Статті в журналах: "Vein conduit"

1

Cohn, Joseph D., and Keith F. Korver. "Selection of Saphenous Vein Conduit in Varicose Vein Disease." Annals of Thoracic Surgery 81, no. 4 (April 2006): 1269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2005.11.013.

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Yie, Kil Soo, and Sam Sae Oh. "Deep Vein as a Graft Conduit." Vascular Specialist International 28, no. 3 (August 30, 2012): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5758/kjves.2012.28.3.115.

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3

Cohn, Joseph D., and Keith F. Korver. "Ultrasonography in Saphenous Vein Conduit Selection." Journal for Vascular Ultrasound 30, no. 3 (September 2006): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154431670603000304.

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4

Hussain, Syed Mohammad Asim. "The Role of Tomographic Ultrasonography in Conduit Mapping before Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting." Radiology Research and Practice 2018 (November 21, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2097305.

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Objective. To assess the performance of tomographic ultrasonography (TUS) in providing images that will enable optimum choice of vein segment to harvest for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Methods. This was a prospective study of diagnostic accuracy. The index test was tomographic ultrasonography. The reference standard was intraoperative observation. The study was performed at the Vascular Imaging and Cardiothoracic Department at Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester. Patients undergoing CABG who require vein mapping were included in the study. The main outcome measures were the number of tributaries identified in harvested vein segments, presence of varicosities, and usable length of vein. Results. The TUS correctly identified 89 out of 111 vein tributaries in 10 patients resulting in a sensitivity of 80.2%. This resulted in a p value of 0.000001 using an exact binomial test, with a prior probability of 0.5. TUS had a sensitivity of 66.7% and a specificity of 100% in the identification of varicosities over 14 patients. TUS had 90% agreement with intraoperative observation in assessing usable length of vein over 14 patients. Conclusions. Our results show that TUS has a high sensitivity in identifying vein tributaries. This can be used to select veins with fewer tributaries for harvesting should TUS be used for preoperative vein mapping before CABG.

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Noishiki, Y., C. Hata, R. Tu, S. H. Shen, D. Lin, H. W. Sung, T. Witzel, et al. "Development and Evaluation of a Pliable Biological Valved Conduit. Part I: Preparation, Biochemical Properties, and Histological Findings." International Journal of Artificial Organs 16, no. 4 (April 1993): 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139889301600405.

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Different types of external valved conduits have been used for the repair of complex congenital cardiac anomalies that may have otherwise been inoperable. However, an ideal conduit has yet to be found due to complications such as stenosis, thrombosis, calcification of the valve and graft wall, and “peeling” of the neointima. To address those problems, a new extracardiac valved conduit made of bovine jugular vein was developed and evaluated in a preliminary animal study. Harvested bovine vein containing a naturally existing valve was initially incorporated with protamine on the inner surface and then was cross-linked in diglycidyl ether (DE). Fixation with DE allowed the vein and its leaflets to retain a tissue-like elasticity. To provide antithrombogenicity to the graft, heparin was introduced into the lumen to bind ionically to the pre-entrapped protamine. The biological valved conduit of approximately 14 mm diameter was implanted from the right ventricle to pulmonary artery as bypass graft in three dogs. After implantation, the native main pulmonary artery was ligated between the anastomotic sites of the bypass conduit. No anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs were administered after surgery. One DE-fixed valved conduit was retrieved at 3 months, and the others were removed at 5 months. Only small thrombus areas were found on the white luminal surfaces. The valves and the conduits maintained softness and pliability, similar to before implantation. Additionally, the collagen content, shrink temperature, and tanning index of this newly developed biological valved conduit before and after fixation were measured in the study. These preliminary results suggest that the new valved conduit fixed with DE and heparinized on the lumen may help mitigate the problems observed in the currently available conduits.

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Stewart, Luke, Benjamin J. Pearce, Adam W. Beck, and Emily L. Spangler. "Examination of race and infrainguinal bypass conduit use in the Society for Vascular Surgery Vascular Quality Initiative." Vascular 28, no. 6 (May 25, 2020): 739–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1708538120927704.

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Background Vein conduit is known to have better patency than prosthetic for infrainguinal bypass. Here we explore if racial disparities exist in infrainguinal bypass vein conduit use amid preoperative patient and systemic factors. Methods Retrospective Society for Vascular Surgery Vascular Quality Initiative data for 23,959 infrainguinal bypasses between 2003 and 2017 for occlusive disease were analyzed. For homogeneity, only infrainguinal bypasses originating from the common femoral artery were included. Demographics of patients receiving vein vs prosthetic were compared and logistic regression analyses were performed with race and preoperative factors to evaluate for predictors of vein conduit use. Results Adjusted regression models demonstrated black patients were 76% as likely ( p < .001) and Hispanic patients 79% as likely ( p = .003) to have vein conduit compared to white patients. Factors positively correlating with vein use included vein mapping, more distal bypass target, tissue loss or acute ischemia bypass indications, commercial insurance, and weight. Factors against vein use included advanced age, female gender, ASA class 4, urgent procedure, preoperative mobility limitation, prior CABG or leg bypass, prior smoking, preoperative anticoagulation, and a bypass performed in the Southern US or before 2012. While black and Hispanic patients were less likely to receive vein, they were vein mapped at similar or higher rates than other groups. Conclusion Racial disparities exist in conduit use for infrainguinal bypass, with black and Hispanic patients less likely to receive vein bypasses. However, the contribution of race to conduit selection is small in adjusted and unadjusted models. Overall, pre-operative variables in the Vascular Quality Initiative poorly predicted vein conduit use for infrainguinal bypass.

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7

Patel, Parth M., Jeremy L. Herrmann, Mark D. Rodefeld, Mark W. Turrentine, and John W. Brown. "Bovine jugular vein conduit versus pulmonary homograft in the Ross operation." Cardiology in the Young 30, no. 3 (December 18, 2019): 323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951119003007.

