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Статті в журналах з теми "Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 20 лютого 2023

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1

Logan, VS, PJ Clarke, and WG Allaway. "Mycorrhizas and Root Attributes of Plants of Coastal Sand-Dunes of New South Wales." Functional Plant Biology 16, no. 1 (1989): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9890141.

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Root samples of 41 sand-dune plant species in 28 families were collected from sites along the coast of New South Wales during spring 1987. Of the species, 36 had vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas, with vesicles and internal and external hyphae. Among these species there was great variation in the pro- portion of root length colonised by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (from 1 to 96%); in 33 species over 10% of root length was infected. Of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal species, 21 showed arbuscules, and 16 had intracellular hyphal coils. In four plant species mycorrhizas were not found in the single samples examined; ericoid mycorrhizas were present in the remaining species, Leucopogon parviflorus, but its vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal status could not be assessed. The results, though preliminary, may reflect a high vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal status of vegetation of coastal sand-dunes of New South Wales. This would be likely to enhance plant nutrition and sandbinding, and to have implications for sand-dune management.

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2

Williams, P. G. "Disinfecting vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas." Mycological Research 94, no. 7 (October 1990): 995–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(09)81319-1.

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3

Koske, R. E., C. F. Friese, P. D. Olexia, and R. L. Hauke. "Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas in Equisetum." Transactions of the British Mycological Society 85, no. 2 (September 1985): 350–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1536(85)80202-3.

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4

Valdes, María. "Aspectos ecofisiológicos de las micorrizas." Botanical Sciences, no. 49 (April 10, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1363.

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Mycorrhiza is the part of the roots infected with particular soil fungi. This type of association is formed by most of the plants. There are several types of mycorrhizae; this short review is concerned only with Ectomycorrhiza (EM) and the Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM). These two types are the most common in nature. EM has a compact fungus mantle over the root surface and intercellular hypha in the cortex; the V AM has a loose network of hyphae in the soil surrounding the root and hyphal growth within the cortical cells. Mycorrhizas increase nutrient uptake and hence plant growth. Since mycorrhizas are surrounded by an extensive hyphal network than may extcnd into the soil, this network represents a greater surface area, in other words, mycorrhizas shorten the distance that nutrients must diffuse through the soil to the root and their hyphae increase the volume of soil available to the plant for nutrient uptake. Physiological responses to root colonization with mycorrhizal fungi by most of the plants are dependent on the level of soil fertility and on the degree of mycorrhizal dependency of the plant. Soils having a high fertility have mostly a poor colonization, hence, for plant growth to respond to inoculation, soils must have a low fertility. Mycorrhizal dependency can be very different among plant species; plants with short root hairs are more dependent on mycorrhizal fungi. Most soils contain mycorrhizal fungi and their distribution varies with climatic, edaphic environment and land use. There are differences in effectiveness in colonization and in enhanced nutrient uptake among the fungi.

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5

Juniper, S., and L. Abbott. "Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas and soil salinity." Mycorrhiza 4, no. 2 (December 1993): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00204058.

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6

Mcgee, P. "Mycorrhizal Associations of Plant-Species in a Semiarid Community." Australian Journal of Botany 34, no. 5 (1986): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9860585.

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Of 93 species in 37 families occurring in a semiarid open mallee community near Murray Bridge, South Australia, 85 species were mycorrhizal. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas (VAM) were more common than other types of mycorrhizas observed. Genera not previously known to form ectomycorrhizas include Astroloma (Epacridaceae), Comesperma (Polygalaceae), Thysanotus (Asphodelaceae: Liliflorae), Baeckea and Calytrix (Myrtaceae), Dampiera (Goodeniaceae), Podotheca and Toxanthes (Inulae: Asteraceae). Many species were found with both ectomycorrhizas and VAM, with annuals having both VAM and ectomycorrhizas for the whole growing season and perennials usually exhibiting either a predominantly VAM or ectomycorrhizal association. Vesicles were present in plant species not commonly thought of as mycorrhizal hosts.

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7

Vidican, Roxana, Ioan Rotar, Vlad Stoian, and Florin Păcurar. "Influence of Phosphorus and Nitrogen on Mycorrhizas in Winter Wheat." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture 73, no. 2 (November 30, 2016): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:12397.

