Статті в журналах: "Verbal memory"

1

Talmon-Chvaicer, Maya. "Verbal and Non-Verbal Memory in Capoeira." Sport in Society 7, no. 1 (March 2004): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1461098042000220182.

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2

Maki, Pauline. "Verbal memory and dementia." Maturitas 81, no. 1 (May 2015): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.02.046.

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3

Maki, Pauline M. "Verbal memory and menopause." Maturitas 82, no. 3 (November 2015): 288–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.07.023.

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4

Calev, Avraham, Yaacov Korin, Baruch Shapira, Sol Kugelmass, and Bernard Lerer. "Verbal and non-verbal recall by depressed and euthymic affective patients." Psychological Medicine 16, no. 4 (November 1986): 789–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700011806.

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SynopsisThis study uses matched-tasks methodology in order to test memory function in depressed and euthymic patients with major affective disorder. Neither drug-free depressed patients nor lithium-treated euthymic patients show a differential deficit in verbal versus non-verbal recall. However, while euthymic patients show no memory impairment, drug-free depressives do show poor memory functioning. The results support the view that memory deficits observed in affective patients in the depressed state are transient, secondary manifestations of depression and are neither indicative of underlying organic pathology, nor of abnormal hemispheric laterality. This suggests that memory impairment in depression can be treated by treating depressive symptoms, both chemically and behaviourally. The results also support the view that prophylactic lithium treatment has no adverse effects on these memory tasks.

5

Butters, Nelson, Jessica Wolfe, Maryann Martone, Eric Granholm, and Laird S. Cermak. "Memory disorders associated with huntington's disease: Verbal recall, verbal recognition and procedural memory." Neuropsychologia 23, no. 6 (January 1985): 729–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(85)90080-6.

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6

Stevens, A. A., P. S. Goldman-Rakic, J. C. Gore, and B. E. Wexler. "FMRI of auditory verbal and non-verbal memory tasks." NeuroImage 3, no. 3 (June 1996): S562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(96)80564-7.

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7

Millichap, J. Gordon. "Verbal Memory and The Hippocampus." Pediatric Neurology Briefs 4, no. 11 (November 1, 1990): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-4-11-3.

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8

Kramer, J. "Verbal Memory Impairments in Dyslexia." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 15, no. 1 (January 2000): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0887-6177(99)00022-0.

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9

Toomela, Aaro, and Jüri Allik. "Components of verbal working memory." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 1 (February 1999): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99391780.

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10

Nikolic-Balkoski, G., Lj Leposavic, M. Jasovic-Gasic, and J. Barisic-Rojnic. "Verbal memory impairment in schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 13, S4 (1998): 290s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(99)80564-1.

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11

Chakravarty, Sucheta, Esther Fujiwara, Christopher R. Madan, Sara E. Tomlinson, Isha Ober, and Jeremy B. Caplan. "Value bias of verbal memory." Journal of Memory and Language 107 (August 2019): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2019.03.005.

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12

Sundermann, Erin E., Pauline M. Maki, Leah H. Rubin, Richard B. Lipton, Susan Landau, and Anat Biegon. "Female advantage in verbal memory." Neurology 87, no. 18 (October 5, 2016): 1916–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000003288.

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13

Kramer, J. H., K. Knee, and D. C. Delis. "Verbal Memory Impairments in Dyslexia." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/15.1.83.

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14

Libon, David J., Sarah R. Preis, Alexa S. Beiser, Sherral Devine, Sudha Seshadri, Philip A. Wolf, Charles DeCarli, and Rhoda Au. "Verbal Memory and Brain Aging." American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementiasr 30, no. 6 (March 18, 2015): 622–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533317515577184.

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15

Chan, Agnes S., Yim-Chi Ho, and Mei-Chun Cheung. "Music training improves verbal memory." Nature 396, no. 6707 (November 1998): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/24075.

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16

Incalzi, Raffaele Antonelli, Antonella Gemma, Camillo Marra, Oliviero Capparella, Leonello Fuso, and PierUgo Carbonin. "Verbal Memory Impairment in COPD." Chest 112, no. 6 (December 1997): 1506–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.112.6.1506.