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AbstractObjectives:The Ross procedure involves using the native pulmonary valve for aortic valve replacement then replacing the pulmonary valve with an allograft or xenograft. We aimed to compare our age-matched experience with the bovine jugular vein conduit and the pulmonary homograft for pulmonary valve replacement during the Ross procedure in children.Methods:Between 1998 and 2016, 15 patients <18 years of age underwent a Ross procedure using the bovine jugular vein conduit (Ross-Bovine Jugular Vein Conduit) at our institution. These patients were age-matched with 15 patients who had the Ross operation with a standard pulmonary homograft for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction (Ross-Pulmonary Homograft). Paper and electronic medical records were retrospectively reviewed.Results:The median age of the Ross-Bovine Jugular Vein Conduit and Ross-Pulmonary Homograft patients were 4.8 years (interquartile range 1.1–6.6) and 3.3 years (interquartile 1.2–7.6), respectively (p = 0.6). The median follow-up time for the Ross-Bovine Jugular Vein Conduit and Ross-Pulmonary Homograft groups were 1.7 years (interquartile range 0.5–4.9) and 6.8 years (interquartile range 1.9–13.4), respectively (p = 0.03). Overall, 5-year survival, freedom from redo aortic valve replacement, and freedom from pulmonary valve replacement were similar between groups.Conclusion:The bovine jugular vein conduit and pulmonary homograft have favourable mid-term durability when used for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction for the Ross operation. The bovine jugular vein conduit may be a suitable replacement for appropriately sized patients undergoing a Ross aortic valve replacement, though longer follow-up is needed.

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8

Tang, J. B., D. Shi, and Y.-Q. Gu. "Interfascicular Grafts of Non-Nerve Tissues for Gaps in Peripheral Nerve Trunks." Journal of Hand Surgery 21, no. 6 (December 1996): 830–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0266-7681(96)80205-1.

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Ten cases with gaps in nerve trunks in the forearm were treated by interfascicular grafts of autogenous veins. These included three cases of median nerve injuries, five cases of ulnar nerve injuries and two cases of radial sensory nerve injuries. The nerve gaps ranged from 1.5 to 4.5 cm with an average of 3 cm. Completely divided nerve trunks were repaired by two or three vein conduits. For incomplete nerve injuries or replacement of a single fasciculus, a single vein conduit was used. For nerve defects over 3 cm, normal nerve tissues were sectioned from the proximal nerve fasciculus and inserted into the vein conduits. These cases were followed for 2 years and 2 months to 3 years. The results were M3 in two, M4 in six and S2 + in two, S3 + in seven and S4 in one nerves. This study suggests that interfascucular grafts of vein conduits can be applied in patients with nerve gaps shorter than 4.5 cm and with favourable wound conditions with fairly good clinical results. Interfascicular vein graft provides an alternative treatment option for gaps in distal peripheral nerve trunks.

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9

Nichay, N. R., I. Yu Zhuravleva, Yu Yu Kulyabin, I. S. Zykov, E. V. Boyarkin, O. Yu Malakhova, E. V. Kuznetsova, et al. "Diepoxy-treated bovine jugular vein conduit for pulmonary artery replacement." Patologiya krovoobrashcheniya i kardiokhirurgiya 26, no. 4 (December 29, 2022): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21688/1681-3472-2022-4-19-32.

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Objective: To evaluate the performance and short-term capacity of the diepoxy-treated bovine jugular vein conduit in large animals during 6-month follow-up.Methods: Thirteen diepoxy-treated bovine jugular vein conduits were implanted into the pulmonary artery of young mini-pigs. During the follow-up, graft function was tested using transesophageal echocardiography. The animals were withdrawn at 6 months, and the explanted conduits were assessed histologically.Results: All the conduits were successfully implanted without any surgical complications. All the animals survived throughout the follow-up. By the end of the follow-up period, the pressure gradient increased on five animals’ conduits including one case of mismatch between the conduit and the native pulmonary artery, two cases of distal stenosis, and two case of endocarditis. No significant increase in valve regurgitation or conduit thrombosis was observed during the follow-up. In conduits without dysfunction, the structure of the walls and leaflets was intact. A thin fibrous tissue covered the conduit inner wall with complete surface endothelialization. Neither signs of degeneration or calcification nor inflammatory cells were found in the conduit wall or leaflets. Neointima proliferation without calcium deposits was observed in two distally stenosed conduits. Inflammatory cells consisting of multinucleated macrophages, lymphocytes, and histiocytes were found in the adventitia. There were no inflammatory cells in the media or intima, and the leaflets showed no changes.Conclusion: Diepoxy-treated bovine jugular vein demonstrated acceptable performance, good endothelialization, and low tendency to thrombosis and calcium accumulation in the wall and leaflets. Received 31 October 2022. Revised 25 November 2022. Accepted 28 November 2022. Funding: The study was supported by Russian Science Foundation (grant No. 22-25-20102). Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Contribution of the authorsConception and study design: N.R. Nichay, I.Yu. Zhuravleva, A.V. Bogachev-ProkophievData collection and analysis: N.R. Nichay, Yu.Yu. Kulyabin, I.S. Zykov, E.V. Boyarkin, O.Yu. Malakhova, E.V. Kuznetsova, T.P. Timchenko, Ya.L. Rusakova, I.S. Murashov, A.A. DokuchaevaStatistical analysis: N.R. Nichay, I.Yu. ZhuravlevaDrafting the article: N.R. Nichay, I.Yu. Zhuravleva, Yu.Yu. Kulyabin, I.S. Zykov, E.V. Boyarkin, O.Yu. Malakhova, T.P. Timchenko, Ya.L. Rusakova, I.S. Murashov, A.A. DokuchaevaCritical revision of the article: N.R. Nichay, I.Yu. Zhuravleva, Yu.Yu. Kulyabin, A.A. Dokuchaeva, A.V. Bogachev-ProkophievFinal approval of the version to be published: N.R. Nichay, I.Yu. Zhuravleva, Yu.Yu. Kulyabin, I.S. Zykov, E.V. Boyarkin, O.Yu. Malakhova, E.V. Kuznetsova, T.P. Timchenko, Ya.L. Rusakova, I.S. Murashov, A.A. Dokuchaeva, A.V. Bogachev-Prokophiev

