Статті в журналах з теми "Vegetation cultivation"
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PAWLONKA, ZBIGNIEW, and JANINA SKRZYCZYŃSKA. "Ontogeneza Apera spica-venti (L.) P. Beauv. w pszenżycie ozimym." Agronomy Science 62, no. 2 (December 28, 2007): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/as.2007.2.11.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The results of investigations carried out between 1997 and 2000 on growth stages of Apera spica-venti in winter rye plantations are presented in the paper. Various methods of presowing cultivation of soil (using plough and cultivator) and diverse doses of nitrogen (50 kg N . ha-1 and 150 kg N . ha-1) were applied. Meteorological conditions had a strong influence on the development of the studied species in each year of the experiment. Particular individuals in Apera spicaventi population had a different pace of growth and development in advantageous vegetation conditions. Replacement of plough cultivation using a cultivator resulted in decrease of intensity of Apera spica-venti germination however, a larger number of individuals reached full vegetation phase (BBCH 30 – 45) and seed maturity phase (BBCH 80 – 89) using cultivator; however, only the effect of the method of cultivation on the number of individuals, reaching full vegetation phase was statistically proved.
Both germination and reaching more advanced development phases proceeded more intensively in conditions of high nitrogen fertilization; however, the differences were not significant statistically.
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Błażewicz-Woźniak, M., and M. Konopiñski. "Impact of cover crops and tillage on porosity of podzolic soil." International Agrophysics 27, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10247-012-0092-9.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the influence of cover crops biomass, mixed with the soil on different dates and with the use of different tools in field conditions. The cover crop biomass had a beneficial influence on the total porosity of the 0-20 cm layer of the soil after winter. The highest porosity was achievedwith cover crops of buckwheat, phacelia and mustard, the lowest with rye. During the vegetation period the highest porosity of soil was observed in the ridges. Among the remaining non-ploughing cultivations, pre-winter use of stubble cultivator proved to have a beneficial influence on the soil porosity, providing results comparable to those achieved in conventional tillage. The differential porosity of the soil was modified not only by the catch crops and the cultivation methods applied, but also by the sample collection dates, and it did change during the vegetation period. The highest content of macropores after winter was observed for the phacelia cover crop, and the lowest in the case of cultivation without any cover crops. Pre-winter tillage with the use of a stubble cultivator increased the amount of macropores in soil in spring, and caused the biggest participation of mesopores as compared with other non-ploughing cultivation treatments of the soil. The smallest amount of mesopores was found in the ridges.
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Feketa, І. "The characteristic of vegetation of a mountain valley Runa of Carpathians in conditions of anthropogenous transformation." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 45 (May 20, 2014): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2014.45.1158.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The results of researches the geobotanical description of the polonina Runa Carpathians vegetation. The detailed analysis of anthropogenic factor the trample, the damaging of shoot plant. Key words: natural populations, vegetative groupings, condition of cultivation, anthropogenic factor.
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Djukic, Vojin, Zlatica Miladinov, Gordana Dozet, Svetlana Balesevic-Tubic, Jegor Miladinovic, Predrag Randjelovic, and Marina Ceran. "Inter-row cultivation - an agro-technical measure for increasing soybean yield." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 64, no. 1 (2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1901001d.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In order to examine the influence of inter-row cultivation on the soybean yield, a trial was set up in the Agricultural School in Backa Topola from 2015 to 2017. Three soybean varieties were selected at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. Galina, Sava and Rubin were used. The trials included the different number of inter-row cultivations: control - without inter-row cultivation, one inter-row cultivation, two and three inter-row cultivations of soybean crops. Obtained results showed that an average yield of soybean increased with an increase in the number of inter-row cultivations during the soybean vegetation period. With one inter-row cultivation, the yield increase was 5.33%, with two inter-row cultivations - 7.10% and with three cultivations - 7.33%. In the years with a lower precipitation, the influence of intra-row cultivation was much more effective. In 2017, the increase ranged from 10.33% to 13.62%, and in 2016 from 3.09% to 4.27%. Yield was increased due to reduced evapotranspiration of soil moisture as well as prevention of descending of water into deeper layers. During summer, this allowed better water conservation in the soil for critical periods, and also increased the activity of microorganisms as well as more intensive mineralization of organic matter, which ultimately influenced the yield.
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Youssefi, F., M. J. Valadan Zoej, A. Safdarinezhad, and M. R. Sahebi. "UNSUPERVISED ZONING OF CULTIVATION AREAS WITH SIMILAR CULTIVATION PATTERN IN GOLESTAN PROVINCE BASED ON THE VEGETATION PRODUCTS OF MODIS SENSOR." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W18 (October 19, 2019): 1113–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w18-1113-2019.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The estimation of cultivation area and categorizing the agricultural product types is one of the prerequisites for achieving sustainable development in the agricultural studies. In this study, an unsupervised zoning the cultivation areas with the same cultivation pattern in Golestan province is on the agenda. Therefore, due to wide spatial range, high temporal resolution and easy access of 16-day products of the vegetation of the MODIS sensor which acquired in a year (From November 2017 to October 2018), these images are used in this research. In the proposed method, after the generating of NDVI vegetation time series as a hyper-cube and separating farmlands’ boundaries in Golestan province using the land-use map; the Sequential Maximum Angle Convex Cone (SMACC) endmember extraction algorithm and the maximum number of product variation using the statistical information of the region (Obtained from the statistics centre of Iran) are used to extract endmembers of the hyper-cube. In the following, the timing responses of the NDVI, identified as endmembers, will be refined in the second phase. In this process, identifying and eliminating noise signals (unrelated to cultivating patterns) and integrating the same cultivating patterns will be on the agenda. At the last stage of the proposed method and after refinement of the endmembers, the hyper-cube is clustered by Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) algorithm and the mapping of regions with the same cultivation pattern is produced. In the proposed method, the zoning of agricultural land is based solely on the statistical knowledge of the variety of cultivation and the results have led to the production of interconnected spatial parts. This is consistent with the reality of the spatial occurrence of similar cultivating patterns in a geographic area. On the other hand, the visual comparison of results with large scale satellite images illustrates that there is a significant relationship between clustering results and ground truth in terms of cultivating pattern. Obviously, such products can be used as initial layers of information to produce the results of a supervised classification with the aim of applying the cultivation area of a variety of agricultural products.
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Zhang, Yueju, Mingjun Ding, Hua Zhang, Nengyu Wang, Fan Xiao, Ziping Yu, Peng Huang, and Fu Zou. "Variations and Mutual Relations of Vegetation–Soil–Microbes of Alpine Meadow in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau under Degradation and Cultivation." Land 11, no. 3 (March 8, 2022): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11030396.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Artificial cultivation had been applied to recover the meadow suffering from serious degradation in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Studies focusing only on the changes in vegetation, soil and microbes along the meadow degradation were insufficient, and artificial cultivation as an important part of succession was always neglected. Here, the variables of vegetation, soil, and soil bacteria are surveyed in four types of alpine meadow in the protected lands of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau: intact alpine meadow (IAM), moderate degradation alpine meadow (MDAM), extreme degradation alpine meadow (black soil beach (BSB)), and artificial alpine grassland (AAG). The results indicated that degradation and cultivation significantly changed the characteristics of the vegetation community, physicochemical features of the soil, and soil bacterial community diversity. Soil bacteria took a considerably longer time to adapt to degradation and cultivation than vegetation and soil. Compared to IAM and BSB, ADAM and AAG had more specific bacteria identified by ANOVA and LEfSe analysis, implying an unstable state. Combined with vegetation and soil variables, it was speculated that the unstable AAG was not significantly improved from the degraded meadow, and also lagged significantly compared to IAM. Correlation analysis revealed that aboveground biomass, species richness, vegetation coverage, SOC, C/N, BD, WC, and pH were significantly associated with bacterial diversity under community level. Aboveground biomass was an effective indicator for soil bacterial gene copies. Redundancy analysis demonstrated that the soil bacterial community is mainly regulated by the vegetation coverage, Gleason index, Simpson index, TN, TP, and pH under phylum and genus level. Partial mantel test analysis indicated that the physicochemical features of the soil were the most important factor correlating with the soil bacterial community along the degradation and cultivation, compared to other environmental factors.
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Parker, M. L., J. Hull, and R. L. Perry. "Orchard Floor Management Affects Peach Rooting." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 118, no. 6 (November 1993): 714–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.118.6.714.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The root distribution of peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Redhaven/Halford] as affected by six orchard floor management treatments was evaluated after 3 years of growth. Two treatments were maintained vegetation-free and four had vegetative covers in the alleyway with a 1.2-m-wide herbicide strip in the tree row. The profile wall method was used to determine root distribution. Trees maintained vegetation-free with herbicide had the most roots. Trees in the vegetation-free plots, maintained with herbicide or cultivation, produced more roots 1.2 m from the tree than trees in the vegetative covers. The number of roots, 1.2 m from the tree, was lowest in the tall fescue treatment. The number of roots were higher in the Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) or alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) than with tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.).
