Дисертації з теми "Verbal communicative action"

Висвітлено результати аналізу реалізації комунікативної стратегії критики в англомовному кінодискурсі. Зауважено, що критика є стратегією, комунікативним наміром суб’єкта якої є висловлення негативної оцінки об’єкта, як правило, людини, через невідповідність його/її поведінки онтологічним (утилітарним) нормам. Зроблено такі висновки: бенефіціантом критики є об’єкт оцінки: приведення поведінки у відповідність з утилітарними нормами піде йому/їй на користь; висловлення критики, як правило, ініціюються суб’єктом оцінки; за способом втілення комунікативні дії критики є вербальними і невербальними; вербальні висловлення критики мають як експліцитний, так і імпліцитний спосіб вираження; вербальні і невербальні комунікативні дії критики доповнюють одна одну, взаємодіючи за принципом координації; висловлення критики можуть бути спрямованими на самого себе, втілюючи самокритику.
The article presents the results of the analysis of the communicative strategy of criticism realized in the English cinema discourse. The research is done within the methodological framework of the cognitive-discursive approach to language where the criticism communicative strategy is viewed as a verbal / co-verbal expression of a negative assessment of a certain object (usually, a person) as demonstrating behaviour that deviates from the ontological (utilitarian) norms. The communicative intention of the subject of criticism is realised through verbal and co-verbal actions which interact on the principles of coordination. The verbal expression of criticism can be explicit, employing, among other means, negatively coloured nouns and adjectives, or implicit, employing rhetoric questions or any other linguistic units that can be interpreted as criticism in the situation of communication. Verbal utterances of criticism can be self-addressed to express self-criticism. The theoretical value of the research is determined by the implementation of the cognitive-discursive approach which makes it possible to analyse a speech strategy as a cognitive phenomenon, and its practical value is determined by the possibility of using the methodical technique developed in the paper to analyse other communicative strategies.

Parler une langue ou communiquer avec des gestes signifie adapter un comportement déterminé par des règles complexes dans une situation de communication donnée. Notre recherche porte l'intérêt sur l'occurrence de trois gestes conventionnels: pointage, affirmation et négation gestuels et la possibilité de distinguer leurs différentes fonctions en prenant en compte la combinaison de ces gestes et les actes de langage en tant que vecteurs de la direction de l'intention, à partir de la classification de Searle et Vanderveken (1985). Nous serons spectateurs du passage de l'étape pré-linguistique à l'étape linguistique et nous observerons comment l'enfant mobilise toutes ses capacités communicatives pour manifester ses états mentaux et atteindre ses objectifs en utilisant différentes stratégies en interaction avec l'adulte. Le cadre théorique sur lequel nous nous basons pour analyser les aspects étudiés s'appuie sur les travaux de Searle et Vanderveken (1985), Bernicot (1992, 1998), Bruner (2002), Kerbrat-Orecchioni (2001) et Guidetti (2003). Ce travail utilise une méthodologie qualitative et quantitative pour l'analyse de données. On travaille en deux temps, d'abord on fait une analyse transversale, ainsi on observera la production de ces éléments dans les interactions de six enfants entre dix-huit mois et six ans. Le corpus est composé de deux tranches d'âge. Dans un deuxième temps, on fera l'analyse d'une étude de cas pour rendre compte de l'évolution diachronique des éléments étudiés
To speak a language or communicate with gestures means adapting a behavior determined by complex rules in a given communication situation. This research focuses on the occurrence of three conventional gestures: pointing, gestures of affirmation and negation. Using the classification of Searle and Vanderveken (1985), it also takes into account combinations of those gestures and speech acts that help the speaker convey their intention, combinations which also enable us to distinguish the gestures' various functions. The shift from the pre-linguistic to the linguistic stage has been under scrutiny, and we'll study how children use all their communicative abilities to express their mental state and reach their objectives by using different strategies in their interactions with adults. The theoretical frame on which this study is based relies on the works of Searle and Vanderverken (1985), Bernicot (1992, 1998), Bruner (2002), Kerbat-Orecchioni (2001) and Guidetti (2003). For this work, the data has been analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. There have been two phases in this work: first, we make a transversal analysis to observe the production of these elements in the interactions of six children aged between 18 months and six years old. The corpus has been divided into two age groups. Second, we've analyzed a case study to account for the diachronic evolution of the studied elements
Hablar una lengua o comunicarse a través de gestos significa adaptar un comportamiento determinado por reglas complejas en una situación específica. Nuestra investigación se centra en la ocurrencia de tres gestos convencionales : la señalización (pointage), la afirmación y negación gestuales, y la posibilidad de distinguir diferentes funciones, tomando en cuenta la combinación de estos gestos y los Actos de Lenguaje como vectores de la dirección de la intención, a partir de la clasificación de Searle y Vanderveken (1985). Seremos espectadores de la transición de la etapa pre-lingüística a la etapa lingüística, y observaremos cómo el niño moviliza todas sus capacidades comunicativas para manifestar sus estados mentales y logra sus objetivos utilizando diferentes estrategias en las interacciones con los adultos. El marco teórico para el análisis de los aspectos estudiados se apoya en los trabajos de Searle y Vanderveken (1985), Bernicot (1992, 1998), Bruner (2002), Kerbrat-Orecchioni (2001) et Guidetti (2003). Este trabajo utiliza una metodología cualitativa y cuantitativa para el análisis de datos. Expondremos una análisis transversal, de esta manera observaremos la producción de estos elementos en las interacciones de 6 niños entre 18 meses y 6 años. El corpus esta compuesto por dos segmentos etarios. Luego se realiza el análisis de un estudio de caso para dar cuenta de la evolución diacrónica de los elementos estudiados

