicine, and later found its way into veterinary medicine. It is useful for surgical interventions in the standing horse, as part of a balanced anesthetic protocol or for postoperative pain management. Analgesia and anesthesia involves the pelvis, pelvic limbs, tail, vagina, vulva, anus, perineum and abdomen. However, several contraindications and complications have been reported for epidural anesthesia. In horses, epidural injections can be performed cranially (lumbosacral space) or caudally (sacro-coccygeal or Co1-Co2 ). While single injections can be performed, the use of epidural catheters allows repeated administration. Depending on the desired effect, different drugs (local anesthetics, alpha2-agonists, opioids, ketamine, tramadol or tiletamine-zolazepam), drug combinations and volumes can be chosen.

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16

LLoret-Nadal, Lorena A. "Use of Electro-Acupuncture Anesthesia and Analgesia in Minor Veterinary Surgical Procedures." American Journal of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine 10, no. 2 (August 1, 2015): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.59565/gjya5382.

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An integrative approach that combines narcotic anesthesia with acupuncture in minor surgical procedures can have numerous benefits for the health of veterinary patients. These include reduction of both intra- and post-surgical anesthesia and pain medications, improved cardiopulmonary function, fewer adverse effects on the gastrointestinal tract and immune function, and faster recovery times. High-risk patients particularly benefit from lower doses of anesthetic agents. The use of electroacupuncture combined with adequate premedication protocols for common minor surgical procedures (dentistry, castration, ovariohysterectomy, skin masses) are reviewed along with benefits, challenges, and guidelines for improved results from this integrative approach.

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17

Rasys, Ashley M., Stephen J. Divers, James D. Lauderdale, and Douglas B. Menke. "A systematic study of injectable anesthetic agents in the brown anole lizard (Anolis sagrei )." Laboratory Animals 54, no. 3 (July 26, 2019): 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023677219862841.

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Anolis lizards have served as important research models in fields ranging from evolution and ecology to physiology and biomechanics. However, anoles are also emerging as important models for studies of embryo development and tissue regeneration. The increased use of anoles in the laboratory has produced a need to establish effective methods of anesthesia, both for routine veterinary procedures and for research procedures. Therefore, we tested the efficacy of different anesthetic treatments in adult female Anolis sagrei. Alfaxalone, dexmedetomidine, hydromorphone, ketamine and tribromoethanol were administered subcutaneously (SC), either alone or combined at varying doses in a total of 64 female anoles. Drug induction time, duration, anesthesia level and adverse effects were assessed. Differences in anesthesia level were observed depending on injection site and drug combination. Alfaxalone/dexmedetomidine and tribromoethanol/dexmedetomidine were the most effective drug combinations for inducing a surgical plane of anesthesia in anoles. Brown anoles injected SC with alfaxalone (30 mg/kg) plus dexmedetomidine (0.1 mg/kg) or with tribromoethanol (400 mg/kg) plus dexmedetomidine (0.1 mg/kg) experienced mean durations of surgical anesthesia levels of 31.2 ± 5.3 and 87.5 ± 19.8 min with full recovery after another 10.9 ± 2.9 and 46.2 ± 41.8 min, respectively. Hydromorphone given with alfaxalone/dexmedetomidine resulted in deep anesthesia with respiratory depression, while ketamine/hydromorphone/dexmedetomidine produced only light to moderate sedation. We determined that alfaxalone/dexmedetomidine or tribromoethanol/dexmedetomidine combinations were sufficient to maintain a lizard under general anesthesia for coeliotomy. This study represents a significant step towards understanding the effects of anesthetic agents in anole lizards and will benefit both veterinary care and research on these animals.

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18

Goodroe, Anna, Jaco Bakker, Edmond J. Remarque, Corinna N. Ross, and Diana Scorpio. "Evaluation of Anesthetic and Cardiorespiratory Effects after Intramuscular Administration of Three Different Doses of Telazol® in Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)." Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 2 (February 3, 2023): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10020116.

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Marmosets’ small body size makes anesthesia challenging. Ideally, small volumes of drugs should be administered intramuscularly (i.m.). In addition, dose-dependent sedation and anesthesia are desirable properties for sedatives and anesthetics in marmosets. Telazol® (tiletamine and zolazepam) is highly concentrated, allowing the use of small injection volumes and dose-dependent sedation and anesthesia. A randomized, blinded study with crossover design in ten healthy adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) was performed to evaluate the anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of three doses of i.m. Telazol® (respectively, 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg). Depth of anesthesia, cardiorespiratory effects, and induction, immobilization, and recovery times were determined. A significant difference was observed in immobilization time between 5 and 15 mg/kg of Telazol®. In addition, 15 mg/kg of Telazol® resulted in increased recovery times compared to 5 mg/kg. The cardiorespiratory effects during the first 45 min of immobilization were within clinically acceptable limits. The pedal withdrawal reflex was the best indicator of the anesthetic depth.

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19

Lester, G. D., J. R. Bolton, L. K. Cullen, and S. M. Thurgate. "Effects of general anesthesia on myoelectric activity of the intestine in horses." American Journal of Veterinary Research 53, no. 9 (September 1, 1992): 1553–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1992.53.09.1553.

