Статті в журналах з теми "Vascular plant and bird richness"
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1
Loos, Jacqueline, Jochen Krauss, Ashley Lyons, Stephanie Föst, Constanze Ohlendorf, Severin Racky, Marina Röder, Lennart Hudel, Volker Herfert, and Teja Tscharntke. "Local and landscape responses of biodiversity in calcareous grasslands." Biodiversity and Conservation 30, no. 8-9 (May 26, 2021): 2415–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02201-y.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractAcross Europe, calcareous grasslands become increasingly fragmented and their quality deteriorates through abandonment and land use intensification, both affecting biodiversity. Here, we investigated local and landscape effects on diversity patterns of several taxonomic groups in a landscape of highly fragmented calcareous grassland remnants. We surveyed 31 grassland fragments near Göttingen, Germany, in spring and summer 2017 for vascular plants, butterflies and birds, with sampling effort adapted to fragment area. Through regression modelling, we tested relationships between species richness and fragment size (from 314 to 51,395 m2), successional stage, habitat connectivity and the per cent cover of arable land in the landscape at several radii. We detected 283 plant species, 53 butterfly species and 70 bird species. Of these, 59 plant species, 19 butterfly species and 9 bird species were grassland specialists. Larger fragments supported twice the species richness of plants than small ones, and hosted more species of butterflies, but not of birds. Larger grassland fragments contained more grassland specialist plants, but not butterfly or bird specialists. Increasing amounts of arable land in the landscape from 20 to 90% was related to the loss of a third of species of plants, and less so, of butterflies, but not of birds. Per cent cover of arable land negatively correlated to richness of grassland specialist plants and butterflies, but positively to grassland specialist birds. We found no effect by successional stages and habitat connectivity. Our multi-taxa approach highlights the need for conservation management at the local scale, complemented by measures at the landscape scale.
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Magnússon, B., S. H. Magnússon, E. Ólafsson, and B. D. Sigurdsson. "Plant colonization, succession and ecosystem development on Surtsey with reference to neighbouring islands." Biogeosciences 11, no. 19 (October 9, 2014): 5521–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5521-2014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Plant colonization and succession on the volcanic island of Surtsey, formed in 1963, have been closely followed. In 2013, a total of 69 vascular plant species had been discovered on the island; of these, 59 were present and 39 had established viable populations. Surtsey had more than twice the species of any of the comparable neighbouring islands, and all of their common species had established on Surtsey. The first colonizers were dispersed by sea, but, after 1985, bird dispersal became the principal pathway with the formation of a seagull colony on the island and consequent site amelioration. This allowed wind-dispersed species to establish after 1990. Since 2007, there has been a net loss of species on the island. A study of plant succession, soil formation and invertebrate communities in permanent plots on Surtsey and on two older neighbouring islands (plants and soil) has revealed that seabirds, through their transfer of nutrients from sea to land, are major drivers of development of these ecosystems. In the area impacted by seagulls, dense grassland swards have developed and plant cover, species richness, diversity, plant biomass and soil carbon become significantly higher than in low-impact areas, which remained relatively barren. A similar difference was found for the invertebrate fauna. After 2000, the vegetation of the oldest part of the seagull colony became increasingly dominated by long-lived, rhizomatous grasses (Festuca, Poa, Leymus) with a decline in species richness and diversity. Old grasslands of the neighbouring islands Elliđaey (puffin colony, high nutrient input) and Heimaey (no seabirds, low nutrient input) contrasted sharply. The puffin grassland of Elliđaey was very dense and species-poor. It was dominated by Festuca and Poa, and very similar to the seagull grassland developing on Surtsey. The Heimaey grassland was significantly higher in species richness and diversity, and had a more even cover of dominants (Festuca/Agrostis/Ranunculus). We forecast that, with continued erosion of Surtsey, loss of habitats and increasing impact from seabirds a lush, species-poor grassland will develop and persist, as on the old neighbouring islands.
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Magnússon, B., S. H. Magnússon, E. Ólafsson, and B. D. Sigurdsson. "Plant colonization, succession and ecosystem development on Surtsey with reference to neighbouring islands." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 6 (June 17, 2014): 9379–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-9379-2014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Plant colonization and succession on Surtsey volcanic island, formed in 1963, have been closely followed. In 2013, a total of 69 vascular plant species had been discovered on the island; of these 59 were present and 39 had established viable populations. Surtsey had more than twice the species of any of the comparable neighbouring islands and all their common species had established on Surtsey. The first colonizers were dispersed by sea, but after 1985 bird-dispersal became the principal pathway with the formation of a seagull colony on the island and consequent site amelioration. This allowed wind-dispersed species to establish after 1990. Since 2007 there has been a net loss of species on the island. A study of plant succession, soil formation and invertebrate communities in permanent plots on Surtsey and on two older neighbouring islands (plants and soil) has revealed that seabirds, through their transfer of nutrients from sea to land, are major drivers of development of these ecosystems. In the area impacted by seagulls dense grassland swards have developed and plant cover, species richness, diversity, plant biomass and soil carbon become significantly higher than in low-impact areas, which remained relatively barren. A similar difference was found for the invertebrate fauna. After 2000, the vegetation of the oldest part of the seagull colony became increasingly dominated by long-lived, rhizomatous grasses (Festuca, Poa, Leymus) with a decline in species richness and diversity. Old grasslands of the neighbouring islands Elliðaey (puffin colony, high nutrient input) and Heimaey (no seabirds, low nutrient input) contrasted sharply. The puffin grassland of Elliðaey was very dense and species-poor. Dominated by Festuca and Poa, it it was very similar to the seagull grassland developing on Surtsey. The Heimaey grassland was significantly higher in species richness and diversity, and had a more even cover of dominants (Festuca/Agrostis/Ranunculus). We forecast that with continued erosion of Surtsey, loss of habitats and increasing impact from seabirds a lush, species poor grassland will develop and persist, as on the old neighbouring islands.
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Giragosov, V. E., N. A. Milchakova, E. P. Karpova, I. E. Drapun, and S. A. Kovardakov. "Conservation value of the Kruglaya Bay and the rationale to establish a new protected object in Sevastopol (Crimea, Black Sea)." Scientific notes of the “Cape Martyan” Nature Reserve, no. 12 (December 6, 2021): 155–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.36305/2413-3019-2021-12-155-178.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The bays of the northern coast of the Heraclean Peninsula including the Kruglaya Bay are characterized by the abundance and diversity of the winter hydrophilic ornithocomplex, which is one of the largest in Crimea. To date, the bird list of the Kruglaya Bay includes 75 species. Its coast and water areas are suitable for the wintering of hydrophilic birds, of which 8 species winter annually and 20 - periodically. The total number of birds was 0.99-1.38 thousand individuals during the main wintering period (December-January) in different years, with a significant dominance (55-72%) of the coot and black-headed gull. The protected species include 13 bird species listed in the Red Data Books (RDB) of various ranks, of which 10 species are represented in the RDB of the Russian Federation, 4 in the RDB of Sevastopol and 4 in the IUCN List of Threatened Species. In addition to the diverse and numerous hydrophilic ornithocomplex, a significant species richness of aquatic organisms and a variety of benthic biotopes were observed in the Bay. The ichthyofauna is represented by 60 species (2 of them are protected), the macrophyte flora includes 41 species (4 protected), the macrozoobenthos - 124 species (7 protected), and 43 species of the epiphyton are registered. 90 vascular plant species have been identified in the coastal zone, of which 12 species are protected. Large regular and seasonal accumulations of hydrophilic birds, a high degree of biota diversity, the presence of many protected species and diverse biotopes testify to the nature conservation value of the Bay. They are the basis to establish an ornithological reserve in its water area with a protection regime in winter, as one of the largest avifauna reserves in Southern Crimea.