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17

Jacobsen, Thomas, and Erich Schröger. "Input to Verbal Working Memory." Experimental Psychology 51, no. 4 (January 2004): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.51.4.231.

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Abstract. Working memory uses central sound representations as an informational basis. The central sound representation is the temporally and feature-integrated mental representation that corresponds to phenomenal perception. It is used in (higher-order) mental operations and stored in long-term memory. In the bottom-up processing path, the central sound representation can be probed at the level of auditory sensory memory with the mismatch negativity (MMN) of the event-related potential. The present paper reviews a newly developed MMN paradigm to tap into the processing of speech sound representations. Preattentive vowel categorization based on F1-F2 formant information occurs in speech sounds and complex tones even under conditions of high variability of the auditory input. However, an additional experiment demonstrated the limits of the preattentive categorization of language-relevant information. It tested whether the system categorizes complex tones containing the F1 and F2 formant components of the vowel /a/ differently than six sounds with nonlanguage-like F1-F2 combinations. From the absence of an MMN in this experiment, it is concluded that no adequate vowel representation was constructed. This shows limitations of the capability of preattentive vowel categorization.

18

DELCENSERIE, AUDREY, and FRED GENESEE. "Language and memory abilities of internationally adopted children from China: evidence for early age effects." Journal of Child Language 41, no. 6 (October 29, 2013): 1195–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030500091300041x.

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AbstractThe goal of the present study was to examine if internationally adopted (IA) children from China (M = 10;8) adopted by French-speaking families exhibit lags in verbal memory in addition to lags in verbal abilities documented in previous studies (Gauthier & Genesee, 2011). Tests assessing verbal and non-verbal memory, language, non-verbal cognitive ability, and socio-emotional development were administered to thirty adoptees. Their results were compared to those of thirty non-adopted monolingual French-speaking children matched on age, gender, and socioeconomic status. The IA children scored significantly lower than the controls on language, verbal short-term memory, verbal working memory, and verbal long-term memory. No group differences were found on non-verbal memory, non-verbal cognitive ability, and socio-emotional development, suggesting language-specific difficulties. Despite extended exposure to French, adoptees may experience language difficulties due to limitations in verbal memory, possibly as a result of their delayed exposure to that language and/or attrition of the birth language.

19

Stypulkowski, K., J. Roberts, A. Robledo, and M. Maxfield. "A-47 Self-reported Difficulties in Retrospective Memory Predict Poor Verbal Memory Performance." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 6 (July 25, 2019): 906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz034.47.

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Abstract Objective Prospective and retrospective memory complaints are common among older adults with mixed results regarding their relationship with objective memory performance. This study investigated how subjective memory reports relate to objective memory function in a clinical sample. Method Participants (N = 139, Mage = 69.9, SD = 9.2) completed a cognitive screen at a university clinic. The assessment included the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (verbal memory), the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test – Revised (visual memory) and the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire, a subjective memory measure with higher scores indicating greater perceived difficulties. Correlations and linear regressions were used to evaluate the relationship between subjective and objective memory (a priori p-value = .01). Results Retrospective memory was correlated with immediate (r = -.35, p < .001) and delayed verbal memory (r = -.31, p < .001) but unrelated to visual memory (p > .05). Prospective memory was not correlated with performance on visual or verbal memory tasks (p > .05). Retrospective memory accounted for 12.3% of the variation in immediate (adjusted R2 = 11.6%; medium effect size), and 9.3% of the variation in delayed verbal memory (adjusted R2 = 8.6%; small effect size). Retrospective memory significantly predicted immediate [F(1, 132) = 18.48, p < .001, 95% CI = -1.04 to -0.38] and delayed verbal memory scores [F(1, 132) = 13.51, p < .001, 95% CI = -1.09 to -0.33]. Conclusions Subjective reports of retrospective memory may be a better indicator of objective verbal memory performance than prospective memory in a clinical sample of older adults.

20

LoGalbo, Anthony, Stephen Sawrie, David L. Roth, Ruben Kuzniecky, Robert Knowlton, Edward Faught, and Roy Martin. "Verbal memory outcome in patients with normal preoperative verbal memory and left mesial temporal sclerosis." Epilepsy & Behavior 6, no. 3 (May 2005): 337–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.12.010.

