Статті в журналах: "Vertical stacks"

1

Bruce, MI, and ERT Tiekink. "The First Molecular Complex Containing Two Azoarenes. The Crystal Structure of Decafluoroazobenzene/Azomesitylene (1 : 1)." Australian Journal of Chemistry 42, no. 5 (1989): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9890741.

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The crystal and molecular structures of the title compound, C12F10N2.C18H22H2,are reported. The crystal structure is comprised of stacks of alternate decafluoroazobenzene and azomesitylene molecules with the vertical separation between successive molecules being approximately 3.42 � . The stacks are aligned so that the azobenzene molecules of one stack are adjacent to the azomesitylene molecules of the neighbouring stacks; there are no significant intercolumn contacts. Crystals are monoclinic, space group P21/n with unit cell dimensions a 7.197(2), b 15.432(3), c 12.513(3) � , β 96.33(2)� , and Z 2. The structure was refined by a full-matrix least-squares procedure to final R 0.059 for 915 reflections for which 1 ≥ 3.O σ(I).

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2

VONDRÁK, Jan, and Jiří KUBÁSEK. "Algal stacks and fungal stacks as adaptations to high light in lichens." Lichenologist 45, no. 1 (January 2013): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282912000722.

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AbstractSome lichens that occur in mountains and arid regions have developed an unusual anatomy resembling window-leaved plants. In these lichens, algal cells occur in thick vertical stacks (algal stacks) separated by vertical channels of light-transferring fungal hyphae (fungal stacks). We present experimental evidence that this anatomy permits higher rates of area-based CO2 assimilation in strong light, but that it also leads to higher respiration resulting in higher compensation irradiance. The net effect of this anatomy must be beneficial in regions of high insolation, as it has arisen many times in different parts of the world, and in unrelated lichens, and these lichens often dominate the communities in which they occur.

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3

Guo Linhui, 郭林辉, 高松信 Gao Songxin, 武德勇 Wu Deyong, 吕文强 Lv Wenqiang, 李弋 Li Yi, and 李艾 Li Ai. "Beam collimation of diode laser vertical stacks." High Power Laser and Particle Beams 23, no. 3 (2011): 577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/hplpb20112303.0577.

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4

Salak, Marc, and Halard L. Lescinsky. "Spygoria zappanianew genus and species, aCloudina-like biohermal metazoan from the Lower Cambrian of central Nevada." Journal of Paleontology 73, no. 4 (July 1999): 571–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002233600003239x.

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A new enigmatic Lower Cambrian fossil,Spygoria zappania,is described From theNevadellazone (Botoman) of Lander County, central Nevada. In gross morphology,Spygoriafossils consist of stacks of small (5–10 mm in diameter) irregular calcified cups that are preserved in vertical, concave-up life orientation. Stacks are linked laterally into large monospecific bioherms which flourished in a shallow turbulent marine environment.TheSpygoriaorganism is interpreted as a metazoan which presumably inhabited the uppermost cup in each stack and periodically secreted new cups as it grew upward. Absence of holdfast structures suggest that the organism was held in place by sticky mud until opportunistically cementing to adjacent individuals. The affinity ofSpygoriaremains problematical, though we suggest that its stacked structure somewhat resembles the cone-in-cone structure ofCloudina,which formed similar dense thickets in shallow turbulent carbonate environments during the terminal Proterozoic.

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5

Swaffield, J. A., and A. Thancanamootoo. "Modelling unsteady annular downflow in vertical building drainage stacks." Building and Environment 26, no. 2 (January 1991): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-1323(91)90020-c.

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6

Geisler, Holm, Martin Brueckner, Petra Hofmann, Matthias U. Lehr, Michael Grillberger, and Eckhard Langer. "Testing the Mechanical Integrity of On-Chip Interconnects." EDFA Technical Articles 14, no. 2 (May 1, 2012): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.edfa.2012-2.p004.

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Abstract The introduction of ultralow-k dielectrics is a recent milestone in the quest for higher clock speeds and lower power consumption in ICs. One tradeoff, however, is that interconnect stacks layered with low-k materials rather than SiO2 are more vulnerable to mechanical damage. This article presents a method that makes it possible to assess the mechanical integrity of interconnect stacks at the wafer level. The new bump-assisted BEOL stability indentation (BABSI) test uses a nanoindentation tool to apply lateral and vertical forces to solder bumps and copper pillars on the wafer surface. By applying appropriate stresses, various aspects of integrity, such as the onset of failure modes or the weakest interface in the stack, can be determined by subsequent SEM/FIB analysis. The authors describe the basic principles of the measurement technique and some of the applications in which it was used.

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7

Park, Jong-Hyeok, Soyee Choi, Gihwan Oh, and Sang-Won Lee. "SaS." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 14, no. 9 (May 2021): 1481–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3461535.3461538.

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Every database engine runs on top of an operating system in the host, strictly separated with the storage. This more-than-half-century-old IHDE (In-Host-Database-Engine) architecture, however, reveals its limitations when run on fast flash memory SSDs. In particular, the IO stacks incur significant run-time overhead and also hinder vertical optimizations between database engines and SSDs. In this paper, we envisage a new database architecture, called SaS (SSD as SQL database engine), where a full-blown SQL database engine runs inside SSD, tightly integrated with SSD architecture without intervening kernel stacks. As IO stacks are removed, SaS is free from their run-time overhead and further can explore numerous vertical optimizations between database engine and SSD. SaS evolves SSD from dummy block device to database server with SQL as its primary interface. The benefit of SaS will be more outstanding in the data centers where the distance between database engine and the storage is ever widening because of virtualization, storage disaggregation, and open software stacks. The advent of computational SSDs with more compute resource will enable SaS to be more viable and attractive database architecture.

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8

Pongtaveesap, Thongchai, Surapong Chirarattananon, Robert H. B. Exell, and Pipat Chaiwiwatworakul. "Air Flow in a Hot Water Induced Stack Subject to Wind Disturbance." Advanced Materials Research 622-623 (December 2012): 1564–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.622-623.1564.

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This paper reports results of an experimental and theoretical study of the air flow in a vertical stack driven by thermal buoyancy and induced by surrounding wind. Tubular stacks with water jacket were constructed for experiments. To investigate the effect of the buoyancy force on the air flow, hot water was circulated through the stack jacket each experimental case with a different temperature. The effect due to the surrounding wind was studied using a wind tunnel to produce wind at different velocities. In this study, a simple model was developed to characterize the air flow caused by the effects. From the experimental validation, it was found that the model can predict well the volumetric rate of the air flow in the stack.

