Статті в журналах: "Venom Laboratory"

1

Segura, Álvaro, María Herrera, Mariángela Vargas, Mauren Villalta, Alfredo Uscanga-Reynell, Guillermo León, and José María Gutiérrez. "Preclinical efficacy against toxic activities of medically relevant Bothrops sp. (Serpentes: Viperidae) snake venoms by a polyspecific antivenom produced in Mexico." Revista de Biología Tropical 65, no. 1 (September 23, 2016): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v65i1.18908.

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The assessment of the preclinical neutralizing ability of antivenoms in Latin America is necessary to determine their scope of efficacy. This study was aimed at analyzing the neutralizing efficacy of a polyspecific bothropic-crotalic antivenom manufactured by BIRMEX in Mexico against lethal, hemorrhagic, defibrinogenating and in vitro coagulant activities of the venoms of Bothrops jararaca (Brazil), B. atrox (Perú and Colombia), B. diporus (Argentina), B. mattogrossensis (Bolivia), and B. asper (Costa Rica). Standard laboratory tests to determine these activities were used. In agreement with previous studies with bothropic antivenoms in Latin America, a pattern of cross-neutralization of heterologous venoms was observed. However, the antivenom had low neutralizing potency against defibrinogenating effect of the venoms of B. atrox (Colombia) and B. asper (Costa Rica), and failed to neutralize the in vitro coagulant activity of the venom of B. asper (Costa Rica) at the highest antivenom/venom ratio tested. It is concluded that, with the exception of coagulant and defibrinogenating activities of B. asper (Costa Rica) venom, this antivenom neutralizes toxic effects of various Bothrops sp venoms. Future studies are necessary to assess the efficacy of this antivenom against other viperid venoms.

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Nielsen, Vance G., Nathaniel Frank, and Sam Afshar. "De Novo Assessment and Review of Pan-American Pit Viper Anticoagulant and Procoagulant Venom Activities via Kinetomic Analyses." Toxins 11, no. 2 (February 6, 2019): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11020094.

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Snakebite with hemotoxic venom continues to be a major source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Our laboratory has characterized the coagulopathy that occurs in vitro in human plasma via specialized thrombelastographic methods to determine if venoms are predominantly anticoagulant or procoagulant in nature. Further, the exposure of venoms to carbon monoxide (CO) or O-phenylhydroxylamine (PHA) modulate putative heme groups attached to key enzymes has also provided mechanistic insight into the multiple different activities contained in one venom. The present investigation used these techniques to characterize fourteen different venoms obtained from snakes from North, Central, and South America. Further, we review and present previous thrombelastographic-based analyses of eighteen other species from the Americas. Venoms were found to be anticoagulant and procoagulant (thrombin-like activity, thrombin-generating activity). All prospectively assessed venom activities were determined to be heme-modulated except two, wherein both CO and its carrier molecule were found to inhibit activity, while PHA did not affect activity (Bothriechis schlegelii and Crotalus organus abyssus). When divided by continent, North and Central America contained venoms with mostly anticoagulant activities, several thrombin-like activities, with only two thrombin-generating activity containing venoms. In contrast, most venoms with thrombin-generating activity were located in South America, derived from Bothrops species. In conclusion, the kinetomic profiles of venoms obtained from thirty-two Pan-American Pit Viper species are presented. It is anticipated that this approach will be utilized to identify clinically relevant hemotoxic venom enzymatic activity and assess the efficacy of locally delivered CO or systemically administered antivenoms.

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Walker, Andrew A. "The evolutionary dynamics of venom toxins made by insects and other animals." Biochemical Society Transactions 48, no. 4 (August 5, 2020): 1353–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20190820.

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Animal venoms are recognised as unique biological systems in which to study molecular evolution. Venom use has evolved numerous times among the insects, and insects today use venom to capture prey, defend themselves from predators, or to subdue and modulate host responses during parasitism. However, little is known about most insect venom toxins or the mode and tempo by which they evolve. Here, I review the evolutionary dynamics of insect venom toxins, and argue that insects offer many opportunities to examine novel aspects of toxin evolution. The key questions addressed are: How do venomous animals evolve from non-venomous animals, and how does this path effect the composition and pharmacology of the venom? What genetic processes (gene duplication, co-option, neofunctionalisation) are most important in toxin evolution? What kinds of selection pressures are acting on toxin-encoding genes and their cognate targets in envenomated animals? The emerging evidence highlights that venom composition and pharmacology adapts quickly in response to changing selection pressures resulting from new ecological interactions, and that such evolution occurs through a stunning variety of genetic mechanisms. Insects offer many opportunities to investigate the evolutionary dynamics of venom toxins due to their evolutionary history rich in venom-related adaptations, and their quick generation time and suitability for culture in the laboratory.

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Lüddecke, Tim, Anne Paas, Lea Talmann, Kim N. Kirchhoff, Björn M. von Reumont, André Billion, Thomas Timm, Günter Lochnit, and Andreas Vilcinskas. "A Spider Toxin Exemplifies the Promises and Pitfalls of Cell-Free Protein Production for Venom Biodiscovery." Toxins 13, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080575.

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Arthropod venoms offer a promising resource for the discovery of novel bioactive peptides and proteins, but the limited size of most species translates into minuscule venom yields. Bioactivity studies based on traditional fractionation are therefore challenging, so alternative strategies are needed. Cell-free synthesis based on synthetic gene fragments is one of the most promising emerging technologies, theoretically allowing the rapid, laboratory-scale production of specific venom components, but this approach has yet to be applied in venom biodiscovery. Here, we tested the ability of three commercially available cell-free protein expression systems to produce venom components from small arthropods, using U2-sicaritoxin-Sdo1a from the six-eyed sand spider Hexophtalma dolichocephala as a case study. We found that only one of the systems was able to produce an active product in low amounts, as demonstrated by SDS-PAGE, mass spectrometry, and bioactivity screening on murine neuroblasts. We discuss our findings in relation to the promises and limitations of cell-free synthesis for venom biodiscovery programs in smaller invertebrates.

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5

Yusuf, P. O., S. Dahiru, M. P. Ameh, J. S. Oyetunde, G. Ada, E. S. Idoga, I. O. Akefe, C. U. Attah, and E. Ajagun. "Embryonated eggs as an alternative to animals in the determination of median lethal dose (LD50) in bitis venom." Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences 21, no. 1 (June 13, 2023): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v21i1.5.

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Determination of median lethal dose (LD50) is a vital tool adopted by the World Health Organization for pre-clinical assessment of products for use in the management of snakebite envenoming, a condition which is now included among the list of Neglected Tropical Diseases in 2017. The current trend in the determination of LD50 involves the use of laboratory animals, tens or even hundreds of animals are sacrificed to achieve this goal. This study aimed to find reliable alternatives to this sacrificing of laboratory animals for research purposes. This study investigated the comparative similarities or differences in results obtained from the use of laboratory animals and embryonated eggs in the determination of LD50 in snake venom research. The median lethal dose (LD50) was determined using female mice using the up and down method and Probit method as well as embryonated eggs. There was no statistical difference in the LD50 of the venom of Bitis arietans obtained by the up and down method and that of the conventional probit analysis (p≤0.05) (0.325 mg/kg [probit] and 0.351 mg/kg [up and down] respectively). There was also no statistical difference in the LD50 of the venom of Bitis arietans by the up and down method, conventional probit method, and by the use of embryonated eggs (p≤0.05) (0.325 mg/kg [probit], 0.351 mg/kg [up and down], and 0.392 mg/kg [embryonated eggs). The three methods used produced values of LD50 that were within the range reported on the Australian snake and venom database of 2007. The results suggest embryonated eggs can conveniently replace the use of laboratory animals in the determination of LD50 in snake venom research to ease the ethical challenges posed by excessive use of laboratory animals in snake venom research.