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21

Davis, J. J., and J. R. Wall. "Examining Verbal Memory on the Word Memory Test and California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 29, no. 8 (July 26, 2014): 747–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acu030.

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22

Fredriksen, Lauren, Renee’ Zucchero, Brock Partlow, Ruth Infante, Janie Taylor, and Haley Washburn. "The Impact of Memory Stereotype Threat on Memory and Memory Self-Efficacy in Older Adults." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 326–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1047.

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Abstract This study examined the impact of memory stereotype threat on memory duration (e.g., short-term and long-term) and modality (e.g., verbal and non-verbal), and memory self-efficacy in older adults who live independently (Mage = 77 years). Participants (N= 66) were randomly assigned to a group that received either neutral instructions or memory stereotype threat inducing instructions. All participants completed the California Verbal Memory Test-Second Edition (CVLT-2), the Rey Complex Figure Test (RCFT), a memory self-efficacy measure, and a demographics survey. An independent samples t-test indicated participants in the stereotype threat group reported significantly lower memory self-efficacy than participants in the neutral group. The main effect of the within-subjects factor of a 2x2 mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that participants performed significantly better on short-term non-verbal memory than long-term non-verbal memory. There was no significant difference between the neutral and stereotype threat groups in memory modality or duration. These results may indicate that the instructions used to induce memory stereotype threat were not phrased strongly enough to elicit poorer performance on the CVLT-2 and RCFT in the memory stereotype threat group. Additionally, participants reported having a high level of education (i.e., a master’s degree was the modal educational level), which may have served as a buffer for memory stereotype threat. The findings call for future research to explore the impact of level of education on memory self-efficacy in older adults. Also, future research may focus on the impact of the strength of memory stereotype threat on memory performance.

23

Wang, Baihan, Olga Giannakopoulou, Isabelle Austin-Zimmerman, Haritz Irizar, Jasmine Harju-Seppänen, Eirini Zartaloudi, Anjali Bhat, Andrew McQuillin, Karoline Kuchenbäcker, and Elvira Bramon. "Adolescent Verbal Memory as a Psychosis Endophenotype: A Genome-Wide Association Study in an Ancestrally Diverse Sample." Genes 13, no. 1 (January 3, 2022): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13010106.

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Verbal memory impairment is one of the most prominent cognitive deficits in psychosis. However, few studies have investigated the genetic basis of verbal memory in a neurodevelopmental context, and most genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have been conducted in European-ancestry populations. We conducted a GWAS on verbal memory in a maximum of 11,017 participants aged 8.9 to 11.1 years in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study®, recruited from a diverse population in the United States. Verbal memory was assessed by the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, which included three measures of verbal memory: immediate recall, short-delay recall, and long-delay recall. We adopted a mixed-model approach to perform a joint GWAS of all participants, adjusting for ancestral background and familial relatedness. The inclusion of participants from all ancestries increased the power of the GWAS. Two novel genome-wide significant associations were found for short-delay and long-delay recall verbal memory. In particular, one locus (rs9896243) associated with long-delay recall was mapped to the NSF (N-Ethylmaleimide Sensitive Factor, Vesicle Fusing ATPase) gene, indicating the role of membrane fusion in adolescent verbal memory. Based on the GWAS in the European subset, we estimated the SNP-heritability to be 15% to 29% for the three verbal memory traits. We found that verbal memory was genetically correlated with schizophrenia, providing further evidence supporting verbal memory as an endophenotype for psychosis.

24

Lenzenweger, M. F., and J. M. Gold. "Auditory working memory and verbal recall memory in schizotypy." Schizophrenia Research 42, no. 2 (April 2000): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00121-8.

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25

Selby, Michael J., Naomi Ling, J. Michael Williams, and Amanda Dawson. "Interferon Beta 1-B in Verbal Memory Functioning of Patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis." Perceptual and Motor Skills 86, no. 3 (June 1998): 1099–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.86.3.1099.

