Готові списки джерел за темами / Velocity plan

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Velocity plan"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022
Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Velocity plan"

1

Liu, Yan Bin, Qing Hua Ji, Xiao Chao Sun, and Jian Hai Han. "Kinematics and Trajectory Tracking Motion Plan of an Unmanned Bicycle." Advanced Materials Research 152-153 (October 2010): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.152-153.341.

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Анотація:
Kinematics and ground plane trajectory tracking motion plan of an unmanned bicycle were researched in this paper. For the unmanned bicycle controlled by a steering torque, a pedaling toque and a tilting torque, rigorous kinematics model was set up and discussed, and when the ground plane trajectories and the bicycle tilting angular trajectory were given, by use of Back-stepping design means, the steering angular velocity, the rear wheel rotation angular velocity and the other motion parameters trajectories of the unmanned bicycle were planned and discussed, the simulation results showed that the kinematics model built was accurate and rigorous, all above motion parameter plans were reasonable.
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2

Sciutti, Alessandra, Laurent Demougeot, Bastien Berret, Simone Toma, Giulio Sandini, Charalambos Papaxanthis, and Thierry Pozzo. "Visual gravity influences arm movement planning." Journal of Neurophysiology 107, no. 12 (June 15, 2012): 3433–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00420.2011.

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Анотація:
When submitted to a visuomotor rotation, subjects show rapid adaptation of visually guided arm reaching movements, indicated by a progressive reduction in reaching errors. In this study, we wanted to make a step forward by investigating to what extent this adaptation also implies changes into the motor plan. Up to now, classical visuomotor rotation paradigms have been performed on the horizontal plane, where the reaching motor plan in general requires the same kinematics (i.e., straight path and symmetric velocity profile). To overcome this limitation, we considered vertical and horizontal movement directions requiring specific velocity profiles. This way, a change in the motor plan due to the visuomotor conflict would be measurable in terms of a modification in the velocity profile of the reaching movement. Ten subjects performed horizontal and vertical reaching movements while observing a rotated visual feedback of their motion. We found that adaptation to a visuomotor rotation produces a significant change in the motor plan, i.e., changes to the symmetry of velocity profiles. This suggests that the central nervous system takes into account the visual information to plan a future motion, even if this causes the adoption of nonoptimal motor plans in terms of energy consumption. However, the influence of vision on arm movement planning is not fixed, but rather changes as a function of the visual orientation of the movement. Indeed, a clear influence on motion planning can be observed only when the movement is visually presented as oriented along the vertical direction. Thus vision contributes differently to the planning of arm pointing movements depending on motion orientation in space.
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3

Asfour, Omar S. "EFFECT OF BUILDING PLAN FORM ON HUMAN THERMAL COMFORT IN NATURALLY VENTILATED OPEN-PLAN ENCLOSURES LOCATED IN HOT CLIMATES." Journal of Green Building 12, no. 2 (March 2017): 112–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.12.2.112.

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Анотація:
This study aims to examine the effect of building plan form on internal thermal comfort conditions in naturally ventilated open-plan buildings located in hot climates. The study examined the square and the rectangular plan forms in relation to several values of wind direction, building plan depth, and climatic conditions. The study utilised CFD for ventilation prediction, DesignBuilder for thermal modelling, and the Tropical Summer Index (TSI) for thermal comfort assessment. These three tools were integrated in a quantitative approach to fulfil the study aim. The study concluded that the use of area-weighted average velocity magnitude is more accurate in the assessment of natural ventilation performance, as it accounts for both internal velocity magnitude and distribution. The study confirmed the common observation that the use of shallow building plans is more effective to increase internal air velocity and improve internal thermal comfort. At some point of increased plan depth, the internal air velocity magnitude dramatically decreases. In the three examined wind directions, this occurred when the plan depth exceeded 3H in the square cases and 2.5H in the rectangular ones, where H is the building height. This value is much less than the commonly recommended maximum value of 5H. The study also concluded that reducing building depth in the square cases has generally more potential to improve thermal comfort conditions when compared with the rectangular cases. The gross increase in Percentage of People Comfortable, PPC, in all the examined cases was 23% in the square cases, compared to 11% in the rectangular cases.
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4

Socco, Laura Valentina, Cesare Comina, and Farbod Khosro Anjom. "Time-average velocity estimation through surface-wave analysis: Part 1 — S-wave velocity." GEOPHYSICS 82, no. 3 (May 1, 2017): U49—U59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2016-0367.1.

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Анотація:
In some areas, the estimation of static corrections for land seismic data is a critical step of the processing workflow. It often requires the execution of additional surveys and data analyses. Surface waves (SWs) in seismic records can be processed to extract local dispersion curves (DCs) that can be used to estimate near-surface S-wave velocity models. Here we focus on the direct estimation of time-average S-wave velocity models from SW DCs without the need to invert the data. Time-average velocity directly provides the value of one-way time, given a datum plan depth. The method requires the knowledge of one 1D S-wave velocity model along the seismic line, together with the relevant DC, to estimate a relationship between SW wavelength and investigation depth on the time-average velocity model. This wavelength/depth relationship is then used to estimate all the other time-average S-wave velocity models along the line directly from the DCs by means of a data transformation. This approach removes the need for extensive data inversion and provides a simple method suitable for industrial workflows. We tested the method on synthetic and field data and found that it is possible to retrieve the time-average velocity models with uncertainties less than 10% in sites with laterally varying velocities. The error on one-way times at various depths of the datum plan retrieved by the time-average velocity models is mostly less than 5 ms for synthetic and field data.
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5

Jiang, Zhanyuan, Jianquan Ge, Qiangqiang Xu, and Tao Yang. "Terminal Impact Time Control Cooperative Guidance Law for UAVs under Time-Varying Velocity." Drones 5, no. 3 (September 17, 2021): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones5030100.