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Sullivan, T. P., and D. S. Sullivan. "Vegetation management and ecosystem disturbance: impact of glyphosate herbicide on plant and animal diversity in terrestrial systems." Environmental Reviews 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2003): 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a03-005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The conservation of biological diversity (biodiversity) is becoming an integral part of the sustainable management of forest- and agro-ecosystems. A vital part of these systems is weed control, or vegetation management, to enhance crop production. Because of its widespread use and environmental compatibility, this review was designed to evaluate glyphosate herbicide in terms of: (i) its role as a disturbance agent and (ii) a measure of its impact on species diversity of terrestrial plants and animals. Our analyses were based on 60 published studies of terrestrial plants and animals in temperate zone forest- and agro-ecosystems. Species richness and diversity of vascular plants was either unaffected or increased, particularly herbaceous species, in response to glyphosate. Responses of plant species in forest ecosystems differ from those in agro-ecosystems where glyphosate is used to repeatedly reduce non-crop vegetation in most situations. Richness and diversity of songbirds appeared little affected by glyphosate-induced habitat alteration. In studies on small mammal communities and glyphosate use, none found significant reductions in species richness or diversity. As for avian responses, some small mammal species declined temporarily whereas others increased in abundance. The impact of glyphosate on large mammalian herbivores was measured by abundance of animals and food plants and by habitat use. Hares (Lepus spp. L.) and deer (Odocoileus spp. Rafinesque and Capreolus capreolus L.) were little affected, whereas reductions in plant biomass and related moose (Alces alces L.) forage and habitat use generally occur for 15 years after treatment. Studies on terrestrial invertebrates covered a wide range of taxa with variable responses in abundance to glyphosate treatments. The magnitude of observed changes in mean species richness and diversity of vascular plants, birds, and small mammals, from the effects of herbicide treatment, were within the mean values of natural fluctuations of these variables. The biological significance of this impact is limited to shifts in species composition based on changes in floral composition and structure of habitats. Management for a mosaic of habitats within forest and agricultural landscapes, which provide a range of conditions for plant and animal species, should help ameliorate the short-term changes in species composition accompanying vegetation management with glyphosate.Key words: agro-ecosystems, forests, glyphosate, plants and animals, species richness and diversity, vegetation management.
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Zhang, Jian, Hong Qian, Marco Girardello, Vincent Pellissier, Scott E. Nielsen, and Jens-Christian Svenning. "Trophic interactions among vertebrate guilds and plants shape global patterns in species diversity." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1883 (July 25, 2018): 20180949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0949.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Trophic interactions play critical roles in structuring biotic communities. Understanding variation in trophic interactions among systems provides important insights into biodiversity maintenance and conservation. However, the relative importance of bottom-up versus top-down trophic processes for broad-scale patterns in biodiversity is poorly understood. Here, we used global datasets on species richness of vascular plants, mammals and breeding birds to evaluate the role of trophic interactions in shaping large-scale diversity patterns. Specifically, we used non-recursive structural equation models to test for top-down and bottom-up forcing of global species diversity patterns among plants and trophic guilds of mammals and birds (carnivores, invertivores and herbivores), while accounting for extrinsic environmental drivers. The results show that trophic linkages emerged as being more important to explaining species richness than extrinsic environmental drivers. In particular, there were strong, positive top-down interactions between mammal herbivores and plants, and moderate to strong bottom-up and/or top-down interactions between herbivores/invertivores and carnivores. Estimated trophic interactions for separate biogeographical regions were consistent with global patterns. Our findings demonstrate that, after accounting for environmental drivers, large-scale species richness patterns in plant and vertebrate taxa consistently support trophic interactions playing a major role in shaping global patterns in biodiversity. Furthermore, these results suggest that top-down forces often play strong complementary roles relative to bottom-up drivers in structuring biodiversity patterns across trophic levels. These findings underscore the importance of integrating trophic forcing mechanisms into studies of biodiversity patterns.
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Kissling, W. D., R. Field, H. Korntheuer, U. Heyder, and K. Böhning-Gaese. "Woody plants and the prediction of climate-change impacts on bird diversity." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1549 (July 12, 2010): 2035–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Current methods of assessing climate-induced shifts of species distributions rarely account for species interactions and usually ignore potential differences in response times of interacting taxa to climate change. Here, we used species-richness data from 1005 breeding bird and 1417 woody plant species in Kenya and employed model-averaged coefficients from regression models and median climatic forecasts assembled across 15 climate-change scenarios to predict bird species richness under climate change. Forecasts assuming an instantaneous response of woody plants and birds to climate change suggested increases in future bird species richness across most of Kenya whereas forecasts assuming strongly lagged woody plant responses to climate change indicated a reversed trend, i.e. reduced bird species richness. Uncertainties in predictions of future bird species richness were geographically structured, mainly owing to uncertainties in projected precipitation changes. We conclude that assessments of future species responses to climate change are very sensitive to current uncertainties in regional climate-change projections, and to the inclusion or not of time-lagged interacting taxa. We expect even stronger effects for more specialized plant–animal associations. Given the slow response time of woody plant distributions to climate change, current estimates of future biodiversity of many animal taxa may be both biased and too optimistic.
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Brunbjerg, Ane Kirstine, Hans Henrik Bruun, Lars Dalby, Camilla Fløjgaard, Tobias G. Frøslev, Toke T. Høye, Irina Goldberg, et al. "Vascular plant species richness and bioindication predict multi‐taxon species richness." Methods in Ecology and Evolution 9, no. 12 (October 5, 2018): 2372–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.13087.
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Rost, J., J. M. Bas, and P. Pons. "The importance of piled wood debris on the distribution of bird-dispersed plants in burned and logged Mediterranean pine forests." International Journal of Wildland Fire 21, no. 1 (2012): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf10068.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Plant dispersal and colonisation are important processes in vegetation recovery after fire and, for several species, depend on the presence of frugivorous avian seed dispersers. In burned and salvage-logged Mediterranean pine forests, the occurrence of disperser birds is enhanced by the presence of wood debris piles built as erosion barriers, which become seed dispersal foci. We hypothesised that the distribution of bird-dispersed plants after fire could be determined by the presence of wood piles. We analysed the differences in species richness and overall cover of bird-dispersed plants, as well as the cover of the most common species, within piles and outside them. We also tested if micro-environmental conditions (slope orientation and pile size) might influence plant occurrence. We found more species and overall cover within piles, when located on southern and south-eastern slopes, than outside them. Moreover, taller piles showed higher values of bird-dispersed plant cover and richness. Therefore, wood piles may provide the necessary conditions for bird-dispersed plant recruitment in dry burned areas. To our knowledge, this is the first reported man-made structure that clearly benefits the recovery of bird-dispersed plants in burned areas, and suggests that piles may be a useful restoration measure when logging Mediterranean burned forests.