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10

Patel, Parth M., Corinne Tan, Nayan Srivastava, Jeremy L. Herrmann, Mark D. Rodefeld, Mark W. Turrentine, and John W. Brown. "Bovine Jugular Vein Conduit: A Mid- to Long-Term Institutional Review." World Journal for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery 9, no. 5 (August 29, 2018): 489–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2150135118779356.

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Background: Since 1999, we have used the bovine jugular vein conduit for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction in infants and children. Herein, we review their mid- to long-term outcomes. Methods: Between 1999 and 2016, 315 bovine jugular vein conduits were implanted in 276 patients. Patients were grouped by age at bovine jugular vein conduit implant: group 1: 0 to 1 years (N = 65), group 2: one to ten years (N = 132), and group 3: older than ten years (N = 118). For survival and hemodynamic analysis, additional group stratification was done based on conduit size. Group small: 12 and 14 mm (N = 75), group medium: 16 and 18 mm (N = 84), and group large: 20 and 22 mm (N = 156). Results: Mean follow-up for groups 1, 2, and 3 was 4.0, 4.9, and 5.9 years, respectively. Early mortality was 9%, 0%, and 1% for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively ( P < .001). Late mortality was 5%, 2%, and 2% for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively ( P = .337). Group 1 had the lowest ten-year freedom from conduit failure at 13%, versus 53% and 69% for groups 2 and 3, respectively ( P < .001). A total of 21 (6.6%) patients developed endocarditis, 11 (3.5%) patients required reoperation, and 10 (3.2%) patients required antibiotic therapy alone. Conclusions: The bovine jugular vein conduit is a useful option for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction given its easy implantability and acceptable midterm durability.

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Timaran, Carlos H., Scott L. Stevens, Michael B. Freeman, and Mitchell H. Goldman. "Infrainguinal Bypass Grafting Using Lyophilized Saphenous Vein Allografts for Limb Salvage." Cardiovascular Surgery 10, no. 4 (August 2002): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096721090201000405.

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Critical ischemia in patients with extensive femoropopliteal occlusive disease often ends in amputation in the absence of a suitable autologous vein for reconstruction. Cryopreserved vascular allografts have been used as an alternative conduit with poor results. Antigenicity and rejection are assumed to account for graft failure. Lyophilized vessels have demonstrated patency and structural integrity in the vascular system in our previous experimental studies. We report four patients that underwent femorodistal bypass grafting with lyophilized saphenous veins who lacked usable autologous vein for arterial reconstruction. Early graft thrombosis occurred in three patients who required major amputations. Duplex scans for graft surveillance did not reveal previous significant abnormalities. These cases demonstrate that the clinical use of lyophilized venous allografts for infrainguinal arterial reconstructions failed to yield satisfactory patency and limb salvage. Lyophilized veins therefore are not useful alternative conduits in patients with critical ischemia and no suitable autologous vein grafts.

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Yoldaş, Tamer, Utku A. Örün, and Sercan Tak. "True aneurysmal dilatation of a valved bovine jugular vein conduit after right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction: a rare complication." Cardiology in the Young 29, no. 8 (July 8, 2019): 1097–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951119001422.

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AbstractValved bovine jugular vein conduit is considered a suitable choice for paediatric population with congenital heart defect requiring right ventricle to main pulmonary artery connection. However, complications related to the use of this device have been reported, with conduit failure occurring mainly as a consequence of stenosis, conduit thrombosis, and valve regurgitation. We present a case of aneurysmal conduit failure of a valved bovine jugular vein conduit used to reconstruct the right ventricular outflow tract.

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Juaneda, Ignacio, Alejandro Peirone, Adolfo Ferrero Guadagnoli, Alejandro Contreras, Santiago Orozco, Juan Diaz, and Christian Kreutzer. "Percutaneous Transhepatic Fontan-Kreutzer Completion of Hepatic Vein Inclusion." World Journal for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery 9, no. 6 (January 5, 2017): 710–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2150135116682455.

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We report the case of an 11-year-old girl with heterotaxy syndrome, dextrocardia, and azygos continuation of an interrupted inferior vena cava who had developed pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas after a Kawashima procedure consisting of bilateral superior cavopulmonary anastomoses. She presented with profound cyanosis, fatigue, and failure to thrive. An operative procedure to direct hepatic vein effluent to the pulmonary circulation was performed with placement of an extracardiac conduit between the hepatic veins and the left pulmonary artery. Persistence of cyanosis led to investigation, which led to the discovery of an unintentionally excluded right hepatic vein. A percutaneous transhepatic catheter intervention was performed in which a vascular plug was implanted to occlude the “missed” right hepatic vein, redirecting the flow through intrahepatic venovenous channels to the conduit. Clinical condition and arterial oxygen saturation were substantially improved one year after the two-step hepatic vein inclusion procedure.

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de Groot, Patricia C. E., Michiel W. P. Bleeker, and Maria T. E. Hopman. "Ultrasound: a reproducible method to measure conduit vein compliance." Journal of Applied Physiology 98, no. 5 (May 2005): 1878–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01166.2004.