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SUMMARY Myoelectric activity was monitored from the terminal ileum, cecum, and colonic pelvic flexure by use of Ag-pAgCl bipolar electrodes in 4 adult horses before, during, and after general anesthesia. Horses were anesthetized by way of 3 commonly used regimens, including xylazine (1.1 mg/kg of body weight) and ketamine hydrochloride (2.2 mg/kg); thiopental sodium (7.7 mg/kg), followed by halothane vaporized in oxygen; and thiopental sodium (2.5 g) in guaifenesin (100 mg/ml) solution given to effect, followed by halothane in oxygen. All 3 anesthetic regimens decreased intestinal spike-burst activity in the areas monitored. The slowest return to preanesthetic myoelectric activity was observed after xylazine and ketamine administration. After both of the barbiturate/halothane anesthetic regimens, there was a rebound increase in spike-burst frequency, without alteration in the proportion of propagative myoelectric events. All 3 anesthetic regimens appeared to reset the timing of the small and large intestinal migrating myoelectric complexes. By 9 hours after recovery from anesthesia, the effects of anesthesia, irrespective of regimen, had disappeared. Although anesthesia significantly (P < 0.05) altered intestinal myoelectric activity, no particular anesthetic regimen had a prolonged effect. Results of our study indicate that the particular chosen regimen of general anesthesia is unimportant in development of motility disturbances in horses after anesthesia.

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Carroll, Gwendolyn L., Sandee M. Hartsfield, and Regina Hambleton. "Anesthetic effects of tiletamine-zolazepam, alone or in combination with butorphanol, in goats." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 211, no. 5 (September 1, 1997): 593–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1997.211.05.593.

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Objective To evaluate anesthetic effects of tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ), alone or in combination with butorphanol, in goats undergoing laparotomy for embryo collection. Design Randomized clinical trial with crossover design. Animals 9 adult female goats. Procedure Goats were anesthetized twice: once with TZ (5.5 mg/kg [2.5 mg/lb] of body weight, IV) and once with tiletamine-zolazepam and butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg [0.045 mg/lb], IV). Additional doses of TZ (0.5 to 1.0 mg/kg [0.23 to 0.45 mg/lb], IV) were administered as needed to maintain a surgical anesthetic plane. Time to sternal recumbency was recorded, and quality of induction was scored. Arterial pressures, heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature were recorded every 5 minutes; arterial blood samples were collected every 30 minutes. Oxygen was insufflated if estimated saturation of hemoglobin in peripheral arterial blood with oxygen was < 90%; intermittent positive-pressure ventilation was performed if goats became apneic. Muscle relaxation, quality of anesthesia, and eye signs were scored every 15 minutes during anesthesia. Anesthesia time was recorded, and quality of recovery and degree of postoperative analgesia were scored. Plasma cortisol concentration was measured before induction, immediately after extubation, and 2 hours after extubation. Results Induction was rapid and smooth. Five goats regurgitated, 3 required supplemental oxygen, and 1 required intermittent positive-pressure ventilation, but none of the goats became hypotensive. Muscle relaxation and quality of anesthesia were adequate. Goats recovered from anesthesia without complications. We did not detect any significant differences between anesthetic regimens for any of the variables measured, except bicarbonate concentration and base excess. Clinical Implications TZ at a dose of 5.5 mg/kg was satisfactory for anesthetic induction in goats; additional doses can be given to extend anesthesia time, but addition of butorphanol at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg to this regimen does not seem to provide any measurable benefit. An oxygen source and a means of assisting ventilation should be available. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:593–597)

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21

Galante, Rafaela, Elizabeth Regina Carvalho, José A. P. C. Muniz, Paulo H. G. Castro, Vanessa Nadine Gris, Dorli S. Amora Júnior, and Ricardo G. D’Otaviano C. Vilani. "Comparison between total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and intermittent bolus of tiletamine-zolazepam in capuchin monkey (Sapajus apella)." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 39, no. 4 (April 2019): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5847.

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ABSTRACT: Dissociative anesthesia results in stressful and long recovery periods in monkeys and use of injectable anesthetics in medical research has to be refined. Propofol has promoted more pleasure wake up from anesthesia. The objectives of this study were to investigate the use of intravenous anesthetic propofol, establishing the required infusion rate to maintain surgical anesthetic level and comparing it to tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia in Sapajus apella. Eight healthy capuchin monkeys, premedicated with midazolam and meperidine, were anesthetized with propofol (PRO) or tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) during 60 minutes. Propofol was infused continually and rate was titrated to effect and tiletamine-zolazepam was given at 5mg/kg IV bolus initially and repeated at 2.5mg/kg IV bolus as required. Cardiopulmonary parameters, arterial blood gases, cortisol, lactate and quality and times to recovery were determined. Recovery quality was superior in PRO. Ventral recumbency (PRO = 43.0±21.4 vs TZ = 219.3±139.7 min) and normal ambulation (PRO = 93±27.1 vs TZ = 493.7±47.8 min) were faster in PRO (p<0.05). Cardiopulmonary effects did not have marked differences between groups. Median for induction doses of propofol was 5.9mg/kg, varying from 4.7 to 6.7mg/kg, Mean infusion rate was 0.37±0.11mg/kg/min, varying during the one-hour period. In TZ, two animals required three and five extra doses. Compared to tiletamine-zolazepam, minor post-anesthetic adverse events should be expected with propofol anesthesia due to the faster and superior anesthetic recovery.

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22

Van Loon, V. J. F., T. J. Van den Brink, J. P. A. M. Van Loon, C. J. W. Scheffer, and H. J. Bergman. "Influence of romifidine and detomidine on the induction of anesthesia and recovery from total intravenous anesthesia in horses." Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 83, no. 3 (June 27, 2014): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/vdt.v83i3.16652.

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In the present study, the quality of the induction of and the recovery from anesthesia was compared in 146 horses undergoing total intravenous anesthesia with guaifenesin, ketamine and detomidine for computed tomography (CT), randomly assigned to receive either romifidine (n = 110) or detomidine (n = 36) during premedication. The induction of anesthesia was performed with a ketamine-midazolam combination. The anesthetic duration was short (mean +/- SD time: 23.5 +/- 8.8 minutes). No significant difference in induction score was observed. However, the recovery quality was significantly better in horses premedicated with romifidine.