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition which results in severe motor impairment. Deterioration in multiple domains of cognition is another hallmark of PD. Together, these motor and cognitive impairments impact substantially on language and communication. Co-speech gestures are a form of action and are also part of linguistic processes, yet have rarely been explored in PD. Gestures can provide imagistic depictions of concepts described by speech and contribute to communication in healthy individuals. They rely on visual, spatial, and motor simulations and imagery, which may be impaired in PD. It is therefore of clinical importance to evaluate how co-speech gestures might be impaired to understand the extent of communicative impairment in PD. PD can also provide a useful model to understanding the cognitive basis of co-speech gesture in healthy people. In Chapter 2, participants described isolated actions. Gesture rate did not differ between the two groups, however, the groups differed in terms of the visual perspective they adopted when depicting actions in gesture. Controls preferred a “character viewpoint” or first-person perspective where their hands represented the hands of the actor, whereas PD patients preferred an “observer viewpoint” or third-person perspective, where their hand represented a whole person. This finding was replicated and extended in Chapter 3 where low-motion and high-motion actions were described in a longer narrative task. PD patients produced fewer character viewpoint gestures when describing high-motion action events, suggesting a difficulty in simulating these events from a first-person perspective. In addition, PD patients had difficult depicting “manner” (how an action is performed) features in gesture during high but not low motion. Extending the findings of Chapter 2, whilst overall rate of gesture production was not affected, PD patients produced action gestures at a significantly lower rate than controls. Chapter 4 took a different focus by investigating gesture depictions of static spatial (rather than dynamic action) features via a house description task. Gesture rate did not differ, but the groups depicted different types of spatial properties to a different extent. Whilst both groups predominantly gestured about location and relative position information, PD patients gestured more about directions whereas controls gestures more about shape and size information. This suggests that different strategies were being employed by the two groups. Finally, testing young adults’ comprehension of these spatial gestures in Chapter 5 revealed that gestures did not significantly improve comprehension of either PD patients’ or controls’ spoken messages, though there may have been ceiling effects. However, both PD patients and controls were viewed as more competent when their messages were viewed with gestures. The findings suggest a selective action-gesture deficit in PD which complements work demonstrating action-verb impairments in these patients, and supports gesture production theories which hypothesise a role for motor simulations and imagery. Overall gesture rate appears to be largely unaffected. The effects of PD can be felt beyond changes to goal-directed action, in the realms of language and social behaviour, but gestures may be able to improve listeners’ social perceptions of PD patients.

Les manifestations spontanées de l'émotion sont étudiées durant la résolution d'un problème. Les variations de conductance cutané et les expressions faciales sont mises en correspondance avec les événements d'échec et de réussite de la résolution. La modulation de ces manifestations est ensuite examinée en fonction de la dimension sociale de la situation et de la nature stressante de la tâche. Nos résultats mettent en évidence des variations physiologiques et expressives spécifiques aux impasses et aux atteintes de sous-buts. Ils mettent en évidence le lien entre les difficultés rencontrées dans la résolution et les manifestations spontanées de l'émotion. Les résultats relatifs aux éléments modulateurs des manifestations de l'émotion rendent compte de l'effet de la dimension sociale sur les composantes physiologiques de l'émotion et de l'effet de la nature stressante de la tâche sur les composantes expressives. Ces manifestations spontanées de l'émotion durant la résolution d'un problème sont interprétées dans le cadre général des théories de l'évaluation, à la lumière des données relatives aux travaux sur la communication non-verbale et sur les liens entre émotion et résolution de problème
The spontaneous manifestations of emotion are studied during a problem solving. The relations between variations of skin conductance and facial expressions with the solving events of failure and success are studied. We examine the modulation of these manifestations according to the social dimension of the situation and the stressing nature of the task. Our results highlight specific physiological and expressive variations in impasse situations and sub-goals reaching. They underline the relationship between the difficulties encountered in the solving and the spontaneous manifestations of the emotion. The results relating to the modulating elements of the emotional manifestations show the effect of social dimension on the physiological components of the emotion and the effect of the stressing nature of the task on the expressive components. These spontaneous manifestations of the emotion during the problem solving are interpreted within the general framework of the appraisal theories, in the light of the data relating to works on the nonverbal communication and the relationship between emotion and problem solving

