Книги: "Variety effects"

1

Lyons, Bruce R. Price, variety and competition: The demand and competitive effects. Norwich: The Economics Research Centre, University of East Anglia, 1986.

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2

D, Clarke. Effects of variety, agronomy, malting and mashing conditions on diastatic power of barley. London: HGCA, 1998.

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3

Lefebvre, Martin, and Marc Furstenau. Special Effects on the Screen. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462980730.

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Since the very first days of cinema, audiences have marveled at the special effects imagery presented on movie screens. While long relegated to the margins of film studies, special effects have recently become the object of a burgeoning field of scholarship. With the emergence of a digital cinema, and the development of computerized visual effects, film theorists and historians have been reconsidering the traditional accounts of cinematic representation, recognising the important role of special effects. Understood as a constituent part of the cinema, special effects are a major technical but also aesthetic component of filmmaking and an important part of the experience for the audience. In this volume, new directions are charted for the exploration of this indispensable aspect of the cinematic experience. Each of the essays in this collection offers new insight into the theoretical and historical study of special effects. The contributors address the many aspects of special effects, from a variety of perspectives, considering them as a conceptual problem, recounting the history of specific special effects techniques, and analysing notable effects films.

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4

Bingham, John Francis William. A study on the effects of a variety of chelators on adventitious rooting in Sitka spruce and mung beanhypocotyl cuttings. [s.l: The Author], 1994.

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5

Williams, Diane. The effects of differing psychological variables in conjunction with partial sleep loss on a variety of performance tests: BA(Hons) Human Movement Studies dissertation. Cardiff: SGIHE, 1987.

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6

Burroni, Luigi, Fortunata Piselli, Francesco Ramella, and Carlo Trigilia, eds. Città metropolitane e politiche urbane. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-072-7.

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More than fifteen years after the introduction of direct election, the mayors are still the most popular politicians in Italy. The personal relationship set up with the citizens and the strengthening of the city councils has restored energy and stability to the action of the municipal administrations. Nevertheless, these institutional reforms, while important, have failed to guarantee good government. The effects of the mayoral reform are, in fact, considerably different from one city to another, and from one type of policy to another. What does this variety of results derive from? The book provides an answer to this question through an investigation of the decisional processes of around a hundred "local collective assets" in six large metropolitan cities. To explain the different outcomes – in addition to the "council effect", that is, the relevance of policy, and the "sector effect", the relevance of the different decisional milieus – the authors also underscore the role of the "governance effect", namely the different approaches to decision-making and building consensus on urban policies.

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7

1934-, Evenson Robert E., and Gollin Douglas, eds. Crop variety improvement and its effect on productivity: The impact of international agricultural research. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CABI Pub., 2003.

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8

Evenson, R. E., and D. Gollin, eds. Crop variety improvement and its effect on productivity: the impact of international agricultural research. Wallingford: CABI, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9780851995496.0000.

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9

Holtz-Eakin, Douglas. Scale economies, returns to variety, and the productivity of public infrastructure. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1995.

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10

Pöhls, R. L. Victoria, and Mariane Utudji, eds. Powerful Prose. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839458808.

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What makes a reading experience »powerful«? This volume brings together literary scholars, linguists, and empirical researchers to elucidate the effects and reader responses to investigate just that. The thirteen contributions theorize this widely-used, but to date insufficiently studied notion, and provide insights into the therefore still mysterious-seeming power of literary fiction. The collection investigates a variety of stylistic as well as readerly and psychological features responsible for short- and long-term effects - topics of great interest to those interested or specialized in literary studies and narratology, (cognitive) stylistics, empirical literary studies and reader response theory.

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11

Noordhof, Paul. A Variety of Causes. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199251469.001.0001.

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Metaphysicians often focus on what is vertically fundamental, appealing to grounding or truth-making, rather than what is horizontally fundamental: what must be common to any metaphysical picture of the universe. There is a case for causation being one such feature. But how should it be characterized? A revised semantics for counterfactuals provides the basis for a new counterfactual analysis of causation that is compatible with Humean supervenience but also appropriate for a non-Humean metaphysical framework. Causes (independently of their competitors) both make the chance of an effect very much greater than its mean background chance in the circumstances and actually influences the probability of the effect in this way at the time at which the effect occurred via a complete causal chain. Causation understood in this way is a non-transitive relation. It is neutral over the metaphysics of causes and effects but allows a natural way for events to be understood as one fundamental type of causation, the other being property causation. Although negative causal statements are true, there are no cases of negative causation. The analysis explains how causation involving substantial processes is only one variety of causation, others include double prevention. It allows for a variety of micro- and macro-properties to be the basis of the difference between cause and effect. Laws are patterns of causation realized in different ways in different metaphysical pictures. The analysis of causation characterizes a horizontally fundamental property whose modal character depends upon its different realizations.