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Intraradicular installation of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas on the roots acts to amplify growth and to increase potential yield. Extraradicular network of hyphae developed by mycorrhizas acts as an extension of the root in order to access the nutrients located in unexplored areas. The percentage of roots occupied by mycorrhizal hyphae fluctuates heavily under the influence of fertilization. The highest values of the colonization parameters were recorded with a high level of phosphorus fertilization applied as phasial input. High doses of mineral fertilizers with phosphorus applied with seeding favors the development intraradicular hyphal networks in wheat roots.

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8

Allsopp, N., and W. D. Stock. "Plant Protection Research Institute." Bothalia 23, no. 1 (October 10, 1993): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v23i1.794.

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A survey of the mycorrhizal status of plants growing in the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa was undertaken to assess the range of mycorrhizal types and their dominance in species characteristic of this region. Records were obtained by examining the root systems of plants growing in three Cape lowland vegetation types, viz. West Coast Strandveld, West Coast Renosterveld and Sand Plain Lowland Fynbos for mycorrhizas, as well as by collating literature records of mycorrhizas on plants growing in the region. The mycorrhizal status of 332 species is listed, of which 251 species are new records. Members of all the important families in this region have been examined. Mycorrhizal status appears to be associated mainly with taxonomic position of the species. Extrapolating from these results, we conclude that 62% of the flora of the Cape Floristic Region form vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas, 23% have no mycorrhizas, 8% are ericoid mycorrhizal, 2% form orchid mycorrhizas, whereas the mycorrhizal status of 4% of the flora is unknown. There were no indigenous ectomycor- rhizal species. The proportion of non-mycorrhizal species is high compared to other ecosystems. In particular, the lack of mycorrhizas in several important perennial families in the Cape Floristic Region is unusual. The diversity of nutrient acquiring adaptations, including the range of mycorrhizas and cluster roots in some non-mycorrhizal families, may promote coexistence of plants in this species-rich region.

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9

Francis, R., and D. J. Read. "Mutualism and antagonism in the mycorrhizal symbiosis, with special reference to impacts on plant community structure." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 1301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-391.

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Examination of the roots of land plants has revealed the occurrence of mycorrhiza in the majority of species, over 70% of which are hosts to zygomycetous fungi that form vesicular–arbuscular (VA) associations. On the basis of experiments with a small number of host species showing enhancement of growth following colonization, it is widely assumed that wherever mycorrhizas are observed, the symbiosis is of the mutualistic type. The value of definitions based on structural rather than functional attributes is here brought into question by experiments simulating the ecologically realistic circumstance in which seeds germinate in soil in the presence or absence of established VA mycelium. These reveal a spectrum of fungal impacts in which some species respond mutualistically, while others, putative hosts or nonhosts, are antagonised, showing reduction of yield and survivorship and, hence, a loss of fitness relative to plants grown without VA fungi. Antagonised species normally grow in disturbed, open habitats and fail to establish in closed communities. It is hypothesised that their turf incompatibility arises from a sensitivity to interference by VA fungi, which consigns them to ruderal habitats. Mycorrhizal fungi, thus, play a role in defining the ecological niches occupied by plants and in determining of plant community composition. Key words: mycorrhiza, vesicular–arbuscular, mutualism, symbiosis, antagonism, plant community.

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10

POP MOLDOVAN, Victoria, Roxana VIDICAN, Larisa CORCOZ, and Vlad STOIAN. "Highlighting Mycorrhizal Structures in Roots of Zea mays L." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture 79, no. 1 (May 14, 2022): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:2022.0007.

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Agriculture is one of the key economic activities designed to provide food for a growing population. It is expected that 21st-century agriculture will try to reduce the number of fertilizers by using microorganisms, in this category arbuscular mycorrhizas representing a complex set of benefits for plants and ecosystem services. The aim of this paper is to identify the mycorrhizal structures present in the roots of Zea mays. The objectives of the research are: i) are mycorrhizae natively present in the corn root and have a constant presence from the first stages of plant development? and ii) what kind of colonization pattern is characteristic of these roots? Maize has prominent fasciculate roots, and due to its intense branching capacity provides increased biological support for the establishment of mycorrhizal symbionts. Within the fungal structures highlighted, the most prominent were arbuscules and vesicles. Arum-type arbuscules were mostly observed, Paris-type arbuscules being less common in this species. Vesicles have a low frequency in the root cortex. They are present only in the early stages of plant development. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae are present in the root of the Zea mays plant with a constant presence, without major fluctuations.