La Communication facilitée (CF), méthode d'écriture accompagnée, pose des questions scientifiques de validité en étant confondue avec la Psychophanie, méthode dérivée et pratiquée en France, ne permettant pas de distinguer qui écrit. Pour identifier l'origine des messages produits en CF et en Psychophanie, il faut distinguer aussi clairement que possible ces deux méthodes. En filmant avec deux caméras les mains et les visages de six facilités, jeunes adultes autistes non verbaux lors de leurs séances habituelles, nous expérimentons progressivement une modulation du soutien psychomoteur et observons que, par exemple, Amar et Brice présentent chacun séparément des corrélations entre comportements, situations et textes écrits dans plus de cinquante extraits vidéo. Nous observons aussi que Brice et Carine, facilités par la même facilitante, ont produit en 14 séances, des phrases dont le nombre n’est pas significativement différent mais dont les durées sont significativement différentes. Dans la seconde partie nous pratiquons des tests de capacité de lecture avec Brice puis de passage de message (message passing procédure) positifs avec sa facilitante et enfin de modulation du soutien avec une instrumentation accélérométrique. L'observation en vidéo de corrélations multimodales, les tests comportementaux en facilitation, les mesures temporelles et accélérométriques nous montrent, en CF, une contribution discernable des facilités qui devient moins ou non discernable en Psychophanie confirmant la nécessité de distinguer la CF, où le facilité contrôle, au moins en partie, le processus d’écriture sur le plan visuo-moteur, de la Psychophanie où le facilité semble ne rien contrôler
An augmentative and alternative communication method, Facilitated Communication (FC), raises serious questions regarding origin and therefore credibility of the texts produced by persons having autism. This controversy is partly due to confusion between two methods of facilitation: Facilitated Communication and Psychophany (a method derived from FC and mostly used in France). The present exploratory study aims at identifying origin of the messages produced via FC and Psychophany, and at differentiating these two methods. We first analyze systematically clinical video observations of 6 young non-verbal adults with autism, while practicing FC during regular sessions with their facilitators, and while modulating the psychomotor support of the subjects. Fine video analyses from 2 subjects show 39 clear clinical correlations between behaviors and texts are extracted from 7 sessions in one adult (Brice) and 20 correlations from 4 sessions in another adult Amar. Besides, when comparing two subjects, Brice and Carine, who are facilitated by the same facilitator, we show that the number of sentences produced do not differ significantly, whereas the total time of writing differs significantly. In the second study, Brice and his facilitator are studied more deeply through various tests, reading tests, message passing procedure and psychophysical tests using an accelerometer. Results seem to confirm our first ones showing a contribution of the subject, Brice, to the writing process. Our study confirms necessity distinguishing FC, during which the subjects partly control the writing process at visuo-motor levels, from Psychophany where the subjects apparently do not control anything

Notre thèse, qui s’inscrit dans le champ de la linguistique interactionnelle. Elle porte sur les interactions au cours du repas entre amis dans les invitations en France. Basée sur les données audio et vidéo enregistrées en situation naturelle, cette étude empirique se donne pour but de montrer les modalités par lesquelles les participants co-construisent les deux activités principales déployées à table : « manger » et « parler ». Concernant l’activité de « manger », notre travail décrit en détail les interactions à partir du moment où les mangeurs s’installent à table jusqu’au moment où ils finissent le repas. Grâce à l’analyse verbale et multimodale, notre étude dégage les ressources linguistiques et multimodales mises en œuvre par les hôtes et les invités pour assurer le bon déroulement du repas. Quant à l’activité de « parler », elle est abordée à travers l’évaluation des plats servis. Notre analyse montre qu’à travers cette activité, les locuteurs expriment leur appréciation personnelle vis-à-vis des mets, en même temps qu’ils réalisent différents actions telles que complimenter, critiquer, s’auto-complimenter et s’auto-déprécier. L’enjeu de cette thèse est de mettre en lumière les principes connus mais inaperçus par lesquels les locuteurs français construisent l’interaction à table
My dissertation, which lies within the framework of international linguistics, is about the interaction during meals among friends in invitations in France. Based on audio and video data recorded in naturally-occurring situations, this empirical study aims to show the modalities by which the participants co-construct the two main activities observed at table: eating and talking. Concerning eating, the study describes in detail the interactions since the eaters sit down at the table until they finish the meal. On the basis of verbal and multimodal analysis, this study brings out the linguistic and multimodal resources used by the hosts and the guests in order to make sure of the course of the meal. As for talking, this dissertation focuses on the assessment on the dishes served. The analysis shows that through the assessment on the dishes served, the speakers express their personal observation about the food, as well, they realize various actions such as complimenting, criticizing, self-complimenting and self-depreciating. The key issue of this study is to shed light on the principles seen but unnoticed by which the French speakers construct interaction at table