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12

Benedetti, Fabrizio. Placebo Effects. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843177.001.0001.

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The book Placebo Effects: Understanding the Other Side of Medical Care examines the importance and the role of placebos across all medical conditions. This book offers a comprehensive description of all aspects of placebo research, a discipline that is now becoming a melting pot of concepts and ideas for medicine and neuroscience. A modern approach to the placebo effect and medical care is emphasized and highlighted across a variety of conditions. The first part sets the stage for a better understanding of placebo effects. To do this, it approaches medical care from an evolutionary and neuroscientific perspective, which helps understand the other side of medical care; that is, the psychosocial component. In the second part, old and new concepts and findings are described, so as to improve understanding of the specific conditions treated in the following chapters. The third part is dedicated to the most studied conditions, such as pain, motor disorders, depression, the immune and endocrine systems, and the fourth part describes those conditions that have been investigated much less, such as the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems. All clinical, ethical, and methodological problems and implications related to the placebo effect are discussed in the fifth part, whereas other conditions outside the healing context, such as sport and social psychology, are briefly described in the sixth part.

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13

Davenport, Renee. Victorian Variety Grayscale Adult Coloring Book: 28 Bonus Special Effects Coloring Pages Plus 12 Surprise Coloring Pages. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2017.

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14

Luffman, J. The Passions and Their Effects Exemplified in a Variety of Incidents. by John Luffman. Containing. Fidelity. Dissipation. Gale Ecco, Print Editions, 2018.

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15

Bazinet, Alissa D., Lindsay Squeglia, Edward Riley, and Susan F. Tapert. Effects of Drug Exposure on Development. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381708.013.21.

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Exposure to alcohol or other drugs during the prenatal or adolescent stage of life is associated with harmful consequences to cognition, behavior, or brain structure and function of the developing child or adolescent. Resulting impairment, when it exists, can be subtle to severe depending on several moderating factors, such as dose, timing, and frequency of exposure, polysubstance exposure, environmental influences, and genetic predispositions. This chapter reviews the relevant literature to date on the neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal alcohol/drug exposure and adolescent substance use. Neuropsychological, neurobehavioral, and neuroimaging studies utilizing a variety of methodological designs are included to illustrate the wide-ranging impact of early substance exposure on subsequent developmental changes across childhood, adolescence, and young-adulthood.

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16

Schulbach, Kurt F. Identification of the most aroma-active compounds in strawberries: Variety differences and the effects of heating on strawberry puree. 2002.

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17

JOHN, OLIVIA T. Low Fats and Salt Effects on Body: High Blood Stress Is a Danger Thing for a Variety of Conditions. Independently Published, 2022.

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18

Delli Carpini, Michael X. The Political Effects of Entertainment Media. Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.30.

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In recent years political communication scholars have begun to build a small but important body of quantitative research suggesting that the consumption of entertainment media can affect how citizens learn about, think about, and act in the political world. However, we have limited our ability to understand this relationship by treating entertainment media as a distinct and ghettoized area of study and by an overreliance on theories originating in the study of news and other overtly public affairs media. This chapter argues that what constitutes “politics,” “political engagement,” “political effects,” and “politically relevant media” is not based on inherent qualities of a particular genre, medium, or topic, but is rather are socially constructed. This has always been true, but it is arguably more so in the information environment of the twenty-first century, which for a variety of reasons challenges the presumed distinction between “news” and “entertainment.”

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19

Chodyra, Mike. Blank Comic Book: Create Your Own Comics!. Contains Samples of Effects, Clouds and Bubbles. Variety of Tamplates. 3-7 Panel Layouts. Independently Published, 2020.

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20

Jones. Investigation into the effects that realistic experience has on the career choice of students in a variety of educational establishments in South Wales. SIHE, 1995.