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Classical venous occlusion plethysmography (VOP) of the leg, often used to assess venous compliance, measures properties of the whole calf, including volume changes at the arterial side and the interstitial fluid accumulation that occurs as a result of the enhanced capillary pressure during venous occlusion. We present an ultrasound technique to measure the compliance of one major conduit vein in the leg. Ultrasound measurements of the popliteal vein were compared with classical VOP measurements, which were performed simultaneously in one subject. Six healthy individuals were measured on three occasions to assess short- and long-term reproducibility of the measurements. Six motor complete spinal cord-injured (SCI) individuals were included to compare venous compliance in subjects with known pathological changes of the venous system with controls. The ultrasound and VOP measurements of venous compliance correlated significantly ( r2 = 0.39, P = 0.001). Ultrasound provides reproducible measurements with short- and long-term coefficients of variation ranging from 10 to 15% for popliteal vein compliance and from 2 to 9% for absolute diameters at the different venous pressure steps. In addition, by using ultrasound, we were able to detect an 80% reduction in the compliance of the popliteal vein in SCI individuals compared with controls ( P < 0.01). In conclusion, ultrasound is a suitable and reproducible method to measure conduit vein compliance and provides the possibility to specifically assess compliance of one vein instead of the whole calf.

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Fleming, Jason B. "Superficial Femoral Vein as a Conduit for Portal Vein Reconstruction During Pancreaticoduodenectomy." Archives of Surgery 140, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.140.7.698.

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Kupinski, A. M., S. M. Evans, A. M. Khan, T. J. Zorn, R. C. Darling, B. B. Chang, R. P. Leather, and D. M. Shah. "Ultrasonic Characterization of the Saphenous Vein." Cardiovascular Surgery 1, no. 5 (October 1993): 513–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096721099300100509.

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The most frequently used conduit for infrainguinal or coronary artery bypass is the saphenous vein, and this report describes the ultrasonic evaluation of anatomic variations in over 1400 limbs. The thigh portion of the greater saphenous vein consisted of a single venous conduit in 67% of the limbs, a complete double system in 8%, a branching double system in 18% and a closed loop double system in 7%. In 92% of the cases, the vein was in medial position, with the remaining 8% positioned laterally. In the calf, a single vein was observed in 65% of the limbs with the remainder demonstrating a double venous system. The vein was positioned anteriorly in 85% of the limbs. The remaining 15% were positioned posteriorly, with 7% of these being a single dominant vein. Proper knowledge of saphenous vein anatomy is vital to the surgeon preparing to use this vein as a bypass conduit and can aid in its preoperative assessment.

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Lyzikov, A. A., S. L. Achinovich, and A. A. Pechyonkin. "MORHOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF THE APPLICATION OF FEMORAL VEINS FOR AORTOILIAC RECONSTRUCTION IN EXPERIMENT." Health and Ecology Issues, no. 4 (December 28, 2011): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.51523/2708-6011.2011-8-4-12.

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The aim of the study. To study the functional adequacy of different vascular conduits. Material and methods. The morphological and functional qualities of femoral vein in comparison with those of superficial vein and artificial prosthesis in 12 pedigreeless male dogs weighted 15,3 ± 3,7 kg have been studied. All the dogs underwent ilio-femoral bypass with combined conduit, sewn from the fragments of femoral vein, superficial vein and polytetrafluorinethylene vascular prosthesis. The specimens were obtained in the interval of 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Mann-Whitney`s U-criterion, a non-parametric method for comparison of two independent samples was applied to compare the quantities that are not subject to Gauss` distribution. Results and discussion. The apex of morphological-functional rebuilding of veins, caused by their involvement in arterial flow, seems to appear in the interval from 3 to 6 months since the implantation. The changes of femoral vein occur earlier then those of subcutaneous vein. The dystrophic signs are less expressed in femoral vein. The morphological-functional properties of femoral vein differ from those of superficial vein. A peak of regenerative processes on the surface of the artificial vascular prosthesis falls on the term of 6 months. The later termed involutive processes prevail over the regenerative processes.

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van Son, Jacques A. M., Volkmar Falk, and Friedrich W. Mohr. "Intracardiac or extracardiac conduit modification of the Fontan procedure in hearts with univentricular atrioventricular connection and left superior caval vein draining to coronary sinus." Cardiology in the Young 7, no. 2 (April 1997): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951100009495.

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AbstractIn 3 patients with isomeric morphologically left atrial appendages, univentricular atrioventricular connection, concordant ventriculoarterial connections, bilateral superior caval veins, with the left one draining via the coronary sinus, together with absence of any communicating vein, interruption of inferior caval vein with drainage via a right-sided (n=2) or left-sided (n=l) azygos vein, the hepatic venous blood was rerouted via the large coronary sinus into the pulmonary arterial circulation. In a fourth patient with similar pathology, having interruption of the left-sided inferior caval vein with drainage to the left-sided superior caval vein via a left-sided azygos vein and a large communicating vein, the pathway from the left superior caval vein to the coronary sinus was correspondingly small. An extracardiac conduit was therefore constructed between the hepatic veins and the left pulmonary artery so as to reroute the hepatic venous blood into the pulmonary arterial circulation. At a mean follow-up of 8.5 months, all patients are clinically well and none of them have developed pulmonary arteriovenous malformations. To avoid the latter complication in Fontan physiology, especially in the setting of an interrupted inferior caval vein with drainage via the azygos vein, we believe that it is preferable to reroute the hepatic venous blood into the pulmonary circulation.

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Ferdinand, Francis D., John K. MacDonald, Husam H. Balkhy, Gianluigi Bisleri, Ho Young Hwang, Patricia Northrup, Richard H. J. Trimlett, Lai Wei, and Bob B. Kiaii. "Endoscopic Conduit Harvest in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery." Innovations: Technology and Techniques in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery 12, no. 5 (September 2017): 301–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/imi.0000000000000410.