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Анотація:
Aiming at the problem that multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) attack the stationary target cooperatively under time-varying velocity, the cooperative guidance law with finite time convergence on two-dimensional plan and the three-dimensional cooperative guidance laws with impact time constraint are designed separately in this paper. Firstly, based on the relative motion equation between UAV and target on two-dimensional plane, the time cooperative guidance model of multiple UAVs is established. Then based on the consistency theory and graph theory, a distributed time cooperative guidance law is designed, which can ensure that the impact time of all UAVs can be quickly consistent in a limited time. Next, the cooperative guidance problem is expanded from two-dimensional plane to three-dimensional space, the motion model between UAV and target in three-dimensional space is established and the expression of time-to-go estimation under time-varying velocity is derived. Finally, according to whether there is the communication among UAVs under the condition of time-varying velocity, a multiple UAVs three-dimensional cooperative guidance law based on desired impact time and a multiple UAVs three-dimensional cooperative guidance law based on coordination variables are designed, respectively. The simulation results show that the cooperative guidance law with finite time convergence on two-dimensional plan and the three-dimensional cooperative guidance law with impact time constraint proposed in this paper are effective, which can both realize the saturation attack under the time-varying velocity.
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6

Gopal, Atul, Sumitash Jana, and Aditya Murthy. "Contrasting speed-accuracy tradeoffs for eye and hand movements reveal the optimal nature of saccade kinematics." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 1664–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00329.2017.

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Анотація:
In contrast to hand movements, the existence of a neural representation of saccade kinematics is unclear. Saccade kinematics is typically thought to be specified by motor error/desired displacement and generated by brain stem circuits that are not penetrable to voluntary control. We studied the influence of instructed hand movement velocity on the kinematics of saccades executed without explicit instructions. When the hand movement was slow the saccade velocity decreased, independent of saccade amplitude. We leveraged this modulation of saccade velocity to study the optimality of saccades (in terms of velocity and endpoint accuracy) in relation to the well-known speed-accuracy tradeoff that governs voluntary movements (Fitts’ law). In contrast to hand movements that obeyed Fitts' law, normometric saccades exhibited the greatest endpoint accuracy and lower reaction times, relative to saccades accompanying slow and fast hand movements. In the slow condition, where saccade endpoint accuracy suffered, we observed that targets were more likely to be foveated by two saccades resulting in step-saccades. Interestingly, the endpoint accuracy was higher in two-saccade trials, compared with one-saccade trials in both the slow and fast conditions. This indicates that step-saccades are a part of the kinematic plan for optimal control of endpoint accuracy. Taken together, these findings suggest normometric saccades are already optimized to maximize endpoint accuracy and the modulation of saccade velocity by hand velocity is likely to reflect the sharing of kinematic plans between the two effectors. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The optimality of saccade kinematics has been suggested by modeling studies but experimental evidence is lacking. However, we observed that, when subjects voluntarily modulated their hand velocity, the velocity of saccades accompanying these hand movements was also modulated, suggesting a shared kinematic plan for eye and hand movements. We leveraged this modulation to show that saccades had less endpoint accuracy when their velocity decreased, illustrating that normometric saccades have optimal speed and accuracy.
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7

Acakpovi, Amevi, Majeed B. Issah, Francois X. Fifatin, and Mathias B. Michael. "Wind velocity extrapolation in Ghana by Weibull probability density function." Wind Engineering 42, no. 1 (August 10, 2017): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309524x17723205.

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Анотація:
This article proposes a database of reliable wind velocities across the whole Ghana divided into 24 locations, based on data collected for the year 2013, although the bigger plan is to cover the period 2013–2018. For the year 2013 specifically, the proposed data were obtained through extrapolation of RETScreen data on wind velocity in Ghana, originally taken at a height of 10 m to a height of 60 m, adequate for generation using Weibull distribution function. The model led to the determination of the shape factor k and the scale factor c for all the 24 locations which subsequently led to the extrapolated wind velocity. The lowest and highest wind speeds were recorded, respectively, as 3.77 and 8.24 m/s for Wenchi and Wa locations in Ghana. The utmost relevance of this article is of national dimension to Ghana as the resulting wind velocities may be useful to undertake feasibility studies or real implementation of wind power plant.
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8

Wang, Dong Qing, En Rong Mao, and Xiu Jie Yin. "Research on Deviation Correction Control Technique of the Paver’s Traveling System." Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (March 2012): 1777–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.1777.

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Анотація:
In order to improve the performance of crawler paver’s traveling and reduce the paver’s straight traveling deviation, a new control plan of paver’s traveling system was proposed. In the control plan, the left wheel control method adopted velocity closed loop control in order to keep constant-speed moving of the paver. The right wheel control method adopted the series structure of fuzzy control and PID control in which the fuzzy controller slightly adjusted the right wheel set point of PID controller according to the distance difference variable and velocity difference variable of paver’s left wheel and right wheel. In the working condition of straight paving, the real time deviation correction is achieved to assure paver’s straight traveling.
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9

Ferreira, Elise, Morgan Dal, Christophe Colin, Guillaume Marion, Cyril Gorny, Damien Courapied, Jason Guy, and Patrice Peyre. "Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Gas/Powder Flow for Different LMD Nozzles." Metals 10, no. 5 (May 20, 2020): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10050667.