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21

Oscar-Berman, Marlene, Trinity A. Urban, and Avram J. Holmes. Effects of Alcoholism on Neurological Function and Disease in Adulthood. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381708.013.22.

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Alcoholism is associated with disparate and widespread negative consequences for brain anatomy and function. Consistent with a diffuse neurobiological profile, alcoholism is marked by a heterogeneous mix of cognitive and emotional abnormalities. Alcohol use disorders arise through diverse origins and follow an uncertain clinical course, with severity and consequences depending on many factors. The identification of specific alcoholism-related deficits is constrained both by methodological techniques employed and the distinct populations studied. To understand alcoholism-related alterations in brain structure and function, it is critical to consider the influence of contextual factors on clinical course. The optimal approach for understanding alcohol use disorders leverages a variety of scientific methodologies and clinical settings. The resulting confluence of data can provide evidence linking alterations in neurobiology with behavioral and neuropsychological effects of alcoholism. Critically, these data may help determine the degree to which abstinence and treatment facilitate the reversal of brain atrophy and dysfunction.

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22

Reading, Paul J. Neurological diseases and their effects on the sleep–wake cycle. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0035.

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This chapter addresses current neurobiological knowledge of how wake- and sleep-promoting systems interact to produce the daily circadian rhythm of wake and sleep and how this may be adversely affected by a variety of neurological diseases. The crucial importance of sleep quality for optimal brain function is stressed and the potential hazards of prolonged wakefulness highlighted. Insomnia relating to either sleep onset or maintenance is common and increases with normal aging. Many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease appear to enhance the effects of aging on the sleep–wake cycle, with increased fragmentation and reduced deep sleep. Focal pathology in the thalamus or sometimes the hypothalamus may produce striking insomnia, as may several autoimmune encephalitides. Hypersomnia is most often secondary to poor-quality nocturnal sleep, but may also relate to discrete hypothalamic pathology or traumatic head injury. The effects of epilepsy and its treatment on sleep can be significant and are discussed.

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23

Sievenpiper, John L. Differential effects of ginseng (Panax and non-Panax spp.) on acute postprandial glucose and insulin homeostasis in healthy humans: Influence of increasing ginsenoside variability across batch, preparation, variety, and species. 2004.

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24

Series, Michigan Historical Reprint. Dogography. The life and adventures of the celebrated dog Tiger, comprising a variety of amusing and instructive examples, illustrative of the happy effects ... and education of dogs, by Francis Butler. Scholarly Publishing Office, University of Michigan Library, 2005.

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25

Kaarsemaker, Eric, Andrew Pendleton, and Erik Poutsma. Employee Share Ownership. Edited by Adrian Wilkinson, Paul J. Gollan, Mick Marchington, and David Lewin. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199207268.003.0013.

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Employee share ownership involves employees acquiring shares in their employer so that they become shareholders. It takes a variety of forms, some of which may have greater significance and effects than others. The extent to which employees possess profit sharing, information, and participation rights varies considerably. This variety means that generalizations about employee share ownership have to be made with caution, as becomes evident in this article. The article provides more details of the various types of employee share ownership plans, before providing information on the incidence of employee share ownership. It examines the factors associated with the use of employee share ownership plans by companies (‘determinants’). The article also reviews the extensive literature on the effects of employee share ownership on attitudes, behaviour, and performance.

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26

Wright, Charles Romley Alder. The Threshold of Science: A Variety of Simple and Amusing Experiments Illustrating Some of the Chief Physical and Chemical Properties of Surrounding Objects, ... and the Effects upon Them of Light and Heat. Adamant Media Corporation, 2002.

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27

Madl, Ulrike. Pathophysiology of glucose control. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0258.

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Hyperglycaemia is a frequent phenomenon in critically-ill patients, associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Hyperglycaemia results in cellular glucose overload and toxic adverse effects of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, especially in tissues with insulin-independent glucose uptake, and acute hyperglycaemia can exert a variety of negative effects. It is the main side effect of intensive insulin therapy. Both severe and moderate hypoglycaemia are independent risk factors of mortality in critically-ill patients. Prolonged hypoglycaemia induces neuronal damage, but may also have adverse cardiovascular effects. Several risk factors predispose critically-ill patients to hypoglycaemic events. Rapid glucose fluctuations may induce oxidative stress and lead to vascular damage. Glucose complexity is a marker of endogenous glucose regulation. Association between hyperglycaemia and outcome is weaker in diabetic critically-ill patients than in non-diabetic patients. Pre-admission glucose control in diabetic critically-ill patients plays a role in the response to glucose control and mortality.