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Serafin-Andrzejewska, Magdalena, Waldemar Helios, Anna Jama-Rodzeńska, Marcin Kozak, Andrzej Kotecki, and Leszek Kuchar. "Effect of Sowing Date on Soybean Development in South-Western Poland." Agriculture 11, no. 5 (May 3, 2021): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11050413.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Soybean is a thermophilic and photophilic plant very sensitive to weather course during the vegetation period. This trait limits soybean cultivation in higher latitude countries. This field study aimed to evaluate the effects of three sowing dates on the development, the duration of vegetative and generative stages, and the yield of two soybean cultivars (Lissabon and Merlin) under conditions in south-western Poland in the years 2016–2019. The sowing date determines the temperature and the day length available for soybean plants, influencing development and yield. Delaying the sowing date by 20 days in relation to the earliest (16–21.04) resulted in the shortening of the length of the vegetative development by 12 days and the shortening of the entire vegetation period by 14 days. The delayed sowing date (06–19.05) under the conditions of south-western Poland (Lower Silesia) contributed to a significant decrease in yield. Lissabon produced greater soybean yield than Merlin. Special attention should be paid to proper seed sowing dates in soybean agriculture practice. It is necessary to breed soybean genotypes adapted to day length and thermal conditions of the cultivation area to achieve the maximum seed yield.
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Abdul Rahim, Haris, and Verinus Bidin. "Evaluating Oil Palm Cultivation using Geospatial Approach in Kerdau, Temerloh District." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1051, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1051/1/012025.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Oil palm is one of the cultivation that synonyms in Malaysia. Malaysia become one of the biggest palm oil producer globally after Indonesia. In order to achieve successful yield per year, oil palm need constant effort and labor to monitor them accordingly. Manual method in monitoring the palm oil consumes large amount of time and energy. Palm oil comes from the fleshy fruit of oil palms. Unrefined palm oil is sometimes referred to as red palm oil because of its reddish-orange color. Remote sensing technique utilizes usage of satellite imageries to analyzes healthiness and canopy features of palm oil plantation. There are several advantage in determining palm oil condition through multispectral and texture analysis in ERDAS Imagine and Envi. Utilizing Landsat-8 imagery, monitoring palm oil cultivation and yield can be effectively implemented in Malaysia. In this study, we will use three vegetation indices which are Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), and Ratio Vegetation Index (RVI). This study will demonstrate that selected satellite-derived vegetation indices can be used to estimate oil palm yields with reliable accuracy. In this work, the ability of selected vegetation indices, derived from a single-date archived high resolution satellite imagery, to estimate oil palm yields at the management block scale was demonstrated. This technique applied to determine the condition of the palm oil tree. Using remote sensing technique, the value of the vegetation indices will be determined and analyzed. Result from this process, palm oil condition can be evaluated. This study provides an important benchmark for applying remote sensing technology in the management of plantation-scale oil palm. Oil palm yield estimation based on empirical models, as described in this work, can be computerized using a simple spreadsheet interface so as to facilitate optimal agronomic intervention, particularly with regard to crop harvesting, crop stress alleviation and input application. However, it’s important to note that palm oil should not be confused with palm kernel oil. While both originate from the same plant, palm kernel oil is extracted from the seed of the fruit. It provides different health benefits.
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Simões-Pires, P. R., S. M. Jahnke, and L. R. Redaelli. "Influence of the vegetation management of the leeves in irrigated rice organic in diversity of Hymenoptera parasitoids." Brazilian Journal of Biology 76, no. 3 (April 19, 2016): 774–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.06215.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Among the natural enemies of insect pests in rice fields, parasitoids are especially notable. To better understand the space-time dynamics of these insects, the objectives of this study were to describe and compare groups of parasitoids in organic irrigated rice fields using two management approaches for levee vegetation, and to relate them to the phenological stages of rice cultivation (the seedling, vegetative, and reproductive stages). The samples were taken in a plantation located in Viamão, RS, Brazil. The total area of 18 ha was divided into two parts: a no-cut (NC) subarea in which the wild vegetation of the levees was maintained, and a cut (C) subarea in which the levee vegetation was cut monthly. In each subarea, four Malaise traps considered as pseudo-replicas were installed and remained in the field for 24 hours at each sampling location. Collections occurred twice a month from the beginning of cultivation (October 2012) until harvest (March 2013). A total of 3,184 Hymenoptera parasitoids were collected: 2,038 individuals in the NC subarea and 1,146 in the C subarea. We identified 458 morphospecies distributed in 24 families. Mymaridae was the most abundant and Eulophidae was the richest in both subareas. A total of 198 morphospecies was shared between the subareas, including Platygastridae, Eulophidae, and Mymaridae, which were the families with the highest number of shared species. The richness and abundance of parasitoids varied according to their phenological developmental stages, with peak abundance registering during the vegetative period. The Morisita index identified three groupings, indicating a similarity that was related to the three phases of rice growth and development: seedling, vegetative and post-harvest.
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Mazur, Viktor, Yurii Branitskyi, and Oleksandr Mazur. "ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF TECHNOLOGICAL METHODS OF GROWING OF SWITCHGRASS." Agriculture and Forestry, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2707-5826-2020-1-1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article presents economic assessment of technological methods of cultivation of switchgrass. The most effective technologic activities to ensure maximum growth yield of dry biomass of switchgrass and the highest econonomic efficiency. The highest efficiency was obtained at the variant where there have been two pre-cultivation before and after the rolling ladder. The varieties Сave-in-rock and Сarthage the third and fourth years the farming cost of production from the realization of biomass in this variant amounted to 11,875 and 15,390; 9,595 and 13,870 UAH/ha, and profit from sales of products – 4,157 and 7,381; 1,974 and 5,950 UAH/ha and profitability of Cave-in-rock – 92,2 and Сarthage – 75.1 per cent in the fourth year of vegetation. A high level of profitability obtained on the variant, where conducted, only two pre-cultivation the varieties of millet lozovenko the fourth year of vegetation: Cave-in-rock – of 87.0 and Сarthage was 69.2%. The cultivation of plants during second year of vegetation was not effective, the level of profitability at grades Сarthage from 25,6 to -43,3% and cave-in-rock from -12,6 to -36,7%. The highest indicators of economic efficiency were obtained in the variant with row-spacing width of 45 cm from plant switchgrass third and fourth year of cultivation. The varieties Cave-in-rock and Сarthage the cost from the sale of biomass amounted to 12635 and 15675; 7885 and 13870 UAH/ha, and profit from sales of products – 4844 and 7553; 493 and 5950 UAH/ha profitability of millet varieties depended primarily on year of vegetation, width of row spacing and varietal characteristics. The highest level of profitability obtained from varieties of millet the fourth year of vegetation with a width between rows 45 cm – 75.1% in the variety Cartage and 93.0% of the varieties cave-in-rock. A lower level of profitability obtained for the variant in terms of 2017, where inter-row spacing was 30 cm from millet varieties cave-in-rock – 73,6% and Cartage – 50.5 per cent. Key words: switchgrass, row spacing, pre-sowing soil.
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NAKAMOTO, Manabu, Hiroaki SEKIOKA, Michiko SHIMODA, and Yukihiro MORIMOTO. "The Vegetation Management of Fallow Rice Paddies Through Periodical Cultivation." Journal of the Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture 65, no. 5 (2001): 585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5632/jila.65.585.
Повний текст джерела
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Arlettaz, Raphaël, Melanie Linda Maurer, Paul Mosimann-Kampe, Sébastien Nusslé, Fitsum Abadi, Veronika Braunisch, and Michael Schaub. "New vineyard cultivation practices create patchy ground vegetation, favouring Woodlarks." Journal of Ornithology 153, no. 1 (August 11, 2011): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-011-0737-7.
Повний текст джерела
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Xi, Tong Hang, Shao Wen Fang, Ming Hao Mo, Jie Yang, and Hai Jin Zheng. "Effect of Soil and Water Conservation Measures on Runoff and Sediment Reduction in Red-Soil Slope Land, Poyang Lake Basin." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 4599–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.4599.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Based on the three-year standard runoff plot experiment observation through typical runoff plots from 2006 to 2008, this study quantitatively analyzes the effect and difference of runoff and sediment reduction with different soil and water conservation measures in red-soil slope land of Poyang Lake Basin in order to solve the soil losses problems. Surface vegetation, especially the cover of near surface vegetation has extremely obvious effect on runoff and sediment reduction. When the optimal allocation of different layers of vegetation, good effects can be achieved. The function of runoff and sediment reduction of contour cultivation is more obvious than that of downslope cultivation. The reduction effect of terrace is good and grass planting on the ridge of terrace is much better.