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Анотація:
The Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) process is an additive manufacturing method, which generates 3D structures through the interaction of a laser beam and a gas/powder stream. The stream diameter, surface density and focal plan position affect the size, efficiency and regularity of the deposit tracks. Therefore, a precise knowledge of the gas/powder streams characteristics is essential to control the process and improve its reliability and reproducibly for industrial applications. This paper proposes multiple experimental techniques, such as gas pressure measurement, optical and weighting methods, to analyze the gas and particle velocity, the powder stream diameter, its focal plan position and density. This was carried out for three nozzle designs and multiple gas and powder flow rates conditions. The results reveal that (1) the particle stream follows a Gaussian distribution while the gas velocity field is closer to a top hat one; (2) axial, carrier and shaping gas flow significantly impact the powder stream’s focal plan position; (3) only shaping gas, powder flow rates and nozzle design impact the powder stream diameter. 2D axisymmetric models of the gas and powder streams with RANS turbulent model are then performed on each of the three nozzles and highlight good agreements with experimental results but an over-estimation of the gas velocity by pressure measurements.
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10

Wang, Rui, Changchun Liang, Dong Pan, Xiaodong Zhang, Pengfei Xin, and Xiaodong Du. "Research on a Visual Servo Method of a Manipulator Based on Velocity Feedforward." Space: Science & Technology 2021 (September 10, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/9763179.

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Анотація:
In this paper, a method of predicting the motion state of a moving target in the base coordinate system by hand-eye vision and the position and attitude of the end is proposed. The predicted value is used as the velocity feedforward, and the position-based visual servo method is used to plan the velocity of the end of the manipulator. It overcomes the influence of end coordinate system motion on target prediction in a discrete system and introduces an integral control method to compensate for the prediction velocity, eliminating the end tracking error caused by target velocity prediction error. The effectiveness of this method is verified by simulation and experiment.
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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Velocity plan"

1

Fouari, Aziz. "Contribution à l'étude de la diffusion de la chaleur en aval d'une source linéaire placée dans un jet plan turbulent." Rouen, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ROUES013.

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Анотація:
Etude expérimentale du champ de vitesse moyenne et des fluctuations de vitesse, des champs de température moyenne et de fluctuations de température. Comparaison avec d'autres écoulements turbulents (couche limite turbulente, turbulence de grille, écoulement de conduite). Modèle physique basé sur le comportement relatif du sillage instantané et du sillage moyen décrivant les deux zones du processus de diffusion dans le cas de la couche limite turbulente et le jet plan turbulent
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2

Ступак, Олександр Юрійович. "Кінематичний аналіз плоского важільного механізму програмними засобами(робота)". Bachelor's thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2019. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/29553.

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Анотація:
У наш час завдання кінематичного аналізу механізмів найчастіше вирішуються графічними або аналітичними методами. З розвитком мов програмування та можливостей відповідних середовищ розробки стає можливою реалізація кінематичного аналізу плоских важільних механізмів програмними методами. Запропонована реалізація являється комбінованим графоаналітичним методом, оскільки аналітичне рішення засноване на графічних побудовах та рішенні відповідних геометричних задач. За допомогою мови програмування Processing реалізовано програмне забезпечення для кінематичного аналізу простих важільних механізмів. Кінематичний аналіз, важільний механізм, мова програмування Processing.
Nowadays, the problem of kinematic analysis of mechanisms is most often solved by graphical or analytical methods. According to the development of programming languages and the possibility of corresponding development environments, it becomes possible to implement the kinematic analysis of flat lever mechanisms using software methods. The proposed implementation is a combined graphoanalytical method, since the analytical solution is based on graphical constructions and the solution of the corresponding geometric problems. Using the programming language Processing implemented software for the kinematic analysis of simple lever mechanisms. Kinematic analysis, lever mechanism, programming language Processing.
В наше время задача кинематического анализа механизмов чаще всего решаются графическими или аналитическими методами. По развитию языков программирования и возможности соответствующих сред разработки становится возможна реализация кинематического анализа плоских рычажных механизмов программными методами. Предложен а реализация является комбинированном графоаналитическим методом, поскольку аналитическое решение основано на графических построениях и решении соответствующих геометрических задач. С помощью языка программирования Processing реализовано программное обеспечение для кинематического анализа простых рычажных механизмов. Кинематический анализ, рычажный механизм, язык программирования Processing.
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3

Cabrera, Gomez Jose Julian. "Velocity-dip analysis in the plane-wave domain." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30604.

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Анотація:
Plane-wave decomposition and slant stack transformation have recently gained much interest as viable routes to perform a variety of prestack processing tasks, such as velocity estimation, migration, filtering, deconvolution, and velocity inversion. To further complement the current advances, the problem of earth model parameter estimation and prestack structural imaging are addressed in this work. Unlike existing methods, the algorithms presented here make a novel and systematic use of the plane-wave domain to determine migration and interval velocities, interface dip angles and common-shot gather reflector images. To start, a method is developed to estimate migration velocities and interface dip angles in earth models composed of planar, dipping reflecting interfaces separating homogeneous layers, and where straight-ray travelpaths to the reflecting interfaces can be assumed. The method consists of transforming a common-shot gather into the plane-wave domain, where a semblance analysis search along cosinusoid trajectories is performed. Since the cosinusoid trajectories are functions of the migration velocity and interface dip angle, selection of the maximum semblance values yields the best estimates to the desired earth model parameters. To remove the straight-ray assumption of the velocity-dip analysis method, a recursive technique is developed to estimate interval velocities and interface dip angles via a ray tracing algorithm. This technique essentially generates plane-wave domain traveltimes for a range of interval velocities and interface dip angles, and computes the error between the generated and observed plane-wave traveltimes. The minimum error determines the best estimates of the earth model parameters. With the information attained in the velocity-dip analysis algorithm, a plane-wave based imaging method is developed to produce prestack common-shot gather images of the reflecting interfaces. The method consists of transforming a common-shot gather into the plane-wave domain, where a velocity-dip semblance analysis is performed. Then, the plane-wave components are downward extrapolated and recombined via a dip-incorporated inverse slant-stack transformation to produce the spherical-wave field that would have been recorded by receivers placed on the reflecting interfaces. The dip incorporation consists of redefining the angle of emergence of the plane waves. Finally, a simple mapping algorithm converts the offset and time coordinates of the reconstructed wave field to the true horizontal location and two-way vertical time of the reflection points. This results in the desired prestack migrated images of the reflecting interfaces. In this thesis, a novel algorithm to perform plane-wave decomposition via Fourier transforms is also proposed. This algorithm consists of the application of the double fast Fourier transform to the input data, followed by complex vector multiplications with essentially the Fourier representation of the Bessel function J0 . A numerical singularity is avoided by applying an analytical expression that approximately accounts for the singular point contribution. An inverse fast Fourier transform from frequency to time gives the desired plane-wave seismogram. The techniques proposed in this work have yielded encouraging results on synthetic and field data examples. The examples demonstrate, for the first time, the systematic use of the plane-wave domain in processing seismic reflection data from common-shot gather data to the plane-wave domain, to velocity and dip angle analysis and to prestack structural imaging. It is believed that the results from this work will help researchers as well as practising geophysicists to become better acquainted with plane-wave domain processing.
Science, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
Graduate
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4