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6

Al-Rikabi, Zeyad G., Montaha Abdulkareem Al-Saffar, Huda S. Nassir, and Inam B. Falih. "Histopathological Study of Bee Venom with Different Concentrations in Laboratory Mice." Journal of Techniques 3, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.51173/jt.v3i4.389.

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Bee venom (BV) of Apis mellifer L has recently been utilized as a traditional medicine for treating a variety of medical conditions. When mice were given different concentrations of bee venom, it was found to be effective in repairing some histopathological changes. Then, when applying BV as a treatment material for some disorders, as indicated by the amount of damage to the liver and kidney tissues. The animals were randomly divided into 7 groups. Six of which were treated with BV extraction, and one group was designated as the control group, was treated with distilled water. Mice were injected intraperitoneally by 0.2ml of BV extraction in concentrations (1000, 750, 500, 350, 300, and 250) μg/ml. In some cases, histopathological studies revealed mild to moderate alterations in the liver and renal tissues, characterized by congestion, acute cell swelling, and focal coagulated necrosis. Atherosclerotic changes in the aorta and some arteries were found in two groups. Whereas several mild degenerative changes were observed in hepatic cells of one group. In conclusion, bee venom administered to groups in different concentrations revealed hepatic and renal complications at histological investigations of hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections of liver and kidney section.

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7

kossaif, Eliane, Souad Hraoui-Bloquet, Ryiad Sadek, Ziad Fajloun, Claudine Accary, and Walid Hleihel. "Histological alterations in Kidney and Liver of laboratory mice following intramuscular injection of Montevipera bornmuelleri (Werner, 1898) Venom." Lebanese Science Journal 18, no. 1 (June 21, 2017): 122–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22453/lsj-018.1.122135.

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Histopathological changes after bites of the Montivipera bornmuelleri viper, endemic to high altitudes areas of Lebanon, have not yet been investigated. Our study focuses on histological changes and irreversible damages in the kidney and liver of white laboratory Balb/c mice that received an intramuscular injection of lyophilized venom diluted in saline solution (NaCl 0.9%). Different venom concentration doses ranging from 0.25 mg/kg to 15mg/kg in a total injection volume of 100µl was injected intramuscularly (IM) into 5 groups of mice. After dissection, observations showed no macroscopically identifiable damages in any of the organs studied. However, tissue samples from the liver and the kidney were obtained for histological studies at various time intervals following the venom injection. The histological study was carried out using the Bouin solution (fixing bath), followed by dehydration in alcohol. Paraffin-embedded sections were stained using hemalun-easine. Tissues from 6 control mice, which received only an injection of saline solution, were also examined. The common histological alterations observed microscopically in the liver and the kidney were: pycnotic nuclei, necrosis, vacuolization, cytoplasmic destruction, edema, hemorrhage and congestion of blood vessels. Moreover, inflammatory infiltration of lymphocytic cells was observed in the prevascular regions of both organs. The histological changes observed appeared within 1h and intensified with time. These changes were proportional to the dose of the venom injected into the laboratory mice. Our results on what happens in the kidney and liver of mice after injecting the venom of M. bornmuelleri had many similarities with the effect of venom of other vipers (e. g. Daboia palestinea, Bitis ssp, Bothrops moujenis etc…) observed by others authors.

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Robinson, Rebecca, Nicola Bates, Fiona Bolton, and Nicola Robinson. "Neurological deficits after confirmed adder bite in a cat." Veterinary Record Case Reports 7, no. 2 (April 2019): e000635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreccr-2018-000635.

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A domestic shorthair cat presenting with pyrexia and tachycardia was given an antibiotic for suspected infection but returned 48 hours later with inability to defecate or urinate and with tail paralysis. There was swelling and bruising at the tail base but no radiographic evidence of a tail pull injury. Laboratory parameters and urinary and faecal cultures were normal. Five days later the owner reported an adder in the garden, and due to no response to supportive care, antivenom was given. Within two hours clinical signs improved, and by 12 hours the tachycardia and pyrexia had resolved. Laboratory analysis confirmed the presence of adder venom in a blood sample. Urination and defecation were normal at five months with regained function in the cranial third of the tail. It is thought clinical signs were due to direct venom-induced necrosis of nerve tissue rather than venom neurotoxins.

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9

Marsh, N. A. "Use of snake venom fractions in the coagulation laboratory." Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis 9, no. 5 (July 1998): 395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001721-199807000-00001.

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10

Georgescu, Bogdan, Gheorghe Sălăjan, Daniel Mierliţă, Doina Iozon, and Antonia Odagiu. "Comparison of Voluntary Feed Intake and Venom Production of Wild and Laboratory Bred Sand Vipers." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 1 (December 4, 2001): 27–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/1/3604.

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The study was performed on vipers of the Vipera ammodytes ammodytes species and aimed to establish the differences in voluntary feed intake and venom production between a group of wild, recently captured vipers and a group of born and bred captive vipers. In addition, the influence of sex on both parameters was established. The research brought evidence of important differences concerning voluntary food ingestion and venom production between the two groups of animals. However, sex appeared not to significantly influence these parameters, both in wild, recently captured vipers and in born and bred captive vipers. Wild animals rapidly accommodated to the microclimate conditions in captivity and readily accepted food.

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Gopalakrishnakone, P., J. Cheah, and M. C. E. Gwee. "Black scorpion (Heterometrus longimanus) as a laboratory animal: maintenance of a colony of scorpion for milking of venom for research, using a restraining device." Laboratory Animals 29, no. 4 (October 1, 1995): 456–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367795780740050.

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Scorpion venom is a rich source of many proteins and peptides. A method for collection of venom from scorpions using a restraining device is being described. The details and measurement of the restraining device as well as that of the current used are described.

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12

Hobbins, Peter G. "Serpentine Science: Charles Kellaway and the Fluctuating Fortunes of Venom Research in Interwar Australia." Historical Records of Australian Science 21, no. 1 (2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr09012.

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Australian medical research before the Second World War is predominantly viewed as an anodyne precursor to its conspicuous postwar successes. However, the expanding intellectual appeal and state support for local research after 1945 built upon scientific practices, networks, facilities and finances established between 1919 and 1939. Arguably the most prominent medical scientist working in Australia during this period was Charles Kellaway (1889?1952), director of Melbourne's Walter and Eliza Hall Institute from 1923 until 1944. Facing both financial challenges and a profoundly unsupportive intellectual climate, Kellaway instigated a major research programme into Australian snake venoms. These investigations garnered local and international acclaim, allowing Kellaway to speak as a significant scientific actor while fostering productive laboratory collaborations. The venom work spurred basic research in tissue injury, anaphylaxis and leukotriene pharmacology, yet delivered pragmatic clinical outcomes, particularly an effective antivenene. By selecting a problem of continuing public interest, Kellaway also stimulated wider engagement with science and initiated a pioneering ad hoc Commonwealth grant for medical research. In tracing his training, mentors and practices within the interwar milieu, this article argues that Kellaway's venom studies contributed materially to global biomedical developments and to the broader viability of medical research in Australia.

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13

Nielsen, VG, and N. Frank. "Role of heme modulation in inhibition of Atheris, Atractaspis, Causus, Cerastes, Echis, and Macrovipera hemotoxic venom activity." Human & Experimental Toxicology 38, no. 2 (August 8, 2018): 216–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327118793186.