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28

Kavokin, Alexey V., Jeremy J. Baumberg, Guillaume Malpuech, and Fabrice P. Laussy. Overview of Microcavities. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782995.003.0001.

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In this chapter we provide an overview of microcavities. We present the variety of semiconductor, metallic and dielectric structures used to make microcavities of different dimensions and briefly present a few characteristic optical effects observed in microcavities. Many important effects mentioned in this chapter are discussed in greater extent in the following chapters.

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29

Glazov, M. M. Spin Systems in Semiconductor Nanostructures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807308.003.0002.

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This chapter is an introduction to a rich variety of effects taking place in the interacting system of electrons and nuclei in semiconductors. It includes also the basics of electronic properties of nanostructures and of spin physics, an overview of fundamental interactions in the electron and nuclear spin systems, the selection rules at optical transitions in semiconductors, spin resonance effect, as well as optical orientation, and dynamical nuclear polarization. In this chapter an analysis of particular features of spin dynamics arising in the structures with localized electrons such as quantum dots, which are studied further in the book, are addressed. The aim of this chapter is to provide basic minimum of information needed to read the remaining chapters.

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30

Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. The Infinitesimal Model and Its Extensions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0024.

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One standard approximation in quantitative genetics is the infinitesimal model, which assumes a large number of loci, each of small effect. In such a setting, the distribution of breeding values in unselected descendants is roughly multivariate normal and most of the (short-term) change in the additive variance under selection is through Bulmer effects (the generation of linkage disequilibrium) rather than by allele-frequency change. A variety of different infinitesimal models are found in the literature, and this chapter examines these different versions and the connections between them. It also examines the theory for moving beyond the infinitesimal approximation. Finally, this chapter shows that the much-debated worry over “missing heritability” simply follows under the infinitesimal setting.

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31

Valenzuela, S. O. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.003.0011.

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This chapter begins with a definition of spin Hall effects, which are a group of phenomena that result from spin–orbit interaction. These phenomena link orbital motion to spin direction and act as a spin-dependent magnetic field. In its simplest form, an electrical current gives rise to a transverse spin current that induces spin accumulation at the boundaries of the sample, the direction of the spins being opposite at opposing boundaries. It can be intuitively understood by analogy with the Magnus effect, where a spinning ball in a fluid deviates from its straight path in a direction that depends on the sense of rotation. spin Hall effects can be associated with a variety of spin-orbit mechanisms, which can have intrinsic or extrinsic origin, and depend on the sample geometry, impurity band structure, and carrier density but do not require a magnetic field or any kind of magnetic order to occur.

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32

How To Make And Decorate 30 Fabulous Picture Frames A Practical And Fun Guide To Making And Personalizing A Variety Of Picture Frames With Creative And Stunning Decorative Effects Beautifully Illustrated With Over 340 Inspirational Photographs With Stepbystep Instructions For Every Project. Southwater Publishing, 2008.

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33

Condon, Barrie, and Jennifer MacFarlane. Magnetic resonance imaging. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199655212.003.0024.

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Magnetic resonance imaging employs strong electromagnetic fields that present a variety ofhazards. This chapter considers the interaction of the strong magnetic field with externalferromagnetic objects and those implanted in the body. The interaction of strong RF fieldscan induce currents in wires and cables which can, in certain circumstances, result in burns.By the same mechanism, excessive heating can be caused in passive implanted devicesand the operation of active implants can fail or be critically altered. The direct impact of theMR environment on the human body is described in terms of the effect of (i) the staticmagnetic field, (ii) movement through the static magnetic field, (iii) the heating effects of theRF field, and (iv) the acoustic noise. The risks involved in the use of cryogens are brieflydiscussed. Finally, practical safety procedures are recommended.

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34

(Editor), R. E. Evenson, and D. Gollin (Editor), eds. Crop Variety Improvement and Its Effect on Productivity: The Impact of International Agricultural Research. CABI, 2003.

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35

1934-, Evenson Robert E., and Gollin Douglas, eds. Crop variety improvement and its effect on productivity: The impact of international agricultural research. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CABI Pub., 2003.