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Objective The purpose of this consensus conference was to develop and update evidence-informed consensus statements and recommendations on harvesting saphenous vein and radial artery via an open as compared with endoscopic technique by systematically reviewing and performing a meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials. Methods All randomized controlled trials and nonrandomized controlled trials included in the first the International Society for Minimally Invasive Cardiothoracic Surgery Consensus Conference and Statements,1,2 in 2005 up to November 30, 2015, were included in a systematic review and meta-analysis. Based on the resultant, 76 studies (23 randomized controlled trials and 53 nonrandomized controlled trials) on 281,459 patients analyzed, consensus statements, and recommendations were generated comparing the risks and benefits of endoscopic versus open conduit harvesting for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Results Compared with open vein harvest, it is reasonable to perform endoscopic vein harvest of saphenous vein to reduce wound-related complications, postoperative length of stay, and outpatient wound management resources and to increase patient satisfaction (class I, level A). Based on the quality of the conduit and major adverse cardiac events as well as 6-month angiographic patency, endoscopic vein harvest was noninferior to open harvest. It is reasonable to perform endoscopic radial artery harvest to reduce wound-related complication and to increase patient satisfaction (class I, level B-R and B-NR, respectively) with reduction in major adverse cardiac events and noninferior patency rate at 1 and 3 to 5 years (class III, level B-R). Conclusions Based on the consensus statements, the consensus panel recommends (class I, level B) that endoscopic saphenous vein and radial artery harvesting should be the standard of care for patients who require these conduits for coronary revascularization.

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Neumayr, P., S. G. Hagemann, and J. F. Couture. "Structural setting, textures, and timing of hydrothermal vein systems in the Val d'Or camp, Abitibi, Canada: implications for the evolution of transcrustal, second- and third-order fault zones and gold mineralization." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37, no. 1 (April 1, 2000): 95–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e99-105.

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In the Val d'Or camp, Archean Abitibi greenstone belt, Canada, numerous gold-mineralized second- and third-order fault zones are spatially associated with the transcrustal Cadillac Tectonic Zone (CTZ). This situation is used to test whether fluid systems in the CTZ have a similar structural timing to those in the gold-hosting structures, and hence the CTZ could represent the main fluid conduit in the camp. The transcrustal CTZ at Orenada No. 2 contains structurally complex vein systems, with mineralized quartz-tourmaline veins related to both D2 oblique-reverse faulting and F3 dextral asymmetric folding, both of which have been overprinted by unmineralized subhorizontal and subvertical quartz veins. Quartz ± tourmaline veins within second- and third-order shear zones at Paramaque and Rivière Héva also formed during D2 deformation and have been, at least at Rivière Héva, deformed by F3 asymmetric folding. In contrast, mineralized quartz vein systems at Cartier Malartic are controlled by F3 folding and overprinted by late-stage D3 faults which host late quartz-tourmaline veins. Quartz vein textures are consistent with these timing relations, because D2-controlled veins contain deformed quartz grains, whereas quartz in D3-controlled veins is unstrained. The D2 and D3 timing of mineralized quartz veins in the transcrustal CTZ and in second- and third-order structures is consistent with the notion that the CTZ represents the main fluid conduit and that mineralization occurred in linked second- and third-order structures. The different timing of quartz-tourmaline veins in different shear zones indicates that the veins were probably hydraulically linked to the CTZ during at least two different episodes. The location of Cartier Malartic structurally below the CTZ indicates that fluids travelled either downward from the main conduit or that the shear zone was part of the CTZ.

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Alexander, Jason, Charles Gutierrez, and Steven Katz. "Non-Greater Saphenous Vein Grafting for Infrageniculate Bypass." American Surgeon 68, no. 7 (July 2002): 611–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313480206800711.

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Infrainguinal bypass grafting with greater saphenous vein has proven to be a highly effective procedure with primary 5-year patency and limb salvage rates exceeding 80 per cent. However, because of prior usage or intrinsic venous disease the greater saphenous vein is often not available as a conduit. Numerous studies have shown that patency rates for prosthetic bypass grafting to the infrageniculate vessels are clearly inferior to that reported for greater saphenous vein bypass. In this report we summarize our experience with the use of alternate autogenous vein grafting to the infrageniculate vessels. The records of all patients undergoing autogenous bypass grafting to the infrageniculate vessels using a conduit other than the greater saphenous vein between 1992 and 1999 were reviewed. Graft survival curves were plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method and results are reported using the Society for Vascular Surgery/International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery guidelines. Forty-eight patients underwent a total of 51 infrageniculate bypass procedures using non-greater saphenous autogenous conduits. Thirty-nine patients had reconstructions performed with single segments of arm vein, two had their operations performed with lesser saphenous vein, and ten had grafts created with two segments of non-greater saphenous autogenous vein. Twenty-one grafts were performed to the infrageniculate popliteal artery and 30 were performed to the tibial vessels. Primary and primary assisted patency rates at 30 months were 49 and 75 per cent. Limb salvage was 87 per cent. Infrainguinal bypass grafting using non-greater saphenous autogenous conduits can yield quite satisfactory intermediate limb salvage and patency rates. However, close graft surveillance and prompt intervention are required to avoid graft failure.

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22

Facciuto, Marcelo E., Manuel I. Rodriguez-Davalos, Manoj K. Singh, Juan P. Rocca, Caroline Rochon, Wei Chen, Umadevi S. Katta, and Patricia A. Sheiner. "Recanalized umbilical vein conduit for meso-Rex bypass in extrahepatic portal vein obstruction." Surgery 145, no. 4 (April 2009): 406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2008.12.004.