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Venomous snake bite and subsequent coagulopathy is a significant source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The gold standard to treat coagulopathy caused by these venoms is the administration of antivenom; however, despite this therapy, coagulopathy still occurs and recurs. Of interest, our laboratory has demonstrated in vitro and in vivo that coagulopathy-inducing venom exposed to carbon monoxide (CO) is inhibited, potentially by an attached heme. The present investigation sought to determine if venoms derived from snakes of the African genera Atheris, Atractaspis, Causus, Cerastes, Echis, and Macrovipera that have no or limited antivenoms available could be inhibited with CO or with the metheme-inducing agent, O-phenylhydroxylamine (PHA). Assessing changes in coagulation kinetics of human plasma with thrombelastography, venoms were exposed in isolation to CO or PHA. Eight species were found to have procoagulant activity consistent with the generation of human thrombin, while one was likely fibrinogenolytic. All venoms were significantly inhibited by CO/PHA with species-specific variation noted. These data demonstrate indirectly that the heme is likely bound to these disparate venoms as an intermediary modulatory molecule. In conclusion, future investigation is warranted to determine if heme could serve as a potential therapeutic target to be modulated during treatment of envenomation by hemotoxic enzymes.

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Niermann, Crystal N., Travis G. Tate, Amber L. Suto, Rolando Barajas, Hope A. White, Olivia D. Guswiler, Stephen M. Secor, Ashlee H. Rowe, and Matthew P. Rowe. "Defensive Venoms: Is Pain Sufficient for Predator Deterrence?" Toxins 12, no. 4 (April 17, 2020): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12040260.

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Pain, though unpleasant, is adaptive in calling an animal’s attention to potential tissue damage. A long list of animals representing diverse taxa possess venom-mediated, pain-inducing bites or stings that work by co-opting the pain-sensing pathways of potential enemies. Typically, such venoms include toxins that cause tissue damage or disrupt neuronal activity, rendering painful stings honest indicators of harm. But could pain alone be sufficient for deterring a hungry predator? Some venomologists have argued “no”; predators, in the absence of injury, would “see through” the bluff of a painful but otherwise benign sting or bite. Because most algogenic venoms are also toxic (although not vice versa), it has been difficult to disentangle the relative contributions of each component to predator deterrence. Southern grasshopper mice (Onychomys torridus) are voracious predators of arthropods, feeding on a diversity of scorpion species whose stings vary in painfulness, including painful Arizona bark scorpions (Centruroides sculpturatus) and essentially painless stripe-tailed scorpions (Paravaejovis spinigerus). Moreover, southern grasshopper mice have evolved resistance to the lethal toxins in bark scorpion venom, rendering a sting from these scorpions painful but harmless. Results from a series of laboratory experiments demonstrate that painful stings matter. Grasshopper mice preferred to prey on stripe-tailed scorpions rather than bark scorpions when both species could sting; the preference disappeared when each species had their stingers blocked. A painful sting therefore appears necessary for a scorpion to deter a hungry grasshopper mouse, but it may not always be sufficient: after first attacking and consuming a painless stripe-tailed scorpion, many grasshopper mice went on to attack, kill, and eat a bark scorpion even when the scorpion was capable of stinging. Defensive venoms that result in tissue damage or neurological dysfunction may, thus, be required to condition greater aversion than venoms causing pain alone.

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Pastorello, Elide Anna, Linda Borgonovo, Marta Piantanida, Jan Walter Schroeder, Valerio Pravettoni, Stefano Pastori, Beatrice Bilo’ Maria, et al. "Higher venom-specific IgE levels differentiate children with previous local large reactions from children with previous systemic reactions of different severity." Archives of Asthma, Allergy and Immunology 5, no. 1 (March 19, 2021): 017–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.aaai.1001025.

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Introduction: Risk factors for systemic reactions (SRs) from hymenoptera venom (HV) allergy are well known in the adult population but they have been little studied in the pediatric one. Method: The aim of our study was to identify risk factors for SRs in a population of children allergic to HV, comparing a series of clinical (age, gender, atopy, asthma) and laboratory (total IgE, tryptase, venom-specific IgE levels) variables between patients with at least two large local reactions (LLRs) and patients with SRs of different severity for the identified insect. We selected a population of HV allergic children aged <15 years with LLRs or SRs stratified according to Mueller grades after stinging. Results: The population included 80 children, 35 with at least 2 LLRs and 45 with SRs. The level of specific IgE for vespid (Polistes dominula, Vespula species) venoms was significantly higher (p = 0.0321) in children with SRs (Mueller grade II+III+IV) than in those with LLRs and the same significance was also found for specific IgE for Apis mellifera, considering SRs group (Mueller grade I+II+III+IV) in respect with LLRs group (p = 0.0001). Conclusion: The main difference in our pediatric population was the highest level of specific IgE in children with a history of SRs compared to those with a history of LLRs for both vespids and honey bees. These results, once confirmed on a larger population, could suggest the opportunity to follow the behavior of venom specific IgE in children with LLRs to reveal a risk to develop future more serious reactions.

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Kapustová, Daniela, Peter Bánovčin, Lenka Kapustová, Otília Petrovičová, Eva Jurková Malicherová, Ján Mikler, Branislav Šlenker, Pavlína Suchá, and Miloš Jeseňák. "Safety and changes in selected laboratory parameters in children with hymenoptera venom allergy treated with venom immunotherapy." Česko-slovenská pediatrie 78, no. 6 (December 11, 2023): 308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.55095/cspediatrie2023/051.

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Obou Constantin Okou, N’guessan Emmanuel Assemian, Kouadio Bernard Allali, Guy Childeric Bingo, and Allico Joseph Djaman. "Evaluation of the hemogram of Oryctolagus cuniculus envenomus." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 13, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 266–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2020.13.2.0384.

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The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the hemolysing action of Naja nigricollis venom on rabbit blood. To carry out this study, three batches of three rabbits were formed with two control batches and one experimental batch. Each control lot is composed of three rabbits (males or females) while the experimental lot is composed of two males and one female. Each rabbit from the control lots was separately collected in the purple tube (EDTA) and transported to the laboratory for analysis. The rabbits from the experimental batch were also collected distinctly a few minutes after the injection of the venom of Naja nigricollis for the analysis of haematological parameters. However, before the analysis of the hematological parameters of the rabbits from the control and experimental batches, an in vitro hemolysis test of Naja nigricollis venom was performed to verify its hemolysing power. The results showed that Naja nigricollis venom has a dose-dependent in vitro hemolysing power. As for the haemogram, it revealed that the venom of Naja nigricollis has a decreasing effect on blood cells (red and white blood cells), on haemoglobin and on haematocrit, and an elevation on MGVs thus promoting anaemia.

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Moore, Gary. "Recent Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Detection of Lupus Anticoagulants." Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis 40, no. 02 (February 5, 2014): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1364185.

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The International Society on Haemostasis and Thrombosis (ISTH) and the British Committee for Standards in Haematology (BCSH) have recently updated their lupus anticoagulant (LA) detection guidelines. The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) subsequently will publish its first LA guideline. General agreement exists on issues such as sample preparation, the use of dilute Russell viper venom time (dRVVT) in diagnostic repertoires, the use of normalized ratios, calculations to demonstrate phospholipid dependence, calculations to demonstrate inhibition, and interpretive reporting. The ISTH recommendation to employ only dRVVT and activated partial thromboplastin time is not mirrored in the BCSH and CLSI documents. The potential for false negatives in mixing tests is acknowledged by all panels, yet they remain mandated by ISTH as there are occasions when they are crucial to diagnostic accuracy. BCSH indicates that a negative mixing test need not exclude the presence of a LA, and CLSI reprioritizes test order to screen-confirm-mix, the latter being considered unnecessary in specific circumstances. Opinions in the guidelines differ on setting cutoff levels (i.e., 97.5th vs. 99th percentile for normally distributed data). All guidelines cover testing of anticoagulated patients, more detail being given by BCSH and CLSI, who suggest that Taipan snake venom time is a useful adjunct test in patients receiving vitamin K antagonists. Although complete agreement is not apparent, the guidelines represent significant moves toward engendering common practices.