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9

KOTKOVA, O. N. "SAFETY MONITORING OF SMOKE STACKS PETROCHEMICAL COMPANY." Urban construction and architecture 3, no. 3 (September 15, 2013): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2013.03.16.

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Industrial chimneys exposed to corrosive gases and temperatures frequently occur following injury - is the destruction of masonry lining and branching from the vertical. Monitoring the state of industrial structures allows to detect violations that occur in structures during the operation and can quickly deal with them.

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10

Jung, Jungkyo, Duk-jin Kim, Suresh Krishnan Palanisamy Vadivel, and Sang-Ho Yun. "Long-Term Deflection Monitoring for Bridges Using X and C-Band Time-Series SAR Interferometry." Remote Sensing 11, no. 11 (May 28, 2019): 1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11111258.

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This study aims to monitor the deformation of bridges, namely in the form of long-term deflection and thermal dilation, using multi-temporal interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) observations. To precisely estimate the vertical and longitudinal displacements, we used the InSAR time-series technique with multi-track stacks of Sentinel-1 SAR dataset and a single-track stack of COSMO-SkyMed SAR data over two extradosed bridge cases; Kimdaejung and Muyoung bridges between 2013 and 2017. The vertical and longitudinal displacements are estimated using multi-track Sentinel-1 SAR data and orientation angle of bridges, and we converted the displacements into thermal dilation and long-term vertical deflection. From COSMO-SkyMed data, we calculated the horizontal thermal dilation and long-term vertical deflection assuming that they dominantly contribute to the horizontal and vertical displacements, respectively. This assumption appeared reasonable based on the comparison with calculations from Sentinel-1 data. The deflection patterns exhibit downward movements at the mid-spans between towers. The results reveal that both bridges have been suffering long-term deflection over the observation period. Thus, this study verifies the potential to monitor the long-term deflection and implies that the bridges need to be monitored periodically.

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11

Qasaimeh, Omar. "Vertical coupling in multiple stacks quantum-dot semiconductor optical amplifiers." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 42, no. 23 (November 16, 2009): 234001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/42/23/234001.

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12

Gutiérrez, H. R., M. A. Cotta, and M. M. G. de Carvalho. "Vertical stacks of InAs quantum wires in an InP matrix." Journal of Crystal Growth 254, no. 1-2 (June 2003): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0248(03)01095-9.

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13

Sivanandan, Hrishikesh, V. Ratna Kishore, Mukesh Goel, and Abhishek Asthana. "A Study on Plume Dispersion Characteristics of Two Discrete Plume Stacks for Negative Temperature Gradient Conditions." Environmental Modeling & Assessment 26, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 405–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10666-020-09747-1.

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AbstractThe dispersion of air pollutants emitted from industries has been studied ever since the dawn of industrialisation. The present work focuses on investigating the effect of negative atmospheric temperature gradient and the plume stack orientation of two individual equal-height stacks on the vertical rise and dispersion of the plume. The study carried out upon three-stack layout configurations namely inline, 45° and non-inline, separated by an inter-stack distance of 12 times the exit chimney diameter (12 D) and 22 times the exit chimney diameter (22 D) in each case over the two temperature gradients of −0.2 K/100 m and −0.5 K/100 m. The turbulence is modelled using realisable k-ε model, a model used in the FLUENT flow solver. In the case of the inline configuration, the upwind plume shields its downwind counterpart, which in turn allows for higher plume rise at a given temperature gradient. The plume oscillates more in the case of inline than 45° and non-inline cases. Also, for a temperature gradient of −0.5 K/100 m, the plumes oscillate violently in the vertical direction, mainly because, with the initial rise of the plume, cold air from higher altitudes moves down and forms a layer of lower temperature closer to the ground. The present study is important to highlight the plume dispersion characteristics under negative temperature gradient conditions.

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14

Klemperer, Simon L. "Seismic noise‐reduction techniques for use with vertical stacking: An empirical comparison." GEOPHYSICS 52, no. 3 (March 1987): 322–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442306.

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A systematic comparison of a wide range of noise‐reduction techniques applied to a single data set collected for this purpose was attempted. The study includes a comparison of the relative benefits of noise‐reduction schemes for very different noise levels. The comparisons use computer simulations of field techniques for noise reduction as applied to deep crustal, 48-fold VIBROSEIS® data. The noise‐reduction techniques involve amplitude scaling (diversity stacking and automatic gain control), noise editing (the use of fixed‐gain and self‐updating noise‐rejection systems with and without buffered memory for recursive editing), and reduced numbers of recording bits (mantissa‐only and sign‐bit‐only formats). The effectiveness of each noise‐reduction procedure is assessed by a study of its effects on noise levels seen on source‐point gathers and on both true‐amplitude and amplitude‐balanced common‐midpoint (CMP) stacks. For low levels of ambient noise, true‐amplitude CMP stacks can be substantially improved by the appropriate noise‐reduction techniques, but CMP stacks incorporating gain control before CMP stacking show only minor improvements. In contrast, when a high level of ambient noise is present, both true‐amplitude and gain‐controlled CMP stacks can be greatly improved by appropriate noise‐reduction processing before vertical stacking. Of procedures involving zeroing of noise bursts, self‐updating noise‐rejection systems were more effective than fixed‐gain noise‐rejection systems for all the conditions simulated here. A system incorporating recursive editing techniques is still more effective at low levels of ambient noise, but this system tends to edit recorded traces too severely at very high noise levels. Mantissa‐only and sign‐bit‐only recording give very similar results, and show an effect comparable to that given by self‐updating editing systems. Diversity stacking produced significant noise reduction in all conditions studied, and may be the most widely applicable and most generally useful of the noise‐reduction methods studied here. ®Trade and service mark of Conoco Inc.

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15

Siekacz, Marcin, Grzegorz Muziol, Henryk Turski, Mateusz Hajdel, Mikolaj Żak, Mikolaj Chlipała, Marta Sawicka, et al. "Vertical Integration of Nitride Laser Diodes and Light Emitting Diodes by Tunnel Junctions." Electronics 9, no. 9 (September 10, 2020): 1481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091481.