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23

Wilson, D. V. "Book Review: Handbook of Veterinary Anesthesia." Veterinary Pathology 45, no. 2 (March 2008): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.45-2-282.

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24

Hall, Leslie. "Veterinary Anesthesia and Pain Management Secrets." Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 31, no. 2 (April 2004): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2987.2004.00098.x.

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Skelding, Alicia M., and Alexander Valverde. "Sympathomimetics in veterinary species under anesthesia." Veterinary Journal 258 (April 2020): 105455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105455.

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Garcia Lopes, Matheus, Annea Carolynie Rocha Cruvinel de Sousa Mello, Ananda Neves Teodoro, Isabel Rodrigues Rosado, Ian Martin, Cláudio Yudi Kanayama, and Endrigo Gabellini Leonel Alves. "Brachial plexus block associated with balanced anesthesia in caracara plancus for fracture treatment." Concilium 24, no. 13 (July 9, 2024): 544–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.53660/clm-3716-24n40.

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This study demonstrates the efficacy of brachial plexus block combined with balanced anesthesia in the treatment of fractures in Caracara plancus, an area rarely explored in veterinary medicine. An adult male caracara with a left humeral fracture was successfully treated using a multimodal anesthetic approach. The combination of dexmedetomidine, ketamine, midazolam, and morphine provided effective anesthesia, resulting in muscle relaxation and hemodynamic stability. The brachial plexus block, performed with the aid of a nerve stimulator, was essential for segmental analgesia. The anesthetic protocol employed allowed for the entire surgical procedure to be conducted pain-free and safely. Postoperative recovery was rapid and uncomplicated, with bone consolidation confirmed by radiographs. It is concluded that the brachial plexus block combined with balanced anesthesia is a viable and safe option for orthopedic procedures in birds of prey

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Bufalari, A., SM Miller, C. Giannoni, and CE Short. "The use of propofol as an induction agent for halothane and isoflurane anesthesia in dogs." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 34, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-34-1-84.

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Cardiovascular, pulmonary, and quantitative electroencephalographic parameters were assessed in 12 anesthetized dogs to determine the compatibility of the injectable anesthetic propofol with halothane and isoflurane. No cases of apnea were observed during induction of anesthesia. An adequate level of anesthesia was established in each protocol as judged by both the lack of response to mechanical noxious stimuli (i.e., tail clamping) and evidence of reduction in total amplitude of brain wave activity. The initial propofol-mediated decrease in arterial blood pressure continued during either halothane (52.4%) or isoflurane (38%) anesthesia without a simultaneous increase in heart rate. The results of this study suggest that propofol, in combination with inhalant agents, can be used effectively and safely for canine anesthesia in veterinary practice.

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Ko, Jeff C. H., Constance E. Nicklin, Michelle Melendaz, Patricia Hamilton, and Christopher D. Kuonen. "Effects of a microdose of medetomidine on diazepam-ketamine induced anesthesia in dogs." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 213, no. 2 (July 15, 1998): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1998.213.02.215.

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Objective To evaluate cardiorespiratory and anesthetic effects of a microdose of medetomidine hydrochloride on diazepam-ketamine (DK) hydrochloride induced anesthesia in dogs. Design Randomized crossover study. Animals 6 two-year-old healthy female dogs. Procedure A study was designed to compare quality of anesthetic induction, recovery, analgesia, muscle relaxation, duration of immobilization, and ease of endotracheal intubation between diazepam-ketamine-medetomidine (DKM) and diazepam-ketamine induced anesthesia in 6 dogs. Diazepam (0.25 mg/kg [0.114 mg/lb] of body weight, IV) and ketamine (5 mg/kg [2.27 mg/lb], IV) with or without a microdose of medetomidine (5 μg/kg, IV) were administered to dogs. A baseline ECG was obtained, and baseline measurements of arterial blood gas tensions, arterial pressures, heart and respiratory rates, and minute volume were taken before drug administration. All measurements were repeated again 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes after drug administration. Endotracheal intubation was attempted 1 minute after drug administration and then again 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes after drug administration. Analgesia was evaluated by tail clamp and needle prick testing. Results Medetomidine improved quality of anesthetic induction, ease of endotracheal intubation, and extended duration of analgesia and lateral recumbency in anesthetized dogs. The addition of medetomidine to DK increased blood pressure and decreased heart and respiratory rates and minute volume. Hypoxemia was observed in 1 dog after DKM induced anesthesia. Clinical Implications Administration of a microdose of medetomidine provides a useful adjunct to DK induced anesthesia in dogs. Oxygen insufflation is recommended for a minimum of the first 5 minutes of DKM induced anesthesia. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:215-219)

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Letcher, James, and Ronald Durante. "Evaluation of use of tiletamine/zolazepam for anesthesia of bullfrogs and leopard frogs." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 207, no. 1 (July 1, 1995): 80–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1995.207.01.80.

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Summary Use of tiletamine hydrochloride and zolazepam hydrochloride (1:1 fixed ratio combination) as an anesthetic agent in 2 anuran species was studied. A dosage of 5 mg/kg of body weight, administered im, resulted in variable weak tranquilization. Intramuscular administration at dosages of 10 and 20 mg/kg induced variable states of tranquilization or anesthesia in leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) and bullfrogs (R catesbeiana). The dosages of 50 mg/kg induced anesthesia with greater consistency than lower dosages in bullfrogs, but resulted in mortalities. The same dosage was uniformly fatal in leopard frogs. Neither gross nor histologic lesions were identified in the frogs that died. Depth and duration of anesthesia was dosage related. At the 20 and 50 mg/kg dosages, leopard frogs attained a greater depth of anesthesia and remained anesthetized for a significantly greater duration than did bullfrogs; however, at the 5 and 10 mg/kg dosages, bullfrogs developed greater tranquilization for longer periods than did leopard frogs. Results of this study revealed profound intraspecies variation in depth and duration of effect of tiletamine/zolazepam; therefore, the drug does not appear to be a suitable injectable anesthetic in anurans.