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Vârban, Rodica, Andreea Ona, Andrei Stoie, Dan Vârban, and Ioana Crișan. "Phenological Assessment for Agronomic Suitability of Some Agastache Species Based on Standardized BBCH Scale." Agronomy 11, no. 11 (November 11, 2021): 2280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112280.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Increasing interest in medicinal plants encourages the growers to consider extending their range of cultivated species. Acclimatization and adaptation of species introduced for cultivation in new areas remain a challenge of modern agriculture. One of the first steps for optimizing the cultivation technology is determining the plant phenology in the local conditions. Therefore, the aim of this research was to provide a standardized phenology scale for Agastache sp. and to apply it in assessing the suitability for cultivation in a local environment of some valuable Agastache species: Agastache scrophulariifolia, Agastache rugosa, Agastache mexicana, Agastache foeniculum and Agastache rugosa ‘After Eight’. During the vegetation period, nine growth stages were identified: germination/emergence, leaf development, formation of side shoots, stem elongation, inflorescence emergence, flowering, fruit development, fruit maturity, senescence and beginning of resting. Observations conducted over two years revealed that the vegetation period increased from 168.8 ± 3.51 days in the first year to 199.0 ± 1.82 days in the second year. In both vegetation periods, the flowering phenophase predominated, but the abundance of precipitations shortened the flowering duration in the second year. The duration of phenophases was highly influenced by growing degree days. Phenological assessment based on a standardized scale can be a useful tool for evaluating cultivation potential and the planning of technological resources.
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Błażewicz-Woźniak, Marzena, and Mirosław Konopiński. "Influence of ridge cultivation and phacelia intercrop on weed infestation of root vegetables of the Asteraceae family." Folia Horticulturae 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10245-012-0003-3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Influence of ridge cultivation and phacelia intercrop on weed infestation of root vegetables of the Asteraceae family The field experiment focused on three high-inulin vegetable crops: chicory (Cichorium intybus L. var. sativum Bisch), black salsify (Scorzonera hispanica L.) and common salsify (Tragopogon porrifolius L.), and took into account two cultivation methods (flat soil and ridges) and a phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia L.) intercrop, the biomass of which was mixed with the soil during pre-winter ploughing. Cultivation without an intercrop served as the control. The studies aimed at evaluating the influence of ridge cultivation using a phacelia intercrop on the species composition and population of vegetable weeds as compared to traditional flat-soil cultivation with no intercrop. In total, 24 taxa in the primary and 31 taxa in the secondary weed populations (mostly characteristic for vegetable crops) were recorded in high-inulin species plantations. Monocarpic species such as Senecio vulgaris, Chenopodium album and Lamium amplexicaule dominated in the spring, while Stellaria media, Capsella bursa-pastoris and Urtica urens were most numerous at the end of the vegetation period. Applying phacelia as the intercrop and ploughing its biomass before winter significantly reduced the primary weed population for all of the cultivated crop species as compared to the no-intercrop cultivations. Phacelia grown as the intercrop reduced the occurrence of Senecio vulgaris, while favouring the development of Lamium amplexicaule. The cultivation system affected the primary weed infestation of vegetables, whereas it had no impact on the level of secondary weed infestation. At the beginning of the vegetation periods, fewer weeds grew in ridges than in the flat soil system. The crop species had no effect on the primary weed infestation, while it influenced weed numbers in the secondary. The lowest number of weeds was recorded in the secondary weed infestation of chicory, the well-developed leaf rosettes of which efficiently eliminated most of the weeds.
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Cano-Ortiz, Ana, Jose Carlos Piñar Fuentes, Felipe Leiva Gea, Jehad Mahmoud Hussein Ighbareyeh, Ricardo Jorje Quinto Canas, Catarina Isabel Rodrigues Meireles, Mauro Raposo, et al. "Climatology, Bioclimatology and Vegetation Cover: Tools to Mitigate Climate Change in Olive Groves." Agronomy 12, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 2707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112707.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This work establishes the relationship between bioclimatology and agronomy. Bioclimatic indices are obtained for several areas under olive cultivation and correlated with olive yields. Due to the effect of climate change on cultivation and the high economic losses it produces, we propose a sustainable development model for the territorial classification of crops based on bioclimatic knowledge. Bioclimatic diagrams are prepared to provide information on water stress in crops so that irrigation can be carried out at the most effective time, a measure that has been shown to lead to water and energy savings for growers. In addition to this development model, we propose the application of non-aggressive cultivation techniques such as the use of living plant cover to ensure the protection of the soil and avoid losses due to climate irregularities. Studies conducted up to the present on applied bioclimatology have yielded promising results in the fields of farming and forestry. The maps and bioclimatic indices of Professor Rivas-Martínez, Ic, Io and It/Itc, are essential for bioclimatic classification. The agricultural development model with a bioclimatic basis ensures economic savings for growers and minimizes the environmental impact of cultivation. In the case of olive cultivation we detected that in 2005 all the cultivated areas that were not in their thermoclimatic optimum were damaged by frost. The widespread cultivation of olive groves in the Mediterranean basin, and mainly in the south of Spain, is reason enough to establish a relationship between its production and its bioclimatic environment. The ombroclimatic study in certain localities under olive cultivation shows that areas with Io <2.5 are unproductive (Jodar, Tabernas), and that their low Io value needs to be supplemented with irrigation water. This means extracting water from aquifers for agricultural use, when the current climate irregularities do not allow the excessive use of subsoil water. For the time being the only way of mitigating this situation is with sustainable development, which requires a bioclimatic understanding of the territory; and the use of appropriate cultivation techniques, including herbaceous plant covers. In this last case a knowledge of the plant associations in the phytosociological class Stellarietea mediae constitutes the basis for establishing either natural or sown vegetation cover.