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We demonstrate the applications of tunnel junctions (TJs) for new concepts of monolithic nitride-based multicolor light emitting diode (LED) and laser diode (LD) stacks. The presented structures were grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PAMBE) on GaN bulk crystals. We demonstrate a stack of four LDs operated at pulse mode with emission wavelength of 453 nm. The output power of 1.1 W and high slope efficiency of 2.3 W/A is achieved for devices without dielectric mirrors. Atomically flat surface after the epitaxy of four LD stack and low dislocation density is measured as a result of proper TJ design with optimized doping level. The strain compensation design with InGaN waveguides and AlGaN claddings is shown to be crucial to avoid cracking and lattice relaxation of the 5 µm thick structure. Vertical connection of n-LDs allows for cascade emission of photons and increases the quantum efficiency n-times. The two-color (blue and green) LEDs are demonstrated. Application of TJs simplifies device processing, reducing the need for applications of p-type contact. The key factor enabling demonstration of such devices is hydrogen-free PAMBE technology, in which activation of buried p-type layers is not necessary.

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16

Korolkov, Oleg, Natalja Sleptsuk, Paul Annus, Raul Land, and Toomas Rang. "High Voltage Diffusion-Welded Stacks on the Basis of SiC Schottky Diodes." Materials Science Forum 858 (May 2016): 790–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.858.790.

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In the present work we have considered the prototype of the high-voltage diode stack made on the basis of commercial SiC Schottky diodes. Implementation of vertical integration for four diode chips yielded stack with the reverse current of 25 μA under reverse voltage of 6 kV. The capacitance of the stack at zero bias is reduced more than three times in comparison with initial diodes. Reverse recovery time of the stack was 8.0 ns. This paper proposes a convenient analytical approach to the estimation of parameters of modular compositions with vertical architecture.

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17

Brooks, Justin M., Mark D. Ainslie, Rodney A. Badcock, and Chris W. Bumby. "Effect of Stack Geometry on the Dynamic Resistance Threshold Fields for Vertical Stacks of Coated Conductor Tapes." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 31, no. 5 (August 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2021.3059593.

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18

Pan, Tsung-Yu, and Yi-Hsin Pao. "Deformation in Multilayer Stacked Assemblies." Journal of Electronic Packaging 112, no. 1 (March 1, 1990): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2904337.

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A linear-elastic analytical model has been developed to describe the deformed geometry of a multi-layered stack assembly subject to thermal loading. The model is based on Timoshenko’s bimetal thermostat analysis [1] and consists of a series of first-order polynomial equations. The radius of curvature, bending moment, force, horizontal and vertical displacements can be determined numerically. These quantities match well with finite element analysis. Calculations for silicon power transistor stacks are presented in order to demonstrate the model capability. The results from this analyitcal model have been found to correlate well with experimental measurements when an appropriate secant modulus is used to represent the nonlinear stress-strain behavior of solder.

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19

Rector, James W., Spyros K. Lazaratos, Jerry M. Harris, and Mark Van Schaack. "High‐resolution crosswell imaging of a west Texas carbonate reservoir: Part 3—Wavefield separation of reflections." GEOPHYSICS 60, no. 3 (May 1995): 692–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443808.

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Using crosswell data collected at a depth of about 3000 ft (900 m) in west Texas carbonates, one of the first well‐to‐well reflection images of an oil reservoir was produced. The P and S brute stack reflection images created after wavefield separation tied the sonic logs and exhibited a vertical resolution that was comparable to well log resolution. Both brute stacks demonstrated continuity of several reflectors known to be continuous from log control and also imaged an angular unconformity that was not detected in log correlations or in surface seismic profiling. The brute stacks, particularly the S‐wave reflection image, also exhibited imaging artifacts. We found that multichannel wavefield separation filters that attenuated interfering wavemodes were a critical component in producing high‐resolution reflection images. In this study, the most important elements for an effective wavefield separation were the time‐alignment of seismic arrivals prior to filter application and the implementation of wavefield‐separation filters in multiple domains, particularly in common offset domain. The effectiveness of the multichannel filtering was enhanced through the use of extremely fine wellbore sampling intervals. In this study, 2.5 ft (0.76 m) vertical sampling intervals for both source and receiver were used, whereas most previous crosswell data sets were collected with much coarser sampling intervals, resulting in spatial aliasing and limiting the utility of the data for reflection processing. The wavefield separation techniques employed in this study used data volumes and associated filtering operations that were several orders of magnitude larger than those encountered in conventional VSP data analysis.

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20

Shelton, Doug, and C. Y. (Charles) Wang. "Advanced Stepper Through-Silicon Alignment (TSA) Evaluation and Overlay of Distorted Bonded Wafer Stacks." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2012, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 000447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2012-tp56.

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Canon Litho Products support Vertical Lithography challenges required by TSV and advanced packaging applications that support “More-than-Moore” advancements. Vertical Lithography challenges include accurately performing backside, infrared alignment to distorted bonded-wafer grids and imaging through thick resist films. This paper will provide examples illustrating severe wafer distortion that can be experienced after wafer thinning and the impact of overlay and imaging control. This paper will also introduce Canon stepper features that are designed to address Vertical Lithography challenges including the Canon Through-Silicon Alignment (TSA) System and advanced Projection Lens. Grid distortion characterization data and stepper compensation results are presented to illustrate Canon stepper technology performance under severe process conditions.

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21

Gupta, Dev. "Stacked 3d package with improved bandwidth and power efficiency." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2013, DPC (January 1, 2013): 000347–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2013dpc-ta12.

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Stacked die packages such as PoP are used in space - constrained portable systems e,g. SmartPhones. The processor ( SoC ) and Mobile DRAM chips are stacked vertically to fit the combination within the restricted board space. The use of wire bonds in the memory chips as well as package level interconnects introduces delays into the data transmitted between the chips and limits the max. clock rate ( at present about 533 MHz for LP DDR 2 memory ) and hence the data transfer rate / bandwidth to less than 6.4 GB per sec. For Smart Phones to become capable of PC quality Games and high speed video would require a doubling of the bandwidth to over 12.8 GB per sec. To achieve that target PoP type packages were to be replaced by 3-d stacks using TSVs and wide I/Os. However recently JEDEC has postponed the introduction of Wide I/O Mobile memory stacks ( using TSVs ) to 2015. So the bandwidth of PoP packages must be improved. A physical way to increase the Bandwidth between the SoC and memory chips in a PoP is by increasing the max. no. of vertical I/Os as this allows more channels / higher parallelism in data transfer. This can be accomplished by shrinking the pitch ( from current 0.4 mm to 0.3 mm ) and doubling the number of rows of vertical I/Os ( from current 2 to 4 ) in PoP. However this requires major effort for the Packaging supply chain and would still fall well short of the future Bandwidth and interconnect Power efficiency targets. In this paper we will describe modifications and additions to the baseline PoP package so that it can be operated at clock rates up to 800 MHz and deliver bandwidth of 12.8 GB per sec or more and match the Interconnect Power efficiency of 3-d stacks with TSVs. Compensation features are introduced for ea. interconnect line between the SoC and Memory in the PoP package. The features are integrated on chips that are inserted between the two layers of the package. The vertical interconnection between the two levels of the PoP are replaced and routed through this additional chip. Only minor changes are required in the baseline PoP package thus will not require long delay to shrink current PoP interconnect pitch etc. The additional chip is built with available technologies and would increase cost by only a fraction of that needed for stacks with TSV-based wide I/O. Simulation results will be presented and compared with test results.