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Triplett, Douglas A., Kurt F. Stocker, Gail A. Unger, and Linda K. Barna. "The Textarin/Ecarin Ratio: A Confirmatory Test for Lupus Anticoagulants." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 70, no. 06 (1993): 0925–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1649701.

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SummaryLupus anticoagulants (LA) are immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA or a mixture) which interfere with in vitro phospholipid (PL) dependent tests of coagulation (e.g. APTT, KCT, dilute Russell Viper Venom Time). LA are heterogeneous; consequently, the laboratory diagnosis is difficult and relies on multiple tests. We have developed a sensitive and relatively specific confirmatory test system based on fractions of two snake venoms. Textarin®, a protein fraction of Pseudonaja textilis venom (Australian Eastern brown snake), activates prothrombin in the presence of PL, factor V and calcium ions. Ecarin, a protein fraction of Echis carinatus venom, will activate prothrombin in the absence of any cofactors. The activation of prothrombin by Textarin yields thrombin while Ecarin yields meizothrombin. In the presence of LA, the Textarin time is prolonged and the Ecarin time is unaffected. The test results are reported as a ratio of Textarin/Ecarin times (abnormal greater than 1.3). We have evaluated this test system in the following patient populations: LA positive, therapeutically heparinized, stable oral anticoagulated, liver disease, routine preoperative, anticardiolipin antibody positive LA negative, hemophilia A, various other hereditary factor deficiencies or dysfunctional proteins, and specific inhibitors of factor V and factor VTII. The LA positive patients represented a mixed population of autoimmune disease, drug-induced and post-infectious states. Our findings indicate the sensitivity of the Textarin/Ecarin system in the confirmation of LA. In order to use the test system most effectively, it is recommended to incorporate poly-brene with Textarin when evaluating heparinized samples. Factor V deficiency and specific inhibitors of factor V yielded, in some instances, false positive results.

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Da Silva, Gustavo Henrique, Patrícia Costa Panunto, Stephen Hyslop, and Maria Alice Da Cruz-Höfling. "Immunochemical detection ofLonomia obliquacaterpillar venom in rats." Microscopy Research and Technique 65, no. 6 (December 2004): 276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.20114.

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Vachová, Martina, Petr Panzner, Ivana Malkusová, Jana Hanzlíková, and Tomáš Vlas. "Utility of laboratory testing for the diagnosis of Hymenoptera venom allergy." Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 37, no. 3 (May 1, 2016): 248–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/aap.2016.37.3934.

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22

Reimers, Andrea, and U. Muller. "Labordiagnostik bei der Insektengift-Allergie. Laboratory Examinations in Hymenoptera Venom Allergy." Laboratoriums Medizin 26, no. 3-4 (April 2002): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0477.2002.02017.x.

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Reimers, Andrea, and U. Müller. "Labordiagnostik bei der Insektengift-Allergie/Laboratory Examinations in Hymenoptera Venom Allergy." LaboratoriumsMedizin 26, no. 3/4 (January 1, 2002): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/labmed.2002.016.

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Hwang, Charles W., and F. Eike Flach. "Recurrent Coagulopathy after Rattlesnake Bite Requiring Continuous Intravenous Dosing of Antivenom." Case Reports in Emergency Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/719302.

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Context. Snakebite envenomation is common and may result in systemic coagulopathy. Antivenom can correct resulting laboratory abnormalities; however, despite antivenom use, coagulopathy may recur, persist, or result in death after a latency period.Case Details. A 50-year-old previously healthy man presented to the emergency department after a rattlesnake bite to his right upper extremity. His presentation was complicated by significant glossal and oropharyngeal edema requiring emergent cricothyrotomy. His clinical course rapidly improved with the administration of snake antivenom (FabAV); the oropharyngeal and upper extremity edema resolved within several days. However, over the subsequent two weeks, he continued to have refractory coagulopathy requiring multiple units of antivenom. The coagulopathy finally resolved after starting a continuous antivenom infusion.Discussion. Envenomation may result in latent venom release from soft tissue depots that can last for two weeks. This case report illustrates the importance of close hemodynamic and laboratory monitoring after snakebites and describes the administration of continuous antivenom infusion, instead of multidose bolus, to neutralize latent venom release and correct residual coagulopathy.

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Kaplan, Fatih, and Erdem Topal. "Evaluation of demographic data and laboratory of children receiving subcutaneous venom immunotherapy." Annals of Medical Research 28, no. 11 (2021): 2055. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/annalsmedres.2021.02.178.

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Kruger, W., P. W. A. Meyer, and J. G. Nel. "Dilute Russel Viper Venom Time analysis in a Haematology Laboratory: An audit." International Journal of Laboratory Hematology 40, no. 4 (April 17, 2018): 453–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijlh.12825.

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Gu, Dayong. "The Identification of a Novel Compound Heterozygous Mutation in Hereditary Human Coagulation Factor VII (FVII) Deficiency Following a Bamboo Leaf Green Snake Bite." Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Research 7, no. 3 (February 29, 2024): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2768-0487/121.

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Hereditary factor VII (FVII) deficiency is an uncommon autosomal recessive disorder associated with mutations in the F7 gene and laboratory investigations usually reveal isolated prolongation in prothrombin time (PT)/International normalized ratio (INR). Venom-induced consumptive coagulopathy (VICC) is distinguished by the activation of the coagulation pathway, which is triggered by procoagulant toxins in snake venom. Diagnosing snakebites in patients with hereditary FVII deficiency presents a challenge due to the fact that prolonged time PT/ INR is considered the most valuable diagnostic method for VICC. Therefore, it is possible that certain patients may not promptly receive an accurate diagnosis of hereditary FVII deficiency. We present a pedigree featuring hereditary FVII deficiency, which was diagnosed through Sanger sequencing, following a bamboo leaf green snake bite.

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Zhelavskyi, M. A. "APROBATION OF PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR FROM ECHIS MULTISQUAMATIS SNAKE VENOM IN VITRO, IN VIVO AND EX VIVO." Biotechnologia Acta 16, no. 5 (October 31, 2023): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/biotech16.05.055.

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Snake venom-derived platelet aggregation inhibitors can be promising antiplatelet medications that can allow to avoid the risk of bleeding and treatment resistance, particularly in aspirin-resistant patients. Our study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a platelet aggregation inhibitor derived from Echis multisquamatis snake venom in various settings, including in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo. Methods. We examined a polypeptide from Echis multisquamatis venom, purified using a recently developed chromatography protocol, across multiple models. This polypeptide was introduced into platelet-rich blood plasma and administered intravenously to rats. The effects on platelet aggregation were assessed using aggregometry, focusing on ADP-induced aggregation. Results & Discussion. Our findings revealed that a concentration of 0.040 mg/ml significantly reduced platelet aggregation in vitro. Remarkably, this dosage also proved effective when administered intravenously in laboratory animals, reaffirming its potential as a robust antiplatelet agent. In the final phase of our study, the polypeptide demonstrated its ability to inhibit platelet aggregation in blood plasma of pregnant woman with aspirin resistance, presenting a promising avenue for innovative treatment approaches in such cases. Conclusion. This study underscores the potential of the Echis multisquamatis venom-derived polypeptide as a promising antiplatelet agent, effective in diverse scenarios, including aspirin resistance. Further research and clinical trials are imperative to fully harness its therapeutic potential.

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Trivedi, Shalini, Pooja Jain, Nutan Dixit, Manoj Arun, and Udita Singhal. "Lupus anticoagulant: a clinical and laboratory diagnostic dilemma." Journal of Pathology of Nepal 12, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 1945–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v12i1.37703.