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11

FITTER, A. H. "FUNCTIONING OF VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAS UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS." New Phytologist 99, no. 2 (February 1985): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1985.tb03654.x.

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12

Tews, Leonard L., and R. E. Koske. "Toward a sampling strategy for vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas." Transactions of the British Mycological Society 87, no. 3 (October 1986): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1536(86)80210-8.

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13

Abbott, L. K., and A. D. Robson. "Factors influencing the occurrence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 35, no. 2-3 (April 1991): 121–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(91)90048-3.

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14

Smith, V. R., and I. P. Newton. "Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas at a sub-Antarctic Island." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 18, no. 5 (January 1986): 547–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(86)90014-3.

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15

Peterson, R. Larry, and Paola Bonfante. "Comparative structure of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas and ectomycorrhizas." Plant and Soil 159, no. 1 (February 1994): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00000097.

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16

Khan, A. G. "The Occurrence of Mycorrhizas in Halophytes, Hydrophytes and Xerophytes, and of Endogone Spores in Adjacent Soils." Microbiology 81, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-81-1-7.

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The incidence of mycorrhizas in the roots and Endogone spores in rhizosphere soil of 52 xerophytes, 21 halophytes and 16 hydrophytes from Pakistan was investigated. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas were of general occurrence in all plants examined except hydrophytes and members of the families Urticaceae, Casuarinaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Portulaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Capparaceae, Oleaceae, Elaeagnaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Tamaricaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Palmae. Mycorrhizas were found mainly in the surface and subsurface horizons of the soil, and they were much less abundant in the deeper layers, although the abundance of Endogone spores did not decrease with depth. Endogone spores were rare in permanently waterlogged soils, which suggested that soil moisture affected spore number. Most other soil samples contained Endogone spores, including some from rhizospheres of non-mycorrhizal plants. In some soils an increase in spore numbers was recorded in the autumn and winter and a decrease in the spring and summer.

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17

Secilia, J., and D. J. Bagyaraj. "Fungi associated with pot cultures of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizas." Transactions of the British Mycological Society 90, no. 1 (January 1988): 117–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1536(88)80189-x.

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18

Gianinazzi, S. "Vesicular-arbuscular (endo-) mycorrhizas: cellular, biochemical and genetic aspects." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 35, no. 2-3 (April 1991): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(91)90047-2.

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19

GRAHAM, J. H., and J. P. SYVERTSEN. "Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas increase chloride concentration in citrus seedlings *." New Phytologist 113, no. 1 (September 1989): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1989.tb02392.x.

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20

Mcgee, PA, and JH Furby. "Formation and Structure of Mycorrhizas of Seedlings of Coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetalum)." Australian Journal of Botany 40, no. 3 (1992): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9920291.

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The mycorrhizas of seedlings of coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetalum) were examined. When the host was grown under increased photon flux density infections of both vesicular-arbuscular (VA) and a sheathing association were extended. Paris type VA mycorrhizas were observed, though arbuscules and vesicles were rare. Hyphae of VA mycorrhizal fungi appeared to degenerate when under the sheathing association. The sheathing association was characterised by thin mantles and no Hartig net. An electron-dense bilayer formed over hyphae in the sheath and hyphae were surrounded by a fibrillar matrix. Beneath the sheath, the walls of the epidermis were thickened and fibrillar. Lignin and suberin were present in the walls of cells of the hypodermis and absent in the epidermis. No evidence was found that the fungal associations induced a negative response from the host. While the structure of the mycorrhizas was unusual, the sheathing association was believed to be a variant of typical ectomycorrhizas.

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21

Jasper, DA, AD Robson, and LK Abbott. "The Effect of Surface Mining on the Infectivity of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi." Australian Journal of Botany 35, no. 6 (1987): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9870641.