Collins, Justin Andrew. "Velocity and free surface measurements of free plane jets." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17888.

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5

Windholtz, Timothy Nolan. "Plane-Strain Formability of Sheet Metal at High Velocity." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1332509672.

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6

Buono, Jared. "Assessing the Ecohydrologic Consequences of Woody Plant Encroachment." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195347.

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Анотація:
This three part study attempted to enhance our understanding of vegetation change and its potential effects on ecohydrology in drylands. The first study developed a method to measure the velocity of shallow overland flow. Under rainfall simulation, dye tracers were applied to runoff and photographed to calculate mean surface velocity. Results showed this approach was a significant improvement explaining 13% more of the variation in mean velocity compared to traditional methods. Results from the first study were used to compare hydraulic parameters on shrub- and grass-dominated plots in the second study. Previous research has suggested microtopography in shrublands acts to concentrate flow, leading to increased runoff velocity compared to grasslands. However, present findings showed that flow velocities were similar on many grass and shrub plots; only plots with ground cover > 90% exhibited significantly lower flow velocities, and some shrub-dominated plots had lower flow velocities than grass-dominated plots implying that horizontal water flux is reduced under certain states of woody plant encroachment. In terms of ground cover characteristics, velocity increased rapidly with increases in the fraction of bare soil, up to a value of ~20% bare soil. Above ~20% bare soil, basal gap became a dominant factor suggesting a possible threshold where spatial metrics related to the distance between plants become important indicator of shallow flow velocity. The third study tested an approach to quantify woody plant canopy metrics over large areas. Radar has been used to map biomass in forests but few studies have examined open canopy ecosystems. Field measurements of shrublands were compared to satellite images to identify the relationship between radar signal and height and cover of woody vegetation. Results indicated that radar signal increased positively with shrub height or shrub volume explaining 74% and 90% of the variation, respectively. The effect of surface roughness and sub-canopy species on radar signal appears reduced when images are collected at large incidence angles.
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7

Jiao, Junru. "Residual migration velocity analysis in the plane wave domain : theory and applications /." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3023551.

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8

Styles, Julie M. "A wind tunnel study of the velocity field above a model plant canopy." [Canberra] : CSIRO Land and Water, 1997. http://nla.gov.au/nla.arc-13482.

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Анотація:
Thesis (B.Sc. (Honours)) - Australian National University, 1997.
Title from title screen (viewed on May 20, 2002). "A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science (Honours)"--Title screen. Bibliography: p. 64-66. Available full text via the internet.
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9

Salamanca, Gabriel Enrique Dicelis. "Estudo integrado da camada de basalto em Bebedouro - SP, Bacia do Paraná: relocalização dos sismos induzidos por poços tubulares." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/14/14132/tde-10082011-215956/.

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Анотація:
Dicelis, G. E., Estudo Integrado da Camada de Basalto em Bebedouro SP, Bacia do Paraná: Relocalização dos sismos induzidos por poços tubulares, 2011. Dissertação de Mestrado Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP. A partir de 2004, a população do distrito de Andes, Bebedouro (SP), passou a sentir pequenos tremores de terra. Uma rede sismográfica instalada em 2005 mostrou que os sismos locais são induzidos por poços tubulares profundos usados para irrigação de lavouras (Assumpção et al., 2007). Neste projeto de pesquisa foi melhorada a localização desses sismos, usando análise da forma de onda e os tempos de chegada das ondas P e S, com o propósito de efetuar uma melhor análise da sismicidade induzida. Para isto foram aproveitados resultados de estudos anteriores como sísmica de refração, dispersão de ondas de superfície, sondagem elétrica vertical, função do receptor e TDEM. Para obter o melhor modelo de velocidades 1D, foram testados diferentes algoritmos de localização e técnicas de relocalização de hipocentros, para aproximadamente 3000 microtremores gravados pela rede sismográfica no período 2005 2010. Os resultados mostraram que as profundidades focais dos sismos relocalizados ficaram em sua maioria dentro da camada de basalto, a menos de 500m de profundidade. Este resultado confirma que os sismos estão relacionados com a perturbação do equilíbrio de tensões (pressões) geológicas, em zonas de fraturas já existentes dentro da camada de basalto. Foi usada uma combinação de correlação cruzada e tempos de chegada para analisar um conjunto de sismos, baseada na similaridade dos seus sismogramas. Foi melhorada a distribuição hipocentral o que permitiu determinar claramente uma solução do plano focal de um cluster, o que indicou a existência de uma falha normal de orientação WNW-ESSE e mergulho para o norte, com extensão NNE-SSW (eixo-T). Este mecanismo pode complementar os dados de esforços na região sudeste.
Dicelis, G. E., Integrated Study of the basalt layer in Bebedouro SP, Paraná Basin: Relocation of earthquakes induced by wells, 2011. Master dissertation - Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences of the University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Since 2004 the population of the district of Andes, Bebedouro SP, began to feel small earthquakes. A seismograph network installed in 2005 showed that earthquakes are caused by local deep wells used for irrigation of crops (Assumpção et al., 2007). In this research project we improved the location of these earthquakes, using analysis of waveform and the arrival times of P and S waves, in order to make a better analysis of the induced seismicity. To better relocate the events we determined a velocit model using results of previous studies such as seismic refraction, surface wave dispersion, vertical electrical sounding, receiver function and TDEM. The best fit 1D model was achieved testing different localization algorithms and techniques for relocation of hypocenters for approximately 3000 microtremors recorded by seismograph network to the period 2005 2010. The results showed that the focal depths of the relocated earthquakes are mostly within the basalt layer, less than 500m depth. This confirms that the earthquakes are related with disturbance of geological stresses (pressures) in pre-existing fracture zones within the basalt layer. We used a combination of cross-correlation and arrival times for analyze a set of earthquakes, based on the similarity of their recorded seismograms. The hypocentral distribution was improved allowing a clear determination of the best fit fault plane solution for one cluster, which indicates the existence of a normal fault with direction WNW-ESE and dip to the north, with NNE-SSW extension (T-axis). This mechanism may complement the stress data in the Southeast Brazil.
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Harsha, Senusi Mohamed. "Interpretation of Southern Georgia coastal plain velocity structure using refraction and wide-angle reflection methods." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/25886.

