Книги з теми "Verification and admission of claim"
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1
Andrichenko, Lyudmila, Elena Gorenskaya, Aleksandr Emel'yanov, Aleksey Efremov, Sergey Zyryanov, Pavel Kabytov, Nikolay Kazancev, et al. Permissive activity in the mechanism of public administration. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1963277.
Анотація:
In the monograph, based on the modern legal doctrine and regulatory legal framework, it is planned to identify the essence, functions and legal nature of permits, systematize them, determine the goals of licensing activities and organizational and legal forms of its implementation, principles of legal regulation of the licensing system, conduct a comprehensive analysis of public relations in this area and the legislation regulating them, as well as formulate scientifically based proposals for improving the relevant institute of administrative law.
The authors in the context of licensing activities will investigate the legal nature of the license, registration, special permit, admission, special pass, issue, approval, certificate, verification, examination, certification, accreditation, certification, quotas, special law, certification, etc. This study will be both theoretical and applied (in terms of implementation licensing activities in certain branches of public administration). It is supposed to use historical-legal and comparative-legal (comparative) methods.
The publication is intended for civil servants, students, postgraduates, researchers, as well as those who are interested in issues of licensing activities in Russia.
2
Dennis, Faber, and Vermunt Niels. 12 National Report for the Netherlands. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198727293.003.0012.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses the law on creditor claims in the Netherlands. It deals with insolvency claims, administration claims, and non-enforceable claims in turn. Each section covers: the definition and scope of the claim; rules for submission, verification, and satisfaction or admission of claims; ranking of claims; and voting and other participation rights in insolvency proceedings. In essence, holders of insolvency claims (‘insolvency creditors’) are entitled to the liquidation proceeds of the debtor’s insolvency estate after the full discharge of the administration claims. Insolvency creditors (except secured creditors) can only pursue payment by submitting their claims for admission in the proceedings. Administration claims have to be satisfied in priority to insolvency claims and need not be submitted in the claims verification procedure. Holders of such claims (‘administration creditors’) can take recourse against assets comprised in the insolvency estate. Holders of non-enforceable claims can only seek recourse after the insolvency proceedings are terminated (provided that the debtor continues to exist).
3
Kathleen, van der Linde, and Calitz Juanitta. 15 National Report for South Africa. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198727293.003.0015.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses the law on creditor claims in South Africa, where bankruptcy proceedings in are governed by the Insolvency Act and the 1973 Companies Act, while reorganization in business rescue proceedings is regulated under the 2008 Companies Act. Liquidation and business rescue each has its own approach to the submission, verification, and admission of claims; the scope of creditor participation; the calculation of voting rights; the realization of secured assets; and the range of preferential creditors. So it is unsurprising that creditors may prefer one procedure over the other irrespective of the debtor’s financial prospects. South African law does not provide for super-priority claims. In both bankruptcy and reorganization proceedings, administration expenses always rank first. The chapter examines insolvency claims, administration claims, and non-enforceable claims in turn. Each section covers: the definition and scope of the claim; rules for submission, verification, and satisfaction or admission of claims; ranking of claims; and voting and other participation rights in insolvency proceedings.
4
Tomáš, Richter. 7 National Report for the Czech Republic. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198727293.003.0007.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses the law on creditor claims in the Czech Republic. The Czech Insolvency Act appears to deal with creditors’ claims in a fairly standard manner, making pre-insolvency claims subject to the process of claims submission and verification, and dealing with claims arising during the proceedings as administration claims. But the Insolvency Act actually confers upon creditors the power to decide on numerous of issues in the course of particular proceedings, eg, whether the debtor should be liquidated or reorganized. Many of the difficulties surrounding the Act’s rules on the submission and verification of claims are thus related to the question of who gets to decide on the course of the insolvency proceedings. The chapter then examines insolvency claims, administration claims, and non-enforceable claims in turn. Each section covers: the definition and scope of the claim; rules for submission, verification, and satisfaction or admission of claims; ranking of claims; and voting and other participation rights in insolvency proceedings.