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We tested the hypothesis that soil disturbance associated with mining will reduce the infectivity of propagules of vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi to different extents, depending on the mining operation and the environment. At each of four mine sites, the infectivity of VA mycorrhizal fungi was estimated in soil from native vegetation, disturbed topsoil and revegetated soil. Infectivity was measured using subterranean clover and Acacia species as bioassay plants. In a second experiment the effects of soil disturbance and soil storage on infectivity of VA mycorrhizal fungi were measured separately. Topsoil disturbance decreased the number of spores or the number of spore types that could be isolated from the soil, and reduced or delayed formation of VA mycorrhizas. Glasshouse treatments indicated that both disturbance and a period of storage without plant growth contributed to the loss in infectivity of propagules of VA mycorrhizal fungi. After 4-5 years of revegetation, the number of infective propagules appears to be restored to a level equivalent to that of undisturbed soils. The possibility of improving revegetation by increasing the inoculum potential of disturbed soils needs to be investigated.

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22

Runjin, L., and L. Xinshu. "EFFECTS OF VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAS AND POTASSIUM ON APPLE SEEDLINGS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 274 (May 1990): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1990.274.36.

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23

JOHNSON, NANCY COLLINS, F. L. PFLEGER, R. KENT CROOKSTON, STEVE R. SIMMONS, and PHILIP J. COPELAND. "Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas respond to corn and soybean cropping history." New Phytologist 117, no. 4 (April 1991): 657–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1991.tb00970.x.

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24

Dodd, J. C., and P. Jeffries. "Early development of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas in autumn-sown cereals." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 18, no. 2 (January 1986): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(86)90019-2.

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25

Haugen, LM, and SE Smith. "The effect of inoculation of cashew with NutriLink on vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal infection and plant growth." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, no. 6 (1993): 1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9931211.

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This investigation was initiated to assess whether inoculation of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) seedlings under commercial nursery conditions would result in mycorrhizal development in the root systems and increased growth of the plants. Three experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of different nursery factors on infection and plant growth. These were: use of triple superphosphate, pH of the potting mix (varied by lime additions) and removal of the cotyledons. Inoculation with the commercially available mycorrhizal inoculum Nutrilink� (containing spores of Glomus intraradices) resulted in mycorrhiza formation, but the levels of infection were low even in the absence of triple superphosphate addition. The highest infection (55%) was observed in seedlings from which the cotyledons had been removed. Inoculated plants in general grew less well than non-inoculated plants under all conditions. This depression may be the result of changes in pH following inoculation or the result of development of mycorrhizal infection. There were no positive effects of inoculation on nutrient concentrations in the tissues, except that inoculated plants had higher concentrations of K in both leaves and roots. Addition of lime to the potting mix did not significantly affect the extent of infection or the responses of the plants. Cotyledon removal was associated with higher infection and a reduction in the negative effect of inoculation on growth, although plant growth was reduced in inoculated and non-inoculated treatments. It does not appear that inoculation with NutriLink is appropriate in the potting mixes used, particularly as the formulation causes changes in pH of the potting mixes. Other strategies will need to be adopted to optimize potential benefits of mycorrhizas in cashew production.

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26

Xing, Xiaoke, Alexander M. Koch, A. Maxwell P. Jones, Diane Ragone, Susan Murch, and Miranda M. Hart. "Mutualism breakdown in breadfruit domestication." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1731 (September 14, 2011): 1122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1550.

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During the process of plant domestication, below-ground communities are rarely considered. Some studies have attempted to understand the changes in root symbionts owing to domestication, but little is known about how it influences mycorrhizal response in domesticated crops. We hypothesized that selection for above-ground traits may also result in decreased mycorrhizal abundance in roots. Breadfruit ( Artocarpus sp.) has a long domestication history, with a strong geographical movement of cultivars from west to east across the Melanesian and Polynesian islands. Our results clearly show a decrease in arbuscular mycorrhizas (AMs) along a domestication gradient from wild to recently derived cultivars. We showed that the vesicular and arbuscular colonization rate decreased significantly in more recently derived breadfruit cultivars. In addition, molecular analyses of breadfruit roots indicated that AM fungal species richness also responded along the domestication gradient. These results suggest that human-driven selection for plant cultivars can have unintended effects on below-ground mutualists, with potential impacts on the stress tolerance of crops and long-term food security.