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22

Tajalli, Alaleh, Matteo Borga, Matteo Meneghini, Carlo De Santi, Davide Benazzi, Sven Besendörfer, Roland Püsche, et al. "Vertical Leakage in GaN-on-Si Stacks Investigated by a Buffer Decomposition Experiment." Micromachines 11, no. 1 (January 17, 2020): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11010101.

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We investigated the origin of vertical leakage and breakdown in GaN-on-Si epitaxial structures. In order to understand the role of the nucleation layer, AlGaN buffer, and C-doped GaN, we designed a sequential growth experiment. Specifically, we analyzed three different structures grown on silicon substrates: AlN/Si, AlGaN/AlN/Si, C:GaN/AlGaN/AlN/Si. The results demonstrate that: (i) the AlN layer grown on silicon has a breakdown field of 3.25 MV/cm, which further decreases with temperature. This value is much lower than that of highly-crystalline AlN, and the difference can be ascribed to the high density of vertical leakage paths like V-pits or threading dislocations. (ii) the AlN/Si structures show negative charge trapping, due to the injection of electrons from silicon to deep traps in AlN. (iii) adding AlGaN on top of AlN significantly reduces the defect density, thus resulting in a more uniform sample-to-sample leakage. (iv) a substantial increase in breakdown voltage is obtained only in the C:GaN/AlGaN/AlN/Si structure, that allows it to reach VBD > 800 V. (v) remarkably, during a vertical I–V sweep, the C:GaN/AlGaN/AlN/Si stack shows evidence for positive charge trapping. Holes from C:GaN are trapped at the GaN/AlGaN interface, thus bringing a positive charge storage in the buffer. For the first time, the results summarized in this paper clarify the contribution of each buffer layer to vertical leakage and breakdown.

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23

Ramirez-Iraheta, O. A., H. M. Soliman, and S. J. Ormiston. "Effective cooling of vertical heat-generating stacks in a cavity with openings." Heat and Mass Transfer 42, no. 5 (November 3, 2005): 398–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00231-005-0030-5.

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24

Zaręba, Mateusz, and Tomasz Danek. "VSP polarization angles determination: Wysin-1 processing case study." Acta Geophysica 66, no. 5 (September 14, 2018): 1047–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11600-018-0200-8.

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Abstract In this paper, we present an analysis of borehole seismic data processing procedures required to obtain high-quality vertical stacks and polarization angles in the case of walkaway VSP (vertical seismic profile) data gathered in challenging conditions. As polarization angles are necessary for more advanced procedures like anisotropy parameters determination, their quality is critical for proper media description. Examined Wysin-1 VSP experiment data indicated that the best results can be obtained when rotation is performed for each shot on data after de-noising and vertical stacking of un-rotated data. Additionally, we proposed a procedure of signal matching that can substantially increase data quality.

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Pike, Jenna, Tyler Hafen, Dennis Larsen, Harry W. Abernathy, Bo Guan, Jian Liu, Long Le, Olga A. Marina, and S. Elangovan. "Lightweight Solid Oxide Cell Design for Ammonia-Fed SOFC Systems." ECS Transactions 111, no. 6 (May 19, 2023): 2057–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11106.2057ecst.

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A lightweight solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) was developed by OxEon Energy that demonstrates the potential for increased specific power (kW/g) suitable for the requirements of electric Vertical Take-off and Landing (eVTOL) applications. Fuel flexibility was demonstrated in button cells and stacks using both legacy electrolyte-supported SOFC structure and the lightweight structure. Button cell and stack performance was nearly identical among hydrogen, ammonia, and reformed natural gas. Durability testing shows similarly stable performance in each fuel. A button cell test in ammonia at 800 °C using the lightweight cell structure measured area specific resistance (ASR) of 0.25 Ω-cm2 in H2/N2 and NH3 fuel feeds and showed a peak power density of 0.98 W/ cm2 in NH3 fuel. Short term hold at 0.7 V showed stable performance.

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26

Lin, Dian-Hua, Yuexue Xia, Jia-Hao Koh, Fang-Chih Lim, and Leong-Chew Lim. "New “HAPA”, “FTA”, and “HD-FTA” Piezoelectric Actuators." Proceedings 64, no. 1 (November 21, 2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecat2020-08507.

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“HAPA” stands for High-Authority Piezoelectric Actuator, which describes high-performance piezoelectric actuators of large stroke and blocking force. “HAPAs” are made possible by high-bending-stiffness connectors that connect multiple units of piezoceramic stacks into a 2-level actuation structure. Present HAPA actuators are fitted with commercial piezoceramic stacks. For instance, a “HAPA-(2+2)” comprises 4 lead zirconate titanate (PZT) stacks, 2 in the upper level with displacement projecting upward and 2 in the lower level with displacement projecting downward. They not only double the axial displacement of individual stacks with only fractional increase in device length but also are of 1.5 to 3 larger blocking force depending on the actual design. “FTA” stands for Flextensional Actuator, in which the horizontal extensional displacement of PZT stacks is amplified to yield much larger contractional vertical displacement via a diamond-shaped elastic frame structure. A range of new FTAs has been developed by us using single or multiple units of PZT stacks, of which the performances are described in this work. “HD-FTA” stands for HAPA-Driven Flextensional Actuator, in which HAPA piezoelectric actuators are used as the motor section to drive diamond-shaped elastic members of various designs for further displacement amplification. Several HD-FTAs, driven by a HAPA-(2+2) actuator, have been developed. Compared with standard FTAs of comparable stroke, HD-FTAs display a higher working load but of smaller overall length. “HAPA”, “FTA”, and “HD-FTA” piezoelectric actuators find applications when a smaller actuator length is advantageous in addition to the required moderate-to-large displacement and working load.