Syftet med detta examensarbete är att få insikt i hur lärarens ickeverbala kommunikation och actio påverkar elevers motivation. Utifrån en etnografisk arbetsmetod observerades en svensklärare på en gymnasieskola under fyra lektionstimmar för att undersöka hur läraren kommunicerade med sina elever ickeverbalt. Parallellt med observationerna intervjuades både läraren och eleverna som deltog i undersökningen. Undersökningen visade att lärares ickeverbala kommunikation och actio har en stor påverkan på elevernas motivation, att denna påverkan sker omedelbart och att den kan förändras under en pågående lektion. När en lärare medvetandegör hur hon eller han kommunicerar med sina elever ickeverbalt kan aspekter som oavsiktlig och intuitiv kommunikation få en mindre påverkan på undervisningen. Detta bidrar i sin tur till att utveckla lärarens ickeverbala kompetens och på så sätt sin förmåga att motivera sina elever under hela lektionen.
The purpose of this thesis is to examine the influence of a teacher's non-verbal communication and actio on students' motivation. Based on an ethnographic working method, a Swedish-language teacher at a high school was observed during four lessons in order to examine how the teacher communicated non-verbally with the students of the class. In parallel with the observations, interviews were conducted with the teacher and the students who participated in the survey. The survey showed that a teacher's non-verbal communication and actio has very high impact on the motivation of students, that this impact is immediate and that it can change during an on-going lesson. When a teacher becomes aware of how he or she communicates with students non-verbally, aspects such as non-intentional and intuitive communication have a lesser influence on the tuition. This, in turn, contributes to the development of the teacher's competence and capability to distribute his or her energy, thereby staying motivated and maintaining the ability to motivate students for the full duration of a lesson.

The effects of the Covid-19 pandemic has put applicants searching for work in a different position. Due to the pandemic restrictions, job interviews are held digitally at home where most body language comes out of sight from the camera.  The aim of the thesis is to determine how the new situation affects an applicant’s ability to establish a legitimate ethos non verbally. With a qualitative method, three recruiters were interviewed after observing an applicant’s actio in a pre-recorded digital interview and their attitudes towards the applicant were later analysed. The result show that the applicants non verbal behaviors affected the recruiters’ final idea about the applicants ethos. Wanted characteristics such as eye contact are still wanted although it is hard to achieve in the digital format. This leads to ethical dilemmas when for example rather small gestures or dull private backgrounds affect an individual's chance of employment. Conclusions show that improving skills in actio for digital meeting purposes will become a desired rhetorical competence as it will become a future requirement for employers.

Previous studies show that students are often expected to speak in front of a group, but they receive little guidance on how they should proceed. The aim of this essay is to contribute to the area by a critical examination of the advice and exercises that appear in six textbooks for the Swedish subject in upper secondary school. The study focuses solely on body language and voice ("actio") in oral presentations.       Through a qualitative text analysis, the study examines what is considered to characterize a good actio according to the textbooks and how students are expected to acquire these abilities. The essay also sheds light on how the content of textbooks can be understood in relation to the theory ”actiokapitalet” (Gelang, 2008). The result show that contact with the audience through gaze, variation in the use of voice and a lack of nervous expressions, is considered desirable. In the textbooks, students are often encouraged to develop actio through listening to feedback. Within actiokapitalet, a holistic perspective on actio is emphasized, as well as the fact that body language and the use of voice depend on the social context. The content of the books can both be considered compatible with, and deviating from, the theory. In the concluding discussion, I claim that ”actiokapitalet” contributes with an in-depth perspective on the textbooks and I call for further studies where the theory is tested in teaching.

The thesis deals with social communication in economic education with special focus on actual level of students' communication abilities within selected institutions. The special attention is paid to the aspects and the competencies that are crucial to be developed. The work is divided into two parts and two related research problems. The base of the thesis lies in the application of rhetorical and social communication aspects into economic subjects in which the influence of these aspects on the quality of presentation is researched with the help of experimental method and observation. The presentation is focused on economic topic that is presented by students to their colleagues. The evaluation is focused on final quality of presentation (evaluated with the help of selected aspects). Next key part of the thesis is aimed on the development of students' ability to give the arguments in economic subject with the help of active teaching methods. The influence of active teaching methods on students' knowledge is assessed. The students are divided into two groups; the first one is taught with the help of active teaching methods, the second one via classic frontal teaching method. The knowledge of the topic is evaluated by didactic test. The fundamental meaning of active teaching methods with focus on argumentation is highlighted because of its crucial importance for future students' acting in the labour market. The importance of differences between pretest and posttest is evaluated via Paired Two Sample t-test; the importance of differences between experimental and control group via Student's t-test. The main methods used in the work are experiment, observation, scaling, survey, didactic test and statistic interpretations such a Shapiro-Wilk test, F-test, Paired Two Sample t-test, Student's t-test. On the basis of the results there will be suggested integration of rhetorical and communication aspects and of the selected active teaching methods into teaching of economic subjects. The purpose of the work is to show the importance of communication aspects integration into teaching of economic subjects and to suggest the possibilities how to develop the communication aspects.