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The effects of interferon Beta 1-b (Betaseron) on verbal memory functioning was examined in 167 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and 112 matched normal controls. Subjects were administered 10 verbal memory tests from the Memory Assessment Scales and the Verbal subtests from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Analysis showed subjects treated with Betaseron ( n = 73) did not perform significantly better on measures of verbal memory or verbal ability than subjects not receiving the drug ( n = 94), although the mean performance of treated subjects was higher across all verbal memory tests. Both groups of patients performed significantly worse on verbal memory subtests measuring list acquisition, delayed list recall, delayed cued recall, and the immediate and delayed recall of names and faces than control subjects. Although patients had lower performance scores across all memory tests than the control subjects, their scores were not within the impaired range. These results do not permit a clear conclusion about the effects of Betaseron on verbal memory for any effect is probably obscured by the relatively preserved cognitive functioning of this outpatient sample.

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Philipose, Lisa E., Hannah Alphs, Vivek Prabhakaran, and Argye E. Hillis. "Testing Conclusions From Functional Imaging of Working Memory with Data From Acute Stroke." Behavioural Neurology 18, no. 1 (2007): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/396946.

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Functional imaging studies indicate that the left hemisphere mediates verbal working memory, while the right hemisphere mediates both verbal and spatial working memory. We evaluated acute stroke patients with working memory tests and imaging to identify whether unilateral dysfunction causes deficits in spatial and/or verbal working memory deficits. While left cortical stroke patients had verbal working memory impairments (p< 0.003), right cortical stroke patients had both verbal (p< 0.007) and spatial working memory (p< 0.03) impairments, confirming functional imaging results. Patients with transient ischemic stroke and patients with non-cortical stroke did not have significant deficits in working memory in either modality.

27

Levorato, Maria Chiara, Maja Roch, and Elena Florit. "Role of Verbal Memory in Reading Text Comprehension of Individuals With Down Syndrome." American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 116, no. 2 (March 1, 2011): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-116.2.99.

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Abstract This study analyzed the relationship between verbal memory and reading text comprehension in individuals with Down syndrome. The hypothesis that verbal memory provides unique contribution to reading text comprehension after controlling for verbal skills was tested. Twenty-three individuals with Down syndrome (ages 11 years, 2 months–18 years, 1 month) were matched on reading text comprehension, which was the primary variable of interest, with 23 typically developing children (ages 6 years, 2 months–7 years, 1 month). The two groups were compared on verbal skills and verbal memory. The results showed that working memory (concurrent storage and processing functions), but not short-term memory, predicted unique variance in reading text comprehension, after the verbal skills were controlled for. No group differences emerged in the relationship between verbal memory and reading text comprehension.

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Kennedy, Ryan J., Donald M. Quinlan, and Thomas E. Brown. "Comparison of Two Measures of Working Memory Impairments in 220 Adolescents and Adults With ADHD." Journal of Attention Disorders 23, no. 14 (August 1, 2016): 1838–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054716661232.

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Objective: This study tests the hypotheses that (a) adolescents and adults with ADHD score lower on two normed measures of verbal working memory, relative to their overall verbal abilities, than the general population and (b) a specific story memory test is a more sensitive and relevant measure of working memory impairment than a numerically based test. Method: Scores on normed story memory and numerical memory tests of 220 adolescents and adults with ADHD were corrected for the individual’s verbal abilities and compared with each other and national norms. Results: Participants with ADHD scored significantly below their verbal ability measure on both verbal and numerically based memory tests in comparison with national norms. Scores on verbal memory test were lower than scores for numerically based memory tests. Conclusion: This story memory test is a more sensitive measure of working memory impairments in adolescents and adults with ADHD than measures based on recall of numerical data.

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Jackson, Emily, Suze Leitão, Mary Claessen, and Mark Boyes. "Working, Declarative, and Procedural Memory in Children With Developmental Language Disorder." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63, no. 12 (December 14, 2020): 4162–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00135.