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Nuanmanee, Saransiri, Preeyanan Sriwanayos, Khemmapat Boonyo, Wasana Chaisri, Banthita Saengsitthisak, Preechaya Tajai, and Surachai Pikulkaew. "Synergistic Effect between Eugenol and 1,8-Cineole on Anesthesia in Guppy Fish (Poecilia reticulata)." Veterinary Sciences 11, no. 4 (April 6, 2024): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11040165.

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This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic effect between eugenol and 1,8-cineole on anesthesia in female guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata). Experiment I evaluated the concentrations of 0, 12.5, 25, 50, and 75 mg/L of eugenol and 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/L of 1,8-cineole for times of induction and recovery from anesthesia. Experiment II divided fish into 16 study groups, combining eugenol and 1,8-cineole in pairs at varying concentrations, based on the dosage of the chemicals in experiment I. The results of the anesthesia showed that eugenol induced fish anesthesia at concentrations of 50 and 70 mg/L, with durations of 256.5 and 171.5 s, respectively. In contrast, 1,8-cineole did not induce fish anesthesia. In combination, using eugenol at 12.5 mg/L along with 1,8-cineole at 400 mg/L resulted in fish anesthesia at a time of 224.5 s. Increasing the eugenol concentration to 25 mg/L, combined with 1,8-cineole at 300 and 400 mg/L, induced fish anesthesia at times of 259.0 and 230.5 s, respectively. For treatments with eugenol at 50 mg/L combined with 1,8-cineole at 100 to 400 mg/L, fish exhibited anesthesia at times of 189.5, 181.5, 166.0, and 157.5 s. In the case of eugenol at 75 mg/L, fish showed anesthesia at times of 175.5, 156.5, 140.5, and 121.5 s, respectively. The testing results revealed that 1,8-cineole as a single treatment could not induce fish anesthesia. However, when supplementing 1,8-cineole in formulations containing eugenol, fish exhibited a significantly faster induction of anesthesia (p < 0.05). Furthermore, all fish that underwent anesthesia were able to fully recover without any mortality. However, the shorter anesthesia duration resulted in a significantly prolonged recovery time. In conclusion, eugenol and 1,8-cineole work better together as anesthetics than when used separately, and demonstrated the safety of using these anesthetic agents on guppy fish.

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Shimizu, Yuki, and Teppei Kanda. "Effects of Pre-Anesthesia Anxiety on Propofol Induction Dose in Cats." Animals 11, no. 7 (July 17, 2021): 2126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11072126.

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In humans, peri-anesthesia anxiety reportedly increases the anesthetic requirements for anesthesia induction. However, no studies have been conducted on cats regarding the effects of anxiety on anesthesia induction or anesthetic-mediated physiological changes. Therefore, we intended to investigate the effect of pre-anesthesia anxiety in healthy cats on the propofol dose required for anesthesia induction, and its impact on behavioral and physiological evaluations. The cats were placed in either a calm (CAL) or tense (ANX) environment. We performed physiological and behavioral evaluations before and after each environmental acclimatization period. Anesthesia was induced using propofol. We recorded the total dose of propofol administered for each clinical sign observed during anesthesia induction. The post-acclimatization behavioral evaluation score was significantly higher in the ANX group than the pre-acclimatization score. However, there was no significant difference in the propofol dose required for each clinical sign in the ANX or CAL groups. There were also no significant differences in the physiological evaluations between the ANX and CAL groups. Therefore, pre-anesthesia anxiety felt by cats did not affect propofol-mediated anesthesia induction.

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Rorig, M. C. L., J. R. Garcez, L. A. Baumgartner, M. R. Matos, M. Wilmsen, S. U. Cardoso, S. D. Silveira, and R. A. Bombardelli. "Surgical removal of periocular neoformation in Peixe -Kinguiu (Carassius Auratus) submitted to anesthesia with propofol in combination with morphine - case report." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 75, no. 3 (June 2023): 444–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-12676.

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ABSTRACT Different anesthetic agents are commonly used during procedures performed in aquaculture to minimize stress and maximize fish welfare during handling. A Kinguio fish was treated with a history of a mass near the left eye. In the clinical evaluation, a pedunculated neoformation was found in the periocular region. The fish was submitted to anesthesia for surgical removal of the mass, which was later referred to histopathological evaluation, revealing myxoma. The anesthesia protocol used 1% propofol at a concentration of 5 mg/liter of water and morphine at a dose of 5 mg/kg, intramuscularly. Immediately after the end of the procedure, the fish was returned to the aquarium and its anesthetic recovery was observed. The objective of this report is to describe a surgical procedure in kinguio fish and to determine the efficacy of propofol associated with morphine in this species. As a result, complete immobilization of the fish was obtained with propofol, reaching the fourth stage of anesthesia and the administration of morphine suggested being able to provide effective and long-lasting analgesia. It is concluded that despite the positive results obtained, anesthesia in fish still needs to be extensively investigated to refine analgesia protocols during procedures that cause pain and stress.

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Bennett, R. Avery, Juergen Schumacher, Kyra Hedjazi-Haring, and Susan M. Newell. "Cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of propofol administered intraosseously to green iguanas." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 212, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1998.212.01.93.