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Alexandr B. Egorov, Alexandr B., Anton M. Postnikov, Alexander A. Bubnov, Lidiya N. Pavluchenkova, and Anna N. Partolina. "Cultivation of Spruce Plantations Using Modern Herbicides without Agrotechnical Weeding." Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), no. 3 (May 20, 2021): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2021-3-9-23.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Uncontrolled development of unfavorable vegetation during artificial reforestation reduces survival and growth rates of planted trees, and in some cases causes their death. The use of reforestation equipment is often extremely difficult, therefore the most promising solutions are those involving creation of spruce plantations using seedlings with closed roots and manual planting tools without preliminary mechanical tillage. Long-term protection of plantations from undesirable vegetation is ensured by the use of modern herbicides registered for use in the forest sector in the Russian Federation. The article presents the results of 3-year field experiments on the use of herbicides and their mixtures to supress undesirable vegetation in the first years after planting European spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in the Leningrad region. High efficiency of herbicides for long-term suppression of shrubs, and herbaceous and woody plants was found. A mixture of herbicides Roundup, WS (360 g/L glyphosate acid), Anchor-85, WDG (750 g/kg sulfometuron-methyl potassium salt) and Arsenal, WC (250 g/L imazapyr) inhibited the development of herbaceous weeds for at least two growing seasons. The processes of undesirable vegetation development after spraying plantations with herbicides, the reaction of seedlings to the use of chemicals, indicators of conditions and growth of conifers were also studied. Analysis of the obtained data proved the possibility of combining a protective chemical pretreatment with herbicides and planting seedlings in a single technological procedure or planting seedlings within a few months after chemical treatment, which significantly reduces the risk of damage to seedlings by herbicides. The survival rate of plantations created by planting one- or two-year-old seedlings with closed roots was 93–98 %; and the biometric indicators were such that spruce plants could successfully compete with undesirable vegetation. The application of the developed method ensures a substantial reduction in labor and other reforestation costs compared to traditional technologies involving preliminary mechanical tillage and subsequent agrotechnical weeding of plantations. For citation: Egorov A.B., Postnikov A.M., Bubnov A.A., Pavluchenkova L.N., Partolina A.N. Cultivation of Spruce Plantations Using Modern Herbicides without Agrotechnical Weeding. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 3, pp. 9–23. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-3-9-23
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Susanti, Dian, Devi Safrina, and Nur Rahmawati Wijaya. "Weed’s Vegetation Analysis of Centella (Centella asiatica L. Urban) Plantations." Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 36, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/carakatani.v36i1.41269.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p>Centella (<em>Centella asiatica</em> L. Urban) originally is a wild plant that is being cultivated to be medicinal and cosmetics raw material. The process of centella cultivation is relatively easy and can be grown in a variety of altitudes. One obstacle in centella cultivation is weed growth. The proper handling of weeds in centella plantation requires data on the weed types and characteristics. This research aimed to determine the weed types and the amount of weed found in centella cultivation. Sampling was carried out purposively based on the presence of weeds in the cultivation area. Weed inventory was carried out using linear vegetation methods in 12 plantation beds of centella, with a size of 6 x 2 m<sup>2</sup> each. Observations were made during weeding on one cropping season. Weed inventory was carried out by recording the number of species and number of individual weed and taking documentation of weeds that were recorded for identification purposes. Research data were analyzed by using vegetation analysis. The weed vegetation analysis on centella plantations showed that there were 35 species of weeds identified from 20 plant families. <em>Cyperus rotundus</em> L. dominates the weed vegetation in centella plantations because of its high adaptability and its allelochemical exudates. To sustainably cultivate the centella, proper techniques of weed controls need to be applied by considering the nature of <em>Cyperus rotundus</em> L.</p>
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Bączek, Katarzyna, Olga Kosakowska, Jarosław L. Przybył, and Zenon Węglarz. "Accumulation of phenolic compounds in the purple betony herb (Stachys officinalis L.) originated from cultivation." Herba Polonica 62, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hepo-2016-0007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Summary Introduction: Purple betony (Stachys officinalis L., Lamiaceae) is a perennial of versatile medicinal usage. Nowadays, in Poland betony herb is collected exclusively from wild growing plants. Decreasing number of its natural sites results in lack of the herb supply and thus, in its limited usage. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the effects of the age of plant and term of raw material harvest on its yield and quality in cultivation conditions. Methods: The observations were carried out on 2- and 3-year-old plants. During vegetation the herb was collected for four times. The raw material was subjected to chemical analysis. Tannins (as pyrogallol equivalent) were determined according to Polish Pharmacopoeia, phenolic acids and flavonoids – by HPLC. Results: The mass of herb, both in the second and third year, had increased from the beginning of vegetation up to seed setting. The highest content of tannins was found in the herb collected at the vegetative stage of plant development (2.05% in the second and 2.91% in the third year). Four phenolic acids (chlorogenic, ferulic, caffeic and rosmarinic acids) and five flavonoid compounds (orientin, luteolin-7-glucoside, apigenin-7-glucoside, apigenin-3-glucoside, apigenin) were identified in the obtained raw materials. In these groups, the dominant compounds were caffeic acid and apigenin. The highest content of caffeic acid was found at the beginning of plant vegetation, whereas apigenin – at the stage of full blooming and seed setting. Conclusion: In cultivation conditions, purple betony produces high mass of herb which may be used as a valuable raw material in herbal industry.
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Urfan, Faiz, and Ayu Sekar Ningrum. "Conservation Zone Delimitation Based on Physical Properties in Langsa Watershed, Aceh Province." Geosfera Indonesia 7, no. 2 (August 28, 2022): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/geosi.v7i2.31624.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Watershed zoning is essential for regional development, specifically the conservation aspect. Langsa is a city in Aceh province that has no watershed zoning map as a basis for development. Therefore, this study aims to delimit the conservation area in the Langsa River Basin, Aceh Province, based on three factors, which include rainfall, slope, and vegetation density. The data used are Digital Elevation Models (DEM), Langsa City rainfall, and satellite imagery from Landsat 8 OLI TIRS. Furthermore, the data was obtained online from the website of Badan Informasi Geospasial also known as Geospatial Information Agency, the United States Geological Survey, and Badan Pusat Statistik or Central Bureau of Statistics. The data was processed using the Quantum GIS 3.16 application with scoring and weighted overlay. In this study, the Langsa watershed was divided into three areas, namely cultivation, buffer, and conservation. The cultivation area dominates the Langsa watershed with a sloping morphology, moderate rainfall, and moderate vegetation density. Also, the conservation area has a high morphology with high rainfall and vegetation density, while that of the buffer has characteristics that falls between the cultivation and conservation areas. Each zone namely cultivation, buffer, and conservation has respective areas of 63.75 km2, 4.84 km2, and 3.55 km2 with different land use priorities. For example, the cultivation zones are prioritized for agricultural and urban areas. Buffer is separated for perennials, while conservation zones are for protected forests or national parks.
Keywords : Langsa Watershed; Conservation Area; Buffer Area; Cultivation Area
Copyright (c) 2022 Geosfera Indonesia and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License
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Bury, Marek, Ewa Możdżer, Teodor Kitczak, Hanna Siwek, and Małgorzata Włodarczyk. "Yields, Calorific Value and Chemical Properties of Cup Plant Silphium perfoliatum L. Biomass, Depending on the Method of Establishing the Plantation." Agronomy 10, no. 6 (June 15, 2020): 851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060851.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Silphium perfoliatum L. (Silphium) is one of the most promising perennial herbaceous plants, mainly due to its high biomass yield and multiple uses. It can be grown as a fodder, ornamentally, for energy (mainly as a biogas source), and as a honey crop (source of nectar and pollen for pollinators). Despite the considerable qualities of this crop, the Silphium cultivation area in Europe is small. The main limiting factors are the significant costs of plantation establishment and the lack of biomass yield in the first year of cultivation. Considering these aspects, research was undertaken at the Agricultural Experimental Station Lipnik of West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, to assess two methods of establishing a plantation: generative, by sowing seeds (seeds); and vegetative, by transplanting seedlings grown from seeds (planting), on the yield and quality of Silphium biomass attended for combustion and its heating value and chemical composition. In 2016–2019, annual aboveground biomass was harvested after the end of vegetation to obtain the raw material for combustion. The collected dry mass yield (DMY) of Silphium significantly differed between the years and methods of establishing the plantation. The biomass yields increased in the first two years of full vegetation from 9.3 to 18.1 Mg∙ha−1·yr−1, and then decreased in the third year of vegetation to ca. 13 Mg∙ha−1·yr−1 because of drought. Significantly higher DMY was obtained by sowing seeds (ca. 13.9 Mg∙ha−1·yr−1) compared to the planting method (ca. 13.0 Mg∙ha−1·yr−1), due to the higher plant density obtained after the sowing method compared to the planting method. The calorific value in the third year was the highest and amounted to ca. 17.8 MJ·kg−1 DM. The paper also presents changes in soil chemical properties before and after four years of Silphium cultivation.
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Das, Pulakesh, Sujoy Mudi, Mukunda D. Behera, Saroj K. Barik, Deepak R. Mishra, and Parth S. Roy. "Automated Mapping for Long-Term Analysis of Shifting Cultivation in Northeast India." Remote Sensing 13, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 1066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13061066.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Assessment of the spatio-temporal dynamics of shifting cultivation is important to understand the opportunities for land restoration. The past studies on shifting cultivation mapping of North-East (NE) India lack systematic assessment techniques. We have developed a decision tree-based multi-step threshold (DTMT) method for consistent and long-term mapping of shifting cultivation using Landsat data from 1975 to 2018. Widely used vegetation indices such as normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) and its relative difference NBR (RdNBR) were integrated with the suitable thresholds in the classification, which yielded overall accuracy above 85%. A significant decrease in total shifting cultivation area was observed with an overall reduction of 75% from 1975–1976 to 2017–2018. The methodology presented in this study is reproducible with minimal inputs and can be useful to map similar changes by optimizing the index threshold values to accommodate relative differences for other landscapes. Furthermore, the crop-suitability maps generated by incorporating climate and soil factors prioritizes suitable land use of shifting cultivation plots. The Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform was employed for automatic mapping of the shifting cultivation areas at desired time intervals for facilitating seamless dissemination of the map products. Besides the novel DTMT method, the shifting cultivation and crop-suitability maps generated in this study, can aid in sustainable land management.
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Kochan, Ewa, Barbara Kołodziej, Grażyna Gadomska, and Aleksander Chmiel. "Ginsenoside Contents in Panax quinquefolium Organs from Field Cultivation." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 63, no. 1-2 (February 1, 2008): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2008-1-217.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Quantitative composition of saponins (ginsenosides) in Panax quinquefolium originating from field cultivation in Poland and harvested at the beginning of the growing season, during the blossoming period and at the end of growth was determined. A colourimetric method gave lower values compared to results of HPLC analysis, but the tendency of change in the content of saponins was similar in both instances. Ginsenoside amounts in P. quinquefolium organs changed depending on the specific time during the vegetation season the samples were taken. This study found that the highest content of these metabolites −66 mg/g d. w. − occurred in the roots of the plant at the time of bloom. Two among the six metabolites examined in our study were dominant independently of the vegetation season. These were Rb1 and Re, with values of 25.4−33.8 mg/g d. w. and 16.4−19.7 mg/g d. w., respectively.