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23

Mert, M., G. Cetin, H. Turkoglu, A. Ozkara, A. Akcevin, L. Saltik, T. Paker, and I. Gunay. "Early Results of Valved Bovine Jugular Vein Conduit for Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Reconstruction." International Journal of Artificial Organs 28, no. 3 (March 2005): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139880502800310.

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Objective Many congenital cardiac anomalies present with accompanying severe right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) obstruction or interruption requiring surgical correction. RVOT reconstruction by means of a conduit is often necessary in the majority of these patients in the early years of life and there are several proposed conduits for this purpose. Methods Fourteen patients with different congenital cardiac pathologies underwent RVOT reconstruction with the newly developed bovine valved jugular vein conduit (The Contegra conduit). The function of the conduit is observed by echocardiographic examinations at the hospital discharge and at follow-up visits with special attention to the function of the venous valve and to any gradient on the RVOT. Results There were two perioperative mortalities. All the surviving patients are followed for a mean period of 8.07 months (range 2 to 33 months). The function of the venous valve was determined, in 4 patients (33.33%) as without regurgitation, in 7 patients (58.3%) as mild regurgitation and in 1 patient (8.33%) as mild-to-moderate regurgitation. The reconstructed RVOT was free of any significant gradient at the hospital discharge (mean 10.83 ±10.18 mmHg) and at the follow-ups (mean 12.916 ±12.33 mmHg). There was not a trend towards an increase in the gradients following discharge. Conclusion The early results of the Contegra valved conduit are very satisfactory. This graft can be a good alternative for RVOT reconstruction, particularly in the neonatal and infant patient group. These patients can be managed by homograft replacement of their conduit in later years.

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24

Baker, Talia B., Colleen L. Jay, Jonathan P. Fryer, and Michael M. Abecassis. "Transplant Renoportal Vein Conduit for Complete Mesenteric Thrombosis: A Case Report." American Surgeon 76, no. 9 (September 2010): 1016–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481007600940.

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Portal vein thrombosis, which is present in up to one quarter of patients with end-stage liver disease, presents a technical challenge at the time of liver transplantation. Thromboendovenectomy when feasible has been advocated in these patients. However, in patients with complete mesenteric thrombosis where this technique is typically not successful, a number of alternative techniques have been attempted including caval transposition, portal arterialization, and multi-visceral transplantation often with discouraging results. We present herein a single case where transplant renal vein outflow was used to provide portal vein inflow in a patient with complete mesenteric thrombosis undergoing simultaneous liver-kidney transplant.

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25

Yie, Kilsoo, Sung-Bin Cheon, Won-Sub Oh, Se-Min Ryu, Bong-Ki Lee, Hyung-Rae Kim, and Keun-Woo Kim. "Deep Vein as a Graft Conduit -2 case reports-." Korean Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 43, no. 4 (August 5, 2010): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5090/kjtcs.2010.43.4.441.

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26

O'Banion, Leigh Ann, Bian Wu, Charles M. Eichler, Linda M. Reilly, Michael S. Conte, and Jade S. Hiramoto. "Cryopreserved Saphenous Vein: Last-Ditch Conduit for Limb Salvage?" Journal of Vascular Surgery 64, no. 2 (August 2016): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2016.05.024.

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27

Etkin, Yana, Suhail K. Kanchwala, David W. Low, Paul J. Foley, Oksana A. Jackson, and Benjamin M. Jackson. "Creation of spliced vein conduit using microvascular anastomotic coupler." Journal of Vascular Surgery 65, no. 6 (June 2017): 1845–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2017.01.047.

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28

Paul, Erin A., Alejandro J. Torres, Anjali Chelliah, Mercedes Martinez, Anne M. Ferris, and David M. Kalfa. "Extra-anatomic suprahepatic to innominate vein conduit in heterotaxy." Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 156, no. 1 (July 2018): 327–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.03.026.

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29

Lü, Wei Dong, Feng Lei Yu, and Zhong Shi Wu. "Superior vena cava reconstruction using bovine jugular vein conduit." European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 32, no. 5 (November 2007): 816–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcts.2007.07.023.

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30

Barner, Hendrick B. "Allogenic vein as a conduit for coronary artery bypass." Annals of Thoracic Surgery 54, no. 5 (November 1992): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(92)90630-m.

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31

Di Benedetto, G., L. Grassetti, R. Mazzucchelli, M. Scarpelli, and A. Bertani. "Peripheral nerve regeneration: autologous conduit of vein plus perineurium." European Journal of Plastic Surgery 32, no. 1 (November 8, 2008): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00238-008-0302-7.

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32

Benito-Ruiz, Jesus, Angel Navarro-Monzonis, Adelina Piqueras, and Pablo Baena-Montilla. "Invaginated vein graft as nerve conduit: An experimental study." Microsurgery 15, no. 2 (1994): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/micr.1920150205.

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33

Varlamov, A. G., A. R. Sadykov, and R. K. Dzhordzhikiya. "Endoscopic vein harvesting in coronary artery bypass surgery." Kazan medical journal 95, no. 3 (June 15, 2014): 455–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj1535.

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The greater saphenous vein is the most available and frequently used conduit for coronary artery bypass grafting. Conventional (open) vein harvesting procedure requires the longitudinal skin and subcutaneous fat incision along the full conduit length. Endoscopic vein harvesting has been developed in the middle-1990s as less invasive alternative for open vein harvesting. Using this novel technique allows to harvest the whole greater saphenous vein through 3 cm long skin incision. The article reviews the history, the role and current status of endoscopic vein harvesting in coronary artery bypass surgery. Literature data of the impact of that minimally invasive approach on infective and non-infective leg wound complications, as well as postoperative pain, patient satisfaction and live quality are presented. The cost-effectiveness data of the method, resulting in reduction of treatment costs of leg wound complications both at the hospital and after patient’s discharge are mentioned. The influence of endoscopic vein harvesting on morphologic and functional conduit quality is discussed. Special attention is devoted to mid- and long-term outcomes after coronary artery bypass surgery with endoscopic vein harvesting. The majority of research including angiographic control gives evidence of comparable parameters of bypass patency after the conventional vein harvesting and endoscopic vein harvesting procedures. Recent multicenter trials showed no statistically significant differences between the conventional vein harvesting and endoscopic vein harvesting procedures in such indirect graft patency indicators as mortality, myocardial infarction rate, need for repeated revascularization and recurrence of angina pectoris. Recent findings advocate safety and clinical effectiveness of endoscopic vein harvesting.