5
Soogeun, Oh, and Kim Kyungjin. 16 National Report for the Republic of Korea (South Korea). Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198727293.003.0016.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses the law on creditor claims in South Korea. Under South Korea’s Debtor Rehabilitation and Bankruptcy Act (DRBA), insolvency claims are classified into secured, unsecured, and administration claims. Unsecured claims are divided according to their level of priority. As administration claims can be paid on maturity without being impaired in the insolvency proceedings, a principal concern is determining whether or not a certain claim is an administration claim. The 2009 amendment to the DRBA gave new loans borrowed under the court’s permission a kind of priority to be paid before other common benefit claims in cases where a company’s property is insufficient to pay all common benefit claims. The chapter then deals with insolvency claims, administration claims, and non-enforceable claims in turn. Each section covers: the definition and scope of the claim; rules for submission, verification, and satisfaction or admission of claims; ranking of claims; and voting and other participation rights in insolvency proceedings.
6
Christoph G, Paulus, and Berberich Matthias. 10 National Report for Germany. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198727293.003.0010.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses the law on creditor claims in Germany. German insolvency law distinguishes between several types of creditors in insolvency proceedings and treats them differently with regard to priority of claims, enforcement, modes of realization, and costs. The doctrinal approach of the German Insolvency Code is not so much a categorization of claims, but rather it takes a view on the creditors. German insolvency law draws a rough distinction between four creditor groups: secured creditors; general insolvency creditors; subordinated creditors; and administration creditors. The remainder of the chapter deals with insolvency claims, administration claims, and non-enforceable claims in turn. Each section covers: the definition and scope of the claim; rules for submission, verification, and satisfaction or admission of claims; ranking of claims; and voting and other participation rights in insolvency proceedings.
7
Wang, Weiguo. 6 National Report for the People’s Republic of China. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198727293.003.0006.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses the law on creditor claims in China. The rights and interests of creditors are protected by the 2006 Enterprise Bankruptcy Law (EBL). The term ‘insolvency claims’ is not officially used to refer to the claims against the insolvent debtor which are eligible for insolvency proceedings. In the text of the EBL, they are simply referred to as ‘claims’ (ie, creditors’ rights or obligatory rights). Only when bankruptcy liquidation proceedings start following the court’s ruling of bankruptcy declaration do the claims become known as ‘bankruptcy claims’. The rest of the chapter deals with insolvency claims, administration claims, and non-enforceable claims in turn. Each section is concerned with: the definition and scope of the claim; rules for submission, verification, and satisfaction or admission of claims; ranking of claims; and voting and other participation rights in insolvency proceedings.
8
Christopher, Symes. 1 National Report for Australia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198727293.003.0001.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses the law on creditor claims in Australia. For corporate insolvency and corporate rescue, creditor claims are dealt with by the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth), predominantly in ss 553 to 554J and 555 to 564. For personal bankruptcy, creditor claims are covered by the Bankruptcy Act 1966 (Cth), sections 82 to 104. Australian law traditionally does not distinguish between foreign claims and local claims, nor does it treat the rights of foreign creditors any differently from those of local creditors. The remainder of the chapter presents sections that deal with insolvency claims, administration claims, and non-enforceable claims, arising from bankruptcy, liquidation, and voluntary administration. Each section covers: the definition and scope of the claim; rules for submission, verification, and admission or satisfaction of claims; ranking of claims; and voting and other participation rights in insolvency proceedings.
9
Alexander, Trukhtanov. 14 National Report for the Russian Federation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198727293.003.0014.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses the law on creditor claims in Russia. Russia’s principal bankruptcy law is the Federal Insolvency (Bankruptcy) Law 2002. The law sets out a comprehensive regime of submission, priority, and ranking of claims. It is almost entirely mandatory and leaves very little to be governed by pre-insolvency contractual arrangements. Its policies are generally favourable to creditors and are aimed at achieving pari passu distribution, including restriction of administration claims and giving unsecured creditors access to part of the proceeds of sale of security assets. The remainder of the chapter is concerned with insolvency claims, administration claims, and non-enforceable claims in turn. Each section covers: the definition and scope of the claim; rules for submission, verification, and satisfaction or admission of claims; ranking of claims; and voting and other participation rights in insolvency proceedings.