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Nepali, Babu Ram, John Skartveit, and Chitra Bahadur Baniya. "Interpolated Altitudinal Species Richness in Arghakhachi District of Nepal." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 25, no. 1 (June 14, 2020): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v25i1.29447.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The magnitude of climatic variables over space and time determines the altitudinal variation of species richness. The present study has been carried out to determine the vascular plant species richness patterns along with altitude in the Arghakhanchi district (27° 45' to 28º 06' N and 80° 45' to 83° 23' E), West Nepal. The published literature related to the altitudinal distribution of vascular plant species in Arghakhanchi district was collected and enlisted a total of 597 species. The altitudinal range of the Arghakhanchi district was 200-2300 meters above sea level (masl) which was divided equally into 21 bands of 100 m each. The total number of vascular species that occurred at each 100 m contour elevation was considered as the species richness. The objective of this study was to find the vascular plant species richness pattern in Arghakhanchi district concerning altitude and climatic variables. The generalized linear model (GLM) was applied to the total species richness against altitude, annual mean temperature (AMT), and mean annual rainfall (MAR). Total vascular species richness showed a statistically significant unimodal pattern with a maximum richness of 471 species at 1300 masl (r2= 0.91; p < 0.001). Likewise, gymnosperm, dicot, monocot, and pteridophyte species richness showed a highly significant unimodal altitudinal richness pattern. Altitudes of modeled maximum species richness were found varied according to the taxa.
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Folkard, Nicholas F. G., and James N. M. Smith. "Evidence for bottom-up effects in the boreal forest: Do passerine birds respond to large-scale experimental fertilization?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 12 (December 1, 1995): 2231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-264.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Boreal plant communities are strongly nutrient limited, and the animals of the boreal forest may therefore experience bottom-up nutrient limitation. We conducted a 5-year experimental study of the impact of aerial nitrogen fertilization on birds of the boreal forest near Kluane Lake, southwestern Yukon, to test for such bottom-up effects. Specifically, we tested if avian abundance and species richness increased after fertilization. Variable circular-plot point counts were made to estimate bird numbers and species richness each summer from 1988 to 1992. Fertilization had no effect on abundance for the first two summers, but total abundances of the seven commonest passerine bird species increased by an average of 46% over the final 3 years. Fertilization had no effect on bird species richness. Population densities and species richness were both low at Kluane compared with patterns seen in temperate forest. Yellow-rumped warblers (Dendroica coronata), dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis), and Swainson's thrushes (Catharus ustulatus) dominated the passerine community at Kluane. There was only moderate spatial and temporal variation in songbird numbers on control plots over the 5-year study period.
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Márquez, Ana L., Raimundo Real, and J. Mario Vargas. "Dependence of broad-scale geographical variation in fleshy-fruited plant species richness on disperser bird species richness." Global Ecology and Biogeography 13, no. 4 (June 21, 2004): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-822x.2004.00100.x.
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Paker, Yair, Yoram Yom-Tov, Tal Alon-Mozes, and Anat Barnea. "The effect of plant richness and urban garden structure on bird species richness, diversity and community structure." Landscape and Urban Planning 122 (February 2014): 186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.10.005.
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Liang, Chenxia, Gang Feng, Xingfeng Si, Lingfeng Mao, Guisheng Yang, Jens‐Christian Svenning, and Jie Yang. "Bird species richness is associated with phylogenetic relatedness, plant species richness, and altitudinal range in Inner Mongolia." Ecology and Evolution 8, no. 1 (November 23, 2017): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3606.
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W. Arnold, G., M. Abensperg-Traun, R. J. Hobbs, D. E. Steven, L. Atkins, J. J. Viveen, and D. M. Gutter. "Recovery of shrubland communities on abandoned farmland in southwestern Australia: soils, plants, birds and arthropods." Pacific Conservation Biology 5, no. 3 (1999): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc990163.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Passive recovery of land formerly used for agricultural production may be an inexpensive and rapid method of ecosystem recovery, and may provide an alternative method to active revegetation. Passive recovery may also contribute to sustainable agriculture (soil salinity). For undisturbed and disturbed areas of the central wheatbelt of Western Australia, this paper reports the effects of farming history (clearing only, cultivation, duration of farming, and time since farming ceased) on the soil nutrient content, plant floristics (richness and composition) and structure, and the abundance, species richness and species composition of birds and arthropods. Only one site was cultivated for >6 years. We summarize as follows: (1) Previous clearing and cultivation has left no residual effects on the nitrogen or phosphorus content in the sandy soils. (2) There were no significant differences in terms of plant species richness but some differences in cover of woody plants, grass cover and plant species composition for farming history or time since farming ceased. (3) There were no significant differences in bird species richness but differences in species composition for time since farming ceased. (4) Arthropods showed few (and low) significant differences in their abundance, richness or species composition across different farming histories and time periods since farming ceased. Farming of these shrublands has left only minor changes in the composition and structure of the vegetation, and in the abundance, species richness and species composition of the passerine bird and arthropod assemblages. Abandoned parcels of land on the sandy soils which support shrubland may yield useful conservation benefits with relatively little input.
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Tompkins, Robert D., Catherine M. Luckenbaugh, William C. Stringer, Keith H. Richardson, Elena A. Mikhailova, and William C. Bridges. "Suther Prairie: Vascular Flora, Species Richness, and Edaphic Factors." Castanea 75, no. 2 (June 2010): 232–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2179/09-041.1.
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Gould, William A., and Marilyn D. Walker. "Landscape-scale patterns in plant species richness along an arctic river." Canadian Journal of Botany 75, no. 10 (October 1, 1997): 1748–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-889.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We examined relationships of vascular plant species richness with mean July temperature and components of landscape heterogeneity to determine the relative influence of temperature and the physical landscape on plant richness along the north-flowing Hood River in the Northwest Territories of Canada. We also examined variations in the composition of the flora to better understand the relationship between riparian gradients, environmental controls, environmental heterogeneity, and species richness. The vascular flora for the area studied includes 210 species. Richness at 17 sites along the river ranged from 69 to 109 species within 2400-m2 sample areas. Sites with the lowest richness were those in the upper reaches of the river, with richness generally increasing downstream. Variation in richness along the river is correlated with increasing environmental heterogeneity (r2 = 0.598, P = 0.0003), calculated as an index summarizing the range of site-level variation in a set of components including substrate type and texture, topographic variation (slope and aspect), relative surface area, substrate moisture, and soil pH. The most significant component of the index is an increase in the range of soil pH. Soil pH tends to increase downstream, and average site soil pH is the single best predictor of species richness (r2 = 0.857, P < 0.0001). The primary cause of higher soil pH is the presence of uplifted marine sediments, and tills derived from nonacidic Precambrian rock common along the lower river. Key words: species richness, arctic, riparian, pH, mean July temperature, environmental heterogeneity.
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Tucker, James W., Geoffrey E. Hill, and Nicholas R. Holler. "Longleaf Pine Restoration: Implications for Landscape-Level Effects on Bird Communities in the Lower Gulf Coastal Plain." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 27, no. 2 (May 1, 2003): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/27.2.107.