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36

Clark, Kelsey L., Behrad Noudoost, Robert J. Schafer, and Tirin Moore. Neuronal Mechanisms of Attentional Control. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.010.

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Covert spatial attention prioritizes the processing of stimuli at a given peripheral location, away from the direction of gaze, and selectively enhances visual discrimination, speed of processing, contrast sensitivity, and spatial resolution at the attended location. While correlates of this type of attention, which are believed to underlie perceptual benefits, have been found in a variety of visual cortical areas, more recent observations suggest that these effects may originate from frontal and parietal areas. Evidence for a causal role in attention is especially robust for the Frontal Eye Field, an oculomotor area within the prefrontal cortex. FEF firing rates have been shown to reflect the location of voluntarily deployed covert attention in a variety of tasks, and these changes in firing rate precede those observed in extrastriate cortex. In addition, manipulation of FEF activity—whether via electrical microstimulation, pharmacologically, or operant conditioning—can produce attention-like effects on behaviour and can modulate neural signals within posterior visual areas. We review this evidence and discuss the role of the FEF in visual spatial attention.

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37

Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. Short-term Changes in the Mean: 3. Permanent Versus Transient Response. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0015.

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In a variety of settings—additive epistasis in a diploid, dominance in an autotetraploids, shared environmental effects (such as epigenetic contributions), maternal effects, and dominance under inbreeding—the response in the mean has both a permanent and a transient component. The latter arises because selection perturbs the population distribution of genotypes away from their Hardy-Weinberg values. Upon the cessation of selection, any change in allele frequencies remains, but any additional changes due to departures from Hardy-Weinberg decay away. The result is that, even in the presence of these transient components, the breeder's equation often accurately predicts the amount of permanent response.

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38

Petrak, Frank, and Bonnie Röhrig. Treatment of depression in type 2 diabetes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198789284.003.0010.

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This chapter provides a brief overview of the current scientific evidence for the treatment of depression in type 2 diabetes. Considering the multiple adverse interactions between both conditions, treatment targets should always focus on diabetes-related medical outcome and improvement or remission of depression at the same time in people with diabetes. Depression can be treated with moderate to good results in depressed patients with type 2 diabetes by a variety of psychological and pharmacological interventions, with comparable results to the treatment of depressive patients without diabetes. Results regarding glycaemic control are inconsistent and indicate a low effectiveness of psychological interventions. Antidepressants demonstrated mild to moderate effect regarding better glycaemic control, but the results are still inconclusive and long-term effects are widely unknown. The chapter ends with a critical summary of methodological limitations of the research in that area and concludes with evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice.

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39

Wilsey, Brian J. Response of Grasslands to Global Change. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198744511.003.0007.

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Global change factors are ecologically-relevant variables that are changing, and that have global impacts. In grasslands, changes in the atmosphere, biological invasions, N deposition, and land-use change are global change factors. Photosynthesis increases under elevated CO2 and C3 plant species respond more strongly than C4 species to CO2 enrichment. Leaf N contents are typically lower under elevated CO2, especially in C3 species, and this is expected to have a negative effect on large grazing mammals. Temperature increases are expected to have significant effects on phenology. Most grasslands are being impacted by biological invasions to various degrees. Communities dominated by exotics are considered to be “novel systems” because they contain species from a variety of regions that do not have an evolutionary history of interaction. Among the most noxious grassland invaders is the red imported fire ant Solonopsis invicta, which lowers ant diversity and negatively affects prey species.

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40

O’Callaghan, Casey. Synesthesia vs. Crossmodal Illusions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199688289.003.0003.

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We can discern two opposing viewpoints regarding synesthesia. According to the first, it is an oddity, an outlier, or a disordered condition. According to the second, synesthesia is pervasive, driving creativity, metaphor, or language itself. I favor the first perspective, according to which cross-sensory synesthesia is an outlying condition. But the second perspective is not wholly misguided. My discussion has three lessons. First, synesthesia is just one of a variety of effects in which one sense causally impacts and reshapes experience associated with another. These effects are utterly common. However, due to their unfamiliarity and their conflict with a widespread conception of the role of the senses in perception and experience, until recently they have been surprising. Second, synesthesia nevertheless must be distinguished from other intermodal effects that lead to misperception, such as crossmodal illusions. Third, synesthesia may also be distinguished from the potentially much broader class of synesthetic effects.