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Costello, Michael J. "Growth and Yield of Cultivated Grape with Native Perennial Grasses Nodding Needlegrass or California Barley as Cover Crops." HortScience 45, no. 1 (January 2010): 154–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.1.154.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Two California native perennial grasses, nodding needlegrass [Nassella cernua (Stebbins & R.M. Love) Barkworth] and California barley [Hordeum brachyantherum Nevski ssp. californicum (Covas & Stebbins) Bothmer, N. Jacobsen & Seberg], were compared with a conventional grass cover crop, ‘Blando’ brome (Bromus hordeaceus L.), as well as resident (weedy) vegetation and a clean cultivated control for effects on growth and yield of cultivated grape (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Barbera). Statistical analyses did not reveal yield differences between treatments with floor vegetation (the native grasses, ‘Blando’ brome, and resident vegetation) and clean cultivation, the cover crop treatments (the native grasses and ‘Blando brome’) and clean cultivation, nor the native grass treatments versus treatments with non-native floor vegetation (‘Blando’ brome and resident vegetation). However, there was a significant difference between the two native grasses with the average yield of nodding needlegrass 26.2% higher than that of California barley. Treatments did not differ in °Brix, berry weight, or pruning weight. At the end of the study, vine trunk diameter was 7.1% higher under the cover crop treatments than resident vegetation. Given these results, in vineyards where a neutral effect on growth or yield is desired, nodding needlegrass would be suitable as a permanent cover crop, whereas California barley would not.
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Delcourt, Paul A., Hazel R. Delcourt, Patricia A. Cridlebaugh, and Jefferson Chapman. "Holocene Ethnobotanical and Paleoecological Record of Human Impact on Vegetation in the Little Tennessee River Valley, Tennessee." Quaternary Research 25, no. 3 (May 1986): 330–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(86)90005-0.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Human occupation and utilization of plant resources have affected vegetation in the lower Little Tennessee River Valley of East Tennessee for 10,000 yr. Changes in Indian cultures and land use are documented by radiocarbon chronologies, lithic artifacts, ceramics, settlement patterns, and ethnobotanical remains from 25 stratified archaeological sites within the Holocene alluvial terrace. The ethnobotanical record consists of 31,500 fragments (13.7 kg) of wood charcoal identified to species and 7.7 kg of carbonized fruits, seeds, nutshells, and cultigens from 956 features. Pollen and plant macrofossils from small ponds both in the uplands and on lower stream terraces record local vegetational changes through the last 1500 to 3000 yr. Human impact increased after cultigens, including squash and gourd, were introduced ca. 4000 yr B.P. during the Archaic cultural period. Forest clearance and cultivation disturbed vegetation on both the floodplain and lower terraces after 2800 yr B.P., during the Woodland period. Permanent Indian settlements and maize and bean agriculture extended to higher terraces 1.5 km from the floodplain by the Mississippian period (1000 to 300 yr B.P.). After 300 yr B.P., extensive land clearance and cultivation by Historic Overhill Cherokee and Euro-Americans spread into the uplands beyond the river valley.
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Boros, Lech, Anna Wawer, Magdalena Wiśniewska, and Danuta Boros. "Effect of genotype and contrasting climate conditions on physical and chemical characteristics of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill)." Biuletyn Instytutu Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roślin, no. 296 (October 7, 2021): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37317/biul-2021-0009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Global warming has increased interest in growing soya in Poland. Variable weather conditions during the vegetation seasons, however, still make its cultivation potentially risky. In this study we wanted to assess how contrasting climate conditions influence on seed yield, 1000 seed weight and other important physical traits, as well as on contents of nutrients, dietary fibre constituents, trypsin inhibitor and phenolic components in nine soybean genotypes of different earliness. The field experiments were conducted in two consecutive vegetation seasons at Radzików, located in central Poland. Comprehensive seed characteristics of physical and chemical traits allowed to identify the best varieties for different end-uses, food or feed. A significant effect of variety and year of cultivation were observed for all evaluated traits. With the exception for the length of vegetation period, seed yield, seed coat and soluble non-starch polysaccharide content, significant interactions between variety and year of cultivation were found for the remaining traits. Weather conditions, such as very low precipitation with an average temperature above the multi-year average temperature in the month of July, when pod and seed is in full development, had a negative effect on all seed traits evaluated, regardless of variety earliness.
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Adhitya, Fibo, Omo Rusdiana, and Muhammad Buce Saleh. "PENENTUAN JENIS TUMBUHAN LOKAL DALAM UPAYA MITIGASI LONGSOR DAN TEKNIK BUDIDAYANYA PADA AREAL RAWAN LONGSOR DI KPH LAWU DS: Studi Kasus di RPH Cepoko Determination of Local Plants Species in Mitigation Effort at Areas Prone and Cultivation Techniques ...." Journal of Tropical Silviculture 8, no. 1 (June 19, 2017): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/j-siltrop.8.1.9-19.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Natural disasters that occur in most areas of Indonesia would certainly give rise to a wide range of impacts on the physical, social, and economic life of the society. One of these natural disasters is landslides. KPH Lawu Ds is a owned company Perhutani, which produces pine resin. KPH area Lawu Ds are generally located in areas that have a steep slope has an area prone to landslides are quite extensive. Therefore, in carrying out forest cultivation of plants which are generally homogenous need additional types of vegetation can reduce the level of vulnerability to landslides. Landslides can also be regarded as a form of land use that have little or no attention to soil conservation techniques, but in this study only look from the vegetation in developing soil conservation techniques in homogeneous plantation forests in the forest management unit areas KPH Lawu Ds. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to obtain the right local plant species as the plant are prioritized and appropriate to prevent the occurrence of landslides and obtain the shape and pattern of cultivation. Data analysis using descriptive analysis of qualitative and models that fit the preferences of local preferences of plants grown on land prone to landslides in RPH Cepoko by using the method of AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process). Alternatives are obtained based on the plants prioritized is clove, coffee, chocolate, calliandra, Leucaena leucocephala, durian, Swietenia macrophylla, Aleuriteus Moluccana, Paraserianthes falcataria, Pangium edule, Anacardium occidentale , and Sterculia foetida and cultivation techniques of forest vegetation on the sides of the plant adjusted based onsolum soil, slope and vegetation cover of pine with dense composition, middle and rare on research plots in the area of KPH Lawu Ds and planting distance is determined by the density of the canopy.Key words: mitigation, native plant species, preference, cultivation techniques.
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Giora, Domenico, Alberto Assirelli, Silvia Cappellozza, Luigi Sartori, Alessio Saviane, Francesco Marinello, and José A. Martínez-Casasnovas. "Remote Sensing Imaging as a Tool to Support Mulberry Cultivation for Silk Production." Remote Sensing 14, no. 21 (October 29, 2022): 5450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14215450.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In recent decades there has been an increasing use of remotely sensed data for precision agricultural purposes. Sericulture, the activity of rearing silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) larvae to produce silk in the form of cocoons, is an agricultural practice that has rarely used remote sensing techniques but that could benefit from them. The aim of this work was to investigate the possibility of using satellite imaging in order to monitor leaf harvesting in mulberry (Morus alba L.) plants cultivated for feeding silkworms; additionally, quantitative parameters on silk cocoon production were related to the analyses on vegetation indices. Adopting PlanetScope satellite images, four M. alba fields were monitored from the beginning of the silkworm rearing season until its end in 2020 and 2021. The results of our work showed that a decrease in the multispectral vegetation indices in the mulberry plots due to leaf harvesting was correlated with the different parameters of silk cocoons spun by silkworm larvae; in particular, a decrease in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) had high correlations with quantitative silk cocoon production parameters (R2 values up to 0.56, p < 0.05). These results led us to the conclusion that precision agriculture can improve sericultural practice, offering interesting solutions for estimating the quantity of produced silk cocoons through the remote analysis of mulberry fields.
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C, Wokocha C., and Igbanibo E. A. "Using GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques to Determine Effect of Land use on Vegetative Land Cover in Obio/Akpor L.G.A, Rivers State." Cross Current International Journal of Medical and Biosciences 2, no. 11 (November 11, 2020): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.36344/ccijmb.2020.v02i11.001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The result of the work showed a rapid growth in built-up land occupying 182.2km2 (70.0%) and cultivation occupying 7.4km2 (2.9%) in 2017 in the study area. While, in1985 witnessed a reduction in these classes having 83.4km2 (32.0%) and 3.7km2 (1.4%) respectively. In 1985, Vegetation occupied 169.9km2 (65.3%) and experienced a reduction in 2017 to 67.4km2 (25.9%) while water body remained 3.3km2(1.3%) with little or no notable changes between the referenced years. It was also observed that the changes that occurred in the sampling points at the referenced years replicated itself in other parts of the study area, hence, the recommendation to raise awareness among relevant stakeholders about the importance of protecting vegetative landcover as well as the adverse effects and consequences associated with deforestation, overgrazing and improper agriculture activities on vegetation.