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Objective To determine cardiopulmonary effects of intraosseous administration of propofol in green iguanas (Iguana iguana). Design Prospective study. Animals 14 green iguanas. Procedure Anesthesia was induced in 4 iguanas with propofol (10 mg/kg [4.5 mg/lb] of body weight, intraosseously). Heart and respiratory rates, functional hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2), end-tidal CO2 concentration, and cloacal temperature were recorded. Ten additional iguanas were given propofol intraosseously for induction (5 mg/kg [2.3 mg/lb]) and maintenance (0.5 mg/kg/min [0.23 mg/lb/min], q 30 min) of anesthesia. Heart and respiratory rates, cloacal temperature, and SpO2 were recorded. Results Mean induction time for the first 4 iguanas was 1.2 minutes. A significant decrease in heart rate was seen 1 minute after induction of anesthesia. All iguanas were apneic, but spontaneous ventilation resumed within 5 minutes. End-tidal CO2 concentration decreased from 46 mm of Hg 4 minutes after induction of anesthesia to 32 mm of Hg 30 minutes after induction of anesthesia. Mean duration of anesthesia was 27 minutes. Mean induction time for the other 10 iguanas was 3 minutes. A significant decrease in heart rate was detected 35 minutes after induction of anesthesia and persisted until 120 minutes. Mean SpO2 value decreased from 79% 5 minutes after induction of anesthesia to 64% 30 minutes after induction of anesthesia. Mean recovery time was 57 minutes. Clinical Implications Propofol is an effective anesthetic agent for use in green iguanas. It is recommended that iguanas be intubated, provided oxygen, and given assisted ventilation after administration of propofol to prevent hypoxemia and hypercapnia. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:93–98)

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Daskalaki, Maria, Charis Drummer, Rüdiger Behr, and Michael Heistermann. "The use of alfaxalone for short-term anesthesia can confound serum progesterone measurements in the common marmoset: a case report." Primate Biology 9, no. 2 (July 27, 2022): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/pb-9-23-2022.

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Abstract. Alfaxan® (alfaxalone) is a steroid general anesthetic widely used in veterinary medicine for induction and maintenance of anesthesia in several species. While the use of alfaxalone in veterinary practice has several benefits compared to the use of other anesthetic agents, the fact that it is derived from progesterone may confound the measurement of the latter in the blood of animals under alfaxalone treatment. In the present case study, we report the measurement of serum progesterone in an individual common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) during five ovarian cycles in which luteolysis was induced by PGF2α. Blood samples were usually taken from the awake animal with the exception of the fifth cycle in which the sample was collected under alfaxalone anesthesia in connection with a tooth extraction. In contrast to the previous four cycles in which luteolysis resulted in the expected marked decrease in progesterone concentrations, the – apparent – progesterone level in the cycle under alfaxalone treatment remained unexpectedly high. Cross-reactivity of the non-specific antibody used in the progesterone assay with alfaxalone most likely explains this finding.

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West, Sylvia E., Jonathan C. Lee, Tinika N. Johns, and Elizabeth A. Nunamaker. "Intraperitoneal Alfaxalone and Alfaxalone–Dexmedetomidine Anesthesia in Sprague–Dawley Rats (Rattus norvegicus)." Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 59, no. 5 (September 1, 2020): 531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000161.

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Due to their unpredictability and variable effects, injectable anesthetic regimens in laboratory rodent species warrant refinement. In our study we sought to evaluate alfaxalone, which has gained recent popularity in veterinary medicine, alone and in combination with dexmedetomidine to evaluate their anesthetic ability in Sprague–Dawley rats when administered intraperitoneally. Three doses of alfaxalone only and 4 dose combinations of alfaxalone-dexmedetomidine were tested in males and female rats. The time to induction, anesthetic duration, pulse rate, respiratory rate, temperature, and time to recovery were recorded by a blind observer. The level of anesthesia induced by the various anesthetic protocols was assessed by using pedal withdrawal reflex to a noxious stimulus and scored according to the response. Dependent on the treatment group, atipamezole or saline was administered intraperitoneally once animals reached 60 min of anesthesia. Regardless of the dose, alfaxalone alone achieved only a sedative level of anesthesia, whereas all alfaxalone-dexmedetomidine combinations led to a surgical level of anesthesia in all animals. Anesthesia regimens using alfaxalone alone and in combination with dexmedetomidine demonstrated sex-associated differences, with female rats maintaining longer durations of sedation or anesthesia than their male counterparts. Both male and female rats displayed decreases in physiologic parameters consistent with the effects of dexmedetomidine. Given the results described herein, we recommend 20 mg/kg alfaxalone for sedation and 30 mg/kg alfaxalone combined with 0.05 mg/kg dexmedetomidine for surgical anesthesia in female rats. Appropriate doses of alfaxalone only and alfaxalone-dexmedetomidine for male rats were not determined in this study and need further evaluation.

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Baier, Maria Eduarda, Nelson Junior Tagliari, Bruna Zafalon Da Silva, Paula Cristina Sieczkowski Gonzalez, Marcelo Meller Alievi, and Eduardo Raposo Monteiro. "Anesthetic Management of an Orange-Spined-Hairy-Dwarf-Porcupine (Sphiggurus villosus) Undergoing Myelography." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 44, no. 1 (January 16, 2016): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.83206.