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Lupus anticoagulants are a group of diverse autoantibodies that interfere in vitro in phospholipid-dependent clotting tests, and inhibit both the common and intrinsic pathways of coagulation. Paradoxically, they are implicated to cause hypercoagulability, thrombotic events in vivo in varied clinical settings like obstetrics and oncology. A 56-year female was referred to the laboratory with complaint of repeated de novo clotting of drawn plasma samples. She was a post-operative case of surgery for superior mesenteric venous thrombosis, and a previously diagnosed case of squamous cell carcinoma of the buccal mucosa, not on treatment. The patient was evaluated clinically for new onset hypercoagulability and the history of exposure to heparin was negative, which ruled out heparin induced thrombocytopenia. The differential diagnosis were lupus anticoagulant, staphylococcal septicemia, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. On advanced work up, inhibitor screen was negative, dilute Russell's viper venom time was positive.

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Kurek-Górecka, Anna, Katarzyna Komosinska-Vassev, Anna Rzepecka-Stojko, and Paweł Olczyk. "Bee Venom in Wound Healing." Molecules 26, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26010148.

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Bee venom (BV), also known as api-toxin, is widely used in the treatment of different inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or multiple sclerosis. It is also known that BV can improve the wound healing process. BV plays a crucial role in the modulation of the different phases of wound repair. It possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antifungal, antiviral, antimicrobial and analgesic properties, all of which have a positive impact on the wound healing process. The mentioned process consists of four phases, i.e., hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodeling. The impaired wound healing process constitutes a significant problem especially in diabetic patients, due to hypoxia state. It had been found that BV accelerated the wound healing in diabetic patients as well as in laboratory animals by impairing the caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 activity. Moreover, the activity of BV in wound healing is associated with regulating the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF-β1), vascular endothelial growth factor and increased collagen type I. BV stimulates the proliferation and migration of human epidermal keratinocytes and fibroblasts. In combination with polyvinyl alcohol and chitosan, BV significantly accelerates the wound healing process, increasing the hydroxyproline and glutathione and lowering the IL-6 level in wound tissues. The effect of BV on the wounds has been proved by numerous studies, which revealed that BV in the wound healing process brings about a curative effect and could be applied as a new potential treatment for wound repair. However, therapy with bee venom may induce allergic reactions, so it is necessary to assess the existence of the patient’s hypersensitivity to apitoxin before treatment.

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Simmons, Daimon P., Adrianna Z. Herskovits, Elisabeth M. Battinelli, Peter H. Schur, Susan J. Lemire, and David M. Dorfman. "Lupus anticoagulant testing using two parallel methods detects additional cases and predicts persistent positivity." Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) 56, no. 8 (July 26, 2018): 1289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2015-0790.

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AbstractBackground:Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) is characterized by laboratory evidence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) [e.g. lupus anticoagulant (LA), anticardiolipin (ACL), and/or antiβ2-glycoprotein I (aB2GPI)] in a clinical setting of thrombosis or pregnancy morbidity. The International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis recommends two different testing modalities to detect LA. To evaluate these recommendations in a clinical setting, our hospital, a tertiary care center with a specialized coagulation laboratory, added the dilute Russell’s viper venom time to be performed in parallel with the PTT-lupus anticoagulant to detect LA.Methods:Results of aPL testing were collected on all patients who had LA testing for one year. Chart review was performed to correlate LA results with ACL, aB2GPI, and clinical history.Results:Patients who were initially LA positive by both PTT-lupus anticoagulant and dilute Russell’s viper venom time were more likely to be persistently positive. Patients who were positive for ACL and aB2GPI were likely to be positive by both LA methodologies. No single method was absolutely sensitive, as cases of APS were detected by PTTLA only, DRVVT only, and both methods.Conclusions:The addition of a second testing method for LA provides additional diagnostic information and may be helpful in stratifying risk of thrombosis.

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Greenbaum, Eli, and Michael Jorgensen. "Envenomated-invertebrate prey preference of the viperid Agkistrodon contortrix during strike-induced chemosensory searching." Amphibia-Reptilia 25, no. 2 (2004): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568538041231210.

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AbstractMany crotaline snakes exhibit envenomated-prey preference in laboratory experiments. We examined the ability of copperheads (Agkistrodon contortrix) to distinguish between envenomated and nonenvenomated tobacco hornworm larvae (Manduca sexta). Snakes directed significantly more tongue flicks at envenomated hornworms than at nonenvenomated hornworms, and snakes consumed envenomated hornworms more frequently than nonenvenomated prey. These results support the hypothesis that envenomated tissue is an important stimulus to copperheads during strike-induced chemosensory searching. Copperheads preferred hornworms envenomated by conspecifics in the relative order: Louisiana > Texas > Kansas; this preference matches the relative order of preference and venom potency documented in a previous study of copperheads for envenomated mice. We conclude that the venom protein-prey tissue interaction responsible for the observed behaviour is similar in both invertebrate and rodent prey items.

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Matsumura, Takayuki, Reona Mashiko, Tomomi Sato, Kentaro Itokawa, Yoshihide Maekawa, Kohei Ogawa, Haruhiko Isawa, et al. "Venom and Antivenom of the Redback Spider (Latrodectus hasseltii) in Japan. Part I. Venom Extraction, Preparation, and Laboratory Testing." Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 71, no. 2 (2018): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7883/yoken.jjid.2017.291.

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Birajdar, Dr SV, Dr SS Chavan, and Dr Pranita Chandrakantappa Todkar. "Vasculotoxic Snake Bite: Infusion Antisnake Venom Therapy versus Bolus Antisnake Venom Therapy at Tertiary Care Centre." Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 30, 2023): 250–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjams.2023.v11i01.038.

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The problem of snake bites is widespread throughout the world and particularly in tropical regions. In India, snake bites are found to be one of the leading causes of mortalities and morbidities. According to statistics, approximately 35 000 to 50 000 fatal bites occur every year in India. However, snake bites are usually prevalent in rainy season. Burden of snake-bite has been documented by many investigators recently, with the consequences of snake bite being explored. Identifying chronic impairments and associated socioeconomic costs is an important part of assessing snakebite burden, however, providing significant data on these respect is difficult. Aim: To study infusion antisnake venom therapy versus bolus antisnake venom therapy in vasculotoxic snake bite at tertiary healthcare care. Material and methods: The current study was an observational study. During the study, four different anti-snake venom regimens were used to treat patients with vasculotoxic snake bites by comparing clinical manifestations, laboratory investigations, the amount of anti-snake venom required, the incidence of complications, and the outcomes. Results: In the present study, demographic data showed significant preponderance of snakebite amongst farmers (n=44). However, the drill was followed by housewives (n=29), students (n=17), teachers (n=4) and shopkeepers (n=3) amongst the reported cases respectively. Conclusion: study concludes that not only proper regimens but also the modality of treatment for the patients of viperine vasculotoxic snake bite is equally important. In order to decrease the morbidity and mortality of snake bite patients, it is imperative to make ASV available universally in areas with high snake bite incidences and to adequately train health care providers about snake bite treatment.

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Hershko, Alon Y., Noa Shaharabani, Yossi Rosman, Keren Meir-Shafrir, Idit Lachover-Roth, Anat Cohen Engler, Yoseph A. Mekori, and Ronit Confino-Cohen. "Hymenoptera venom allergy in a single-center Israeli cohort: Clinical and laboratory characteristics." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice 7, no. 8 (November 2019): 2898–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2019.05.003.

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Huda Sajer Nassir, Zeyad Gattea Al-Rikabi, Muntaha A. Al-Safar, and Zainab Talal Al-Berikdar. "A Cytogenetic Study of the Effect of Bee Venom on the Genetic Material in the Laboratory Mice." Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results 13, no. 4 (October 26, 2022): 808–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47750/pnr.2022.13.04.108.