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27

Riedesel, Mark A., John A. Orcutt, and J. Andrew Adams. "Seismic signals and noise recorded on a seafloor vertical hydrophone array and a colocated OBS during the LFASE experiment." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 89, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0890020423.

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Abstract During the LFASE experiment conducted in the summer of 1989, a vertical hydrophone array (VHA) was deployed at the site of DSDP Hole 534b in the Blake-Bahama basin. The VHA consisted of 16 hydrophones spaced 30 m apart rising vertically above the seafloor with the bottom of the array anchored to a digital recording package located on the seafloor. The main purpose of the experiment was to record seismic signals and noise above, on, and beneath the seafloor at the same site; the VHA recorded data from above the seafloor, an ocean-bottom seismograph (OBS) was on the seafloor, and a borehole geophone array (BHA) was in a borehole beneath the seafloor. Signal-to-noise measurements of P waves made for airgun shots recorded simultaneously by the VHA and the OBS show that the OBS has a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) 5 to 10 dB greater than that of a single hydrophone, but P-wave stacks of the VHA data have SNRs for body waves 10 to 15 dB greater than the OBS. This implies that a vertical array is capable of recording distinct body waves out to significantly greater ranges than is a single receiver and so might be a useful tool in seismic refraction experiments. Other stacks of the VHA data revealed S waves not visible on the data from a single hydrophone or geophone. The VHA was also used to construct images of the wavefronts arriving from a distant source and to determine the vertical direction of the source. This array processing capability shows the potential of VHAs for use in 3D seismic reflection surveys, particularly in cases where it is not convenient to use a multi-channel streamer.

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Hassoon, Ahmed, and Sama Al-Dabbagh. "Effect Dynamic Stability of Atmospheric Boundary Layer on Plume Downward Flux Emitted from Daura Refinery Stacks." Iraqi Geological Journal 56, no. 1A (January 31, 2023): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.1a.12ms-2023-1-24.

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The vertical motion of air that enhances or restricts the atmospheric turbulence through atmospheric boundary layer is known as "atmospheric stability", in which any movement of atmospheric components such as water vapor, aerosols, etc. are affected by the atmospheric stability. The aim of this research is to test the effect of atmospheric boundary layer stability on the amount of downward aersols flux at 10um (PM10) emission from stacks of Daura refinery, and estimated of deposition dust aerosols PM10 amount in area around the Daura refinery. In this study, hourly atmospheric stability based on similar theory of Monin-Obukhov length is calculated from archived data of the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecast, and deposition velocity (Vd) for PM10 that is emitted from stacks Daura Refinery is calculated using the stability parameter (L). PM10 concentration is estimated according to the Gaussian model, which is used along with deposition velocity at this partical size in order to produce downward sedimentation flux (Fp) at distances 1000, 5000 and 10000 m from stack point sources emission. Results show that areas located to the south and southeast of the refinery receive large amounts of deposited flux values through stable weather conditions, where the accumulated PM10 amounts during one month have recorded 1.5 million μg /m2.s in January at a distance of 1000 m from refinery center stacks, while this amount reaches 532 million μg/m2.s during July due to the high emission rates resulting from burning fuel oil during July. The percentages of PM10 sedimentation decreased with the distance from the refinery to 1712 and 322839 μg /m2.s at a distance 10 km from the refinery in January and July, respectively. According to this method, the accumulated amount of PM10 in square meters can be estimated at any time, if atmospheric stability conditions and the domain of wind direction are known.

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29

Hamilton, Darren G., Daniel E. Lynch, Karl A. Byriel, and Colin H. L. Kennard. "A Neutral Donor-Acceptor p-Stack: Solid-State Structures of 1 : 1 Pyromellitic Diimide-Dialkoxynaphthalene Cocrystals." Australian Journal of Chemistry 50, no. 5 (1997): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/c97033.

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Pyromellitic diimide forms orange-coloured cocrystals of 1 : 1 stoichiometry with dialkoxynaphthalene derivatives. The solid-state structures of two examples are presented. The cocrystal formed with 2,6-dimethoxynaphthalene presents vertical stacks of alternating π-rich and π-deficient subunits with the long axes of the respective components approximately parallel. Investigation of the packing in the cocrystal also reveals a stabilizing array of hydrogen bonds between the components of adjacent stacks. Cocrystallization with 1,5-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]naphthalene, a derivative bearing hydroxy terminated ethyleneoxy chains, gives rise to an altered structural arrangement. Alternating donor- acceptor stacks once again dominate the structure but adopt a geometry where the long axes of the constituents are essentially perpendicular. Hydrogen-bonding interactions result in the formation of continuous non-covalently linked columns of donor and acceptor subunits by linking the terminal hydroxy functions of the naphthalene component to the imide protons. The structural preferences revealed by these solid-state analyses indicate that these complexes are useful prototypes of more complex neutral supramolecular assemblies.

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30

Andreone, D., V. Lacquaniti, S. Maggi, E. Monticone, and R. Steni. "Magnetic field behavior of vertical stacks of Josephson junctions with large idle regions." IEEE Transactions on Appiled Superconductivity 7, no. 2 (June 1997): 2442–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/77.621734.

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31

Descloux, Adrien, Marcel Müller, Vytautas Navikas, Andreas Markwirth, Robin van den Eynde, Tomas Lukes, Wolfgang Hübner, et al. "High-speed multiplane structured illumination microscopy of living cells using an image-splitting prism." Nanophotonics 9, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0346.

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AbstractSuper-resolution structured illumination microscopy (SR-SIM) can be conducted at video-rate acquisition speeds when combined with high-speed spatial light modulators and sCMOS cameras, rendering it particularly suitable for live-cell imaging. If, however, three-dimensional (3D) information is desired, the sequential acquisition of vertical image stacks employed by current setups significantly slows down the acquisition process. In this work, we present a multiplane approach to SR-SIM that overcomes this slowdown via the simultaneous acquisition of multiple object planes, employing a recently introduced multiplane image splitting prism combined with high-speed SIM illumination. This strategy requires only the introduction of a single optical element and the addition of a second camera to acquire a laterally highly resolved 3D image stack. We demonstrate the performance of multiplane SIM by applying this instrument to imaging the dynamics of mitochondria in living COS-7 cells.