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41

Donkin, Chris, Babette Rae, Andrew Heathcote, and Scott D. Brown. Why Is Accurately Labeling Simple Magnitudes So Hard? A Past, Present, and Future Look at Simple Perceptual Judgment. Edited by Jerome R. Busemeyer, Zheng Wang, James T. Townsend, and Ami Eidels. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199957996.013.6.

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Absolute identification is a deceptively simple task that has been the focus of empirical investigation and theoretical speculation for more than half a century. Since Miller’s (1956) seminal paper the puzzle of why people are severely limited in their capacity to accurately perform absolute identification has endured. Despite the apparent simplicity of absolute identification, many complicated and robust effects are observed in both response latency and accuracy, including capacity limitations, strong sequential effects and effects of the position of a stimulus within the set. Constructing a comprehensive theoretical account of these benchmark effects has proven difficult, and existing accounts all have shortcomings. We review classical empirical findings, as well as some newer findings that challenge existing theories. We then discuss a variety of theories, with a focus on the most recent proposals, make some broad conclusions about general classes of models, and discuss the challenges ahead for each class.

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42

Tammisto, Tuomas, and Heikki Wilenius, eds. Valtion antropologiaa: Tutkimuksia ihmisten hallitsemisesta ja vastarinnasta. SKS Finnish Literature Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21435/skst.1470.

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What is a state? This volume approaches the question from an anthropological perspective, which means that the starting point of the analysis is not the concept of the state, but instead, what kinds of structures the state consists of, what kinds of effects these structures have, and how states are experienced by the people who inhabit, make, enact, and resist them. The volume introduces a contemporary anthropological approach to the study of the state for a Finnish-speaking audience. This new approach examines the state as a diverse, socially and culturally constructed phenomenon that varies in time and place. Additional aims of the volume are to introduce and translate concepts from political anthropology to the Finnish language, and to make anthropological analyses of the state known to other disciplines that study the state and to the general Finnish-speaking public. Covering a wide variety of ethnographic contexts examining both the effects of the state and the state-like effects of other institutions, the volume contains case studies from Brazil, Uganda, Papua New Guinea, Madagascar, Finland, Bolivia, Cuba, Egypt, Fiji, Solomon Islands, and Ghana. A theoretical introduction presents the development of anthropological thinking with regard to the state and state-like institutions. An afterword reflects on the contribution of the volume in light of the ethnographic context of Indonesia.

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43

Iversen, Les. 2. How drugs work. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198745792.003.0002.

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‘How drugs work’ outlines the basic mechanisms of pharmacology. Drugs are chemicals that can be naturally occurring or man-made, and which can be administered in a variety of ways. They can act on receptors—often highly specific proteins in cells which can up-regulate or down-regulate processes—or on other targets, such as DNA or enzymes. The molecular action of drugs can be investigated in a lab, but the effects on the whole organism are more important. Effective doses need to be determined, taking into account metabolic rates, drug interactions, and side effects. Prolonged drug use can cause tolerance and substance addiction.

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Glazov, M. M. Electron Spin Precession Mode Locking and Nuclei-Induced Frequency Focusing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807308.003.0009.

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This chapter addresses a rich variety of effects in spin dynamics arising under the conditions of pump-probe experiments. Here we consider the case where the electron spin is injected by a periodic train of circularly polarized pump pulses and precesses between the pulses in an external magnetic field. Nontrivial effects such as resonant spin amplification and spin coherence mode-locking take place due to commensurability of the repetition period of pump pulses and the charge carrier spin precession period. Theoretical approaches to describing the electron and nuclear spin coherence and experimental manifestations of these unusual regimes of spin dynamics are discussed in detail.

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45

Drury, Joseph. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792383.003.0001.

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New Historicist critics typically approached the novel as if it were a ‘technology of power’ whose main effect was to discipline readers. Recent scholarship, by contrast, has provided a richer understanding of the narrative machinery of eighteenth-century fiction by emphasizing the variety of different technologies available to authors as models for thinking about the different effects their narratives could have on readers. As the Introduction explains, this book aims to reconcile these two approaches by drawing on the work of ‘constructivist’ sociologists and philosophers of technology to argue that although eighteenth-century authors thought in different ways about the mechanics of narrative, they shared a common preoccupation with the problem of how novels mediate human subjectivity. Complementing recent New Formalist work on Romantic organicism, Novel Machines offers a genealogy of modern structuralist approaches to the mechanics and dynamics of narrative and recovers the complexity of the eighteenth-century idea of ‘mechanical form’.