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27

Meney, KA, KW Dixon, M. Scheltema, and JS Pate. "Occurrence of Vesicular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Dryland Species of Restionaceae and Cyperaceae From South-West Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 41, no. 6 (1993): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9930733.

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Species of Cyperaceae and Restionaceae were examined for presence of vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi in natural habitat in south-west Western Australia. VA mycorrhizal fungi were detected in roots of two species of Cyperaceae (Lepidosperma gracile and Tetraria capillaris), and two species of Restionaceae (Alexgeorgea nitens and Lyginia barbata), all representing the first records for these genera. Results indicated a very short seasonal period of infection, with VA mycorrhizal fungi representing the genera Acaulospora, Glomus, Scutellospora and Gigaspora identified in roots. VA mycorrhizal fungi were prominent from late autumn to early winter (April-June) and in up to 30% of the young, new season's roots as they penetrated the upper 10 cm region of the soil profile. Mycorrhizal infection was not evident during the dry summer months. This study suggests that mycorrhizas may be important for nutrition of these hosts in these environments but their activity is restricted to a brief period of the growing season.

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28

Braunberger, P. G., L. K. Abbott, and A. D. Robson. "Early vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation in soil collected from an annual clover-based pasture in a Mediterranean environment: soil temperature and the timing of autumn rains." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 1 (1997): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a96049.

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The results of 2 experiments investigating the early stages of the formation of vesicular- arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizas in response to both soil temperature and the timing of autumn rains are reported for a Mediterranean environment in the south-west of Western Australia. In Expt 1, treatments including an early break, a late break, and a false break followed by a late break were applied to a mixed and sieved field soil collected dry in the summer and placed in pots in a glasshouse. In each break, pots were watered to field capacity and planted with subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) or capeweed (Arctotheca calendula). In early and false breaks, both initiated on the same day in early autumn, the soil temperature was maintained at 30°C, and in the late break, initiated 50 days later in autumn, the soil temperature was maintained at 18°C. In both early and late breaks, pots were watered to field capacity for either 21 or 42 days when plant and mycorrhizal variables were assessed. In a false break, pots were watered to field capacity for 7 days after which the soil was allowed to dry and newly emerged plants died. These pots were then rewatered and replanted at the same time as pots receiving a late break, and subjected to the same soil temperature (18°C). In Expt 2 performed the following year, soil temperature was maintained at 31 or 18°C in both early and late breaks. Pots were planted with clover and watered to field capacity for 21 or 42 days, when plant and mycorrhizal variables were assessed. In Expt 1, VA mycorrhizal colonisation of both clover and capeweed was initially low in an early break compared with levels observed in a late break. Only mycorrhizas formed by Glomus spp. were observed in the early break, whereas mycorrhizas of Glomus, Acaulospora, and Scutellospora spp. and fine endophytes were observed in the late break. Colonisation was decreased by a false break, predominantly because of a decrease in formation of mycorrhizas of Glomus spp. In Expt 2, mycorrhizas of Glomus spp. predominated in warm soil in both early and late breaks and mycorrhizas of Acaulospora spp., Scutellospora spp., and fine endophytes were observed in greater abundance in cool soil in early and late breaks. These experiments indicate that soil temperature at the time of the break will have a large impact on both the overall levels of VA mycorrhizal colonisation of pasture plants and colonisation by different fungi. In addition, fungi that remain quiescent in warm soil may avoid damage in a false break.

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29

Secilia, Jean, and D. J. Bagyaraj. "Bacteria and actinomycetes associated with pot cultures of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizas." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 33, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 1069–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m87-187.

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The bacteria and actinomycetes associated with pot cultures of the vesicular–arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi Glomus fasciculatum, Gigaspora margarita, Acaulospora laevis, Sclerocystis dussii, and of a control without VA mycorrhizal fungus were studied. Total bacterial populations and numbers of nitrogen fixers were significantly higher in the pot cultures of G. fasciculatum, G. margarita, and S. dussii. There were more gram-negative bacteria in these three pot cultures. Spore formers decreased and urea hydrolysers increased in all four pot cultures. The pot cultures of A. laevis harboured fewer bacteria compared with the control. The occurrence of amino acid requiring bacteria increased in all the pot cultures, except that of A. laevis. Pot cultures of G. fasciculatum and A. laevis had significantly more actinomycetes than the control. Streptomyces, series Rectus flexibilis, was selectively stimulated. These two pot cultures also had more actinomycetes antagonistic to the pathogens Fusarium solani and Pseudomonas solanacearum than the control. Glomus margarita pot cultures harboured more actinomycetes antagonistic to the phytopathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. vignicola.