Notre projet de recherche porte sur l’enseignement/apprentissage de l’oral en FLE aux étudiants russes de deuxième – et en partie de troisième - année de la faculté de langues de l’université pédagogique. Nous sommes notamment centrés sur l’agir de l’enseignant, celui-ci étant la figure clé assurant la progression du processus de l’apprentissage organisé dans une situation exolingue, en milieu hétéroglotte. Son rôle est plurifonctionnel, ses manifestations sont variables. Les polylogues pédagogiques se trouvent au cœur de nos analyses, dont le but est d’optimiser le processus d’enseignement/apprentissage par l’intermédiaire des modifications de l’agir de l’enseignant en y appliquant notre thèse du « naturel didactique » censée créer des conditions d’expression naturelles dans une situation didactique en motivant ainsi la parole des apprenants, d’une part, et en diminuant la dissymétrie des relations enseignant-apprenants, d’autre part.Les analyses quantitatives ont permis de dégager les particularités discursives des interactions verbales en groupe de FLE de l’université pédagogique russe, notamment la manière spécifique d’agir de l’enseignant. Les éléments dégagés de cette observation permettent d’ouvrir une réflexion sur la pédagogie à concevoir en contexte de la Russie
Our research project is concerned with the teaching/apprentiship of oral French in the « French as a Foreign Language » (FLE) program for Russian students in the second and, in part, third years in the Faculty of Languages of the teaching university of Vologda. We concentrated in particular on the action of the teacher, since the teacher is the key actor who ensures progress in the learning process in a situation using a non-native language in a foreign language context. The teacher assumes multiple functions with varying manifestations. Pedagogical polylogues are at the heart of our analyses. They aim to optimize the process of teaching/learning by modifying the action of the teacher via the application of our hypothesis of « natural didactics ». This method favors the creation of conditions allowing natural expression in a didactic situation by motivating the learners to speak on the one hand, and by reducing the asymmetry of the teacher-student relation on the other. Quantitative analyses allowed us to isolate particular aspects of verbal interaction in a FLE group within the Russian teaching university and in particular the specific action of the teacher. The results of these observations open up the possibility of a study of pedagogical methods appropriate for use in Russia

Nous menons une enquête longitudinale dans un dispositif de pré-formation auprès des formateurs et des jeunes peu qualifiés et ainsi en difficulté d’insertion sociale et professionnelle. Nous relevons les marqueurs d’apprentissage et de développement des jeunes par l’analyse des interactions verbales et des entretiens. Les résultats montrent l’importance de la socialisation du jeune novice par son interaction verbale avec le formateur expert des situations sociales. Dans le sens de Vygotsky, l’interaction est considérée comme une « Situation Sociale de Développement » qui vise à ce que le jeune apprenne les situations par leur ré-interprétation par le formateur. Ce travail mène à la transformation de ses activités cognitive et opératoire nécessaires à la maîtrise des situations et à l’adoption appropriée des règles qui régissent les espaces physiques, sociaux et culturels, avec des personnes étrangères à l’environnement social habituel du jeune
We conduct a longitudinal survey in a scheme for pre-training for trainers and youth with poor skills and thus in great difficulty of social and professional integration. We identify markers for young people’s learning and development of the verbal interactions and interviews. The results show the importance of socialization of young novice through his verbal interaction with the trainer who is expert with social situations. As discussed by Vygotsky, interaction is considered "Social Situation of Development" who aims to ensure that young people learn the situations through their reinterpretation by the trainer. This work leads to the transformation of young people’s cognitive and operational activities necessary for controlling situations and to the appropriate adoption of rules that govern the physical, social and cultural spaces, with people outside the usual social environment of young people

El cuerpo humano emite constantemente mensajes a través del cuerpo y del rostro. Al hacerlo también expresa las emociones que intervienen en la comunicación. Sin embargo, el movimiento natural o cotidiano tiene cierto límite de movilidad, en consecuencia las emociones terminan reflejándose en su mayor parte sabre el rostro, a través de expresiones faciales. El presente estudio pretende investigar el potencial expresivo y comunicativo de los movimientos gimnásticos entendiendo que éstos llevan al límite la movilidad del cuerpo. Creemos que profundizando sobre los sistemas de comunicación no verbal como la quinésica, la proxémica y la cronémica en relación con las emociones universales podremos tener el conocimiento necesario para implantarlos en el movimiento gimnástico y por tanto connotar este tipo de movimiento con emoción universal. Al ejecutar un movimiento gimnástico dentro de una situación ficticia o artística se tiende a separar la emoción del movimiento, por lo que no se aprovecha el virtuosismo motor para comunicar, mas bien el movimiento gimnastico se ejecuta como alarde embellecedor de la situación. Para ello hemos reestructurado las fases del movimiento gimnástico, para que la comunicación de dichos movimientos pueda expresarse con mayor claridad. Estos movimientos reestructurados se han incluido en la muestra, la cual analizamos posteriormente a través de los sistemas de comunicación no verbal (autoobservación) y a traves de la observación de las emociones universales (observación externa).
The human body constantly emits messages through the body and face. Doing so also expresses the emotions involved in communication. However, the natural or daily movement has a certain limit of mobility, consequently the emotions end up being reflected for the most part on the face, through facial expressions. The present study aims to investigate the expressive and communicative potential of the gymnastic movements, understanding that they carry the mobility of the body to the limit. We believe that deepening on non-verbal communication systems such as the kinetic, proxemic and chronemic in relation to universal emotions we can have the necessary knowledge to implant them in the gymnastic movement and therefore connote this type of movement with universal emotion. When executing a gymnastic movement within a fictional or artistic situation tends to separate the emotion from the movement, so it does not take advantage of the motor virtuosity to communicate, rather . the gymnastic movement runs as a beautyful thing of the situation. For this we have restructured the phases of the gymnastic movement, so that the communication of these movements can be expressed with greater clarity. These restructured movements have been included in the sample, which we analyze later through the systems of nonverbal communication (self-observation) and through observation of the universal emotions (external observation).