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Bee venom (BV) therapy was used to treat various diseases. It is a tiny essential peptide with a powerful hemolytic feature composed of a known series of amino acids. Since melittin is a non-specific cy¦tolytic pe¦ptide attacking lip¦id m¦embranes which contribute to toxicity, it is suspected that it could have important therapeutic benefits. This study aims t¦o use a multi-biomarker approach to assess the cytogenotoxic ef¦fects o¦f melittin i¦n periph¦eral blo¦od lym¦phocytes of mice and th¦e mole¦cular mechan¦isms invol¦ved. Control and treatment groups are divided into one hundred and fifty mice. Bee venom has been combined with four separates dose of melittin in the peritoneal (500, 350, 300 and 250) μg/ml. The results of the experiment showed that significant difference in the first group which injected with melittin intra peritoneal 0.2 ml and the second group in mitotic index (MI), where the differences were respectively 8.00 ± 0.56 for the first group and the second group 6.90 ± 0.31. In the case of micro nuclei examination, we also showed significant differences in the third group, where the difference was 14.7 ± 0.29. In the case of micronuclei examination, also there were significant differences in the third group, where the difference was 14.7 ± 0.29.

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Tecson-Mendoza, Evelyn Mae. "National Scientist Lourdes Jansuy Cruz: From rice to Conus research — the journey." SciEnggJ 3, no. 1 (March 5, 2010): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54645/ncit56488.

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In the mid 1970s, Lourdes J. Cruz published a seminal paper on the venom protein of the marine snail Conus in Veliger. This was followed by a series of papers on the feeding and mating habits of the Conus geographus in captivity, on the assay of the toxin, on the toxin proteins of different marine snails and on the basic chemical and molecular make-up of the toxins and their effects on the nervous system. In 1985, Dr. Cruz and co-workers reported in the prestigious journal Science that the venom of the marine snail I called Conus geographus from the Philippine seas contains a cocktail of many peptides with various activities that affect the ion channels and receptors of the central nervous system. There were peptides that cause muscular paralysis, peptides that cause sleepiness or drowsiness, peptides that make the test animals jump! This discovery led to a long series of researches in the laboratory of Dr. Cruz in the University of the Philippines Manila and Diliman and in the laboratory of her collaborators especially Dr. Baldomero Olivera in the University of Utah. Moreover, it attracted researchers worldwide to study this goldmine of conotoxins and their potential practical and commercial applications in neuroscience and medicine.

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Zhao, Kong-Nan, John de Jersey, Martin F. Lavin, Paul P. Masci, Michael Grant, Lambro A. Johnson, and Goce Dimeski. "Rapid serum tube technology overcomes problems associated with use of anticoagulants." Biochemia medica 29, no. 3 (October 15, 2019): 542–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.11613/bm.2019.030706.

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Introduction: Failure to obtain complete blood clotting in serum is a common laboratory problem. Our aim was to determine whether snake prothrombin activators are effective in clotting blood and producing quality serum for analyte measurement in anticoagulated patients. Materials and methods: Whole blood clotting was studied in a total of 64 blood samples (41 controls, 20 Warfarin patients, 3 anticoagulated patients using snake venom prothrombin activator (OsPA)) with plain tubes. Coagulation was analysed using a visual assay, Hyland-Clotek and thromboelastography. Healthy control blood was spiked with a range of anticoagulants to determine the effectiveness of OsPa-induced clotting. A paired analysis of a Dabigatran patient and a control investigated the effectiveness of the OsPA clotting tubes. Biochemical analytes (N = 31) were determined for 7 samples on chemistry and immunoassay analysers and compared with commercial tubes. Results: Snake venom prothrombin activators efficiently coagulated blood and plasma spiked with heparin and commonly used anticoagulants. Clotting was observed in the presence of anticoagulants whereas no clotting was observed in BDRST tubes containing 3 U/mL of heparin. Snake venom prothrombin activator enhanced heparinised blood clotting by shortening substantially the clotting time and improving significantly the strength of the clot. Comparison of 31 analytes from the blood of five healthy and two anticoagulated participants gave very good agreement between the analyte concentrations determined. Conclusions: Our results showed that the snake venom prothrombin activators OsPA and PtPA efficiently coagulated recalcified and fresh bloods with or without added anticoagulants. These procoagulants produced high quality serum for accurate analyte measurement.

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Gimenes, Sarah N. C., Jacqueline A. G. Sachett, Mônica Colombini, Luciana A. Freitas-de-Sousa, Hiochelson N. S. Ibiapina, Allyson G. Costa, Monique F. Santana, et al. "Observation of Bothrops atrox Snake Envenoming Blister Formation from Five Patients: Pathophysiological Insights." Toxins 13, no. 11 (November 13, 2021): 800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13110800.

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In the Brazilian Amazon, Bothrops atrox snakebites are frequent, and patients develop tissue damage with blisters sometimes observed in the proximity of the wound. Antivenoms do not seem to impact blister formation, raising questions regarding the mechanisms underlying blister formation. Here, we launched a clinical and laboratory-based study including five patients who followed and were treated by the standard clinical protocols. Blister fluids were collected for proteomic analyses and molecular assessment of the presence of venom and antivenom. Although this was a small patient sample, there appeared to be a correlation between the time of blister appearance (shorter) and the amount of venom present in the serum (higher). Of particular interest was the biochemical identification of both venom and antivenom in all blister fluids. From the proteomic analysis of the blister fluids, all were observed to be a rich source of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), immunomodulators, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), suggesting that the mechanisms by which blisters are formed includes the toxins very early in envenomation and continue even after antivenom treatment, due to the pro-inflammatory molecules generated by the toxins in the first moments after envenomings, indicating the need for local treatments with anti-inflammatory drugs plus toxin inhibitors to prevent the severity of the wounds.

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Afifi, Salah H., Reham El-Kashef, A. Sh Seddek, and Diefy A. Salem. "Light and Transmission Electron Microscopical Changes Associated with Leiurus Quinqestriatus Venom in Rabbits." Macedonian Veterinary Review 39, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/macvetrev-2015-0067.

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AbstractThirty California female rabbits were obtained from the Animal Care Center, College of Agriculture, South Valley University and acclimated to laboratory conditions for one week. The Leiurus quinquestriatus (LQ) venom was collected from mature scorpions by electrical stimulation of the telson. A single dose of crude venom of 0.4 ml/kg (diluted in normal saline with a ratio of 1:1) was injected into a peripheral ear vein. The lungs, brains, hearts, kidneys, were sampled and fixed in 10% formalin from rabbits sacrificed at zero, 30 minutes, 1hr, and 4hrs, post-envenomation (three animals at each sacrifice). Respiratory distress and neurological manifestations were the main clinical signs. Congestion of the lungs was started at one hour post-envenomation. Vascular changes including hyperemia and hemorrhage were also observed till 24 hours post-envenomation. The main histopathological changes of the lungs were edema, hemorrhage, emphysema, and eosinophilic bronchitis. Transmission electron microscopy revealed several eosinophils with abundant granules and breakdown of their membranes suggesting degranulation. The cerebrum showed malacia and edema. Myocardial damage expressed by focal area of myolysis at half-hour post-envenomation and interstitial edema by at 1, and 4 hour post-envenomation was also evident. In conclusion, scorpion venom induced consistent and relevant histopathological changes in all examined organs.

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Zhang, Jian-Feng. "A New Rat Model of Thalamic Pain Produced by Administration of Cobra Venom to the Unilateral Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus." November 2019 6, no. 22;6 (November 14, 2019): E635—E647. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj/2019.22.e635.