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34

Bambang, L. S., M. Moczar, L. Lecerf, and D. Loisance. "External Biodegradable Supporting Conduit Protects Endothelium in Vein Graft in Arterial Interposition." International Journal of Artificial Organs 20, no. 7 (July 1997): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139889702000708.

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The prevention of circumferential distension could reduce structural damage in arteriovenous grafts. We studied the effect of an external biodegradable supporting conduit on the endothelium and extracellular matrix in vein graft in a pig model. Cephalic vein control grafts (Group I) and jugular veins wrapped in a vicryl mesh tube (I.D. 4mm) (Group II) were implanted into autologous carotid arteries (n=14). The grafts were explanted after 1 and 24 hours and at 1 and 3 weeks and evaluated by ELISA for endothelial DNA synthesis and by immunohistoenzymic assays for cells and extracellular matrix. In group I an initial loss of endothelial and smooth muscle cells along with elastin breakdown was followed by an impaired endothelial regeneration and significant graft wall thickening. The elastic tissue was replaced by collagen type I and chondroitin sulfate accumulations, which included a disarray of α-smooth muscle actin positive cells. The endothelium was preserved in group II. After 3 weeks the circumferential elastin layers were densified, distended and separated from the endothelium by a neointimal growth of irregular thickness. Biodegradable perivenous conduit minimized endothelial injury and allowed the partial preservation of elastin fibers and smooth muscle cells in the arteriovenous graft. It did not however, prevent myofibroblastic cell proliferation and triggered a macrophagic reaction.

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35

Peimer, Clayton A., Reid R. Heffner, Craig S. Howard, James J. Czyrny, and Frances S. Sherwin. "PERIPHERAL NERVE REPAIR USING NON NEURAL SHEATHS AND CONDUITS." Hand Surgery 01, no. 02 (July 1996): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021881049600021x.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare peripheral nerve regeneration following the use of alternative non neural materials to traditional direct repair techniques and autologous nerve graft. Autologous vein and synthetic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) segments were used to repair standardized defects of the tibial nerve in rabbits. The materials served as sheaths for direct primary repairs and as conduits to bridge a gap in the nerve. Evaluations performed at five months revealed that direct primary repairs ensheathed by vein segments produced a significantly greater number of axons regenerating across the repair site, whereas PTFE, either as a sheath or conduit, failed to improve axonal regeneration. Also, vein conduits used to bridge nerve gaps was less effective than traditional nerve grafts.

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36

Pawelec-Wojtalik, Malgorzata, Wojciech Mrówczyński, Andrzej Wodziński, Michal Wojtalik, Jacek Henschke, and Girish K. Sharma. "Mid-Term Experience with Valved Bovine Jugular Vein Conduits." Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals 13, no. 4 (December 2005): 361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/021849230501300414.

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From June 1999 to January 2004, 43 children underwent implantation of a valved bovine jugular vein conduit and correction of complex congenital heart defects. Median age was 1.98 years (range, 11 days – 13.3 years). There were 7 early deaths (16.3%) unrelated to conduit failure or thrombosis. Median follow-up of 36 survivors was 24 months (range, 1–48 months, quartile range, 12–48 months), total follow-up was 78 patient-years. There were 3 late deaths (8.3%) due to infection, pulmonary thromboembolism, and sudden cardiac arrest after re-operation to repair a right ventricular outflow tract aneurysm. There were 2 conduit explantations due to dysfunction and suspected endocarditis. Three patients underwent balloon dilatation of distal stenoses. The mean peak gradient through the pulmonary anastomosis was 15 mm Hg (range, 3–42 mm Hg) among patients free from re-intervention. No severe valve regurgitation was observed. Freedom from re-intervention was 72% at 48 months. This conduit remains a good alternative to homografts. Causes of distal stenosis must be clarified, guidelines for prophylactic anticoagulation must be created, and the role of percutaneous balloon dilatation established.

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37

Query, Julie A., Anthony D. Sandler, and William J. Sharp. "Use of autogenous saphenous vein as a conduit for mesenterico-left portal vein bypass." Journal of Pediatric Surgery 42, no. 6 (June 2007): 1137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2007.01.066.

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38

Conte, Michael S. "Challenges of Distal Bypass Surgery in Patients with Diabetes." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 100, no. 5 (September 1, 2010): 429–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/1000429.

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Surgical revascularization of the lower extremity using bypass grafts to distal target arteries is an established, effective therapy for advanced ischemia. Recent multicenter data confirm the primacy of autogenous vein bypass grafting, yet there remains significant heterogeneity in the utilization, techniques, and outcomes associated with these procedures in current practice. Experienced clinical judgment, creativity, technical precision, and fastidious postoperative care are required to optimize long-term results. The diabetic patient with a critically ischemic limb offers some specific challenges; however, numerous studies demonstrate that the outcomes of vein bypass surgery in this population are excellent and define the standard of care. Technical factors, such as conduit and inflow/outflow artery selection, play a dominant role in determining clinical success. An adequate-caliber, good-quality great saphenous vein is the optimal graft for distal bypass in the leg. Alternative veins perform acceptably in the absence of the great saphenous vein, whereas prosthetic and other nonautogenous conduits have markedly inferior outcomes. Graft configuration (reversed, nonreversed, or in situ) seems to have little effect on outcome. Shorter grafts have improved patency. Inflow can be improved by surgical or endovascular means if necessary, and distal-origin grafts (eg, those arising from the superficial femoral or popliteal arteries) can perform as well as those originating from the common femoral artery. The selected outflow vessel should supply unimpeded runoff to the foot, conserve conduit length, and allow for adequate soft-tissue coverage of the graft and simplified surgical exposure. This review summarizes the available data linking patient selection and technical factors to outcomes and highlights the importance of surgical judgment and operative planning in the current practice of infrainguinal bypass surgery. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 100(5): 429–438, 2010)