This essay aims to analyze how Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump communicated verbally and non-verbally during the second presidential debate of the 2016 US election. To do this the essay utilizes a method focused on analyzing actio. The essay also analyses main trends in the rhetoric’s of the candidates. To aid the findings from this analysis the essay takes support from theories such as Impression management, footing, face as well as different theories in representation, including stereotypes, gender in politics and the construction of otherness.   The results that the study reached where that very little critic could be raised towards Clinton's actio except for questioning how effective her choice to face the live audience instead of the tv audience was. That only a few major errors could be found in Clinton's actio & her rhetoric as well, was theorized to be due to the stark contrast of her errors against Trump's which many times where a lot worse. The study also found some similarities in how to candidates used similar rhetorical and, to some extent, actio techniques to compel their audience, thou stark differences could be found in the execution of said techniques. Further the study could not point to any definite female or male use of body language, but theorized that this is due to the nature of a political debate and how Clinton might have adapted to the male dominated world of politics. Finally, in the end discussion a speculation was raised that whoever the audience perceived as a “winner” of the debate came down largely to pre-perceived notions of each candidate at least when it came to body language and rhetoric.

Cette thèse porte sur l'usage par le professeur de modalités non-verbales de communication. Nous faisons appel à des concepts issus de la didactique des mathématiques (Brousseau, 1998) et de l'anthropologie. Ces outils nous permettent de penser les situations de classe et l'action du professeur ; ils servent d'arrière-fond à la mise au point d'une méthodologie spécifique d'analyse de données vidéoscopiques, basée sur une approche proxémique (Hall, 1971). Cette méthodologie nous permet, à travers plusieurs études empiriques, de rendre compte de l'usage par le professeur de techniques du corps. Celles-ci se manifestent en synergie avec d'autres techniques, matérielles et langagières, pour permettre au professeur d'assumer la relation didactique (Sensevy, Mercier, Shubauer-Leoni, 2000). Les résultats de la recherche nous conduisent à envisager en conclusion les aspects didactiques, méthodologiques et épistémologiques de ce type d'analyse.