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Background: Thalamic pain is a neuropathic pain syndrome that occurs as a result of thalamic damage. It is difficult to develop therapeutic interventions for thalamic pain because its mechanism is unclear. To better understand the pathophysiological basis of thalamic pain, we developed and characterized a new rat model of thalamic pain using a technique of microinjecting cobra venom into the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) of the thalamus. Objectives: This study will establish a new thalamic pain rat model produced by administration of cobra venom to the unilateral ventral posterolateral nucleus. Study Design: This study used an experimental design in rats. Setting: The research took place in the laboratory at the Aviation General Hospital of China Medical University and Beijing Institute of Translational Medicine. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to the administration of cobra venom or saline into the left VPL. The development of mechanical hyperalgesia and changes in pain-related behaviors and motor function were measured after intrathalamic cobra venom microinjection using the von Frey test, video recording, and cylinder test, respectively. On postoperative days 7 to 35, both electroacupuncture and pregabalin (PGB) were administered to verify that the model reproduced the findings in humans. Moreover, the organizational and structural alterations of the thalamus were examined via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results: The threshold for mechanical stimuli in the left facial skin was significantly decreased on day 3 after thalamic pain modeling as compared with pre-venom treatment. Furthermore, the ultrastructural alterations of neurons such as indented neuronal nuclei, damaged mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, and dissolved surrounding tissues were observed under TEM. Moreover, electroacupuncture treatment ameliorated mechanical hyperalgesia, pain-like behaviors, and motor dysfunction, as well as restore normal structures of neurons in the thalamic pain rat model. However, no such beneficial effects were noted when PGB was administered. Limitations: The pathophysiological features were different from the present model and the patients in clinical practice (in most cases strokes, either ischemic or hemorrhagic). Conclusion: The cobra venom model may provide a reasonable model for investigating the mechanism of thalamic pain and for testing therapies targeting recovery and pain after thalamic lesions.

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Talebi Mehrdar, Mahboobeh. "Two Proteins From Snake Venom Have Potent Antibacterial Effects Against Bacillus Anthracis and Streptococcus Pneumoniae." Iranian Journal of Toxicology 14, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijt.14.3.634.1.

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Background: Antibacterial proteins are widely expressed in snake venoms. Previously, we have isolated two immunodominant proteins with molecular weights of 14 and 65 kD from the snake venom of Naja naja oxiana (N. oxiana). It was demonstrated that they had potent inhibitory effects against gram-positive bacteria, S. aureus and B. subtilis but were less effective against gram-negative bacteria, such as E. coli and P. aeruginosa. This study aimed at investigating the potential antibacterial effects of the two proteins against Bacillus anthracis and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Methods: The proteins were identified by SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis, and isolated by Gel Electrophoresis (Electro-elution). The antibacterial effects were tested against the strains of Bacillus anthracis and Streptococcus pneumoniae, using broth microdilution and disc-diffusion assays. For comparison, the antibacterial effects of standard antibiotics, such as Gentamicin, Ampicillin, Penicillin, Amoxicillin and Ciprofloxacin were also tested on the same B. anthracis and S. pneumoniae batches under identical laboratory conditions. Results: The two proteins showed high immunogenicity and strongly inhibited the growth of gram-positive bacteria, B. anthracis, and to a lesser extent S. pneumoniae. Conclusion: The isolated proteins demonstrated strong antibacterial effects against Gram-positive bacteria, B. anthracis and S. pneumoniae, in addition to their previously known effects against S. aureus and B. subtilis.

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Guimarães, Janaína Valadares, Roberto Silva Costa, Benedito Honório Machado, and Marlene Antônia dos Reis. "Cardiovascular profile after intravenous injection of Africanized bee venom in awake rats." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 46, no. 1 (February 2004): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652004000100012.

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The manifestations caused by Africanized bee stings depend on the sensitivity of the victim and the toxicity of the venom. Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated cardiac changes and acute tubular necrosis (ATN) in the kidney of rats inoculated with Africanized bee venom (ABV). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) over a period of 24 h after intravenous injection of ABV in awake rats. A significant reduction in basal HR as well as in basal MAP occurred immediately after ABV injection in the experimental animals. HR was back to basal level 2 min after ABV injection and remained normal during the time course of the experiment, while MAP returned to basal level 10 min later and remained at this level for the next 5 h. However, MAP presented again a significant reduction by the 7th and 8th h and returned to the basal level by the 24th h. The fall in MAP may contribute to the pathogenesis of ATN observed. The fall in MAP probably is due to several factors, in addition to the cardiac changes already demonstrated, it is possible that the components of the venom themselves or even substances released in the organism play some role in vascular beds.

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Souza, Claudio M. V., Jonathan R. L. Vieira, Jonathan R. Souza, Lana S. Sales, and Luis E. R. Cunha. "169. Tityus serrulatus Scorpion Laboratory Breeding and Venom Collection for Antivenom Production and Research." Toxicon 60, no. 2 (August 2012): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.04.170.

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Perčič, Simona, Lidija Bojanić, Mitja Košnik, and Andreja Kukec. "Natural History of the Hymenoptera Venom Sensitivity Reactions in Adults: Study Design." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7 (April 4, 2022): 4319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074319.

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Background: Allergic reactions to Hymenoptera stings can have varying levels of severity, according to the Müller grading system. Methods: By an epidemiological concept, this is a retrospective cohort study. The observed cohort was represented by patients referred to the University Clinic Golnik due to Hymenoptera allergic reaction in the period from 1997 to 2015. From the immunological database of the University Clinic Golnik, we obtained laboratory data (sIgE, skin tests and basophil activation test). The clinical characteristics of patients were obtained from BIRPIS. With the help of a questionnaire, which was sent to each patient in the period from May 2019 to April 2021, we obtained epidemiological data. For the assessment of the association between the severity of allergic reaction for the observed outcome, the severity of the first allergic reaction after Hymenoptera sting was used. Other variables were grouped according to risk factors. Discussion: We will identify the risk factors that could play an important role in a severe systemic reaction: the aetiology of the Hymenoptera sting, sex, age, history and severity of previous systemic reactions, being re-stung in an interval of two months, the frequency of re-stings, atopy, genetic predisposition, preventive medication use, other medication use, beekeeping or living next to beehives and why immunotherapy was not taken. Laboratory data will also be analysed to determine if there is any association with laboratory tests and the severity of the allergic reactions after Hymenoptera stings. Conclusions: Several new approaches are introduced in the study design. The most important is that the protocol covers epidemiological data gained from the questionnaire, as well as clinical data gained from the Immunological database and BIRPIS database. We expect to obtain significant results that will explain the risk factors for the natural history of Hymenoptera sting allergic reactions and will help allergologists, as well as general doctors, when facing those patients allergic to Hymenoptera venom without immunotherapy.

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Javed, Hammad, Tariq Bashir, Atif Rauf, Syed Murtaza, and Raja Jibran. "USE OF 20 MINUTE WHOLE BLOOD CLOTTING TIME IN PATIENTS OF SNAKEBITE; AN EXPERIENCE FROM KOHAT, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHAH." PAFMJ 71, no. 5 (October 30, 2021): 1619–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v71i5.3684.