10
Ignacio, Tirado. 17 National Report for Spain. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198727293.003.0017.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses the law on creditor claims in Spain. Spain’s current insolvency regulatory regime resulted from the reorganization and modernization that took place with the passing of the 2003 Insolvency Law (Ley Concursal). The ranking of claims under the Insolvency Law coexists with a ranking of claims for execution in individual proceedings, regulated in the Civil Code. The Spanish system has been generally respectful of the pre-insolvency entitlements of secured creditors; provides priority for post-commencement financing; and includes different tiers of priorities for certain categories of creditors. The remainder of the chapter deals with insolvency claims, administration claims, and non-enforceable claims in turn. Each section covers: the definition and scope of the claim; rules for submission, verification, and satisfaction or admission of claims; ranking of claims; and voting and other participation rights in insolvency proceedings.
11
Henriette, Duursma-Kepplinger, and Englmair Christof. 2 National Report for Austria. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198727293.003.0002.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses the law on creditor claims in Austria. ‘Modern’ bankruptcy laws—the Compensation Law (Ausgleichsordnung, AO) and the Bankruptcy Act (Konkursordnung, KO)—were first introduced by the imperial decree of 10 December 1914, 337 RGBl. Since then, these have undergone numerous amendments. Austrian insolvency law was subjected to the most comprehensive review and reform with insolvency amendment 2010, Federal Law Gazette 2010/29, which merged bankruptcy law and compensation law into a single procedural structure. The Compensation Law was repealed, while the Bankruptcy Act was renamed the Insolvency Law. The rest of the chapter deals with insolvency claims, administration claims, and non-enforceable claims in turn. Each section covers: the definition and scope of the claim; rules for submission, verification, and satisfaction or admission of claims; classification and ranking of claims; and voting and participation rights in insolvency proceedings.
12
Roel, Fransis. 3 National Report for Belgium. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198727293.003.0003.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses the law on creditor claims in Belgium. Legislators have limited the power of secured creditors to take individual enforcement actions with regard to their collateral, notwithstanding the opening of insolvency proceedings. For bankruptcy proceedings, the Bankruptcy Act of 8 August 1997 (BA) introduced a ‘cooling-off period’, imposing a temporary stay on individual enforcement actions by secured creditors. For judicial reorganization proceedings, the 31 January 2009 Act on the Continuity of Enterprises (BCA) imposes a general stay on enforcement actions, which also affects secured and preferential creditors. The remainder of the chapter looks into insolvency claims, administration claims, and non-enforceable claims in turn. Each part covers: the definition and scope of the claim; rules for submission, verification, and satisfaction or admission of claims; ranking of claims; and voting and other participation rights in insolvency proceedings.
13
Hamish, Anderson, Cooke Charlotte, and Gullifer Louise. 8 National Report for England. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198727293.003.0008.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses the law on creditor claims in England. The English courts have recently considered the ranking and priority of creditors on a number of occasions. The differing classes of claims found in the judgment of Lord Neuberger PSC in Re Nortel GmbH best explain how the distinction between ‘insolvency claims’, ‘administration claims’, and ‘non-enforceable claims’ is reflected in the applicable English rules. With the exception of expenses and shareholders’ claims, all the claims listed by Lord Neuberger are ‘insolvency claims’ because they are all creditors’ claims which are referable to pre-proceeding obligations. The remainder of the chapter deals with insolvency claims, administration claims, and non-enforceable claims in turn. Each section describes: the definition and scope of the claim; rules for submission, verification, and satisfaction or admission of claims; ranking of claims; and voting and other participation rights in insolvency proceedings.