L'apprentissage de geste est un processus complexe, impliquant de nombreux processus sous-jacents (psychomoteurs, cognitifs, biophysiques). Cet apprentissage peut être divisé en plusieurs grandes phases, définies par la capacité de l'apprenant à produire et à percevoir son geste. A l'instar d'un formateur adaptant son discours et son attitude à l'apprenant, un environnement d'apprentissage doit pouvoir adapter les aides qu'il fournit, d'une part en analysant l'état de l'apprenant, et d'autre part en prédisant les aides qui bénéficieront à son apprentissage. Nous proposons une approche modélisant les interactions entre l'apprenant et l'environnement d'apprentissage; c'est-à-dire l'évolution de l'état de l'apprenant en fonction des configurations successives de l'environnement, permettant une adaptation automatique et dynamique de la sélection d'aides. En s'appuyant sur des travaux portant sur la reconnaissance de gestes et les tuteurs intelligents, nous proposons un cadre formel permettant de représenter la qualité de l'activité gestuelle dans un espace métrique. Cette représentation interprète les résultats issus de modèles probabilistes comme des variables floues illustrant le niveau de l'apprenant sur chacune des dimensions du geste. Nous représentons l'environnement comme l'ensemble des actions possibles, chaque action étant représentée par un vecteur de paramètres estimant la situation dans laquelle l'action est la plus pertinente. Dans un premier temps, ces paramètres sont fixés par des experts, et nous considérons cette expertise comme parfaite. Dans un second temps, nous étudions une problématique omniprésente dans les domaines des environnements d'apprentissage, qui fait état de l'écart entre l’expertise et la réalité. Les domaines "mal définis" sont en effet répandus, du fait du coût et de la difficulté à réunir des experts, et de la complexité inhérente à la définition précise d'un domaine. Ne considérant plus le seul avis des experts, le processus de sélection d 'aides peut alors être vu comme une séquence de décisions dont l'objectif est de proposer à chaque itération l'action qui maximisera le gain en matière d'apprentissage. En s'appuyant sur des travaux récents portant sur les séquences de décisions, notre approche considère le processus de sélection d'aides comme un problème de bandit. Le problème de bandit vise à maximiser un gain lors d'une séquence de décisions, et modélise le compromis entre exploration (choisir une action dont l'influence est inconnue), et exploitation (choisir la meilleure action connue). Nous proposons dans ce cadre une extension des méthodes SoftMax. L'implémentation de notre modèle sur une plateforme d'apprentissage de la calligraphie a été réalisée dans le cadre d'une collaboration avec des experts de ce domaine. Nous montrons, au travers de deux cas d’étude, l'intérêt de notre modèle pour l'apprentissage de la calligraphie. Dans le premier cas d’étude, l'adaptation est construite depuis notre représentation du geste, et un ensemble de règles fixées par des experts. Nous y montrons l'avantage apporté par l'apport d'une diversité d'aides. Dans le second cas d'étude, nous comparons deux types d 'adaptation : une adaptation basée sur des règles, et une adaptation basée sur notre approche dynamique. Nous montrons les différences entre ces deux approches, et illustrons les avantages de l'approche dynamique lorsque les règles sont imprécises
Gesture learning is a complex and multi-step process where trainees are supposed to improve several psychomotor and cognitive skills. This process can be divided into phases depending on trainees’ ability to perform and perceive their gestures. As human tutors adapt their behavior according to their perception and understanding of trainees learning situations' a learning environment should select an appropriate behavior from a representation of trainees’ learning states and a prediction of the potential influence of every possible behavior. The work presented in this document describes an approach modeling the interactions between a trainee and a learning environment: it represents trainees’ consecutive performances and the influence of the environment on these performances. This approach aims at permitting an adaptive selection of the pedagogical actions (i.e. behaviors) implemented in the environment. Relying on related works in the domains of gesture recognition and intelligent tutoring systems, we propose to represent the gestural activity in a metric space. This representation interprets results from a probabilistic mode as fuzzy variables highlighting trainees' level on every aspect of the gesture. We represent the environment as the set of actions it can select, every action being represented by a feature vector describing the learning situation maximizing the action's influence. As a first step, these features are given by a set of experts, and we consider the rules provided as perfect. As a second step, we study an ubiquitous issue in the field of learning environments, which is the difference between the rules provided by experts and the reality of trainees’ needs toward feedback. Ill-defined domains are indeed more and more common, as collecting expert knowledge is difficult and costly, and as studied learning domains are becoming more and more complex and difficult to define. In this second step, the selection process does not rely on expert knowledge, and this process can be seen as a sequence of decisions. At each iteration, the goal is thus to select the action which would maximize the reward in terms of benefits for trainees' learning. The action selection process is represented as a multi-armed bandit problem, where the goal is to compromise between exploration of unknown actions and exploitation of known actions. We present an extension of SoftMax methods which handles multi-dimensional contextual rewards. Taking advantage of the collaboration with calligraphy experts, a calligraphy training platform was implemented as part of this work. Two studies, where participants train on this platform, show the benefits of the proposed approach on calligraphy learning. In a first experiment, action selection is based on expert rules, and we show that providing a diversity of feedback improves skill acquisition. In a second experiment, we compare two configurations of the environment: a selection of actions based on expert rules, and a selection of actions based on the SoftMax method. We describe the difference between the influence of these two approaches on trainees' learning, and we point out the benefits of using dynamic rules

碩士
臺北市立大學
特殊教育學系
104
The purpose of this study was to explore the effectiveness of iPad AAC program intervention on a low verbal student with ASD to improve communication behavior. This was action research, which targeted participant was a low verbal student with ASD. Explore iPad AAC project intervention in the case of low verbal student with ASD through the implementation of action research and correction. Find out each stages of class behavior results on the project with (a) sensory experience, (b) concept formation, (c) symbolic understanding, (d) language comprehension and expression, and (e) generalization. After a year of action research, the results found that: 1.iPad AAC project intervention improve sensory experience stage of low verbal student with ASD. 2.iPad AAC project intervention improve concept formation stage of low verbal student with ASD. 3.iPad AAC project intervention improve symbolic understanding stage of low verbal student with ASD. 4.iPad AAC project intervention improve language comprehension and expression stage of low verbal student with ASD. 5.iPad AAC project intervention improve generalization stage of low verbal student with ASD. 6.iPad AAC project intervention improve good social validity of low verbal student with ASD. Implications for pedagogy and future research directions are provided.