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Книги з теми "Velocity plan"

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Bosch, Frank van den. The velocity of spatial population expansion. [Amsterdam, Netherlands]: F. van den Bosch, 1990.

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Hollinrake, P. G. Flood discharge assessment: Peak velocity meter - evaluation of a device for measuring flood plain flow velocity : progress to March 1991 . Wallingford, Oxfordshire: Hydraulics Research, 1991.

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3

Husain, Zoeb. Basic fluid mechanics and hydraulic machines. Hyderabad [India]: BS Publications, 2008.

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4

Huffaker, Ray, Marco Bittelli, and Rodolfo Rosa. Phase Space Reconstruction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782933.003.0003.

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In this chapter we introduce an important concept concerning the study of both discrete and continuous dynamical systems, the concept of phase space or “state space”. It is an abstract mathematical construction with important applications in statistical mechanics, to represent the time evolution of a dynamical system in geometric shape. This space has as many dimensions as the number of variables needed to define the instantaneous state of the system. For instance, the state of a material point moving on a straight line is defined by its position and velocity at each instant, so that the phase space for this system is a plane in which one axis is the position and the other one the velocity. In this case, the phase space is also called “phase plane”. It is later applied in many chapters of the book.
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5

Cameli, Matteo, Partho Sengupta, and Thor Edvardsen. Deformation echocardiography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0004.

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Echocardiographic strain imaging, also known as deformation imaging, has been developed as a means to objectively quantify regional and global myocardial function. First introduced as a post-processing feature of tissue Doppler imaging velocity converted to strain and strain rate, strain imaging has more recently also been derived from speckle tracking analysis. Tissue Doppler imaging yields velocity information from which strain and strain rate are mathematically derived whereas two-dimensional speckle tracking yields strain information from which strain rate and velocity data are derived. Data obtained from these two different techniques may not be equivalent due to limitations inherent with each technique. Speckle tracking analysis can generate longitudinal, circumferential, and radial strain measurements and left ventricular twist. Although potentially useful, these measurements are also complicated and frequently displayed as difficult-to-interpret waveforms. Strain imaging is now considered a robust research tool and has great potential to play many roles in routine clinical practice. This chapter explains the fundamental concepts of deformation imaging, the technical features of strain imaging using tissue Doppler imaging and speckle tracking, and the strengths and weaknesses of these methods.
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Velocity and stage data collected in a laboratory flume for water-surface slope determination using a pipe manometer. Reston, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000.

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7

Hargreaves, Ian. 7. Murder is my meat: the ethics of journalism. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199686872.003.0008.

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Journalism is a domain of high-velocity moral choices and tense emotional situations. The ethic of truthfulness, or more modestly accuracy, lies at the heart of journalism. Without it, journalism devalues its own civic currency by undermining trust. Industry codes and the law of the land have a part to play in setting the necessary standards, but this does not necessarily eliminate serious wrongdoing. ‘Murder is my meat: the ethics of journalism’ considers the ethical issues and reflects upon the UK phone-hacking scandal, which resulted in the appointment of a judicial inquiry into the culture, practices, and ethics of the press: the Leveson inquiry in 2011.
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Zeitlin, Vladimir. Rotating Shallow-Water Models with Full Coriolis Force. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804338.003.0016.

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The derivation of the rotating shallow-water model by vertical averaging is carried on in the tangent plane approximation without neglecting the vertical component of the Coriolis force, and contributions of the vertical component of velocity in its horizontal component (‘non-traditional’ terms), leading to one- and two-layer ‘non-traditional’ rotating shallow-water models. A similar approach on the whole sphere encounters difficulties with conservation of angular momentum. Consistent ‘non-traditional’ rotating shallow-water equations in this case are obtained from the variational principle, which is first formulated for full primitive equations. It is shown that columnar motion hypothesis should be replaced by solid-angle motion one on the sphere. Two-layer non-traditional rotating shallow-water equations are used to analyse inertial instability of jets and compare the results with Chapter 10. It is shown that non-traditional terms can increase the growth rates up to 30% in some configurations and can also change the structure of the unstable modes.
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Evtushenko, Yury, Vladimir Zubov, and Anna Albu. Optimal control of thermal processes with phase transitions. LCC MAKS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m2449.978-5-317-06677-2.