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Background: The orange-spined hairy dwarf porcupine (Sphiggurus villosus) is a mammal that belongs to the rodentia order. Accidents involving this porcupine and dogs have become usual in some cities of Brazil. Dog bites may eventually result in spinal injuries. When there is clinical evidence of spinal cord injury, a myelography under general anesthesia may be required to allow identification of the exact location of the injury. To the authors’ knowledge, there is only one case report about anesthesia in Sphiggurus villosus where dissociative anesthesia was employed. This paper describes one case report of inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane in a Sphiggurus villosus undergoing myelography.Case: A 1.6 kg orange-spined hairy dwarf porcupine, with a history of dog bite was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the University. On clinical examination, the patient was in good physical condition, alert, with an approximately 1-cm injury near the 10th and 11th thoracic vertebrae. Nociception in pelvic limbs was present whereas proprioception was absent. Radiographic examinations were suggestive of vertebral dislocation and fracture between the 10th and 11th thoracic vertebrae. A myelography was then requested by the responsible veterinarian. The porcupine received intramuscular midazolam (0.5 mg/kg) in combination with meperidine (10 mg/kg) as premedication. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen via a face mask connected to a non-rebreathing circuit. Monitored variables at 5-min intervals included: pulse rate (PR) and systolic arterial blood pressure (SAP) measured by a Doppler ultrasound with its probe positioned at the palmar metacarpal artery; pulse oximetry (SpO2) measured by a sensor positioned at the tarsus; rectal temperature; and respiratory rate (RR). During the myelography, the range of values for the above mentioned variables were: PR, 189-206 beats/min; SAP, 90-130 mmHg; SpO2, 94-96%; RR, 32-40 breaths/min; and rectal temperature decreased by 0.5oC. Anesthetic recovery was uneventful. Postoperative pain relief was achieved with intramuscular tramadol (5 mg/kg).Discussion: To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first case report of inhalation anesthesia in a Sphiggurus villosus specimen. In a previous case report, other authors described anesthesia for myelography in a porcupine with IM tiletamine/ zolazepam (5 mg/kg). In the case reported here, dissociative anesthetics, such as tiletamine, were avoided because these agents may increase intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid pressure, which are undesirable in patients with spinal trauma. Although physiologic variables were considered to be stable during anesthesia with isoflurane in this report, these findings have to be interpreted carefully. First, normal range of values for physiologic variables has not been reported for porcupines. Second, accuracy of the measurement techniques used (e.g. noninvasive measurement of SAP) has not been validated. Under the conditions reported in this case report, premedication with meperidine and midazolam was effective to induce good muscle relaxation and allowed anesthetic induction with isoflurane via a face mask. This anesthetic protocol provided adequate conditions for performing the myelography in a porcupine and physiologic variables remained stable throughout the procedure.Keywords: rodents, anesthesia, spinal trauma.

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Miller, Blake. "Camelid anesthesia, castration and dentistry." American Association of Bovine Practitioners Conference Proceedings, no. 57 (May 14, 2024): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21423/aabppro20248990.

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This presentation offers a comprehensive overview of essential veterinary procedures in camelids, including anesthesia protocols, castration techniques and dental care. With a focus on field anesthesia, step-by-step guidance on castration, and common dental issues and solutions, attendees will gain valuable insights into the practical aspects of camelid healthcare. Emphasizing safety, effectiveness, and animal welfare, this session is designed to enhance the practitioner’s knowledge and skills in managing these unique and important aspects of camelid veterinary care.

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Costa, A., D. R. Soares, C. O. Borella, W. Dietze, A. S. Uliana, A. N. Moraes, and M. E. Saito. "Influence on clinical biochemistry values of black-tufted marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) anesthetized with isoflurane or sevoflurane." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 75, no. 4 (July 2023): 644–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-12908.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical biochemistry behavior of Black-Tufted Marmosets (Callithrix penicillatta) submitted to blood collection without sedation and after general anesthesia with anesthetics isoflurane or sevoflurane. Blood collections were performed on (M1) day before anesthesia by physical restraint, and (M2) after anesthesia. There were four groups: Isoflurane (GI) and Sevoflurane (GS) using an anesthetic box. GIM: isoflurane induction with mask for a shorter period. Control group (GP): physical restraint in both moments. Plasma was separated and frozen to measure clinic biochemistry values. Urea was higher at M2 in groups GI and GP. AST was higher in M2 in GI, GS, and GP and only GI showed an increase in CK in M2. Glucose was higher in M1 in the GI, GS, and GP groups and fructosamine was higher in M2 in the GI. Stress caused by physical restraint can cause biochemical changes and these must be considered when interpreting the exams. Both the inhalational anesthetic isoflurane and sevoflurane did not cause clinically significant changes in clinical biochemistry results.

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Kirby, Ashley J., Julie A. Balko, Caroline E. C. Goertz, and Gregory A. Lewbart. "Characterization of Current Husbandry and Veterinary Care Practices of the Giant Pacific Octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) Using an Online Survey." Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 7 (July 8, 2023): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10070448.

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Giant Pacific octopuses (Enteroctopus dofleini) (GPOs) are commonly housed in zoos or aquaria, and sedation, anesthesia, and/or euthanasia may be indicated for a variety of reasons. Despite this need, evidence-based data on best practices is limited and focuses on smaller or more tropical species. The objectives of this study were to survey the aquatic community regarding the husbandry and veterinary care of GPOs, with a specific focus on anesthetic and euthanasia protocols. A two-part web-based survey was distributed to four aquatic and/or veterinary email listservs. Individuals from fifty-two institutions participated in phase one. Results documented that 40 (78 percent) participating institutions currently house GPOs, with most housing one and nine institutions housing two to three GPOs. The median (range) habitat volume is 5405 (1893–16,465) L, and 78 percent of systems are closed. Of the institutions surveyed, 23 have anesthetized or sedated a GPO for nonterminal procedures, including wound care, biopsies, and hemolymph collection. Reported methods of sedation or anesthesia include magnesium chloride, ethanol, isoflurane, tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222), magnesium sulfate, benzocaine, and dexmedetomidine. Drugs or methods used for euthanasia include magnesium chloride, ethanol, mechanical decerebration, pentobarbital, isoflurane, MS-222, magnesium sulfate, benzocaine, potassium chloride, dexmedetomidine, and freezing. Reported observed side effects include ineffectiveness or inadequate sedation, inking, prolonged drug effects, and behavior changes. Survey data have the potential to guide the husbandry and veterinary care of GPOs and build the framework for future prospective studies on GPO sedation and anesthesia.