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Malá, J., M. Cvikrová, M. Hrubcová, and P. Máchová. "Influence of vegetation on phenolic acid contents in soil." Journal of Forest Science 59, No. 7 (August 28, 2013): 288–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/23/2013-jfs.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The study described in this paper was undertaken in order to assess the impact of different woody plants on the dynamics of phenolic acids in soil. The influence of plant litter on the amount of phenolic compounds occurring in soils beneath several deciduous and coniferous tree species was examined in pot experiments. The contents of endogenous methanol soluble free and conjugated phenolic acids in Norway spruce, larch, rowan and two species of willow were determined. We focused on the dynamics of water-soluble and reversibly bound phenolic acid contents in the upper layers of soil substrates in pots after the cultivation of studied woody plants.
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Anteneh, Mesfin. "Analysis of Land Use/Land Cover Change and Its Implication On Natural Resources of the Dedo Watershed, Southwest Ethiopia." Scientific World Journal 2022 (September 20, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6471291.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study analyzed the land use/land cover (LULC) change and their causes and implications on the natural resources of the Dedo Watershed, Ethiopia. The study used 1984, 2000, and 2017 satellite images to detect the trends of land use/land cover change. Moreover, key informant interviews and focus group discussions were used to identify the driving forces linked to the changes and their impact on the natural resources of the watershed. The study identified five LULC types as follows: cultivation, settlement, dense forest, light vegetation, and grassland. Over the last 33 years, cultivation and settlement land expanded by 15.7% and 0.34%, whereas dense forest, light vegetation, and grazing land declined by 9.2%, 4.97%, and 1.85%, respectively. The establishment of the resettlement program and population pressure and associated demands were the major driving forces behind the land use/cover change. Whereas increased soil erosion, biodiversity loss, and decline in water resources are identified as the major impacts of land use land cover changes in the study watershed for the last 33 years. The study concludes that if these trends of cultivation and settlement land expansion allowed continuing, there will be no dense forest vegetation will remain. So, the finding of this study is significant.
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Benincasa, Paolo, Francesco Tei, and Adolfo Rosati. "Plant Density and Genotype Effects on Wild Asparagus (Asparagus acutifolius L.) Spear Yield and Quality." HortScience 42, no. 5 (August 2007): 1163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.5.1163.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Wild asparagus (Asparagus acutifolius L.) is becoming an interesting niche crop for marginal areas in Europe, but little information is available regarding cultivation techniques, which differ from those of cultivated asparagus (A. officinalis). We experimented with the cultivation of wild asparagus using two different ecotypes planted at two plant densities. We measured yield and number of spears per hectare and spear quality (average weight, portion of edible part, diameter, and dry matter content). There were no significant effects of either genotype or density on the spear yield and number per hectare. No differences among treatments were found on spear quality parameters. Spear yield and number per plant decreased proportionally with increasing plant density, resulting in constant spear yield and number per hectare. Harvest efficiency was ≈1.2 kg of spears per hour of labor when the prickly evergreen vegetation was not removed before harvest and ≈3 kg per hour when the vegetation was cut and removed. In the latter case, harvest would cost approximately one-third of the gross income of the crop suggesting that the crop could easily be economically viable. Further studies are needed to assess whether cutting the vegetation affects plant vigor and longevity in the following years, but also to further study suitable techniques for crop cultivation, especially weed control.
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Ivanov, M. A., S. S. Mukharamova, O. P. Yermolaev, and B. Essuman-Quainoo. "Mapping Croplands with a Long History of Crop Cultivation Using Time Series of Modis Vegetation Indices." Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Estestvennye Nauki 162, no. 2 (2020): 302–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2542-064x.2020.2.302-313.
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Maulana, Ardiatma, Priyono Suryanto, Widiyatno Widiyatno, Eny Faridah, and Bambang Suwignyo. "Dinamika Suksesi Vegetasi pada Areal Pasca Perladangan Berpindah di Kalimantan Tengah." Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan 13, no. 2 (December 11, 2019): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jik.52433.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Indonesia memiliki luasan hutan hujan tropis terluas nomor tiga setelah Brazil dan Afrika. Namun, tingkat degradasi hutan yang tinggi di Indonesia menyebabkan negara ini menjadi salah satu penyumbang emisi gas rumah kaca terbesar di dunia. Salah satu penyebab turunnya luasan hutan tropis di Indonesia adalah praktek perladangan berpindah. Suksesi vegetasi pasca perladangan berpindah dapat memberikan layanan ekologis berupa peningkatan tutupan vegetasi dan perbaikan sifat tanah yang jarang sekali terekspose pada tingkat lanjut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dinamika suksesi vegetasi padalahan pasca perladangan berpindah tingkat lanjut. Penelitian dinamika suksesi vegetasi dilakukan dengan pengambilan sampel tanaman bawah, semai sapihan dan pohon di lahan pasca perladangan dengan tiga umur yang berbeda, yaitu bera muda (1 – 10 tahun), bera sedang (11 – 20 tahun), bera tua (> 20 tahun), dan hutan alam dengan menggunakan metode petak bersarang dengan plot yang ditempatkan secara sistematik. Analisis vegetasi dengan menggunakan Indeks Nilai Penting, Kelimpahan Jenis, Keragaman, dan Kemerataan. Analisis varian dengan uji lanjut DMRT digunakan jika hasil dari tiap index vegetasi berbeda signifikan antar umur perladangan. Adanya pola peningkatan serta perbedaan yang nyata (P < 0,05) antara kelimpahan dan keragaman jenis vegetasi penyusun lahan bera sedang dengan lahan bera tua pada tingkatan pohon kecuali vegetasi penyusun tanaman bawah. Nilai keragaman dan kelimpahan jenis tingkat pohon lahan bera tua tidak berbeda nyata dengan hutan alam namun memiliki komposisi yang berbeda.The Dynamics of Succession of Vegetation in the Post-Shifting Cultivation Area in Central KalimantanAbstractIndonesia’s forests is the third largest tropical forest after Brazil and Africa. However, the high rate of forest degradation in Indonesia led this country become one of the most largest contributor of greenhouse gas emissions in the world. One of the causes of the degradation of tropical forest in Indonesia is the shifting cultivation practice. The succession of vegetation after shifting cultivation practice can provide ecological services such as increasing vegetation cover and improving soil properties but takes too long to recover. This study aims to understand the dynamics of vegetation succession in the post-shifting cultivation advanced stage. This study was conducted using systematical nested sampling method to take sample of shurb and herbs, and trees, including, seedling and, sapling growth stage form three different stage of post-shifting cultivation land areas, ie young fallow (1 - 10 years), intermediate fallow (11 - 20 years), old fallow (> 20 years), and natural forest. The vegetation data were then analyzed using Important Value, Species Richness, Diversity and Evenness Indices. Analysis of variance with post-hoc test of DMRT assays was used if the results each vegetation indices differed significantly between stage of post-shifting cultivation land. The Species Richness and Diversity Index of shurb and herb, seedling, sapling, and tree have significantly increased (P < 0,05) except the herb and shrub communities. The Species richness and Diversity Index of tree stage of old fallow were not significantly different from natural forest but it was composed with different species.
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Kissinger, Kissinger, and Rina Muhayah Noor Pitri. "BIOEKOLOGI AGROFORESTRY KOPI: TUTUPAN VEGETASI DAN POLA TUMBUHAN PENYUSUN AGROFORESTRY KOPI (Coffea sp.) DI KECAMATAN PENGARON KABUPATEN BANJAR KALIMANTAN SELATAN." EnviroScienteae 13, no. 2 (September 11, 2017): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/es.v13i2.3917.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Coffee agroforestry is a pattern of coffee cultivation mixed with other crops of one and two species, as well as more plant species. The objective of this research is to characterize vegetation cover type around coffee agroforestry and plant pattern of coffee agroforestry. The method used in data collection is by design of field observation and focal plant species for data collection about vegetation from coffee agroforestry. Data were analyzed by the descriptive method through narration from the result of data interpretation in tabulation matrix. There are 5 types of vegetation cover in the study sites: rubber plantation, mixed garden/yard garden, open field and shrubs, rice fields and cultivation fields, natural vegetation in riparian and swamp. Coffee crops are widely grown in the form of agroforestry mixed garden and yard garden. Some fruits planted with coffee are dominated by langsat (Lansium domesticum), cempedak (Artocarpus champeden), coconut (Cocos nucifera), and banana (Musa spp.). Based on the bioecological perspective, the diversity of flora contained in coffee agroforestry is very important in maintaining the stability of ecosystems, soil and water conservation, the conservation of animals on the surface and underground of the soil.