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The optimal control of the metal solidification process in casting is considered. Quality of the obtained detail greatly depends on how the crystallization process proceeds. It is known that to obtain a model of a good quality it is desirable that the phase interface would be as close as possible to a plane and that the speed of its motion would be close to prescribed. The proposed mathematical model of the crystallization process is based on a three dimensional two phase initial-boundary value problem of the Stefan type. The velocity of the mold in the furnace is used as the control. The control satisfying the technological requirements is determined by solving the posed optimal control problem. The optimal control problem was solved numerically using gradient optimization methods. The effective method is proposed for calculation of the cost functional gradient. It is based on the fast automatic differentiation technique and produces the exact gradient for the chosen approximation of the optimal control problem.
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Institute for Computer Applications in Science and Engineering., ed. On absorbing boundary conditions for linearized Euler equations by a perfectly matched layer. Hampton, VA: Institute for Computer Applications in Science and Engineering, NASA Langley Research Center, 1995.

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Частини книг з теми "Velocity plan"

1

Tygel, M., and P. Hubral. "Constant Velocity Migration in the Various Guises of Plane-Wave Theory." In Aspects of Seismic Reflection Data Processing, 331–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2087-3_6.

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Hudson, Michael J. "Density and Peculiar Velocity Fields in the Region of Dressler’s Supergalactic Plane Survey." In Observational Tests of Cosmological Inflation, 467–68. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3510-8_54.

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3

Broberg, K. B. "Crack expanding with constant velocity in an anisotropic solid under anti-plane strain." In Recent Advances in Fracture Mechanics, 1–12. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2854-6_1.

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4

Durst, F., E. S. Zanoun, and H. Nagib. "The Mean Velocity Profile of Two-Dimensional Fully Developed Turbulent Plane-Channel Flows." In IUTAM Symposium on Reynolds Number Scaling in Turbulent Flow, 129–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0997-3_22.

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5

Kubiak, Przemysław, Marek Woźniak, Кapпyшкин Bиктop Гeннaдьeвич, Piotr Jóżwiak, Gustavo Ozuna, Szymon Madziara, Mateusz Najbert, and Andrzej Szosland. "The Method of Determining Velocity by Measuring the Vehicle-Body Deformation Plane Approximation Method." In Transactions on Engineering Technologies, 43–57. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1088-0_4.

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Klingmann, B. G. B., P. H. Alfredsson, and D. S. Henningson. "An Experimental Study of the Velocity Field of Turbulent Spots in Plane Poiseuille Flow." In Advances in Turbulence 2, 9–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83822-4_2.

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Munshi, Mohmmadraiyan M., A. R. Patel, and G. M. Deheri. "Effect of Slip Velocity on a Ferrofluid-Based Longitudinally Rough Porous Plane Slider Bearing." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 27–41. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0035-0_3.

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8

Ting, T. C. T., and Tankin Wang. "The Goursat-Riemann Problem for Plane Waves in Isotropic Elastic Solids with Velocity Boundary Conditions." In Multidimensional Hyperbolic Problems and Computations, 367–86. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9121-0_26.

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Nakanishi, Tomoko M. "Real-Time Water Movement in a Plant." In Novel Plant Imaging and Analysis, 39–72. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4992-6_2.

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AbstractThe next approach to research on water was to measure the small amount of water actually moving within a plant. The best method is to utilize radioisotope (RI)-labeled water and measure the radiation from outside of the plant. However, it is rather difficult to label water, since there are only limited kinds of RI for tracing water.When utilizing 18F to trace water movement, another fundamental question to consider was the features that characterize drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive plants. It is natural to suppose that drought-tolerant plants have strong water absorption; therefore, by analyzing the water absorption mechanism of tolerant plants and by introducing this function to sensitive plants, it might be possible to make the sensitive plants more tolerant.However, when water uptake was studied in naturally developed drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive cowpea, selected from 2000 cowpea plants grown in the field of Africa, the result was unexpected. Under normal conditions, the amount of water absorbed by the drought-tolerant strain was much lower than that absorbed by the sensitive strain, as if showing the low capability of water absorption. When a drought condition was introduced, the tolerant strain began to absorb much more water than usual, whereas the sensitive strain could not absorb as much water as before. This result provided us with an important lesson. Analyzing the mechanism of drought tolerance only by comparing the water absorption of tolerant and sensitive plants might not readily reveal the reason for drought tolerance. The features of the naturally produced plants showed us different mechanisms that might not match our expectations developed in the laboratory.Next, we performed water measurements using 15O-labeled water, which has an extremely short half-life of 2 minutes. Here, we found another astonishing result, which was “water circulation” in the plant internode. A tremendous amount of water was always leaking from xylem cells, which had been regarded as a mere pipe to transfer water from the root to the aboveground parts. In another subsequent study, it was shown that the water flowing out from the xylem was pushing out the water already present in the stem and then returning to the xylem again to move upward. The water velocity in the internode was kept constant, and through simulation, it took less than 20 minutes to exchange the water already present in the stem with newly absorbed water.
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Topac, O. T., B. Tasdemir, B. Gozluklu, E. Gurses, and D. Coker. "Experimental and Computational Investigation of Out-of-Plane Low Velocity Impact Behavior of CFRP Composite Plates." In Fracture, Fatigue, Failure and Damage Evolution, Volume 8, 9–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21611-9_2.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Velocity plan"

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Percival, Jeffrey W., Jayadev Rajagopal, Samuel Halverson, Lawrence W. Ramsey, Arpita Roy, Fernando Santoro, Michael P. Smith, et al. "The NEID precision radial velocity spectrometer: port adapter overview, requirements, and test plan." In Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy VII, edited by Hideki Takami, Christopher J. Evans, and Luc Simard. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2312209.

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Yang, Hui, Li Jia, and Lixin Yang. "Effect of Initial Velocity Field on Smoke Diffusion Characteristic in Subway Tunnel." In ASME 2009 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the InterPACK09 and 3rd Energy Sustainability Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2009-88439.