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LIANG, YUE, ZHENGRU WANG, LIUYANG LI, JIPENG LI, XINWU MA, SHULIN CHEN, YUPENG YIN, and DEZHANG LU. "Comparison of the anesthesia effects of ketamine, dexmedetomidine and tiletamine-zolazepam with or without tramadol in cats." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 77, no. 09 (2021): 6555–2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6555.

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This study investigated the analgesia effects of intramuscular injection of ketamine, dexmedetomidine and tiletamine-zolazepam combined with tramadol (KDZT) and compared the efficacy of this combination with that of ketamine, dexmedetomidine and tiletamine-zolazepam (KDZ) in Chinese local mongrel cats. Ten cats were tested twice as a comparison between the two groups, and the interval between the two groups was more than a week. The animals received ketamine (10 mg/kg), dexmedetomidine (10 μg/kg) and zoletil (5 mg/kg) combined with or without tramadol (2 mg/kg) for anesthesia in separate tests. Heart rate, respiration rate, non-invasive systolic pressure, hemoglobin oxygen saturation, rectal temperature, subjective pain scores and venous blood-gas were measured simultaneously. The induction time, recovery time of the righting reflex, standing and walking, the time during the anesthesia period were recorded. Cardiopulmonary variables changed after injection, some of which were significantly different from baselines before anesthesia induction. Values regarding blood gas changed after intramuscular administration, and significant differences were found between two groups at one of the timepoints. Both KDZT and KDZ provided adequate analgesia in cats. The induction period of two anesthetic mixtures was within 1-3 min and could effectively maintain anesthesia for 75-175 min. The change of physiological parameters remained within a biologically acceptable range and was not significantly different between the two groups. The use of KDZT resulted in better anesthesia, with shorter anesthesia induction period and longer anesthesia period compared with KDZ. No side effects were observed, no rescue analgesic was required.

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Luiza Matos de Lima, Iara, Juliano Biolchi, Juliana Caetano Félix da Silva Mendes, Isadora Scherer Borges, and Juan Carlos Duque Moreno. "Anesthesia of toad (Rhinella icterica) premedicated with dextroketamine and morphine for femur ostheosyntesis." Acta Veterinaria Brasilica 17, no. 3 (January 23, 2024): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21708/avb.2023.17.3.11507.

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In the present work, the objective is to relate the anesthetic procedures performed in a specimen of Rhinella icterica that underwent femoral osteosynthesis, as well as the results obtained regarding anesthetic efficacy and safety, and vital signs measured during the perioperative period. Pre-anesthetic medication was performed with dextroketamine and morphine, from which light anesthesia was obtained. Anesthetic induction was performed in gas chamber with isoflurane to reach surgical anesthetic plane. The animal was monitored by evaluation of anesthetic plane, electrocardiogram, pulse oximetry, counting of gular movements and hart rate by vascular Doppler positioned in the sternum. During the entire perioperative period, care was taken to maintain adequate room temperature and skin moistening, in order to preserve organic functions at physiologic standards for the species. Complete anesthetic recovery occurred quickly compared to previously existing literature. The protocol proved to be effective in promoting general anesthesia and safe in terms of stability of evaluated vital signs, becoming an alternative to the use of tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) and eugenol. More study is necessary regarding particular anesthetic effects on each species, and, given the lack of information, it is important to consider physiologic characteristics of amphibians in general to minimize the risks.

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Gozalo-Marcilla, M., C. J. Seymour, S. Schauvliege, T. Bosmans, and F. Gasthuys. "Anesthetic management for the correction of a patent ductus arteriosus by means of either surgical ligation or transarterial occlusion in dogs Anesthesie voor de correctie van een persisterende ductus arteriosus via chirurgie of transarteriële occlusie bi." Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 81, no. 1 (February 29, 2012): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/vdt.v81i1.18373.

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Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is one of the most common congenital vascular abnormalities in the dog. In veterinary medicine, surgical ligation (SL) and transarterial occlusion (TO) are two possible treatments that require general anesthesia. Two 4-month-old dogs were anesthetized for the correction of PDA, one by SL and the other by TO. Two different anesthetic and analgesic protocols were used, and were chosen to avoid potential complications. This case report describes two possible anesthetic approaches for PDA corrective surgery (SL and TO).

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Borges, P. A., N. Nunes, V. F. Barbosa, E. D. V. Conceição, C. T. D. Nishimori, D. P. Paula, R. Carareto, R. Thiesen, and P. A. C. Santos. "Cardiorespiratory variables, bispectral index and recovery of anesthesia in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane, treated or not with tramadol." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 60, no. 3 (June 2008): 613–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352008000300014.

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It was studied fortuitous cardiorespiratory and bispectral index changes in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane associated or not to tramadol. Sixteen dogswere distributed in two groups named CG (control group) and TG (tramadol group). General anesthesia was induced in all animals with isoflurane via mask. After 10 minutes, the animals of CG received 0.05ml/kg of saline solution at 0.9%, and TG received 2mg/kg of tramadol, both via intramuscular. It was evaluated heart rate, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures; electrocardiography; respiratory rate; oxihemoglobin saturation; end tidal carbon dioxide; bispectral index and recovery of anesthesia. The administration of tramadol in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane did not produce changes in cardiorespiratory variables, bispectral index and anesthetic recovery time. In addition, this association promoted good quality of anesthetic recovery.