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32

Mariotti d’Alessandro, Mauro, and Stefano Tebaldini. "Cross Sensor Simulation of Tomographic SAR Stacks." Remote Sensing 11, no. 18 (September 9, 2019): 2099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11182099.

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This paper presents an algorithm for simulating tomographic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data based on another stack actually gathered by a real acquisition system. Through the procedure here proposed, the simulated system can be evaluated according to its capability to image complex natural media rather than reference point targets. This feature is particularly important whenever the biophysical properties of the target of interest must be preserved and cannot be easily modeled. The system to be simulated may be different from the original one concerning resolution, off-nadir angles, bandwidth and central frequency. The algorithm here proposed handles these differences by properly taking into account the wavenumbers of the target illuminated by the real survey and requested by the simulated one. The complex images constituting the synthetic stack are associated with the effective vertical interferometric wavenumber peculiar of the geometry to be simulated, regardless of the original data. Furthermore, the three-dimensional resolution cell of the simulated tomographic system is consistent with the simulated geometry concerning size and spatial orientation. These two latter features cannot be guaranteed by simply filtering the original stack. The simulator here proposed has been used to simulate the tomographic stack expected from the forthcoming European Space Agency (ESA) BIOMASS mission. The relationship between baseline distribution and 3D focusing capability was explored; special attention has been paid to the robustness of tomographic power at being a good proxy for the above ground biomass in tropical regions.

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33

Xie, Lu, Huilong Zhu, Yongkui Zhang, Xuezheng Ai, Junjie Li, Guilei Wang, Anyan Du, et al. "Investigation on Ge0.8Si0.2-Selective Atomic Layer Wet-Etching of Ge for Vertical Gate-All-Around Nanodevice." Nanomaterials 11, no. 6 (May 26, 2021): 1408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11061408.

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For the formation of nano-scale Ge channels in vertical Gate-all-around field-effect transistors (vGAAFETs), the selective isotropic etching of Ge selective to Ge0.8Si0.2 was considered. In this work, a dual-selective atomic layer etching (ALE), including Ge0.8Si0.2-selective etching of Ge and crystal-orientation selectivity of Ge oxidation, has been developed to control the etch rate and the size of the Ge nanowires. The ALE of Ge in p+-Ge0.8Si0.2/Ge stacks with 70% HNO3 as oxidizer and deionized (DI) water as oxide-removal was investigated in detail. The saturated relative etched amount per cycle (REPC) and selectivity at different HNO3 temperatures between Ge and p+-Ge0.8Si0.2 were obtained. In p+-Ge0.8Si0.2/Ge stacks with (110) sidewalls, the REPC of Ge was 3.1 nm and the saturated etching selectivity was 6.5 at HNO3 temperature of 20 °C. The etch rate and the selectivity were affected by HNO3 temperatures. As the HNO3 temperature decreased to 10 °C, the REPC of Ge was decreased to 2 nm and the selectivity remained at about 7.4. Finally, the application of ALE in the formation of Ge nanowires in vGAAFETs was demonstrated where the preliminary Id–Vds output characteristic curves of Ge vGAAFET were provided.

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34

Liu, Wei Hua, Yin Wang, Wei Qing Huang, and Qing Jun Ding. "A Linear Stepping Piezoelectric Motor Using Inertial Impact Driving." Applied Mechanics and Materials 226-228 (November 2012): 693–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.226-228.693.

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With the rapid development of modern precision manufacturing industry,actuators with high resolution and long stroke are needed in many application fields. Linear piezoelectric motors adopting inertial impact driving mechanism has been driving the interests of many researchers for simple structure and compact size. To increase the efficiency of this type of stepping linear motor, a motor using two piezoelectric stacks was proposed in this work. Two piezoelectric stacks were placed in vertical and were pre-tightened by an elastic thin plate. Support for the stator was designed. Operation principle of this motor was analyzed. To validate this operation principle, a prototype was fabricated and testing on this prototype was conduct too. By applying saw wave voltage signal to piezoelectric stacked in this prototype, the stator of the motor is able to push its mover move with pace length of 2 micrometer.

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35

O’Reilly, Michael J., Jeff Leal, Suzette K. Pangrle, and Kenneth Vartanian. "Aerosol Jet® Printer as an Alternative to Wire Bond and TSV Technology for 3D Interconnect Applications." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2011, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 001028–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2011-tha4-paper4.

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Aerosol Jet deposition systems provide an evolutionary alternative to both wire bond and TSV technology. As part of the Vertical Interconnect Pillar (ViP™) process, the Aerosol Jet system prints high density three-dimensional (3D) interconnects enabling multi-function integrated circuits to be stacked and vertically interconnected in high performance System-in-Packages (SiP). The stacks can include two or more die, with a total height of ∼ 2 millimeters. The non-contact printing system has a working distance of several millimeters above the substrate allowing 3D interconnects to be printed with no Z-height adjustments. The Aerosol Jet printhead is configured with multiple nozzles and a closely coupled atomizer to achieve production throughput of greater than 19,000 interconnects per hour. The Aerosol Jet printer deposits silver fine particle ink to form connections on staggered die stacks. High aspect ratio interconnects, less than 30-microns wide and greater than 6-microns tall, are printed at sub 60-micron pitch. After isothermal sintering at 150° C to 200° C for 30 minutes, highly conductive interconnects near bulk resistivity are produced. Pre-production yields exceeding 80% have been realized. This paper will provide further details on the 3D printed interconnect process, current and planned production throughput levels, and process yield and device reliability status.

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36

Contreras, Arturo, Carlos Torres-Verdín, and Tim Fasnacht. "Sensitivity analysis of data-related factors controlling AVA simultaneous inversion of partially stacked seismic amplitude data: Application to deepwater hydrocarbon reservoirs in the central Gulf of Mexico." GEOPHYSICS 72, no. 1 (January 2007): C19—C29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2399353.