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Abstract The longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystem of the southeastern United States is among the most heavily degraded of all ecosystems. Less than 1% of the original longleaf pine forests remain as old-growth stands. Eglin Air Force Base (Eglin) in northwest Florida contains the largest remaining extent of longleaf pine, but much of this habitat has been degraded through fire suppression, selective logging, and planting off-site species of pines. We examined the distribution of bird species among habitats during spring and fall 1994–1995 to assess the influence of large-scale habitat restoration on bird communities across the landscape. During both spring and fall, species richness and relative abundance of neotropical migrants were greatest in oak hammocks and riparian habitats. During spring, the abundance of resident species was greatest in barrier island scrub and flatwoods, but species richness of residents also was high in oak hammocks. During fall, both species richness and abundance of residents were greatest in oak hammocks and flatwoods. Analyses of abundance for individual species (both neotropical migrants and residents) suggested that each habitat examined was important for ≥1 species. An analysis examining the importance of habitats for conservation found that oak hammocks and riparian habitats were important for species of high management concern, but burned sandhills along with oak hammocks and riparian habitats were very important for species of the greatest management concern. Our results suggest that habitat modifications resulting from restoration of the longleaf pine ecosystem will benefit many species of management concern. Bird species negatively affected by habitat modifications for longleaf pine restoration were abundant in other habitats. South. J. Appl. For. 27(2):107–121.
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Sybertz, Janine, Sarah Matthies, Frank Schaarschmidt, Michael Reich, and Christina von Haaren. "Biodiversity modelling in practice - predicting bird and woody plant species richness on farmlands." Ecosystems and People 16, no. 1 (December 9, 2019): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/26395916.2019.1697900.
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Novriyanti, N., I. Ihsan, B. Irawan, and C. Wulan. "Fragmented urban areas: Can plants encourage birds in Jambi City urban space?" IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 918, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/918/1/012028.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This study aims to estimate the extent to which vegetation can encourage the presence of birds in the urban city area. Forest area, urban plantation, grove area, and residential area are The Muhammad Sabki Urban Forest location for bird and plant observed in some circular plots (r=25 m) in the morning and afternoon. Bird directly and identified using a field guide and marked plant species immediately identified using the Plantamor website. The data were analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener Index (H’), The Margalef Index (Dmg), and some using Correlative and regression analysis with IBM SPSS Statistics 28. The results obtained 23 species and a total of 534 individual birds from all observed urban space habitats. All Shannon-Wiener Index (H’) values in each studied habitat type showed a moderate diversity level and low species richness (Dmg). There are 22 plant species that have been identified as places of bird activity. Correlation analysis of the number of plant species on bird species and the number of bird species on bird individuals shows a strong relationship. However, regression analysis shows that the partially analyzed variables have no significant effect, so additional values are needed from other factors.
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Ramos-Robles, Michelle, Ellen Andresen, and Cecilia Díaz-Castelazo. "Temporal changes in the structure of a plant-frugivore network are influenced by bird migration and fruit availability." PeerJ 4 (June 8, 2016): e2048. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2048.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background.Ecological communities are dynamic collections whose composition and structure change over time, making up complex interspecific interaction networks. Mutualistic plant–animal networks can be approached through complex network analysis; these networks are characterized by a nested structure consisting of a core of generalist species, which endows the network with stability and robustness against disturbance. Those mutualistic network structures can vary as a consequence of seasonal fluctuations and food availability, as well as the arrival of new species into the system that might disorder the mutualistic network structure (e.g., a decrease in nested pattern). However, there is no assessment on how the arrival of migratory species into seasonal tropical systems can modify such patterns. Emergent and fine structural temporal patterns are adressed here for the first time for plant-frugivorous bird networks in a highly seasonal tropical environment.Methods.In a plant-frugivorous bird community, we analyzed the temporal turnover of bird species comprising the network core and periphery of ten temporal interaction networks resulting from different bird migration periods. Additionally, we evaluated how fruit abundance and richness, as well as the arrival of migratory birds into the system, explained the temporal changes in network parameters such as network size, connectance, nestedness, specialization, interaction strength asymmetry and niche overlap. The analysis included data from 10 quantitative plant-frugivorous bird networks registered from November 2013 to November 2014.Results.We registered a total of 319 interactions between 42 plant species and 44 frugivorous bird species; only ten bird species were part of the network core. We witnessed a noteworthy turnover of the species comprising the network periphery during migration periods, as opposed to the network core, which did not show significant temporal changes in species composition. Our results revealed that migration and fruit richness explain the temporal variations in network size, connectance, nestedness and interaction strength asymmetry. On the other hand, fruit abundance only explained connectance and nestedness.Discussion.By means of a fine-resolution temporal analysis, we evidenced for the first time how temporal changes in the interaction network structure respond to the arrival of migratory species into the system and to fruit availability. Additionally, few migratory bird species are important links for structuring networks, while most of them were peripheral species. We showed the relevance of studying bird–plant interactions at fine temporal scales, considering changing scenarios of species composition with a quantitative network approach.
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Cristóbal-Pérez, E. Jacob, Gilbert Barrantes, Alfredo Cascante-Marín, Ruth Madrigal-Brenes, Paul Hanson, and Eric J. Fuchs. "Blooming plant species diversity patterns in two adjacent Costa Rican highland ecosystems." PeerJ 11 (January 12, 2023): e14445. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14445.
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The Costa Rican Paramo is a unique ecosystem with high levels of endemism that is geographically isolated from the Andean Paramos. Paramo ecosystems occur above Montane Forests, below the permanent snow level, and their vegetation differs notably from that of adjacent Montane Forests. We compared the composition and beta diversity of blooming plant species using phenological data from functional plant groups (i.e., insect-visited, bird-visited and insect + bird-visited plants) between a Paramo and a Montane Forest site in Costa Rica and analyzed seasonal changes in blooming plant diversity between the rainy and dry seasons. Species richness was higher in the Montane Forest for all plant categories, except for insect-visited plants, which was higher in the Paramo. Beta diversity and blooming plant composition differed between both ecosystems and seasons. Differences in species richness and beta diversity between Paramo and the adjacent Montane Forest are likely the result of dispersal events that occurred during the last glacial period and subsequent isolation, as climate turned to tropical conditions after the Pleistocene, and to stressful abiotic conditions in the Paramo ecosystem that limit species establishment. Differences in blooming plant composition between both ecosystems and seasons are likely attributed to differential effects of climatic cues triggering the flowering events in each ecosystem, but phylogenetic conservatism cannot be discarded. Analyses of species composition and richness based on flowering phenology data are useful to evaluate potential floral resources for floral visitors (insects and birds) and how these resources change spatially and temporarily in endangered ecosystems such as the Paramo.
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Ihm, Byung-Sun, Jeom-Sook Lee, Jong-Wook Kim, and Joon-Ho Kim. "Relationship between global warming and species richness of vascular plants." Journal of Plant Biology 50, no. 3 (June 2007): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03030661.
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Kottawa-Arachchi, J. D. "Factors Affecting Avifaunal Diversity in Selected Agro-Ecosystems of Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India." Zoodiversity 56, no. 1 (March 25, 2022): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/zoo2022.01.067.
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Avifaunal diversity in eight different habitats of Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur was studied in order to find factors affecting the occurrence of bird species. Bird populations were sampled in different agro-ecosystems such as farm fields (experimental and organic), wetland, abandoned tea plantation, administration area, playground, secondary forest and stream vegetation. A total of 125 species of birds belonging to 51 families, including 33 winter visitors and 27 summer visitors have been recorded. Among them, 78 insectivores followed by 18 carnivores were recorded. The abandoned tea field was a diverse habitat that maintained the highest species richness recording 50 species, followed by stream vegetation and organic farm. Seasonal variations and habitat heterogeneity play crucial role in shaping species richness. Plant diversity, vegetation structure and microhabitats support different feeding guilds, temporary refuge and migratory route which result in increased bird diversity. Based on different categories of birds, the cluster analysis revealed three distinct clusters of habitats, first cluster containing administration area and secondary forest habitats, experimental farm and wetland grouped in cluster II, whereas cluster III contained habitats viz. abandoned tea plantation, playground, organic farm and stream vegetation. Several conservation measures such as increasing plant diversity, conducting regular and long-term systematic studies, introducing bird friendly management plan are recommended to conserve and enhance avifaunal diversity in the university.