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Sakaguchi, Minoru, Ryohei Nishimura, Nobuo Sasaki, Toshikazu Ishiguro, Hiroshi Tamura, and Akira Takeuchi. "Anesthesia induced in pigs by use of a combination of medetomidine, butorphanol, and ketamine and its reversal by administration of atipamezole." American Journal of Veterinary Research 57, no. 4 (April 1, 1996): 529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1996.57.04.529.

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Abstract Objective To develop an IM administrable anesthetic combination for pigs. Design Use of a combination of atropine, medetomidine, butorphanol, and ketamine (MB-K) was evaluated as an anesthetic regimen and compared with that of a combination of atropine, xylazine, butorphanol, and ketamine (XB-K). Cardiorespiratory effects of MB-K combination and use of atipamezole as a means of reversing anesthesia induced by MB-K were examined. Animals 18 castrated, mixed-breed, specific-pathogen- free pigs, aged 8 to 15 (mean, 12.1) weeks and weighing 14.5 to 26.0 (mean, 19.6) kg, were studied. Procedure Dosages of drugs used in this study were atropine, 25 µg/kg of body weight; medetomidine 80 µg/ kg; xylazine, 2 mg/kg; butorphanol, 200 µg/kg; ketamine, 10 mg/kg; and atipamezole, 240 µg/kg. Results MB-K combination proved to be more effective than XB-K combination as an anesthetic combination. After quick and smooth induction by IM administration, MB-K-induced anesthesia was sustained for 98.8 ± 22.5 minutes (mean ± SD, 47.4 ± 16.5 minutes by XB-K) with accompanying muscular relaxation (91 ± 18 minutes) and loss of pedal (82 ± 24 minutes) and laryngeal (75 ± 19 minutes) reflexes. Loss of these reflexes was of significantly longer duration than the loss induced by XB-K, enabled tracheal intubation, and, thus, supported major surgery for at least 30 minutes after induction. Recovery from MB-K-mduced anesthesia was smooth. MB-K combination had a slight stimulative effect on cardiovascular status, and a significant depressant effect on blood gas and acid-base status, but these effects were within biologically acceptable limits. Oxygen consumption of pigs under MB-K-induced anesthesia decreased significantly. MB-K-induced anesthesia could be effectively and quickly reversed by IM or IV administration of atipamezole. Conclusions The combination of medetomidine, butorphanol, and ketamine induces excellent surgical anesthesia in pigs, and results in moderate cardiorespiratory effects. A great advantage of the anesthetic regimen is that it can be effectively and quickly reversed by atipamezole. Clinical Relevance Medetomidine, butorphanol, and ketamine-induced anesthesia is available for short-term major surgery in pigs. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:529–534)

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Lima, Virgínia Conceição Tavares, Anna Julia Rodrigues Peixoto, Ana Carolina de Souza Campos, Maria Eduarda dos Santos Lopes Fernandes, Viviane Horta Gomes, and Cássia Maria Molinaro Coelho. "Effects of ketamine, midazolam and methadone, combined with local anesthesia, in cats undergoing orchiectomy." Acta Veterinaria Brasilica 17, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21708/avb.2023.17.1.11392.

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Different anesthetic combinations are used for orchiectomy in cats. This study aimed to evaluate the anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects on the physiological variables of ketamine (10 mg/kg), midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) and methadone (0.3 mg/kg), combined with local anesthesia, in cats undergoing orchiectomy (n = 19 cats). The time for lateral recumbency, degree of sedation, muscle relaxation and nociception were recorded preoperatively. The propofol rescue dose was recorded. The time to head up and quality of recovery were evaluated postoperatively. The time for lateral recumbency was 5 ± 2 minu-tes. Fifteen minutes after the administration of the ketamine-midazolam-methadone combination, a greater sedative effect, muscle relaxation and less response to noxious stimulation were observed. Propofol was administered to twelve cats under local anesthesia, at a total dose of 1.5 ± 0.8 mg/kg. Surgery was started 28 ± 5 minutes after the administration of ketamine--midazolam-methadone combination. There were no differences in the physiological variables evaluated over the other evalu-ation times (p > 0.05). The recovery quality scores were adequate, and the time to head up was 51 ± 10 minutes. Under the conditions of this study, the ketamine-midazolam-methadone combination did not allow local anesthesia for orchiectomy. Many cats required propofol rescue prior to surgery. This combination promoted minimal changes in physiological variables and prolonged anesthetic recovery.

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Kona-Boun, Jean-Jacques, Amer Silim, and Eric Troncy. "Immunologic aspects of veterinary anesthesia and analgesia." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 226, no. 3 (February 2005): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2005.226.355.

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Leece, Elizabeth A. "Lumb & Jones’ Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia." Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 36, no. 1 (January 2009): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2008.00425.x.

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Glowaski, Maria M., and Lois A. Wetmore. "Propofol: Application in veterinary sedation and anesthesia." Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice 14, no. 1 (February 1999): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1096-2867(99)80021-8.

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Martin, David D., and Alondra L. Martin. "Pain Management and Anesthesia in Veterinary Dermatology." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 36, no. 1 (January 2006): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2005.09.010.

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Baetge, Courtney L., and Nora S. Matthews. "Anesthesia and Analgesia for Geriatric Veterinary Patients." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 42, no. 4 (July 2012): 643–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2012.05.001.

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