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We consider the inversion of synthetic and recorded seismic amplitude variation with angle AVA data to appraise the influence of several data-related factors that control the vertical resolution and accuracy of the estimated spatial distributions of elastic properties. We use measurements acquired in deepwater hydrocarbon reservoirs in the central Gulf of Mexico to generate synthetic seismic amplitude data and evaluate inversion results with both synthetic and recorded seismic amplitudes. Detailed sensitivity analysis of synthetic amplitude data indicates that, even in the most ideal scenario (perfectly migrated data, isotropic media, noise-free seismic amplitude data, sufficient far-angle coverage, and accurate estimates of angle-dependent wavelets and low-frequency components), input elastic models are not reconstructedaccurately by the inversion of synthetic seismic amplitudes. We attribute this result to the relatively low vertical resolution of the seismic amplitude data. P-wave impedance is the most accurate of the inverted properties, followed by S-impedance and bulk density. Additionally, sufficient far-angle coverage is crucial for the accurate estimation of 1D distributions of S-impedance and bulk density. We show that time alignment of partial-angle stacks for correcting residual NMO effects improves the vertical resolution of the estimated spatial distributions of elastic parameters and consistently decreases the data misfit. Finally, we found that the accuracy of the inverted distributions of elastic parameters is improved substantially by (1) increasing the preserved AVA information via multiple single-angle stacks, (2) correcting the P-wave velocity field used for calculating angles in partial-angle stacking, and (3) excluding far-angle data with low signal-to-noise ratios.

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37

Martı́nez-Pastor, J., B. Alén, C. Rudamas, Ph Roussignol, J. M. Garcı́a, and L. González. "Vertical stacks of small InAs/GaAs self-assembled dots: resonant and non-resonant excitation." Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 17 (April 2003): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1386-9477(02)00734-8.

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38

ALEN, B., J. MARTINEZPASTOR, D. FUSTER, J. GARCIA, L. GONZALEZ, S. MOLINA, A. PONCE, and R. GARCIA. "Size self-filtering effect in vertical stacks of InAs/InP self-assembled quantum wires." Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 17 (April 2003): 174–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1386-9477(02)00740-3.

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39

Arévalo-López, Humberto S., and Jack P. Dvorkin. "Simultaneous impedance inversion and interpretation for an offshore turbiditic reservoir." Interpretation 5, no. 3 (August 31, 2017): SL9—SL23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2016-0192.1.

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By using simultaneous impedance inversion, we obtained P- and S-wave impedance ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) volumes from angle stacks at a siliciclastic turbidite oil reservoir offshore northwest Australia. The ultimate goal was to interpret these elastic variables for fluid, porosity, and mineralogy. This is why an essential part of our workflow was finding the appropriate rock-physics model based on well data. The model-corrected S-wave velocity [Formula: see text] in the wells was used as an input to impedance inversion. The inversion parameters were optimized in small vertical sections around two wells to obtain the best possible match between the seismic impedances and the upscaled impedances measured at the wells. Special attention was paid to the seismically derived [Formula: see text] ratio because we relied on this parameter for hydrocarbon identification. Even after performing crosscorrelation between the angle stacks to correct for two-way traveltime shifts to align the stacks, these stacks did not indicate a coherent amplitude variation with angle (AVA) dependence. To deal with this common problem, we corrected the mid and far stacks by using the near and ultrafar stacks as anchoring points for fitting a [Formula: see text] AVA curve. This choice allowed us to match the seismically derived [Formula: see text] ratio with that predicted by the rock-physics model in the reservoir. Finally, the rock-physics model was used to interpret these [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for the fluid, porosity, and mineralogy. The new paradigm in our inversion/interpretation workflow is that the ultimate quality control of the inversion is in an accurate deterministic match between the seismically derived petrophysical variables and the corresponding upscaled depth curves at the wells. Our interpretation is very sensitive to the inversion results, especially the [Formula: see text] ratio. Despite this fact, we were able to obtain accurate estimates of porosity and clay content in the reservoir and around it.

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40

Raputa, V. F., and A. A. Lezhenin. "Models for Estimating the Parameters of Smoke Emissions from Thermal Power Plants from Satellite Information." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 4 (May 18, 2022): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2022-4-54-61.

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The problem of estimating the characteristics of the rise of smoke plumes from pipes of industrial enterprises is discussed. For these purposes, data from ground-based and satellite observations, information about the dynamic and thermal parameters of emission sources are used. Solutions of the equations of atmospheric hydrothermodynamics are used as basic relations. The analysis of the characteristics of the rise of smoke mixtures from the high-altitude stacks of the Novo-Irkutsk thermal power plant was carried out on the basis of satellite images and aerological sounding data. For specific meteorological conditions, an additional rise height of the smoke plume was determined and estimates of the permissible upper and lower limits of the vertical velocities of smoke mixtures from high-altitude stacks were obtained. It is expedient to apply the proposed approach in conditions of cloudless weather and in the presence of color uniformity of the earth's surface, which ensures high contrast of smoke plume shadows.

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41

Ho, S. H., and K. S. Boon. "Spatial distribution of flying Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in a rice warehouse." Bulletin of Entomological Research 85, no. 3 (September 1995): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300036087.

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AbstractThe vertical and horizontal distribution of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in a rice warehouse was studied using flight traps hung around selected stacks of bagged rice. Traps hung at 4 m or higher from the floor caught more T. castaneum than other insect species in the warehouse. At 6 m height, the traps caught mainly this species and were easy to maintain. The horizontal distribution pattern of T. castaneum sampled at 6 m was not homogeneous. The factors influencing distribution are discussed.

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42

Mukherjee, Kalparupa, Carlo De Santi, Matteo Borga, Karen Geens, Shuzhen You, Benoit Bakeroot, Stefaan Decoutere, et al. "Challenges and Perspectives for Vertical GaN-on-Si Trench MOS Reliability: From Leakage Current Analysis to Gate Stack Optimization." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 29, 2021): 2316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092316.

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The vertical Gallium Nitride-on-Silicon (GaN-on-Si) trench metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) is a promising architecture for the development of efficient GaN-based power transistors on foreign substrates for power conversion applications. This work presents an overview of recent case studies, to discuss the most relevant challenges related to the development of reliable vertical GaN-on-Si trench MOSFETs. The focus lies on strategies to identify and tackle the most relevant reliability issues. First, we describe leakage and doping considerations, which must be considered to design vertical GaN-on-Si stacks with high breakdown voltage. Next, we describe gate design techniques to improve breakdown performance, through variation of dielectric composition coupled with optimization of the trench structure. Finally, we describe how to identify and compare trapping effects with the help of pulsed techniques, combined with light-assisted de-trapping analyses, in order to assess the dynamic performance of the devices.