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Gu, Yue, Shijie Han, Junhui Zhang, Zhijie Chen, Wenjie Wang, Yue Feng, Yangao Jiang, and Shicong Geng. "Temperature-Dominated Driving Mechanisms of the Plant Diversity in Temperate Forests, Northeast China." Forests 11, no. 2 (February 18, 2020): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11020227.
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Climate, topography, and tree structure have different effects on plant diversity that vary with spatial scale. In this study, we assessed the contribution of these drivers and how they affect the vascular plant richness of different functional groups in a temperate forest ecosystem in Northeast China. We investigated about 0.986 million plants from 3160 sites to quantify the impact of annual mean temperature, sunshine duration, annual precipitation, standard deviation of diameter at breast height, and forest type on richness of vascular plants (total species, tree, treelet, shrub, and herb, separately) using the gradient boosting model. The results show that annual mean temperature had the strongest impact on plant richness. The tree richness peaked at intermediate annual mean temperature and sunshine duration and increased with annual precipitation. The Shannon diversity index and Simpson dominance index increased with annual precipitation and standard deviation of diameter at breast height, decreased with sunshine duration, and peaked at intermediate annual mean temperature and forest type. The total richness and understory richness increased with annual mean temperature and standard deviation of diameter at breast height and peaked at intermediate sunshine duration and annual precipitation. A comprehensive mechanism was found to regulate the plant diversity in forest ecosystems. The relationship between tree richness and annual mean temperature with latitudinal effect could be affected by the differences in number and size of tree individuals, indicating that plant diversity varies with the utilization of energy. The force driving plant richness varied with the functional group due to the different environmental resource requirements and the life history strategies of plants layers.
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Vetaas, Ole R., and John-Arvid Grytnes. "Distribution of vascular plant species richness and endemic richness along the Himalayan elevation gradient in Nepal." Global Ecology and Biogeography 11, no. 4 (July 2002): 291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822x.2002.00297.x.
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Kipkoech, Solomon, David Kimutai Melly, Benjamin Watuma Mwema, Geoffrey Mwachala, Paul Mutuku Musili, Guangwan Hu, and Qingfeng Wang. "Conservation priorities and distribution patterns of vascular plant species along environmental gradients in Aberdare ranges forest." PhytoKeys 131 (September 16, 2019): 91–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.131.38124.
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Distribution patterns of biodiversity and the factors influencing them are important in conservation and management strategies of natural resources. With impending threats from increased human population and global climatic changes, there is an urgent need for a comprehensive understanding of these patterns, more so in species-rich tropical montane ecosystems where little is known about plant diversity and distribution. Vascular species richness along elevation and climatic gradients of Aberdare ranges forest were explored. A total of 1337 species in 137 families, 606 genera, 82 subspecies and 80 varieties were recorded. Correlations, simple linear regression and Partial least square regression analysis were used to assess richness and diversity patterns of total plants, herbs, shrubs, climbers, arboreal and endemic species from 2000–4000 m above sea level. Total plant species richness showed a monotonic declining relationship with elevation with richness maxima at 2000–2100 m a.s.l., while endemic species richness had a positive unimodal increase along elevation with peaks at 3600–3700 m a.s.l. Herbs, shrubs, climbers and arboreal had significant negative relationships with altitude, excluding endemism which showed positive relations. In contrast, both air and soil temperatures had positive relationships with taxa richness groups and negative relations with endemic species. Elevation was found to have higher relative influence on plant richness and distribution in Aberdare ranges forest. For effective conservation and management of biodiversity in Aberdare, localized dynamic conservation interventions are recommended in contrast to broad and static strategies. Establishment of conservation zones and migration corridors are necessary to safeguard biodiversity in line with envisaged global climatic vicissitudes.
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Wang, Chun-Jing, and Ji-Zhong Wan. "Historical and contemporary climate legacy of the large-scale distributional patterns of plant richness across different taxonomic levels: An assessment of protected areas in China." Botanical Sciences 97, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.2211.
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<p align="left"><strong>Background: </strong>Historical and contemporary climates may shape the distributional patterns of plant species richness across different scales. However, few studies have focused on the effects of historical and contemporary climate changes on the distributional patterns of plant richness in Chinese protected areas across different taxonomic levels.</p><p align="left"><strong>Hypotheses: </strong>Historical and contemporary climates can have an important legacy effect on the large-scale distributional patterns of plant richness across different taxonomic levels.</p><p align="left"><strong>Studied species: </strong>Vascular plants.</p><p align="left"><strong>Study site: </strong>China.</p><p align="left"><strong>Method:</strong> We used data on plant richness at the family, genus, and species levels from Chinese protected areas and applied regression modelling to explore the relationships between climate change and plant richness among vascular, fern, seed, gymnosperm, and angiosperm plants based on paleoclimate (Last Glacial Maximum; LGM, ca. 22,000 years ago) and contemporary climate data.</p><p align="left"><strong>Results: </strong>The large-scale distributional patterns of plant richness could be predicted across different taxonomic levels on the basis of paleoclimate and contemporary climate data. Specifically, historical and contemporary climate variables were found to better correlate with fern plant richness than seed plant richness. For seed plants, the explanatory power of historical and contemporary climate variables was found to be stronger for the richness of gymnosperms than for the richness of angiosperms.</p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The distributional pattern of plant richness could be predicted across different taxonomic levels after including paleoclimate (LGM, ca. 22,000 years ago) and contemporary climate data from China. Our study could support the effectiveness of the management of protected areas in China.
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ESPEJO-SERNA, ADOLFO, ANA ROSA LÓPEZ-FERRARI, ANICETO MENDOZA-RUIZ, JAVIER GARCÍA-CRUZ, JACQUELINE CEJA-ROMERO, and BLANCA PÉREZ-GARCÍA. "Mexican Vascular Epiphytes: Richness and Distribution." Phytotaxa 503, no. 1 (May 26, 2021): 1–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.503.1.1.
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The first complete checklist of the Mexican vascular epiphytes is presented, accompanied by data relating to its geographical distribution by state, elevational range, endemism, life form and type of vegetation in which each species can be found. Based on the review of herbarium specimens and specialized literature, as well as in the collection of botanical material in several regions of the country, we determined that the vascular epiphytes of Mexico are integrated by 24 orders, 37 families, 253 genera, and 1,813 species, of which 583 are endemic to the country. The families with the highest specific richness are Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae, Polypodiaceae, and Piperaceae, while the genera with the highest number of taxa are Tillandsia, Epidendrum, and Peperomia. Only one gymnosperm, Ceratozamia tenuis, was registered as epiphyte. The types of vegetation that harbor the greatest richness are the cloud forest with 1,079 species and the Quercus forest with 837. One hundred eighty-six species are found in some category of the NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010.
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Lu, Muyang, and Fangliang He. "Estimating regional species richness: The case of China's vascular plant species." Global Ecology and Biogeography 26, no. 7 (April 27, 2017): 835–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geb.12589.
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Moser, Dietmar, Stefan Dullinger, Thorsten Englisch, Harald Niklfeld, Christoph Plutzar, Norbert Sauberer, Harald Gustav Zechmeister, and Georg Grabherr. "Environmental determinants of vascular plant species richness in the Austrian Alps." Journal of Biogeography 32, no. 7 (June 2, 2005): 1117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01265.x.