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In this paper, piston wind effect on smoke diffusion characteristic in subway tunnel is studied by using three-dimensional transient computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. In the first simulation case, fire disaster is simulated with homogeneous resting initial field condition. In the second simulation case, the train’s decelerating process till stopping in the tunnel is simulated for getting three-dimensional tunnel air velocity field distribution. Then the final heterogeneous air velocity field when the train stops in the tunnel is taken as initial field condition and the same fire scenario as the first case is simulated again. The data obtained under both initial conditions are compared by detecting people evacuation safety and the influence of initial air velocity field is analyzed. The results show that the inertial air velocity field caused by train’s movement has significant influence on smoke diffusion at the first few minutes of fire disaster, which is the key time for people’s evacuation. The adopted method in this paper and the simulation result could be used in establishing more effective subway fire evacuation plan.
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Lowe, Kevin T., Gwibo Byun, Sean Shea, Matthew Boyda, and Courtney S. Winski. "Three-Velocity-Component Cross-Correlation Doppler Global Velocimetry for the Space Launch System Booster Separation Test in the NASA Langley Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel." In AIAA Aviation 2019 Forum. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2019-3506.

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Lowe, Kevin T., Gwibo Byun, Sean Shea, Matthew T. Boyda, and Courtney S. Winski. "Three-Velocity-Component Cross-Correlation Doppler Global Velocimetry for the Space Launch System Booster Separation Test in the NASA Langley Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel." In AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2019-2312.

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Romanchenko, M. I. "DRAWING UP THE POWER BALANCE FOR THE DRIVING WHEEL OF THE CAR USING THE SPEED PLAN." In Innovative technologies in road transport. Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, Voronezh, Russia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/itrt2021_38-44.

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The method of drawing up the power balance for the driving wheel of a car using the speed plan of individual points of the wheel is presented. The linear velocities of the characteristic points are determined by their components, taking into account three wheel radii – dynamic and two kinematic. The kinematic radii are represented by the rolling radius of the wheel in the free mode and the rolling radius of the wheel in the driving mode. As a result, the linear velocities are reduced to two components, depending on the kinematic radii and the angular velocity of the wheel. They allow you to determine all the components of the power balance of the drive wheel in combination with the acting longitudinal forces, reactions and moments.
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Grant, Howard, Walter Stubner, Walter Alwang, Charles Henry, John Baird, and Paul Spens. "Schooner Brilliant Sail Coefficients and Speed Polars." In SNAME 15th Chesapeake Sailing Yacht Symposium. SNAME, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/csys-2001-011.

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The sail coefficients for a schooner rig, as a function of wind angle and heel angle, are presented, based on an experimental program, for historic vessel research, at Mystic Seaport, using the 61'6" schooner Brilliant. The coefficients were determined by full-scale sailing tests and 9- scale model tow-tank tests. Sail coefficients CR and Cttare defined as the drive force and horizontal side force , due to the sails, rigging, and hull above the waterline, per unit of sail area, per unit of wind pressure. These coefficients can be used to study performance of historic schooner­rigged vessels, predict performance of new designs, and compare performance of schooners and sloops. Sail coefficients for sloops have long been available. A velocity prediction program for the schooner was also developed. The predicted and actual ship speeds agree, with standard deviation of0.028 in the ratio. Upwind sail coefficients for the schooner are found to be lower than for historic sloops, and display the expected droop with heel. The schooner velocity made good upwind is largest with the sail plan of four lowers plus fisherman staysail. The schooner and sloop both point higher as wind increases. The sloop outpoints the schooner at all wind speeds, by about 10°. On a beam reach or broad reach, schooner speed is largest with the sail plan of big jib, golliwobbler, and mainsail. This sail plan also produces the largest downwind velocity made good. The polars suggest that the schooner has the advantage over the sloop on a beam reach.
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Lowe, Kevin T., Gwibo Byun, Sean Shea, Matthew T. Boyda, and Courtney S. Winski. "Withdrawal: Three-Velocity-Component Cross-Correlation Doppler Global Velocimetry for the Space Launch System Booster Separation Test in the NASA Langley Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel." In AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2019-2312.c1.

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Chen, Jiajun, Yue Sun, Hang Zhang, Dakui Feng, and Zhiguo Zhang. "Large Eddy Simulation of Cross Flow in Pipe Junction." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77751.

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Mixing in pipe junctions can play an important role in exciting force and distribution of flow in pipe network. This paper investigated the cross pipe junction and proposed an improved plan, Y-shaped pipe junction. The numerical study of a three-dimensional pipe junction was performed for calculation and improved understanding of flow feature in pipe. The filtered Navier–Stokes equations were used to perform the large-eddy simulation of the unsteady incompressible flow in pipe. From the analysis of these results, it clearly appears that the vortex strength and velocity non-uniformity of centerline, can be reduced by Y-shaped junction. The Y-shaped junction not only has better flow characteristic, but also reduces head loss and exciting force. The results of the three-dimensional improvement analysis of junction can be used in the design of pipe network for industry.
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Hönig, Wolfgang, T. K. Satish Kumar, Liron Cohen, Hang Ma, Hong Xu, Nora Ayanian, and Sven Koenig. "Summary: Multi-Agent Path Finding with Kinematic Constraints." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/684.

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Multi-Agent Path Finding (MAPF) is well studied in both AI and robotics. Given a discretized environment and agents with assigned start and goal locations, MAPF solvers from AI find collision-free paths for hundreds of agents with user-provided sub-optimality guarantees. However, they ignore that actual robots are subject to kinematic constraints (such as velocity limits) and suffer from imperfect plan-execution capabilities. We therefore introduce MAPF-POST to postprocess the output of a MAPF solver in polynomial time to create a plan-execution schedule that can be executed on robots. This schedule works on non-holonomic robots, considers kinematic constraints, provides a guaranteed safety distance between robots, and exploits slack to avoid time-intensive replanning in many cases. We evaluate MAPF-POST in simulation and on differential-drive robots, showcasing the practicality of our approach.
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Pathak, Kaustubh, and Sunil K. Agrawal. "Optimal Band-Limited Trajectory Planning and Control for an Inverted Wheeled Pendulum." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-60190.