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39

Ahmad, Imran, and Md Sohaib Akhtar. "Use of Vein Conduit and Isolated Nerve Graft in Peripheral Nerve Repair: A Comparative Study." Plastic Surgery International 2014 (October 27, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/587968.

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Aims and Objectives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of vein conduit in nerve repair compared with isolated nerve graft. Materials and Methods. This retrospective study was conducted at author’s centre and included a total of 40 patients. All the patients had nerve defect of more than 3 cm and underwent nerve repair using nerve graft from sural nerve. In 20 cases, vein conduit (study group) was used whereas no conduit was used in other 20 cases. Patients were followed up for 2 years at the intervals of 3 months. Results. Patients had varying degree of recovery. Sensations reached to all the digits at 1 year in study groups compared to 18 months in control group. At the end of second year, 84% patients of the study group achieved 2-point discrimination of <10 mm compared to 60% only in control group. In terms of motor recovery, 82% patients achieved satisfactory hand function in study group compared to 56% in control group (P<.05). Conclusions. It was concluded that the use of vein conduit in peripheral nerve repair is more effective method than isolated nerve graft providing good sensory and motor recovery.

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40

Sur, Swastika, Jeffrey T. Sugimoto, and Devendra K. Agrawal. "Coronary artery bypass graft: why is the saphenous vein prone to intimal hyperplasia?" Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 92, no. 7 (July 2014): 531–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2013-0445.

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Proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells and the resultant intimal hyperplasia cause coronary artery bypass graft failure. Both internal mammary artery and saphenous vein are the most commonly used bypass conduits. Although an internal mammary artery graft is immune to restenosis, a saphenous vein graft is prone to develop restenosis. We found significantly higher activity of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the smooth muscle cells of the internal mammary artery than in the saphenous vein. In this article, we critically review the pathophysiology of vein-graft failure with detailed discussion of the involvement of various factors, including PTEN, matrix metalloproteinases, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases, in uncontrolled proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells towards the lumen, and invasion of the graft conduit. We identified potential target sites that could be useful in preventing and (or) reversing unwanted consequences following coronary artery bypass graft using saphenous vein.

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41

Erek, Ersin. "Outcomes of truncus arteriosus repair with bovine jugular vein conduit." Turkish Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 26, no. 3 (July 18, 2018): 365–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5606/tgkdc.dergisi.2018.14841.

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42

Rockwell, W. Bradford, Jaime Haidenberg, and K. Bo Foreman. "Thumb Replantation Using Arterial Conduit Graft and Dorsal Vein Transposition." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 122, no. 3 (September 2008): 840–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/prs.0b013e318180f253.

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43

Nahabedian, Maurice, and James Smolev. "Successful Reinnervation of the Penis Using an Autogenous Vein Conduit." Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery 14, no. 01 (January 1998): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1006898.

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44

Landry, Gregory J., Gregory L. Moneta, Lloyd M. Taylor, James M. Edwards, Richard A. Yeager, and John M. Porter. "Choice of autogenous conduit for lower extremity vein graft revisions." Journal of Vascular Surgery 36, no. 2 (August 2002): 238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mva.2002.125024.

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45

Etkin, Yana, Suhail K. Kanchwala, David W. Low, David A. Nation, Paul J. Foley, Stephen J. Kovach, Oksana A. Jackson, and Benjamin M. Jackson. "VS7. Creation of Spliced Vein Conduit Using Microvascular Anastomotic Coupler." Journal of Vascular Surgery 61, no. 6 (June 2015): 112S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2015.04.218.

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46

Sebastiani, S., T. Martens, C. Randon, A. de Jaeger, R. De Bruyne, D. Voet, and R. I. Troisi. "Meso-Rex Shunt Using Deep Femoral Vein Conduit: First Report." Acta Chirurgica Belgica 113, no. 5 (January 2013): 375–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00015458.2013.11680949.

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47

Spahos, T., and F. Torella. "The Basilic Vein: An Alternative Conduit for Complex Iliofemoral Reconstruction." European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 43, no. 4 (April 2012): 457–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2012.01.002.

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48

Stefanidis, Constantin, Aziz Benahmed-Mostafa, Ahmed Sanoussi, Marie Quiriny, Hélène Demanet, Caroline Theunissen, and Pierre Wauthy. "Endocarditis of Bovine Jugular Vein Conduit Due to Q Fever." Annals of Thoracic Surgery 91, no. 6 (June 2011): 1990–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.12.045.

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49

Wilson, Dale, Jeffrey Wagner, Sheena K. Harris, Erica L. Mitchell, Gregory Landry, Gregory L. Moneta, Amir Azarbal, and Enjae Jung. "IP199. Autogenous Alternative Vein Bypass Remains the Preferred Conduit When Saphenous Vein Is Not Available." Journal of Vascular Surgery 63, no. 6 (June 2016): 118S—119S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2016.03.137.

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50

Alcocer, F., E. Zazueta, and J. Montes de Oca. "The Superficial Femoral Vein: A Valuable Conduit for a Short Renal Vein in Kidney Transplantation." Transplantation Proceedings 41, no. 5 (June 2009): 1963–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.02.098.

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