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Ulfah, Sri, and Endah Sulistyawati. "Perubahan Struktur Vegetasi Pada Sistem Perladangan Gilir Balik Masyarakat Dayak Pitap Kalimantan Selatan." Bumi Lestari Journal of Environment 18, no. 2 (May 17, 2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/blje.2018.v18.i02.p04.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Shifting cultivation is cultivation system performed alternately from one field to another on forest lands. This study aims to assess changes in structure and composition of vegetation and determine the conditions of environmental factors during shifting period. This research use chronosequence approach at sites with different ages i.e. two, four, six and eight years compared to natural forest using structured form squares (20x100 m2) belt transect comprising several terraced plots. Vegetation parameters were measured for all forms, environmental factors measured were microclimates and edafic factors and soil macro-nutrient content. The results showed that 42 species of 23 families founded in all forms. The vegetation distribution from diameter classes (KD) indicated that KD 0-10 cm had the highest number of individual density from all research site and declined sharply with the increase of KD. The potential regeneration of tree species vegetation component of each site showed some different patterns. In aspect of microclimates, the temperature decreases along with sites age. Edafic factor did not show any clear pattern with increase of sites age for C, N and P, while soil K levels were significantly higher in the youngest site age than the older sites.
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Faris, Ashleigh M., Michael J. Brewer, and Norman C. Elliott. "Parasitoids and Predators of the Invasive Aphid Melanaphis sorghi Found in Sorghum and Non-Crop Vegetation of the Sorghum Agroecosystem." Insects 13, no. 7 (July 6, 2022): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13070606.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Melanaphis sorghi (Theobald) (sorghum aphid), (=Melanaphis sacchari Zehntner) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is an invasive pest of Sorghum bicolor (L.) in North America. Over 19 species of predators and parasitoids have been found to prey on M. sorghi. Natural enemies may reside in vegetation such as sorghum in cultivation (in-season) and persist after harvest (off-season), in Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense) (L.) and riparian areas consisting of shrubs and grasses, including Johnson grass. The objective was to assess the ability of these vegetation types to harbor M. sorghi natural enemies during and between annual grain sorghum production. Predator diversity was greatest in riparian vegetation in-season, with twelve species detected across seven families, and four orders of insects. Six lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) species were abundant in-season, and Cycloneda sanguinea (L.) persisted at relatively high abundance off-season. Parasitoid diversity was more limited (two primary parasitoids and one hyperparasitoid detected) with the primary parasitoids commonly detected. Aphelinus nigritus (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), accounted for 85% and 57% of parasitoids in- and off-season, respectively. Aphelinus nigritus abundance was steady across the annual sorghum season in all vegetation types. Results from this study will inform land-management strategies on how diverse vegetations can play a role in the biological control of M. sorghi.
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Štolcová, J. "Secondary succession on an early abandoned field: vegetation composition and production of biomass." Plant Protection Science 38, No. 4 (February 6, 2012): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4871-pps.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
During 1996–2000 the secondary succession on a field left fallow was investigated. The experimental area was divided into a ploughed and an unploughed part. Both parts were divided into 5 × 5 m plots that were either left intact (control), mowed in June or July, or superficially cultivated in June. The position of the plots was identical each year. In successive years total dry matter production decreased in all experimental plots; in unploughed plots more than in ploughed ones. The spread of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. was increased by ploughing and superficial cultivation. Ploughing stimulated the spread of perennial dicotyledonous plants more than mowing in June and July. Superficial cultivation increased the spread of perennial dicotyledonous plants in the first years. Later on the proportion of perennial dicotyledonous plants decreased and after 5 years the plots were dominated by Anisantha sterilis (L.) Nevski. The incidence of Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. was highest in the 5th year on unploughed control plots. The spread of perennial monocotyledonous plants was lowest in ploughed and superficially cultivated plots.
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Nasiev, B. N., А. S. Bushnev, and А. М. Zhylkybay. "The results of studying of biologized technology of safflower cultivation in the Western Kazakhstan." Oil Crops 186, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.25230/2412-608x-2021-2-186-75-80.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Safflower production is actual in climatic conditions of the Western Kazakhstan, which is characterized with high heat supply and long vegetative period. In recent years, safflower crops in the Western Kazakhstan region did not exceed 29,000 ha and seed yield was quite low – 0.3–0.5 t per ha. Studying of biologized technologies of safflower cultivation is very important for crop productivity increase and sowing areas expanse. Next to the introduction of the highly productive varieties, perfection of agricultural techniques, especially application of biologic preparations, is a significant reserve of safflower yield increase in a system of organic farming. The purpose of the research was to study and estimate biologized technology of safflower cultivation in the Western Kazakhstan to supply producers with qualitative oil materials in a system of diversified plant growing. The researches were conducted in 2019–2020; we studied features of crop growth, development, productivity and seed quality when cultivating safflower with biologized technology in conditions of the first dry steppe zone of the Western Kazakhstan region. Due to results of comparative studying, seed yield and oil content in seeds of safflower were higher: 0.764 t per ha and 30.0%, respectively, when using biologized technology. The highest oil yield (0.229 t per ha) was received at joint application of a biopreparation Biodux, a biofungicide Orgamica S and a biofertilizers Organit N, Organit P (biologized technology) for seed disinfection and plants treatment during safflower vegetation, that was by 0.057 t per ha, or by 33.1%, higher than at traditional cultivation technology.
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Gęsiński, Krzysztof. "Evaluation of the development and yielding potential of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. under the climatic conditions of Europe. Part Two: Yielding potential of Chenopodium quinoa under different conditions." Acta Agrobotanica 61, no. 1 (2012): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2008.026.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The evaluation of <i>Chenopodium quinoa</i> cultivation effects in Poland has been compared with European research results. It was found that the conditions in Europe are favorable to <i>Chenopodium quinoa</i> cultivation. Poland has the mean length of the vegetation period. The maximum value of this trait was found in Sweden. The conditions in Bydgoszcz (Poland) are very favorable to the cultivation for green matter and favorable as far as the seed yield is concerned. The most favorable seed yield was recorded in Greece.
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Shimizu, Gabriel Danilo, Jean Carlo Baudraz de Paula, Adriana Pereira da Silva, Camilla de Andrade Pacheco, Fernando Alves de Azevedo, Leandro Simões Azeredo Gonçalves, and Carmen Silvia Vieira Janeiro Neves. "Chemical and microbiological changes in the soil mediated by different vegetative coverings in a Natal orange orchard." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 43, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 331–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2022v43n1p331.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Proper soil cover management for citrus cultivation can contribute to increased productivity and improved soil quality. This study examined five different vegetative coverings [Urochloa brizantha; U. decumbens, U. ruziziensis, spontaneous vegetation, and herbicide application (glyphosate) in the total area] in the inter rows of a Natal orange orchard [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] grafted on the Swingle citrumelo (C. paradisi × Poncirus trifoliata). Their effects on the microbiological and chemical attributes of the soil and the vegetative development in the orchard were examined. Chemical (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, P, pH, H+Al, CECpH7, base saturation, and OM) and microbiological (carbon and nitrogen of microbial biomass, basal respiration, and metabolic quotient) soil attributes in the rows and inter-rows were evaluated for the orchard in 2018 and 2019. There was a significant difference for most variables in the 2 years studied, emphasizing 2019 for microbiological parameters and OM, with the latter being 14.8% lower in the treatment with glyphosate in the total area compared to the treatment with spontaneous vegetation. The results showed the benefits of vegetation cover with brachiaria in inter-rows of the Natal sweet orange orchard in the chemical and microbiological attributes of the soil, especially in carbon and nitrogen of the microbial biomass.