14
Gilles, Cuniberti, and Rueda Isabelle. 9 National Report for France. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198727293.003.0009.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses the law on creditor claims in France. French insolvency law has traditionally been unfriendly to creditors benefitting from contractual security interests. Unlike most other legal systems, insolvency claims secured by contractual security interests over certain assets of the debtor do not enjoy the right to be satisfied from the secured assets in priority to all other claims. The treatment of creditor claims is also similar among various insolvency proceedings. In reorganization proceedings (sauvegarde or redressement judiciaire), post-commencement claims are more common and substantial, whereas in liquidation proceedings (liquidation judiciaire), such claims are often non-existent. The remainder of the chapter deals with insolvency claims, administration claims, and non-enforceable claims in turn. Each section covers: the definition and scope of the claim; rules for submission, verification, and satisfaction or admission of claims; ranking of claims; and voting and other participation rights in insolvency proceedings.
15
Annina H, Persson, and Karlsson-Tuula Marie. 18 National Report for Sweden. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198727293.003.0018.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses the law on creditor claims in Sweden. The ranking of claims in bankruptcy and distraint in Sweden is regulated by the Priority Rights Act 1970 (PRA). The PRA was drawn up in cooperation with all other Nordic countries, except Iceland. The primary aim of the PRA is to regulate the order in which claims shall be paid during distraint and in bankruptcy. It does not include any provisions regarding priority between different rights of use or between acquisitions of property, or regarding the relationship between claims and rights. Instead, these provisions can be found in other pieces of legislation. The remainder of the chapter deals with insolvency claims, administration claims, and non-enforceable claims in turn. Each section covers the definition and scope of the claim; rules for submission, verification, and satisfaction or admission of claims; ranking of claims; and voting and other participation rights in insolvency proceedings.
16
Jason, Kilborn. 19 National Report for the United States. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198727293.003.0019.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses the law on creditor claims in the United States. There is nothing particularly remarkable about the way in which the US Bankruptcy Code and Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure deal with the treatment of various claims. The academic debate about the super-priority of secured claims with regard to the collateral securing those claims has more or less subsided, as legislators have remained unmoved by any argument to reduce or constrain the rights of secured creditors beyond the existing constraints of bankruptcy law. Legislators have also resisted efforts to decrease the number of claims afforded special priority over general unsecured claims. The remainder of the chapter deals with insolvency claims, administration claims, and non-enforceable claims in turn. Each part presents: the definition and scope of the claim; rules for submission, verification, and satisfaction or admission of claims; ranking of claims; and voting and other participation rights in insolvency proceedings.
17
Rachel, Sztajn, Salles de Toledo Paulo Fernando Campos, and Nimer Moreira da Silva Fernando César. 4 National Report for Brazil. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198727293.003.0004.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses the law on creditor claims in Brazil. The legal treatment of creditor claims is similar to that in other worldwide systems. The new Brazilian Insolvency Law (Federal Law No 11.101/2005) and the former Decree-Law empower the insolvency judge to appoint a judicial administrator and define the time period in which existing debts will be recognized and included in the legal procedure. Because the firm’s assets represent the guarantee of payment of debts, the creditors’ and debtor’s legal positions are connected in a sort of unitary bundle. Of note in the new Law is the reduction of priority of tax and wages claims, leaving more value available for distribution to other creditors. The chapter then examines insolvency claims, administration claims, and non-enforceable claims in turn. Each section covers: the definition and scope of the claim; rules for submission, verification, and satisfaction or admission of claims; ranking of claims; and voting and other participation rights in insolvency proceedings.