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Purpose Previous research into the working, declarative, and procedural memory systems in children with developmental language disorder (DLD) has yielded inconsistent results. The purpose of this research was to profile these memory systems in children with DLD and their typically developing peers. Method One hundred four 5- to 8-year-old children participated in the study. Fifty had DLD, and 54 were typically developing. Aspects of the working memory system (verbal short-term memory, verbal working memory, and visual–spatial short-term memory) were assessed using a nonword repetition test and subtests from the Working Memory Test Battery for Children. Verbal and visual–spatial declarative memory were measured using the Children's Memory Scale, and an audiovisual serial reaction time task was used to evaluate procedural memory. Results The children with DLD demonstrated significant impairments in verbal short-term and working memory, visual–spatial short-term memory, verbal declarative memory, and procedural memory. However, verbal declarative memory and procedural memory were no longer impaired after controlling for working memory and nonverbal IQ. Declarative memory for visual–spatial information was unimpaired. Conclusions These findings indicate that children with DLD have deficits in the working memory system. While verbal declarative memory and procedural memory also appear to be impaired, these deficits could largely be accounted for by working memory skills. The results have implications for our understanding of the cognitive processes underlying language impairment in the DLD population; however, further investigation of the relationships between the memory systems is required using tasks that measure learning over long-term intervals. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.13250180

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Strandberg, Maria, Peter Mannfolk, Lars Stenberg, Hanna Ljung, Ia Rorsman, Elna-Marie Larsson, Danielle van Westen, and Kristina Källén. "A Functional MRI-Based Model for Individual Memory Assessment in Patients Eligible for Anterior Temporal Lobe Resection." Open Neuroimaging Journal 11, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874440001711010001.

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Title:A functional (f) MRI-based model for individual memory assessment in patients eligible for temporal lobe resection.Aim:To investigate if pre-operative fMRI memory paradigms, add predictive information with regard to post-surgical memory deficits.Methods:Fourteen pharmacoresistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) patients accepted for Anterior Temporal Lobe Resection (ATLR) were included. A clinical risk assessment score (RAS 0-3) was constructed from structural MRI, neuropsychological testing and hemisphere dominance. fMRI lateralization indices (LIs) over frontal language and medial temporal regions were calculated. Predictive value from clinical risk scoring and added value from fMRI LIs were correlated to post-surgical memory change scores (significant decline -1 SD). Verbal memory outcome was classified either as expected (RAS 2-3 and post-operative decline; RAS 0-1 and intact post-operative verbal memory) or as unexpected (RAS 2-3 and intact post-operative verbal memory post-surgery; RAS 0-1 and post-operative decline).Results:RAS for verbal memory decline exhibited a specificity of 67% and a sensitivity of 75%. Significant correlations were found between frontal language LIs and post-operative verbal memory (r = -0.802; p = 0.017) for left (L) TLE and between medial temporal lobe LIs and visuospatial memory (r = 0.829; p = 0.021), as well as verbal memory (r = 0.714; p = 0.055) for right (R) TLE. Ten patients had expected outcome and four patients had an unexpected outcome. In two MRI-negative RTLE patients that suffered significant verbal memory decline post-operatively, fMRI identified bilateral language and right lateralized medial temporal verbal encoding. In two LTLE patients with MRI pathology and verbal memory dysfunction, neither RAS nor fMRI identified the risk for aggravated verbal memory decline following ATLR.Conclusion:fMRI visualization of temporal-frontal network activation may add value to the pre-surgical work-up in epilepsy patients eligible for ATLR. Frontal language patterns are important for prediction in both L and RTLE. Strong left lateralized language in LTLE, as well as bilateral language combined with right lateralized encoding in RTLE, seems to indicate an increased risk for post-operative verbal memory decline.

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Postle, Bradley R. "Context in verbal short-term memory." Memory & Cognition 31, no. 8 (December 2003): 1198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03195803.

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Toichi, Motomi. "Verbal Memory in Autism Spectrum Disorder." Higher Brain Function Research 36, no. 2 (2016): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2496/hbfr.36.201.

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Chen, Zhjian, and Nelson Cowan. "How verbal memory loads consume attention." Memory & Cognition 37, no. 6 (September 2009): 829–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/mc.37.6.829.

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Lucidi, Annalisa, Naomi Langerock, Violette Hoareau, Benoît Lemaire, Valérie Camos, and Pierre Barrouillet. "Working memory still needs verbal rehearsal." Memory & Cognition 44, no. 2 (October 7, 2015): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13421-015-0561-z.