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Objective: To study the diagnostic accuracy of 20-minute whole blood clotting time in hemotoxic snakebite. Study Design: Cross sectional validation study. Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital Kohat Pakistan, from Jul 2015 to Jun 2017. Methodology: Study included 52 patients who presented with the complaint of a snakebite. The data was recorded on predesigned proforma including clinical, laboratory features. All the patients were kept indoor for observation for a minimum of 72 hours from the time of presentation. Results: The study showed that males were more affected with age group between 20-50 years. Most common presenting features were local swelling 33 (71%) and pain and most common snakebite type was hemotoxic 33 (71%). The 20-minute whole blood clotting time was found to have low sensitivity (61%) and specificity (58%). A significant association was found between the dose of anti-snake venom and severity of coagulopathy (p<0.001), respiratory failure (p<0.001) and development of side effects due to anti snake venom (p<0.001). The mortality rate was 6.5% and was significantly related to age of the victims (p=0.003). The diagnostic accuracy of 20-minute whole blood clotting time was 60.25%. Conclusion: The use of 20-minute whole blood clotting time can not only be misleading but also a source of delay in administering anti snake venom given the low sensitivity and specificity and high false negative rate.

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Dsilva, A. A., A. Basheer, and K. Thomas. "Snake envenomation: is the 20 min whole blood clotting test (WBCT20) the optimum test for management?" QJM: An International Journal of Medicine 112, no. 8 (March 27, 2019): 575–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcz077.

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Abstract Background The 20 min whole blood clotting test (WBCT20) is a simple bedside test recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) to assess hemotoxic envenomation and guide administration of polyvalent anti-snake venom (ASV). However, reliability and validity of this test has not been well documented in literature. Methods Sixty consecutive patients with history of snake bite were prospectively evaluated at a teaching hospital in India over 2 years. Envenomation was established by clinical and laboratory criteria. WBCT20 was done at 0, 4 and 12 h using standardized protocol. Prothrombin time (PT) with international normalized ratio (INR) was estimated at similar intervals to detect venom-induced consumption coagulopathy. Sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios (LR) were determined for WBCT20 using envenomation criteria as gold standard. WBCT20 was compared with PT/INR at cutoff values of ≥1.4 and ≥1.2. Two observers performed test–retest correlation to determine inter-observer variability of WBCT20. Results Seventeen of 60 patients had evidence of hemotoxic envenomation. Four patients had combined neurotoxicity and hemotoxicity. Sensitivity and specificity of WBCT20 were 94 and 76%; positive and negative LR were 3.9 and 0.08, respectively. No inter-observer variability was noted. Conclusions WBCT20 is a highly sensitive test with excellent reliability for detecting envenomation. However, the false positive rate in this study was 24%. Asymptomatic snake bite patients with a positive WBCT20 but no corresponding clinical signs of envenomation should be tested using PT/INR before receiving ASV to prevent unnecessary waste of anti-venom.

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Gamulin, Erika, Sanja Mateljak Lukačević, Beata Halassy, and Tihana Kurtović. "Snake Antivenoms—Toward Better Understanding of the Administration Route." Toxins 15, no. 6 (June 15, 2023): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15060398.

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Envenomations induced by animal bites and stings constitute a significant public health burden. Even though a standardized protocol does not exist, parenterally administered polyclonal antivenoms remain the mainstay in snakebite therapy. There is a prevailing opinion that their application by the i.m. route has poor efficacy and that i.v. administration should preferentially be chosen in order to achieve better accomplishment of the antivenom therapeutic activity. Recently, it has been demonstrated that neutralization not only in the systemic circulation but also in the lymphatic system might be of great importance for the clinical outcome since it represents another relevant body compartment through which the absorption of the venom components occurs. In this review, the present-day and summarized knowledge of the laboratory and clinical findings on the i.v. and i.m. routes of antivenom administration is provided, with a special emphasis on the contribution of the lymphatic system to the process of venom elimination. Until now, antivenom-mediated neutralization has not yet been discussed in the context of the synergistic action of both blood and lymph. A current viewpoint might help to improve the comprehension of the venom/antivenom pharmacokinetics and the optimal approach for drug application. There is a great need for additional dependable, practical, well-designed studies, as well as more practice-related experience reports. As a result, opportunities for resolving long-standing disputes over choosing one therapeutic principle over another might be created, improving the safety and effectiveness of snakebite management.

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Li, Li, Wang Bo, Huang Chen, Liu XiaoWei, Liu Hongbao, and Zhang Peng. "Hemoperfusion plus continuous veno-venous hemofiltration in the treatment of patients with multiple organ failure after wasp stings." International Journal of Artificial Organs 43, no. 3 (October 17, 2019): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0391398819881459.

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Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical effects of hemoperfusion plus continuous veno-venous hemofiltration in the treatment of patients with multiple organ failure after wasp stings and investigate its impacts on cytokines. Methods: A total of 12 patients with multiple organ failure after wasp stings admitted to Xijing Hospital were included in the present study between January 2017 and January 2019. All patients received hemoperfusion plus continuous veno-venous hemofiltration treatment in addition to conventional treatment after admission. Procedure of treatment was conducted as the following: hemoperfusion (2 h/day) and followed by continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (22 h/day) for at least 5 days. Patients’ clinical features, serum laboratory tests, and hemodynamic variables were monitored. The blood samples were taken to measure the changes of plasma cytokines. Results: All 12 patients survived in the observation period. After hemoperfusion plus continuous veno-venous hemofiltration treatment, there were significant improvements in indicators of liver function, renal function, state of consciousness, and mediators in blood circulation, including alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, creatine kinase, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, myoglobin, C-reactive protein, and so on. In these patients, acid–base metabolism returned to normal levels; Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II score, and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score lowered markedly. Furthermore, the plasma levels of interleukin 1β, interleukin 4, interleukin 6, interleukin 8, and interleukin 10 in these patients were significantly decreased; no significant change was shown in the level of tumor necrosis factor α. Conclusion: Our results revealed that hemoperfusion plus continuous veno-venous hemofiltration was effective in the management of patients with multiple organ failure after wasp sting via the non-specific removal of the wasp venom and inflammatory cytokines.

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Carcamo-Noriega, Edson Norberto, Shyam Sathyamoorthi, Shibdas Banerjee, Elumalai Gnanamani, Monserrat Mendoza-Trujillo, Dulce Mata-Espinosa, Rogelio Hernández-Pando, José Ignacio Veytia-Bucheli, Lourival D. Possani, and Richard N. Zare. "1,4-Benzoquinone antimicrobial agents againstStaphylococcus aureusandMycobacterium tuberculosisderived from scorpion venom." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 26 (June 10, 2019): 12642–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1812334116.

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Two 1,4-benzoquinone derivatives, found in the venom of the scorpionDiplocentrus melicifollowing exposure to air, have been isolated, characterized, synthesized, and assessed for antimicrobial activities. Initially a white, viscous liquid, the extracted venom colors within minutes under ambient conditions. From this colored mixture, two compounds, one red, the other blue, were isolated and purified using chromatography. After a variety of NMR and mass spectrometry experiments, the red compound was determined to be 3,5- dimethoxy-2-(methylthio)cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione, and the blue compound was determined to be 5-methoxy-2,3- bis(methylthio)cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione. Because extremely small amounts of these compounds were isolated from the scorpion venom, we developed laboratory syntheses from commercially available precursors, allowing us to produce sufficient quantities for crystallization and biological assays. The red benzoquinone is effective againstStaphylococcus aureus[minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 4 µg/mL], while the blue benzoquinone is active againstMycobacterium tuberculosis(MIC = 4 µg/mL) and even against a multidrug-resistant (MDR) strain with nearly equal effectiveness. The bactericidal effects of both benzoquinones show comparable activity to commercially available antibiotics used against these pathogens and were cytotoxic to neoplastic cell lines, suggesting their potential as lead compounds for the development of novel antimicrobial and anticancer drugs. Importantly, the blue benzoquinone was also effective in vivo with mouse models of MDR tuberculosis infection. After treatment for 2 mo, four mice with late-stage active MDR tuberculosis had a significant decrease in pulmonary bacillary loads and tissue damage. Healthy mice served as negative controls and tolerated treatment well, without adverse side effects.

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