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Gerardo, Romeu, and Isabel P. de Lima. "Sentinel-2 Satellite Imagery-Based Assessment of Soil Salinity in Irrigated Rice Fields in Portugal." Agriculture 12, no. 9 (September 17, 2022): 1490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12091490.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Salinization is a major soil degradation threat in irrigated lands worldwide. In Portugal, it affects several pockets of irrigated agricultural areas, but the spatial distribution and intensity of soil salinity are not well known. Unlike conventional approaches to appraise soil salinity, remote sensing multispectral data have great potential for detecting, monitoring, and investigating soil salinity problems in agricultural areas. This study explores the assessment of soil salinity in irrigated rice cultivation fields using two types of multispectral-based indices calculated from Sentinel-2 satellite imagery: (i) vegetation indices (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Generalized Difference Vegetation Index and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index), to monitor the indirect effect of salinity on rice growth; and (ii) salinity indicators, namely those based on visible and near-infrared bands (Normalized Difference Salinity Index) and on shortwave infrared bands (Salinity Index ASTER). The data are for the Lower Mondego Valley (Central Portugal) and the period 2017–2018. Results revealed that salinity indices can be used for mapping soil salinity and constitute a valuable soil salinity assessment tool in rice cultivation areas affected by salinity issues. As there is less reported inventorying of spatial extent of such degradation in irrigated agricultural areas of Portugal, this innovative approach allowed by remote sensing technology can add to understanding the spatial extent of such areas and undertaking more such studies spatially and temporally.
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Fitriani, Nur, Bandi Hermawan, Elsa Lolita Putri, Hasanudin Hasanudin, and Hata Dahlan. "Irrigation Water Supply Patterns in Several Land Uses with Automated Application of Soil Moisture Monitoring Based on Dielectric Technology." TERRA : Journal of Land Restoration 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/terra.5.1.21-26.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Indonesia is necessary to develop an increase in soil productivity. The decline in soil productivity for agriculture can be caused by several factors, namely land conversion to a decrease in groundwater quantity. The actual pattern of providing irrigation water with the application of dielectric sensor technology is carried out in soil cultivation to create efficiency in providing irrigation water. This research was conducted using a single factor experimental method with repeated measurements on three types of land use, such as land without vegetation, soil with tomato cultivation, and soil with grass. Measurements were carried out using an automated application of soil moisture monitoring based on dielectric technology with two measuring periods. Each measuring period consists of two weeks or fourteen days. Soil sample analysis was carried out at the Bengkulu University soil laboratory. The results of the observations were analyzed using variance (ANOVA) on the 5% F test table, the LSD test was carried out at the 5% level on data that had a significant effect. The results showed that the daily irrigation water for vegetated land was lower than for tomato cultivation and without vegetation in each measurement period. The frequency of irrigation water application in the two observation periods also showed that the land without vegetation had a higher amount and frequency of water application compared to the other two types of land use.
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Acosta, L. G., S. M. Jahnke, L. R. Redaelli, and P. R. S. Pires. "Insect diversity in organic rice fields under two management systems of levees vegetation." Brazilian Journal of Biology 77, no. 4 (March 16, 2017): 731–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.19615.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Simplified environments characterize agroecosystems, reducing the diversity of associated plants, which are not cultivated for economic purposes, causing unbalances that can promote the emergence of cultivated plants pests, as well as the reduction of their natural enemies. Management systems that increase diversity in agroecosystems can extend the action of natural enemies of pests. Studies to understand the diversity of insects associated with rice cultivation and determine their ecological guilds can provide information about the composition and structure of such ecosystems, which can be applied to integrated pest management. Therefore, the study aimed to describe and compare groups of insects in irrigated rice fields, with organic management using two different systems of levees vegetation management, and relate them to the phenological states of rice cultivation (seedling, vegetative, and reproductive). Samples were taken in a plantation located in Águas Claras district of Viamão, RS. The total area of 18 ha was divided into two. A subarea called not cut (NC), where wild vegetation of levees was maintained, and the subarea named cut (C), where monthly cuts were made to levees vegetation, from the beginning of soil preparation until the harvest. From October 2012 to March 2013 were held weekly collections in quadrats randomly located in both the rice fields and the levees. A total of 800 insects were collected, 429 in the C subarea and 371 in the NC. There were identified 97 morphospecies in the C and 108 in NC, being 54 shared between the subareas. The captured insects were grouped into guilds: saprophages (C = 38.2%; NC = 27.5%), phytophagous (C = 28.5%; NC = 33.2%), entomophagous (grouping parasitoids and predators) (C = 29.4%; NC = 35%) and finally other insects (C = 4 %; NC = 4.3%). The peak abundance of phytophagous and entomophagous was registered in the vegetative stage of rice. At the same stage the UPGMA analysis showed that similarity in species composition was greater than 90% in the groups obtained in the paddy fields of C and NC subareas. The vegetation of levees can positively influence the presence of entomophagous in the field. Although the abundance did not change clearly, the greatest diversity in the NC areas of all the groups, may contribute to the maintenance of ecological services expanding the system resilience.
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Cain, Nancy P. "Effect of Site Preparation on Seeding of Wildflower or Prairie Mixtures in Ontario." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 798F—798. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.798f.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The effect of site preparation on the establishment of a perennial wildflower and a prairie mixture was compared on five highway rights-of-way in southwestern, central, and northern Ontario. The site preparation treatments of the existing perennial cover were: 1) control, 2) broadcast glyphosate herbicide application, or 3) broadcast glyphosate herbicide application plus cultivation. The sites were mown prior to drill seeding. The experiments were planted in 1990 and 1992 and evaluated for total cover, cover of seeded species, and noxious weeds. The wildflower mixture established more rapidly than the prairie mixture. The wildflower seed mixture established better with either site preparation treatment compared to the control regardless of the type of vegetation present prior to planting. By 3 years after treatment the original vegetation had reinvaded to a greater degree with the herbicide treatment, indicating that the herbicide plus cultivation provided better control of the original perennial cover. Four years after seeding, neither seed mixture had established in the control, indicating that control of perennial vegetation was crucial for establishment of these seed mixtures on existing sites.
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Rajvikraman, R., G. Thulasidas, N. Mohanan, and V. Chitra. "Evaluation of Horticultural Potential and Standardization of Cultivation Practices in the Less Exploited Wild Species, Gymnostachyum febrifugum (Acanthaceae), Endemic to Southern India." Journal of Non Timber Forest Products 22, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2015-u65fzf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
More than 70% of the ornamental plant species grown in Indian gardens are of exotic origin, which directly or indirectly affect the existence of indigenous vegetation of the country. In the exploration to find out the possibilities of the still to be exploited indigenous species in gardens, Gymnostachyum febrifugum Benth. a herbaceous plant endemic to southern Western Ghats of India, is systematically evaluated here for its aesthetic potential. Very poor percentage of seed germination was found the major cultivation constrain. The highly condensed stem restricts vegetative propagation also. A successful vegetative propagation method using single noded stem sections and node splits with single axillary buds is developed. Being vegetative propagation means, it also helps to retain the selected desirable qualities uniformly through generations.
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Abreu, Rodolfo Cesar Real de, Geissianny Bessão de Assis, Sergianne Frison, Andrea Aguirre, and Giselda Durigan. "Can native vegetation recover after slash pine cultivation in the Brazilian Savanna?" Forest Ecology and Management 262, no. 8 (October 2011): 1452–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.06.046.
Повний текст джерела
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Neba, Ndenecho Emmanuel. "Cropping Systems and Post-Cultivation Vegetation Successions: Agro-Ecosystems in Ndop, Cameroon." Journal of Human Ecology 27, no. 1 (July 2009): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2009.11906188.
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Barik, S. K., R. S. Tripathi, S. D. Prabhu, and H. N. Pandey. "Vegetation Change During Recovery of Shifting Cultivation (Jhum) Fallows in a Subtropical Evergreen Forest Ecosystem of North- Eastern India." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 1, no. 01 (August 31, 2015): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v1i1.7111.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An understanding of vegetation change on jhum fallows undergoing recovery following shifting cultivation is vital for developing a rehabilitation strategy for shifting cultivation areas. However, the pattern of vegetation change during the recovery of shifting cultivation fallows is not well-studied. Therefore, the present study was carried out in a subtropical forest ecosystem in the buffer zone of Nokrek Biosphere Reserve in north-eastern India where shifting cultivation is being practiced extensively. The species composition and other plant community attributes were studied in 1-year, 3-year, 6-year and 12-year old shifting cultivation (jhum) fallows and were compared with an undisturbed forest in the adjoining core zone of the Biosphere Reserve. The rate of recovery of various community attributes such as species dominance and diversity, tree species population structure, stratification and life form spectrum was, in general, slow. The young fallows exhibited high dominance and low equitably which slowly progressed towards high equitability as recovery progressed with increasing age of the fallows. The number of species recorded in the 12th year of fallow represented about 86% of the total species in the undisturbed forest. Other community attributes of the forest regrowth on the 12-year old fallow reached up to 70-80% of the values recorded in the undisturbed forest community indicating that there was good recovery of species richness and other community attributes on the 12-year old fallows if there was no disturbance.