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35

Andrews, Glenda, Graeme S. Halford, David H. K. Shum, Annick Maujean, Mark Chappell, and Damian P. Birney. "Verbal learning and memory following stroke." Brain Injury 28, no. 4 (April 1, 2014): 442–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2014.888758.

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36

Smith, David G., Lionel Standing, and Anton de Man. "Verbal Memory Elicited by Ambient Odor." Perceptual and Motor Skills 74, no. 2 (April 1992): 339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1992.74.2.339.

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This study examined whether an ambient odor can act as a contextual cue for retrieval of verbal stimuli. Subjects ( N = 47) learned a list of 24 words while exposed to one of two odors (either jasmine incense or Lauren perfume) and subsequently relearned the list with either the same or the alternative odor present. Superior memory for the word list was found when the odor present during the relearning session was the same one that had been present at the time of initial learning, thereby demonstrating context-dependent memory. There were no differences in initial learning between the two odor conditions. No differences in pleasantness or intensity were found between the odors.

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Stowe, L. A., A. A. Wijers, A. T. M. Willemsen, A. M. J. Paans, G. Mulder, and F. Zwarts. "Syntactic complexity and verbal working memory." NeuroImage 3, no. 3 (June 1996): S460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(96)80462-9.

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38

Chapieski, Lynn, Karen Evankovich, Merrill Hiscock, and Robert Collins. "Everyday verbal memory and pediatric epilepsy." Epilepsy & Behavior 21, no. 3 (July 2011): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.04.055.

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39

Russo, Riccardo, and Hans Spinnler. "Implicit Verbal Memory in Alzheimer's Disease." Cortex 30, no. 3 (September 1994): 359–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-9452(13)80335-8.

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40

Martin, Randi C. "Further fractionations of verbal working memory." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 1 (February 1999): 106–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99351785.

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41

Smith, T. E., J. M. Fiszdon, J. F. McClough, J. R. Jaramillo, and M. D. Bell. "Verbal memory learning potential in schizophrenia." Schizophrenia Research 60, no. 1 (March 2003): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(03)80999-4.

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Sepulcre, Jorge, Joseph C. Masdeu, Maria A. Pastor, Joaquín Goñi, Carla Barbosa, Bartolomé Bejarano, and Pablo Villoslada. "Brain pathways of verbal working memory." NeuroImage 47, no. 2 (August 2009): 773–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.04.054.

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Green, Michael F., B. D. Marshall, William C. Wirshing, Donna Ames, Stephen R. Marder, Susan McGurk, Robert S. Kern, and Jim Mintz. "Risperidone's effects on verbal working memory." Schizophrenia Research 24, no. 1-2 (January 1997): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(97)82613-8.

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VAN DEN NOORT, MAURITS, PEGGY BOSCH, KATRIEN MONDT, and SABINA LIM. "Improving Verbal Memory Performance in Schizophrenia." American Journal of Psychiatry 166, no. 12 (December 2009): 1412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09081092.

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MACREADY, NORRA. "Chemotherapy Affects Executive Function, Verbal Memory." Family Practice News 35, no. 4 (February 2005): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-7073(05)71495-x.

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Ween, J. E., M. Verfaellie, and M. P. Alexander. "Verbal memory function in mild aphasia." Neurology 47, no. 3 (September 1, 1996): 795–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.47.3.795.

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Ettlinger, Marc, E. W. Yund, Timothy J. Herron, and David L. Woods. "Phonological confusions in verbal working memory." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 134, no. 5 (November 2013): 4232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4831552.

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BELL, MORRIS D., GARY BRYSON, and BRUCE WEXLER. "Verbal Working Memory Impairment in Schizophrenia." American Journal of Psychiatry 158, no. 4 (April 2001): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.4.660.

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Spiers, P. A., D. Myers, G. S. Hochanadel, H. R. Lieberman, and R. J. Wurtman. "Citicoline Improves Verbal Memory in Aging." Archives of Neurology 53, no. 5 (May 1, 1996): 441–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1996.00550050071026.

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Hermann, Bruce. "Verbal Memory and Duration of Epilepsy." Epilepsy & Behavior 3, no. 2 (April 2002): 198–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ebeh.2002.0331.

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