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Odland, Arvid, and H. J. B. Birks. "The altitudinal gradient of vascular plant richness in Aurland, western Norway." Ecography 22, no. 5 (December 1999): 548–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.1999.tb01285.x.
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Sekulová, Lucia, Michal Hájek, Petra Hájková, Eva Mikulášková, Alexandre Buttler, Vít Syrovátka, and Zuzana Rozbrojová. "Patterns of bryophyte and vascular plant richness in European subalpine springs." Plant Ecology 213, no. 2 (September 17, 2011): 237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-011-9969-0.
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Sutter, G. C., and R. M. Brigham. "Avifaunal and habitat changes resulting from conversion of native prairie to crested wheat grass: patterns at songbird community and species levels." Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 869–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z98-018.
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Many North American grassland songbirds are experiencing significant population declines, partly because of land-use practices associated with agricultural activity. The aim of this study was to compare the habitat correlates of songbirds breeding in native mixed-grass prairie with patterns found in introduced vegetation dominated by crested wheat grass (Agropyron pectiniforme). We assessed plant species composition, habitat structure, and bird species diversity over 2 years to document species- and community-level trends in southwestern Saskatchewan, Canada. In addition to having higher plant species richness and diversity, native vegetation consisted of significantly more grass and sedge cover, less bare ground, deeper litter, and higher density within 10 cm of the ground than introduced vegetation. Bird species richness and diversity and the abundance of Baird's Sparrows (Ammodramus bairdii) and Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) increased significantly along a multivariate gradient from open to more sheltered habitat, regardless of vegetation type. Sprague's Pipits (Anthus spragueii) showed a curvilinear increase along the same gradient, occurring in high numbers where habitats offered an intermediate level of cover. Our findings suggest that species richness and diversity within songbird communities and the abundance of some species may be reduced where conversion to crested wheat grass results in more open habitat.
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Haig, A. R., U. Matthes, and D. W. Larson. "Effects of natural habitat fragmentation on the species richness, diversity, and composition of cliff vegetation." Canadian Journal of Botany 78, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 786–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b00-047.
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Plant species richness, diversity, and some aspects of species composition were measured on natural limestone cliff fragments of varying size within the Niagara Escarpment Biosphere Reserve, Canada. This information was collected because knowledge about how different components of community structure change in response to natural fragmentation may permit the prediction of the effects of future anthropogenic fragmentation. The number and relative abundance of vascular plant, bryophyte, and lichen species were determined on cliff fragments that varied in area from 185 to 126 000 m2. Latitude, aspect, percent available photosynthetically active radiation on the cliff face, distance from the nearest neighbouring cliff, and length of the nearest neighbouring cliff were also measured. Regression analysis was used to test for a significant relationship between fragment area and diversity of vascular plants, bryophytes, and lichens both separately and combined. Multiple regression with all subsets selection was used to find the best predictors of species richness from among all variables measured for the 21 cliff fragments. Multivariate analyses were used to study the effect of fragmentation on the structure of the vegetation as a whole. The results showed no significant relationship between cliff fragment area and richness or diversity for vascular plants and bryophytes, and only a marginally significant increase in richness with area for lichens. The multivariate analyses also showed that only one community type exists, and that its structure mainly varies as a function of latitude. These results indicate that very small fragments of cliff face can support a similar plant biodiversity as do large continuous portions of the Niagara Escarpment.Key words: habitat fragmentation, plant species richness, lichens, bryophytes, cliff vegetation.
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Hazell, Richard J., Kryštof Chmel, Jan Riegert, Luda Paul, Brus Isua, Graham S. Kaina, Pavel Fibich, et al. "Spatial scaling of plant and bird diversity from 50 to 10,000 ha in a lowland tropical rainforest." Oecologia 196, no. 1 (May 2021): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-021-04925-8.
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Abstract While there are numerous studies of diversity patterns both within local communities and at regional scales, the intermediate scale of tens to thousands of km2 is often neglected. Here we present detailed local data on plant communities (using 20 × 20 m plots) and bird communities (using point counts) for a 50 ha ForestGEO plot in lowland rainforest at Wanang, Papua New Guinea. We compare these local diversity patterns with those documented in the surrounding 10,000 ha of lowland rainforest. Woody plant species richness was lower within 50 ha (88% of 10,000 ha richness), even when both were surveyed with identical sampling effort. In contrast, bird communities exhibited identical species accumulation patterns at both spatial scales. Similarity in species composition (Chao-Jaccard) remained constant while similarity in dominance structure (Bray–Curtis) decreased with increased distance between samples across the range from < 1 to 13.8 km for both plant and bird communities. The similarity decay was more rapid in plants, but in both cases was slow. The results indicate low to zero beta-diversity at the spatial scale represented here, particularly for birds but also for woody plants. A 50 ha plot provided a highly accurate representation of broader-scale diversity and community composition within 10,000 ha for birds, and a relatively good representation for woody plants. This suggests potential for wider generalization of data from ForestGEO plots which are almost always locally unreplicated, at least for those in lowland tropical forest.
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Villaseñor, José Luis. "Los Géneros de plantas vasculares de la flora de México." Botanical Sciences, no. 75 (June 2, 2017): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1694.
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An updated account of the generic richness of Mexican vascular plants records 2,804 native genera, distributed in 304 families. The flowering plants include the largest number (2,663 genera), 2,117 of them dicotyledons (Magnoliophyta) and 546 monocotyledons (Liliopsida). In addition, 127 genera of ferns and fern allies and 14 of gymnosperms are recorded. A list of generic names is provided, as well as a brief discussion about their richness patterns and their geographical and ecological distribution. Of the total generic richness of Mexico, 7.8% (219 genera) is considered to be endemic to this country.
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Dehling, D. Matthias, Till Töpfer, H. Martin Schaefer, Pedro Jordano, Katrin Böhning-Gaese, and Matthias Schleuning. "Functional relationships beyond species richness patterns: trait matching in plant-bird mutualisms across scales." Global Ecology and Biogeography 23, no. 10 (May 26, 2014): 1085–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geb.12193.
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French, Kristine, and Anita Zubovic. "Effect of the Weed Chrysanthemoides monilifera (Bitou Bush) on Bird Communities." Wildlife Research 24, no. 6 (1997): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr96011.
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Bird communities in native coastal woodland were compared with those in woodland infested with Chrysanthemoides monilifera rotundata (bitou bush) in order to determine the impact of infestations of this weed on birds. Little evidence was found to suggest that bitou bush negatively affected the bird communities as a whole. Overall, the total number of birds in each type of habitat did not differ while numbers of species differed only at one area. Weed infestations have a differential impact on foraging groups. Canopy-feeding generalists and understorey insectivores showed differences in abundance and species richness in a few areas, with greater numbers in weed sites than in native sites. Temporal variation in weed-site use was also evident for canopy foragers. For these groups, weed infestations are providing at least some resources, although the details of resource use need to be investigated further. Species richness and abundance of birds relying almost exclusively on plant material were negatively affected by weed infestations, indicating that this foraging guild may not be provided with adequate resources in weed-infested habitats. Similarly, although numbers were low, scavengers and raptors also showed lower abundances and species richness in weed-infested habitats. For these foraging groups, management programmes to rehabilitate weed-infested habitats are likely to have a positive effect on numbers.