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30

Azcon-Aguilar, Concepcion, and Jose-Miguel Barea. "Effect of soil micro-organisms on formation of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas." Transactions of the British Mycological Society 84, no. 3 (May 1985): 536–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1536(85)80018-8.

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31

Malibari, A. A., F. A. Al-Fassi, and E. M. Ramadan. "Incidence and infectivity of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas in some Saudi soils." Plant and Soil 112, no. 1 (November 1988): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02181759.

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32

Sanders, Ian R., Roger T. Koide, and Durland L. Shumway. "Mycorrhizal stimulation of plant parasitism." Canadian Journal of Botany 71, no. 9 (September 1, 1993): 1143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b93-134.

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Symbioses, intimate relationships between dissimilar organisms, are most often considered as two-partner interactions. In nature, however, plants can simultaneously interact with a number of symbionts such as the mutualistic mycorrhizal fungi and the parasitic angiosperm dodder. We found that successful shoot parasitism by dodder on plants in a field experiment occurred almost exclusively when the plant roots were colonized by mycorrhizal fungi. Under controlled conditions, life expectancy of dodder was significantly greater on mycorrhizal plants than on nonmycorrhizal plants. Furthermore, colonization of roots by mycorrhizal fungi increased the growth rate of dodder to 3.4 times the rate on nonmycorrhizal plants. The mycorrhizal effect on dodder growth occurred before the haustoria of dodder had succeeded in penetrating the host. These results suggest that colonization by mycorrhizal fungi had systemic effects on their hosts, which altered either the nature of prepenetration dodder signals or the levels of nutrients contained in host stem exudates. These findings could be important for understanding plant–parasite interactions. Key words: Abutilon theophrasti, Cuscuta pentagona, plant parasitism, vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizas.

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33

Parkash, V., S. Sharma, and A. Aggarwal. "Symbiotic and synergistic efficacy of endomycorrhizae with Dendrocalamus strictus L." Plant, Soil and Environment 57, No. 10 (October 12, 2011): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/249/2010-pse.

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  The present investigation was undertaken to find out efficient strains of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM fungi) alone or in combinations with Trichoderma viride for inoculation Dendrocalamus strictus L. seedlings. The inoculated seedlings showed good response having higher plant height, phosphorous ions content in root and shoot, AM spore number and root colonization than non-inoculated (control) seedlings in both single (alone) and co-inoculation (combined consortium) experiments. T. viride showed significant growth followed by Glomus mosseae, G. fasciculatum and mixed AM with single inoculation. In co-inoculation, the best growth responses were observed with G. fasciculatum + T. viride followed by G. mosseae + T. viride, mixed vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizas (VAM) + T. viride, G. mosseae + G. fasciculatum + T. viride + mixed VAM, G. mosseae + G. fasciculatum + T. viride and G. mosseae + G. fasciculatum after 120 days and also depicted maximum increase in phosphorus content of shoot and root when compared with other inoculated seedlings. However, all the inoculated seedlings showed significant increase in phosphorus content when compared with control seedlings.

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34

FONTANA, ANNA. "VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAS OF GINKGO BILOBA L. IN NATURAL AND CONTROLLED CONDITIONS." New Phytologist 99, no. 3 (March 1985): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1985.tb03671.x.

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35

Louis, Isabelle, and Gloria Lim. "Spore density and root colonization of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas in tropical soil." Transactions of the British Mycological Society 88, no. 2 (March 1987): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1536(87)80216-4.

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36

Fitter, A. H. "The role of ecological significance of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas in temperate ecosystems." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 29, no. 1-4 (February 1990): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(90)90268-i.

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37

Abak, K., H. Y. Dasgan, Y. Rehber, and I. Ortaş. "EFFECT OF VESICULAR ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAS ON PLANT GROWTH OF SOILLESS GROWN MUSKMELON." Acta Horticulturae, no. 871 (August 2010): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2010.871.40.