18
Marek, Porzycki, and Rachwał Anna. 13 National Report for Poland. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198727293.003.0013.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses the law on creditor claims in Poland, where a comprehensive insolvency law reform is ongoing. In May 2015, Parliament adopted the final text of the Restructuring Law (RL). Due to enter into force on 1 January 2016, it will cover four restructuring proceedings: arrangement approval; fast arrangement; arrangement; and reorganization. Their common aim will be rescuing the debtor’s enterprise via an arrangement adopted by a majority of creditors. They will apply in case of both threatened and actual insolvency, and replace the current reorganization bankruptcy and rarely used rehabilitation proceedings. The existing Bankruptcy and Rehabilitation Law will have its provisions on reorganization bankruptcy and rehabilitation proceedings repealed, and be renamed ‘Bankruptcy Law’. The chapter deals with insolvency claims, administration claims, and non-enforceable claims in turn. Each section covers: the definition and scope of the claim; rules for submission, verification, and satisfaction or admission of claims; ranking of claims; and voting and other participation rights in insolvency proceedings.
19
E, Patrick Shea. 5 National Report for Canada. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198727293.003.0005.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses the law on creditor claims in Canada. The general approach is that all claims to which the debtor is subject when the reorganization or liquidation commences should be ‘brought into’ the proceeding, and creditors should receive a distribution based on their relative entitlement vis-à-vis the debtor. While the treatment of claims is generally consistent among the various insolvency proceedings, the proceedings are not identical, particularly regarding the priority of claims and procedures for establishing them. For example, the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act provides a statutory claims procedure for both liquidations (bankruptcies) and reorganizations (proposals), but that procedure is not applicable in reorganization proceedings under the Companies’ Creditors Arrangement Act (CCAA) or in the distribution of the proceeds realized by a receiver. In reorganization proceedings under the CCAA, and where a receiver is appointed, the court determines the procedure to establish claims. The chapter then deals with insolvency claims, administration claims, and non-enforceable claims in turn. Each section covers: the definition and scope of the claim; rules for submission, verification, and satisfaction or admission of claims; ranking of claims; and voting and other participation rights in insolvency proceedings.
20
Carlos, Sánchez-Mejorada y. Velasco. 11 National Report for Mexico. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198727293.003.0011.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses the law on creditor claims in Mexico. Insolvency proceedings in Mexico aim for an orderly liquidation procedure of all of the bankrupt’s assets to allow an equally orderly distribution of proceeds among creditors under the principle of par conditio creditorum (equal treatment for all creditors). Ideally, the body of law regulating this procedure should match the insolvency law of each country, so that the process can be effected congruently and logically. However, social policies and other commercial considerations have created systems of priorities in asset distribution that vary from country to country as a function of the policies of each. In many cases, the only commonality in all systems is that ordinary unsecured creditors collect last, if at all. Mexico is no exception, specifically in the treatment of claims arising out of a labour relationship, which in turn is derived from the overly protective and outdated regime established by the federal constitution for workers. The remainder of the chapter deals with insolvency claims, administration claims, and non-enforceable claims in turn. Each section examines: the definition and scope of the claim; rules for submission, verification, and satisfaction or admission of claims; ranking of claims; and voting and other participation rights in insolvency proceedings.
21
Dennis, Faber, Vermunt Niels, Kilborn Jason, Richter Tomáš, and Tirado Ignacio, eds. Ranking and Priority of Creditors. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198727293.001.0001.
Анотація:
This book addresses one of the critical issues of any insolvency by providing analysis of the law and practice in relation to creditor claims. As with the two previous volumes in the series, the book provides a comparative view by setting out the relevant law and practice in nineteen jurisdictions, drawing out the divergences and common features of domestic insolvency laws from a broad spectrum of countries. Areas covered include submission of claims, verification and admission of claims, ranking of insolvency and administration claims, treatment of non-enforceable claims, and voting and participation rights. Quality, uniformity, and the high level of detail of National Reports are the key benefits of this book.
22
Moreno-Lax, Violeta. Remedies, Procedural Guarantees (and the Unavoidability of Admission to Territory). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701002.003.0010.