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White, Hannah J., Willson Gaul, Dinara Sadykova, Lupe León-Sánchez, Paul Caplat, Mark C. Emmerson, and Jon M. Yearsley. "Land cover drives large scale productivity-diversity relationships in Irish vascular plants." PeerJ 7 (May 31, 2019): e7035. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7035.
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The impact of productivity on species diversity is often studied at small spatial scales and without taking additional environmental factors into account. Focusing on small spatial scales removes important regional scale effects, such as the role of land cover heterogeneity. Here, we use a regional spatial scale (10 km square) to establish the relationship between productivity and vascular plant species richness across the island of Ireland that takes into account variation in land cover. We used generalized additive mixed effects models to relate species richness, estimated from biological records, to plant productivity. Productivity was quantified by the satellite-derived enhanced vegetation index. The productivity-diversity relationship was fitted for three land cover types: pasture-dominated, heterogeneous, and non-pasture-dominated landscapes. We find that species richness decreases with increasing productivity, especially at higher productivity levels. This decreasing relationship appears to be driven by pasture-dominated areas. The relationship between species richness and heterogeneity in productivity (both spatial and temporal) varies with land cover. Our results suggest that the impact of pasture on species richness extends beyond field level. The effect of human modified landscapes, therefore, is important to consider when investigating classical ecological relationships, particularly at the wider landscape scale.
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Lima, André De Mendonça, Solana Meneghel Boschilia, Jorge Bernardo Silva, and Ronei Baldissera. "Effect of habitat heterogeneity on bird assemblages in a grassland-forest ecotone in Brazil." Revista Acta Ambiental Catarinense 13, no. 1 (August 24, 2016): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24021/raac.v13i1.3313.
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The present study evaluates differences in alpha and beta diversity and guild structure of bird assemblages along the ecotone between grassland and Araucaria forest in Southern Brazil. Birds were sampled by point counts (radius of 25 m) disposed in the grassland, in the grasslandforest edge, and in the forest interior, grouped in three blocks. Grassland presented low bird richness and abundance, and the bird composition and guild structure in grasslands were different from the edge and the forest interior. Grassland showed more granivores, while forest interior presented more omnivores, insectivores and insectivores/ frugivores. Notwithstanding, there was an overlap on the occurrence of some forest bird species in the edge and grassland, evidencing that the grassland plant structure composed of small forest patches and shrubs could facilitate bird movements, which, in turn, could influence forest expansion dynamics over the grassland.
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Tilk, Mari, Katri Ots, Tea Tullus, and Malle Mandre. "Ground vegetation diversity and geobotanical analysis in dune pine forests in southwest Estonia." Forestry Studies 69, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2018-0012.
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Abstract To investigate the ecosystems on dunes, five typical dunes were selected in the coastal area of the Baltic Sea in southwest Estonia. To study ground vegetation species richness, species composition and horizontal structure, 251 quadrats of 1 m2 in size were established and descriptions of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichen species were provided. Topographical factors, soil horizons, soil pH and electrical conductivity, soil nutrients, soil moisture conditions and light conditions were determined. In total, 42 vascular plant, 43 bryophyte and 48 lichen species were recorded on five dunes. Vascular plant species richness and composition on forested dunes was dependent on the absolute dune height, zone and aspect of the slope, soil nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus content, soil pH and moisture, the cover of the bryophyte-lichen layer and light conditions. Regarding bryophyte and lichen layer species composition, important factors were the aspect of the dune, vascular plant species cover, light conditions, the thickness of the moderately decomposed organic soil horizon, soil pH, electrical conductivity and volumetric water content. Lichen species richness was highest on the slopes of the dunes, while bryophyte species richness was higher at the bottoms and decreased towards the tops of the dunes. Ground vegetation species richness and species’ horizontal and vertical structure on forested dunes were highly dependent on topography-induced differences, aspect, height and zone of the dunes. The most important factors controlling the complex of ground vegetation were light conditions, soil water content, thickness of the moderately decomposed litter layer and soil potassium and calcium content.
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González, Ana M. Martín, Bo Dalsgaard, Jeff Ollerton, Allan Timmermann, Jens M. Olesen, Laila Andersen, and Adrianne G. Tossas. "Effects of climate on pollination networks in the West Indies." Journal of Tropical Ecology 25, no. 5 (September 2009): 493–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467409990034.
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Abstract:We studied the effect of climate on the plant-pollinator communities in the West Indies. We constructed plots of 200 m × 5 m in two distinct habitats on the islands of Dominica, Grenada and Puerto Rico (total of six plots) and recorded visitors to all plant species in flower. In total we recorded 447 interactions among 144 plants and 226 pollinator species. Specifically we describe how rainfall and temperature affect proportional richness and importance of the different pollinator functional groups. We used three measures of pollinator importance: number of interactions, number of plant species visited and betweenness centrality. Overall rainfall explained most of the variation in pollinator richness and relative importance. Bird pollination tended to increase with rainfall, although not significantly, whereas insects were significantly negatively affected by rainfall. However, the response among insect groups was more complex; bees were strongly negatively affected by rainfall, whereas dipterans showed similar trends to birds. Bird, bee and dipteran variation along the climate gradient can be largely explained by their physiological capabilities to respond to rainfall and temperature, but the effect of climate on other insect pollinator groups was more obscure. This study contributes to the understanding of how climate may affect neotropical plant-pollinator communities.
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Martínez-Camilo, Rubén, Nayely Martínez-Meléndez, Manuel Martínez-Meléndez, Miguel Ángel Pérez-Farrera, and Derio Antonio Jiménez-López. "Why continue with floristic checklists in Mexico? The case of the Tacaná-Boquerón Priority Terrestrial Region, in the Mexican State of Chiapas." Botanical Sciences 97, no. 4 (December 19, 2019): 741–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.2174.
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Background: Some regions of Mexico have been relatively well explored floristically and estimates of the vascular plant richness they contain have been obtained. However, there are still regions that require effort to obtain the most appropriate lists of flora possible that consider both systemization of the information and that benefit from recent botanical explorations.Questions: What is the species richness of vascular plants in the Tacaná-Boquerón Priority Terrestrial Region? What proportion of the species are endemic or included in risk categories?Study sites and dates: Tacaná-Boquerón Priority Terrestrial Region, Chiapas State, Mexico. This region is on the Guatemala border and covers an area of 57,400 ha. Between 1920 and 2015.Methods: A database of 14,487 vascular plant records was integrated. Two sources of information were compared: systematization of databases, and recent botanic expeditions.Results: We found 2,485 native species belonging to 185 families. Both data sources were complementary in order to obtain a more complete floristic checklist (systematization of database: 1,774 spp., recent botanic expeditions: 1,514 spp.). As novelties, we found three new species and seven new reports for Mexico. Approximately 14 % of the species documented are included in risk categories or are endemic to the study site.Conclusions: Our checklist is one of the largest in the region (Mexico and Central America) in terms of species count. Our study shows the importance of conducting botanical explorations to complement the information on vascular plant richness in relatively well-explored areas of Mexico.