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Mobile inverted pendulum robots consist of an elongated pendulum body with two motors mounted on it for driving the wheels. The velocity and position control of such a vehicle is challenging because of the coupling of the pendulum’s pitch angle from the vertical and the Cartesian motion of the vehicle. On using a nonlinear transform to effect partial feedback linearization, the system dynamics transforms to two subsystems: a linear system with the vehicle’s pitch and in-plane orientation, and a nonlinear system of internal dynamics. In this paper, the problem of utilizing such a partial feedback linearization for optimal trajectory planning of such vehicles is considered. Due to the resulting linear subsystem with vehicle pitch and in-plane orientation, these configuration variables can be controlled by a linear controller (C) using a nonlinear feedback. The planning approach presented in this paper considers the time-constant (τ) of the linear controller C explicitly. A band-limited Sinc-function interpolation is used to plan the variables in the method of collocation. This ensures that high frequency signal content which cannot be handled by the controller C, is absent in the planned trajectory, making the plan better implementable by the controller. The planned trajectory takes the vehicle from point to point, while keeping the vehicle pitch bounded and avoiding obstacles. The optimality condition considered in the algorithm is the length of the path. The optimization problem posed after collocation, is then solved using a standard Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) solver. Simulation results show that the tracking controller C is able to follow the planned trajectory when no initial planar Cartesian error is present.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Velocity plan"

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Aagaard, B. T., R. W. Graymer, C. H. Thurber, A. J. Rodgers, T. A. Taira, R. D. Catchings, C. A. Goulet, and A. Plesch. Science Plan for Improving 3-D Seismic Velocity Models in the San Francisco Bay Region, 2019-24. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1569674.

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Liu, D. D. S. Estimation of superficial gas velocity in a pilot plant operation. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/302658.

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Rohay, Alan C., and Thomas M. Brouns. Site-Specific Velocity and Density Model for the Waste Treatment Plant, Hanford, Washington. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/912736.

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Loucks, Richard B. An Experimental Examination of the Streamwise Velocity in a Plane Mixing Layer using a Single Hot-Wire Sensor. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada332948.

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Liu, D. D. S. Analysis of data obtained from the CANMET hydrocracking demonstration plant test - April 29 to May 12, 1986: void fraction versus superficial gas velocity. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/302629.

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6

Brodsky, N. S. Crack closure and healing studies in WIPP (Waste Isolation Pilot Plant) salt using compressional wave velocity and attenuation measurements: Test methods and results. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6197248.

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7

Hart, Carl. Vibration survey of Room 47 with a laser doppler vibrometer : Main Laboratory Basement, U.S. Army ERDC-CRREL. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/38919.

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Анотація:
Plans are underway to create an acousto-optic laboratory on the campus of the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. For this purpose, existing space in the basement of the Main Laboratory will be renovated. Demanding measurement techniques, such as interferometry, require a sufficiently quiet vibration environment (i.e., low vibration levels). As such, characterization of existing vibration conditions is necessary to determine vibration isolation requirements so that highly sensitive measurement activities are feasible. To this end, existing vibro-acoustic conditions were briefly surveyed in Room 47, a part of the future laboratory. The survey measured ambient noise and ambient vertical floor vibrations. The ambient vibration environment was characterized according to generic velocity criteria (VC), which are one-third octave band vibration limits. At the time of the survey, the ambient vibration environment fell under a VC-A designation, where the tolerance limit is 2000 μin/s across all one-third octave bands. Under this condition, highly sensitive measurement activities are feasible on a vibration-isolated working surface. The conclusion of this report provides isolation efficiency requirements that satisfy VC-E limits (125 μin/s), which are necessary for interferometric measurements.
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8

Vigil, M. G. Plane Shock Generator Explosive Lens: PH 13-8 Mo stainless steel versus 4340 steel shock wave separators and LX-13 versus PBX-9501 explosive particle velocity-time profiles. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6730164.

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Ostashev, Vladimir, Michael Muhlestein, and D. Wilson. Extra-wide-angle parabolic equations in motionless and moving media. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42043.

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Wide-angle parabolic equations (WAPEs) play an important role in physics. They are derived by an expansion of a square-root pseudo-differential operator in one-way wave equations, and then solved by finite-difference techniques. In the present paper, a different approach is suggested. The starting point is an extra-wide-angle parabolic equation (EWAPE) valid for small variations of the refractive index of a medium. This equation is written in an integral form, solved by a perturbation technique, and transformed to the spectral domain. The resulting split-step spectral algorithm for the EWAPE accounts for the propagation angles up to 90° with respect to the nominal direction. This EWAPE is also generalized to large variations in the refractive index. It is shown that WAPEs known in the literature are particular cases of the two EWAPEs. This provides an alternative derivation of the WAPEs, enables a better understanding of the underlying physics and ranges of their applicability, and opens an opportunity for innovative algorithms. Sound propagation in both motionless and moving media is considered. The split-step spectral algorithm is particularly useful in the latter case since complicated partial derivatives of the sound pressure and medium velocity reduce to wave vectors (essentially, propagation angles) in the spectral domain.
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Stokoe, Kenneth H., Song Cheng Li, Brady R. Cox, and Farn-Yuh Menq. Deep Downhole Seismic Testing at the Waste Treatment Plant Site, Hanford, WA. Volume I P-Wave Measurements in Borehole C4993 Seismic Records, Wave-Arrival Identifications and Interpreted P-Wave Velocity Profile. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/912738.

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