Анотація:
The rights to asylum and to protection against refoulement, as per Chapters 8-9, entail both substantive and procedural components. This chapter scrutinizes the remedies and procedural safeguards attached to them, paying particular attention to the most relevant international provisions of refugee law and human rights protection. Article 16 CSR51; Articles 14(1), 2(3) and 7 ICCPR; Article 3 CAT; as well as Articles 6 and 13 ECHR are all scrutinized with the purpose of determining the content of the right to effective judicial protection in Article 47 CFR. On the basis of the ‘cumulative standards’ approach, it is concluded that fair trial and effective remedy guarantees are applicable in the context of pre-border controls, including the right to a hearing in person and to an appeal ‘with automatic suspensive effect’. In light of this, it is argued that inherent in a claim to international protection or in a plea of non-refoulement is an entitlement to provisional admission to the territory of the intercepting Member State for the purpose of such procedures as may be necessary to guarantee the effectiveness of the rights that protection seekers derive from EU law.
23
Schlieter, Jens. Experiences of Dying and Death. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190888848.003.0002.
Анотація:
This chapter looks more closely to the truth claims and verification strategies of near-death reports, discussing, among others, views by Carol Zaleski and Michael N. Marsh. The example of a reported near-death experience by John G. Bennett is taken as an example of how experiencers claim that they had been dead while having the respective experiences. In contrast, for the aim of the study, death is defined as the irreversible end of dying. As can be seen in Bennett’s portrayal, a positive answer on “what it is like to be dead” rests heavily on how “death” gets defined, usually blurring the distinction of death versus deprived states close to death.
24
Walker, Ralph. The Coherence Theory of Truth. Edited by Michael Glanzberg. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199557929.013.8.
Анотація:
The coherence theory holds that truth consists in coherence amongst our beliefs. It can thus rule out radical scepticism and avoid the problems of the correspondence theory. Considerations about meaning and verification have also pointed philosophers in the same direction. But if it holds all truth to consist in coherence it is untenable: there must be some truths that do not, truths about what people believe. This causes problems for traditional coherence theories, and also for verificationists and anti-realists. The admission of a grounding class of truths that do not consist in coherence also raises the question why there should be such systematic agreement between these. This cannot properly be explained by anything that is said within the theory whose truth is constituted by coherence with the grounding class. Kant saw this problem, and postulated “things as they are in themselves.” Others dismiss it; but that is not satisfactory.
25
Majumdar, Anindita. The Reproductive State. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199474363.003.0005.
Анотація:
The birth of the child in transnational commercial surrogacy leads to a protracted process of staking claim. In this chapter, the focus is especially on the national and international laws that are invoked by foreign parents and foreign consulates to grant citizenship to the newborn. The applications for citizenship from their home countries, and the exit visa from India lead to many processes of bureaucratic verification and authentication of the genetic tie between the child and the intended parent(s) and the surrogate mother. Seeking identity here are both the new parents and the newborn. Through the birth certificate and the DNA test paternity is identified, while a parallel process seeks to ascertain maternity through the surrogate mother—who incidentally has rejected her tie to the newborn as part of the contractual requirements! Through the narratives of three foreign nationals navigating the citizenship process—international laws regarding surrogacy, kinship and citizens are analysed.
26
Zimmerman, Aaron Z. The Authority to Define “Belief”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809517.003.0005.
Анотація:
The nature of belief cannot be determined by scientific theorizing alone, but must be relativized to a set of theoretically underdetermined taxonomic choices. Questions about the nature of belief are not wholly scientific. In support of this claim, the author focuses on racial cognition and the various ways in which “belief” might be integrated into our understanding of racism. The stakes are sufficiently high to render blind deference to the stipulations of scientists unwise. Acceptance of the pragmatist definition of “belief” is best seen as a philosophical choice among empirically equivalent but socially divergent alternatives. This is the sense in which pragmatism is not itself an article of science. If we adopt Bain’s definition, we are choosing a picture to live by. The pragmatist confesses to this without embarrassment. She simply insists on a similar admission from those advancing various forms of behaviorism, intellectualism, machine functionalism, and the like.