碩士
臺北市立大學
語言治療碩士學位學程
103
The study is to investigate the music activities for promoting verbal communication of preschool children with and without special needs. The aims of the study are: 1. through the course of action to understand how music activities promote verbal communication of preschoolers with and without special needs; 2. to investigate the verbal communication and interaction between preschool children with and without special needs in music activities. This study adopted action research approach. The researchers is a preschool special education teacher and the participants are the students in her class. The researcher led all the music activities with four different themes once a week for 12 weeks. The data includes video-recording of the music activities in class, teaching observation log and teacher journal. Through the discussions with other co-teaching partners, it suggests that the quality and the frequencies of the communication and interaction between the preschoolers and other regular preschoolers are promoted. Also, the extent of teacher's assistance is gradually decreased in the music activities. From the feedback and the performance of the preschool children, factors related to the effectiveness of music activities are emerged. The findings of the study will provide some implications for practitioners and future research directions for other researchers.

Previous studies of the design studio have tended to treat learning to design as a matter of learning to think in the right way, despite the recognition that material artifacts and the ability to make and manipulate them in architectural ways is important to the design process. Through the use of empirical data gathered from watching design teachers and students in action, this thesis works to discover how material things and bodies are important to the fabrication of architectural meaning and architectural subjectivity within design studios. In particular the role of gesture is highlighted as doing important work in design studio knowledge practices.
The approach taken in this thesis is to treat design activity in design studios in a ‘post-human’ way. An analytical eye is turned to how things and people perform together and are organised in various ways, using Actor network theory (ANT) as a way to orientate the investigation. The assumption drawn from ANT is that that architectural meaning, knowledge and identity can positioned as network effects, enacted into being as the design studio is ‘done’ by the various actors — including material things, such as architectural representations, and human behaviours, such as gesture.
Gesture has been largely ignored by design studio researchers, perhaps because it tends to operate below the threshold of conscious awareness. Gesture is difficult to study because the meanings of most gestures produced during conversations are spontaneous and provisional. Despite this humans seem to be good interpreters of gesture. When studied in detail, ongoing design studio activity is found to rely on the intelligibility of gesture done in ‘architectural ways’. The main site for the observation of gesture during this study was the ‘desk crit’ where teachers and students confer about work in progress. In the data gathered for this thesis gesture is found to operate with representations in three key ways: explaining and describing architectural composition, ‘sticking’ spoken meanings strategically to representations and conveying the phenomenological experience of occupying architectural space – the passing of time, quality of light, texture and movement.
Despite the fact that most of the work of the thesis centres on human behaviour, the findings about the role of gesture and representation trouble the idea of the human as being at the centre of the action, putting the bodies of teachers and students amongst a crowd of non human others who participate together in design knowledge making practices.

The proposed thesis deals with the topic of body language in visual art and with understanding of body language as synergy of the innermost experience and the experience of the bodily form. The theoretical part of the thesis analyses psychological, anthropological and art historical literature published both in the Czech Republic and abroad. The point of departure for the theoretical part is the concept of interconnectedness of sensory perception, its cognitive analysis and the ensuing answer to the environment, focusing especially on the subjective character of these processes. In the practical part of the proposed thesis, an educational art project is designed, based on the results of the theoretical study in the first part and impulses from contemporary visual art (Eva Koťátková, Erwin Wurm, Miriam Cabessa and others). The aim of the educational part is to observe the processes mentioned above, concentrating especially on the creative expression through an artistic action and the experience of the individual.

6 Abstract This thesis aims to offer a comprehensive view of corporate communication while emphasizing its importance for everyday life of corporations and achievement of their strategic targets. The thesis introduces potential interpretations of corporate communication with the main focus on key moments of corporate communication as well as on consequences non-effective communication has on employee satisfaction and their life in the corporation. In the thesis I opted for the method of compilation and comparison of professional literature along with expert interviews which reveal the quality of internal communication in two selected corporations and prove one-sided view of communication inside corporations. The first part of the thesis provides a detailed look at characteristics of individual communication forms, knowledge of these characteristics being the cornerstone of further research in corporate communication. Besides, this part also describes the principles of active listening, a skill which is frequently omitted from the communication skill list. The second part deals with potential interpretations and divisions of corporate communication in professional literature and offers a thorough account of internal communication and its individual aspects. The following part looks at communication between...

This thesis describes a level of communication among a class teacher, her pupils and the pupils themselves in a master class at a first stage, where the author works. The aim of the class teacher is to develop communicative competences that will lead to more effective communication in the class among the class teacher, her pupils and pupils themselves. The theoretical part gives a support to the practical part based on theoretical knowledge. It formulates specifics of pedagogical communication, features verbal communication, observes effective ways and barriers in communication. It submits tools by Personal and social education defining. The tools can reach expected outputs in communication defined in the National Curriculum and the Minimum Preventive Programme. The author introduces the teacher's personality and his skills as possible factors that affect the pupil's development. The practical part monitors the initial situation in the classroom. On the basis of a teacher action research the teacher wants to enhance communication efficiency. She uses the particular method of observation, reflection, Personal and social education techniques, audio and video recordings analysis and additionally verbal evaluation. She also relies on the application of the preventive programme. Data collection and the...