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38

PRICE, N. S., R. W. RONCADORI, and R. S. HUSSEY. "Cotton root growth as influenced by phosphorus nutrition and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas." New Phytologist 111, no. 1 (January 1989): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1989.tb04218.x.

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39

SCHWAB, SUZANNE M., JOHN A. MENGE, and P. B. TINKER. "Regulation of nutrient transfer between host and fungus in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas." New Phytologist 117, no. 3 (March 1991): 387–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1991.tb00002.x.

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40

Jasper, DA, AD Robson, and LK Abbott. "Revegetation in an iron ore mine - Nutrient requirements for plant growth and the potential role of vesicular arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi." Soil Research 26, no. 3 (1988): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9880497.

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Revegetation after iron-ore mining in the Pilbara region of Australia is difficult because of the harsh climate and because the material to be revegetated is likely to have poor fertility and low microbial activity. In this work we defined the infectivity of VA mycorrhizal fungi in local soils and mine materials, and then the nutrient requirements for adequate plant growth in low-grade ore. Finally, we tested the hypothesis that addition of phosphorus to low-grade ore, and inoculation with VA mycorrhizal fungi, increases the growth of Acacia pyrijolia. The VA mycorrhizas were formed only in soil collected from sites dominated by Triodia pungens. A. pyrifolia nodulated only in soil from sites dominated by A. aneura. In low-grade ore, phosphorus deficiency was the major limitation to plant growth. Inoculation with a Glomus sp. resulted in up to 70% increases in dry matter production at low rates of phosphorus. The response to phosphorus or inoculation with VA mycorrhizal fungi was limited by nitrogen deficiency.

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41

Dexheimer, Jean, Joëlle Gérard, Khadua Boudarga, and Christine Jeanmaire. "Les plastes des cellules-hotes des mycorhizes à vésicules et arbuscules." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-008.

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In nonmycorrhizal roots, the plastids of cortical cells developed either into leucoplasts (Plectranîhus australis) or into amyloplasts (Prunus avium and Pirus malus). In cells infected with the endophyte of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas, in all three species studied, the plastids were very long secretory leucoplasts with a well-developed stromatic tubular net. In woody Rosaceae, the absence of starch is thought to result from a disturbance in carbon metabolism caused by the endophyte. Differentiation into secretory leucoplasts with a stromatic tubular net may be the expression of a defense reaction.

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42

Amijee, Firoz. "Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas: An ubiquitous symbiosis between fungi and roots of vascular plants." Mycologist 3, no. 4 (October 1989): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-915x(89)80113-2.

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43

Al-Garni, S. M., and M. J. Daft. "Occurrence and Effectiveness of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizas in Agricultural Soils from Saudi Arabia." Biological Agriculture & Horticulture 7, no. 1 (January 1990): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01448765.1990.11978496.

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44

Wurst, Susanne, Dereje Dugassa-Gobena, Reinhard Langel, Michael Bonkowski, and Stefan Scheu. "Combined effects of earthworms and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas on plant and aphid performance." New Phytologist 163, no. 1 (July 2004): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01106.x.

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45

Sanders, Ian R. "Temporal infectivity and specificity of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas in co-existing grassland species." Oecologia 93, no. 3 (March 1993): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00317877.

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46

Jakobsen, I. "Research approaches to study the functioning of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas in the field." Plant and Soil 159, no. 1 (February 1994): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00000103.

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47

SANDERS, I. R., and A. H. FITTER. "The ecology and functioning of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas in co-existing grassland species. II. Nutrient uptake and growth of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal plants in a semi-natural grassland." New Phytologist 120, no. 4 (April 1992): 525–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1992.tb01802.x.

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48

Runjin, Liu. "Effects of vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizas and phosphorus on water status and growth of apple." Journal of Plant Nutrition 12, no. 8 (August 1989): 997–1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904168909364009.

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49

Giovannetti, Manuela. "Seasonal variations of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas and endogonaceous spores in a maritime sand dune." Transactions of the British Mycological Society 84, no. 4 (January 1985): 679–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1536(85)80123-6.

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50

Dhillion, Shivcharn S. "Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas of Equisetum species in Norway and the U.S.A.: occurrence and mycotrophy." Mycological Research 97, no. 6 (June 1993): 656–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(09)80142-1.

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