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43

Wohlfahrt, Markus, Michael J. Uren, Yidi Yin, Kean Boon Lee, and Martin Kuball. "Vertical field inhomogeneity associated with threading dislocations in GaN high electron mobility transistor epitaxial stacks." Applied Physics Letters 119, no. 24 (December 13, 2021): 243502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0066346.

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44

Sedahmed, G. H., H. A. Farag, A. A. Zatout, and F. A. Katkout. "Mass transfer characteristics of gas-sparged fixed-bed electrodes composed of stacks of vertical screens." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 16, no. 3 (May 1986): 374–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01008847.

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45

Ouerghui, W., A. Melliti, M. A. Maaref, J. Martinez-Pastor, J. Gomis, D. Granados, and J. M. Garcia. "Size filtering effect in vertical stacks of In(Ga)As/GaAs self-assembled quantum rings." Materials Science and Engineering: C 26, no. 2-3 (March 2006): 297–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2005.10.046.

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46

Wang, Jili, Weidong Yu, Yunkai Deng, Robert Wang, Yingjie Wang, Heng Zhang, and Mingjie Zheng. "Demonstration of Time-Series InSAR Processing in Beijing Using a Small Stack of Gaofen-3 Differential Interferograms." Journal of Sensors 2019 (April 8, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4204580.

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More and more synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellites in orbit provide abundant data for remote sensing applications. In August 2016, China launched a new Earth observation SAR satellite, Gaofen-3 (GF-3). In this paper, we utilize a small stack of GF-3 differential interferograms to map land subsidence in Beijing (China) using the time-series SAR interferometry (InSAR) technique. The small stack of differential interferograms is generated with 5 GF-3 SAR images from March 2017 to January 2018. Orbit errors are carefully addressed and removed during differential InSAR (DInSAR) processing. Truncated singular-value decomposition (TSVD) is applied to strengthen the robustness of deformation rate estimation. To validate the results of GF-3 data, an additional deformation measurement using 26 Sentinel-1B images from March 2017 to February 2018 is carried out using the persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) technique. By implementing a cross-comparison, we find that the retrieved results from GF-3 images and Sentinel-1 images are spatially consistent. The standard deviation of vertical deformation rate differences between two data stacks is 11.24 mm/y in the study area. The results shown in this paper demonstrate the reasonable potential of GF-3 SAR images to monitor land subsidence.

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47

Biondi, Biondo. "Angle-domain common-image gathers from anisotropic migration." GEOPHYSICS 72, no. 2 (March 2007): S81—S91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2430561.

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I present a general methodology for computing angle-domain common-image gathers (ADCIGs) in conjunction with anisotropic wavefield-continuation migration. The method is based on transforming the prestack image from the subsurface-offset domain to the angle domain using slant stacks. The processing sequence is the same as that for computing ADCIGs for the isotropic case, though the interpretation of the relationship between the slopes measured in the prestack image and the aperture angles is more complex. I demonstrate that the slopes measured by performing slant stacks along the subsurface-offset axis of the prestack image provide a good approximation of the phase aperture angles, and they are exactly equal to the phase aperture angles for flat reflectors in vertical transversly isotropic (VTI) media. In the general case of dipping reflectors, the angles computed using slant stacks can be easily corrected by applying the relationships that I present in this paper, and the accurate aperture angles can be determined as a function of the reflector dip and anisotropic slowness at the reflector. I derive these relationships from both plane-wave and ray viewpoints. This theoretical development links the kinematics in ADCIGs with migration-velocity errors. I apply the proposed method to compute ADCIGs from the prestack image obtained by anisotropic migration of a 2D line recorded in the Gulf of Mexico. I analyze the error introduced by neglecting the difference between the true phase aperture angle and the angle computed through slant stacks, showing that, at least for this data set, these errors are negligible and can be safely ignored. In contrast, group aperture angles can be quite different from phase aperture angles; thus, ignoring the distinction between these two angles can be detrimental to practical applications.

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48

Dong, Chang Ji, Guang Yi Sun, Tao Qin, and Yong Li Liu. "Study on Influences of Reserving Coal Battlement along Goaf Tunnels on Rockburst." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 2898–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.2898.

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With the continuous mining of coal, many mine have entered the deep mining mine ranks. Many problems which caused by the deep mining, especially the mine rockburst has had a significant increase, and a more and more serious trend, this has seriously affected the safety production[1]. There are many rockburst factors, and by the mining process and mining, its leading factor was difficult to be determined during mining. However, analyzing the mining process, and researching the influences of mining process on rockburst, making effective means of monitoring, adjusting the recovery process parameters, there are practical significance on mine safety. Reserving stacks along the gob tunnel is a mining technique which many mining often used. The document conducted numerical analysis towards the vertical stress distribution in the stacks, and come to a conclusion about the mining technique influence to shock bump, which has provided the basis for the recovery process parameter adjustment. Practice has proved that the method is feasible. The results of the analysis have practical significance.

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49

Kim, Ik-Jyae, Min-Kyu Kim, and Jang-Sik Lee. "Vertical ferroelectric thin-film transistor array with a 10-nm gate length for high-density three-dimensional memory applications." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 4 (July 25, 2022): 042901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0097795.

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Hafnia-based ferroelectric thin-film transistors (FeTFTs) are regarded as promising candidates for future nonvolatile memory devices owing to their low power consumption, high operational speed, and complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor compatibility. However, the scalability of hafnia-based materials and the feasibility of three-dimensional (3D) device fabrication should be confirmed for ultrahigh-density memory applications. In this work, we demonstrate that FeTFTs can be scaled down to a 10-nm dimension using the vertical structure with a hafnia-based ferroelectric gate insulating layer and an oxide semiconductor channel. We show that such vertical FeTFTs can be operated with an effective device size of 0.005 μm2, a fast operation speed of <100 ns, and a high endurance of 108 cycles. Additionally, the string-level NAND operation is demonstrated using the vertical FeTFT array. Finally, device simulation confirms the possibility of ultrahigh-density 3D ferroelectric NAND with 200 gate stacks. These results demonstrate the ultrahigh scalability of FeTFTs as a promising candidate for next-generation 3D nonvolatile memory.

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50

Messow, Ferdinand, Colin Welch, Alexander Eifert, Wei Chung Ang, Nee Shiuan Hoe, Thomas Kusserow, and Hartmut Hillmer. "Deep single step vertical ICP–RIE etching of ion beam sputter deposited SiO2/Si multilayer stacks." Microelectronic Engineering 113 (January 2014): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2013.07.018.

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