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Becker, Rafael Gustavo, Gabriela Paise, and Marco Aurélio Pizo. "A comparison of bird communities in natural and revegetated grasslands in south Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 27, no. 3 (September 2019): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03544471.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractNatural grasslands are declining due to loss, fragmentation and degradation, resulting in the decline of grassland-associated bird species. The Pampas Biome in south Brazil is not exception to this worldwide trend, facing the expansion of croplands and afforestation with exotic tree plantations for cellulose production. To cope with the continuous degradation and loss of grasslands, restoration is an important conservation strategy, but basic information regarding the response of the fauna to restoration practices in southeastern South America grasslands is lacking. Here we compared the structure of bird communities in natural grasslands and revegetated grasslands after mining by planting native and exotic grasses. We sampled birds using 5-min point counts with unlimited radius in three replicates of each habitat (natural and revegetated grasslands; average size 22.2 ± 2.3 ha). We also compared the vegetation density between the two habitat types. The structure of bird communities at natural and revegetated grasslands differed, with natural grasslands presenting higher species richness (42 vs. 35 species) and abundance (1459 vs. 839 records) than revegetated areas, and also a distinct species composition. Ten of the 11 grassland species that were associated to one of the two habitat types occurred more frequently in natural grasslands, which had higher vegetation density than revegetated areas. Even a decade after the beginning of the restoration process, revegetated areas did not resemble natural grasslands in bird species richness, abundance, and composition. These results differed from another study conducted in the Brazilian Pampas in which native plant species were used to actively restore a grassland. Therefore, until we have additional studies addressing the use of exotic grasses for the recovery of bird communities in South America grasslands, we encourage greater representation of native plant species in restoration projects.
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Sladek, Brandon, L. Burger, and Ian Munn. "Avian Community Response to Midrotation Herbicide Release and Prescribed Burning in Conservation Reserve Program Plantations." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 32, no. 3 (August 1, 2008): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/32.3.111.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Former agricultural lands converted to pine (Pinus spp.) plantations in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) have potential to provide early successional (ES) habitat for many regionally declining pine/grassland and shrub-successional bird species if actively managed with appropriate disturbance regimes. One such regime is use of the selective herbicide Imazapyr (Arsenal Applicators Concentrate) and prescribed burning, which is permitted on CRP lands and cost share payments are available. This study quantified combined effects of Imazapyr and prescribed fire on the breeding season avian community characteristics and pine volume growth in thinned, midrotation afforested loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) plantations in Mississippi. Herbicide treatments were applied in fall of 2002 and winter burns were conducted during winter and early spring of 2002–2003. ES bird species richness was significantly greater in the treated plots compared with controls for both 2003 and 2004. Ten individual species exhibited treatment effects. These responses by ES bird species indicate that midrotation CRPplantations can provide needed ES habitat if treated with appropriate disturbance regimes.
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White, Peter S., and Ronald I. Miller. "Topographic Models of Vascular Plant Richness in the Southern Appalachian High Peaks." Journal of Ecology 76, no. 1 (March 1988): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2260463.
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Talbott, Susan C., and Richard H. Yahner. "Temporal and Spatial Use of Even-Aged Reproduction Stands by Bird Communities in Central Pennsylvania." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 20, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/20.3.117.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract In 1992, the Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry adopted a new forest management practice known as even-aged reproduction with reservation (EAR), which replaces clearcutting on state forestlands. The EAR guidelines mandate the retention of at least 12 trees/ha and 24–36 m2/ha of basal area, representing a diversity of overstory and understory species. During summer 1998, we compared the temporal (breeding season vs. mid-summer) and spatial (edge versus interior) use of EAR stands by birds. In addition, we compared observed vs. expected use of overstory trees in EAR stands. In each of ten representative EAR stands, we sampled birds twice per season along two-edge and two-interior transects. Total species richness and abundance (all species combined), species richness and abundance of ground-shrub foragers, and species richness of canopy-sallier foragers were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the breeding season than in mid-summer. Eight of 20 common bird species analyzed also were significantly (P < 0.05) more abundant during the breeding season (e.g., black-and-white warbler and chestnut-sided warbler), and one species was significantly (P < 0.05) more abundant during mid-summer. Total species richness, total abundance, and abundance of ground-shrub foragers were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in interiors compared to edges of EAR stands. Five species also were significantly (P < 0.05) more abundant in interiors of EAR stands, whereas no species was more common in edges. All species combined and three foraging guilds showed differential use (P < 0.05) of overstory tree species; eight species also differed significantly in their use of abundant tree species. Based on our findings, we believe that EAR stands are excellent substitutes for clearcuts on state forestlands, although we caution that our findings were based only on one yr of data. We recommend the continued retention of a diversity of overstory trees, especially snags and rough-barked trees, in both edges and interiors of EAR stands for use by a variety of bird species during both the breeding season and mid-summer. North. J. Appl. For. 20(3):117–123.
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Prass, Marju, Satu Ramula, Miia Jauni, Heikki Setälä, and D. Johan Kotze. "The invasive herb Lupinus polyphyllus can reduce plant species richness independently of local invasion age." Biological Invasions 24, no. 2 (October 28, 2021): 425–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-021-02652-y.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe ecological impacts of invasive species may change or accumulate with time since local invasion, potentially inducing further changes in communities and the abiotic environment. Yet, time since invasion is rarely considered when investigating the ecological impacts of invasive non-native species. To examine the effect of time since invasion on the ecological impacts of Lupinus polyphyllus, a perennial nitrogen-fixing herb, we surveyed vascular plant communities in the presence and absence of L. polyphyllus in young, intermediate, and old semi-natural grassland sites (ca. 5, 10, 15 years representing both time since lupine invasion and plant community age). We analyzed vascular plant community composition, vascular plant species richness, and the cover of various ecological plant groups and L. polyphyllus. In contrast to our hypotheses, we found no change in the mean cover of L. polyphyllus (about 35%) with time since local invasion, and an ordination did not suggest marked changes in plant community composition. L. polyphyllus was associated with lower species richness in invaded plant communities but this effect did not change with time since invasion. Invaded plant communities were also associated with lower occurrence of generalist, oligotrophic (low-nutrient-adapted) and copiotrophic (nutrient-demanding) species but no temporal dynamics were detected. We conclude that even the intermediate cover of L. polyphyllus can reduce plant species richness, but the ecological impact caused by this invader might not dramatically change or accumulate with time since invasion.
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Alencar, Luana, and Edson Guilherme. "Bird-plant interactions on the edge of a forest fragment in southwestern Brazilian Amazonia." Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences 42 (August 27, 2020): e51485. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v42i1.51485.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Seed dispersal is one of the principal ecological processes that determine the richness and distribution of plants in tropical forests. Birds play an important role in the zoochoric dispersal of seeds in these forests. The present study investigated the bird-plant interactions involving the ingestion and dispersal of seeds by the birds found in the edge habitat of an isolated forest fragment on the Catuaba Experimental Farm in eastern Acre, in southwestern Brazilian Amazonia. The birds were captured using mist nets, and the seeds were collected from fecal samples obtained during the handling of the animals. These seeds were sorted and identified. The bird and the plant species identified during the study were used to calculate the connectivity and nestedness of the bird-plant interactions. We captured 82 species of birds, with a total sampling effort of 203,180 h.m². Fecal samples obtained from 19 of the bird species contained a total of 2,086 seeds, representing 23 plant species. The interaction network had an intermediate connectance, and significant nestedness. Ramphocelus carbo had the highest importance index and was the bird with the largest number of plant interactions, while Cecropia latiloba was the plant with the highest importance index, followed by Schefflera morototoni. Most of the seed-dispersing birds identified in the present study are generalists found in both the forest core and its edge. The results of the study indicated that the community of generalist-frugivore birds interacts extensively with the plant community of the fragment, providing seed dispersal services that include the deforested areas adjacent to the fragment.