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46

Bertel, E., and A. Menzel. Nanostructured surfaces: Dimensionally constrained electrons and correlation. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533046.013.11.

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This article examines dimensionally constrained electrons and electronic correlation in nanostructured surfaces. Correlation effects play an important role in spatial confinement of electrons by nanostructures. The effect of correlation will become increasingly dominant as the dimensionality of the electron wavefunction is reduced. This article focuses on quasi-one-dimensional (quasi-1D) confinement, i.e. more or less strongly coupled one-dimensional nanostructures, with occasional reference to 2D and 0D systems. It first explains how correlated systems exhibit a variety of electronically driven phase transitions, and especially the phases occurring in the generic phase diagram of correlated materials. It then describes electron–electron and electron–phonon interactions in low-dimensional systems and the phase diagram of real quasi-1D systems. Two case studies are considered: metal chains on silicon surfaces and quasi-1D structures on metallic surfaces. The article shows that spontaneous symmetry breaking occurs for many quasi-1D systems on both semiconductor and metal surfaces at low temperature.

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47

Nolan, Brian, Bea Cantillon, Sudhanshu Handa, and Yekaterina Chzhen, eds. Learning the Lessons: Enhancing Capacity to Protect Children. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797968.003.0014.

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Drawing on the country-level analyses this chapter brings out broader conclusions and lessons for how, in future, children can be better protected from bearing the brunt of major crises. This is not a straightforward exercise, because the impact of the crisis and recession on children has been very different across them for a variety of reasons. The macroeconomic ‘shock’ itself and the starting positions differed greatly across countries while the responses by governments covered a very wide range of policy levers and varied with their circumstances. It is clear however that cuts in social spending and tax increases often played a major role in the impact of the crisis on the living standards of families and children. The country experiences analysed in this book bring out the importance of building coherent ‘social fabrics’ both to address child poverty effectively and to protect children against the worst effects of future crises.

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Braga, Anthony A. Guns and Crime. Edited by Francesco Parisi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684250.013.023.

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Thousands of Americans are killed by gunfire each year, and hundreds of thousands more are injured or threatened with guns in robberies and assaults. The burden of gun violence in urban areas is high and concentrated among a small number of criminally active people and occurs in a small number of places within cities. This chapter reviews varied criminal justice interventions to deny criminal access to firearms and reduce criminal possession, carrying, and use of firearms. The research suggests that criminals acquire guns from a variety of sources including illegal diversions from legitimate firearms commerce. While more evaluation evidence is needed, supply-side interventions are promising in reducing criminal access to firearms. The evaluation evidence on the effects of sentencing enhancements on gun crime is mixed. A growing body of research evidence shows that hot spots policing programs and focused deterrence strategies to control repeat gun offenders can reduce gun violence.

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Feldman, Lauren. The Hostile Media Effect. Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.011.

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The “hostile media effect” occurs when opposing partisans perceive identical news coverage of a controversial issue as biased against their own side. This is a robust phenomenon, which has been empirically demonstrated in numerous experimental and observational studies across a variety of issue contexts and has been shown to have important consequences for democratic society. This chapter reviews the literature on the hostile media effect with an eye toward the theoretical explanations for it, its relationship to other psychological processes, and its broader implications for perceived public opinion, news consumption patterns, attitudes toward democratic institutions, and political discourse and participation. Particular attention is paid to how the hostile media phenomenon can help explain the public’s eroding trust in the news media and the recent polarization among news audiences. The chapter concludes with several suggestions for future research.

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Feldman, Lauren. The Hostile Media Effect. Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.011_update_001.

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The “hostile media effect” occurs when opposing partisans perceive identical news coverage of a controversial issue as biased against their own side. This is a robust phenomenon, which has been empirically demonstrated in numerous experimental and observational studies across a variety of issue contexts and has been shown to have important consequences for democratic society. This chapter reviews the literature on the hostile media effect with an eye toward the theoretical explanations for it, its relationship to other psychological processes, and its broader implications for perceived public opinion, news consumption patterns, attitudes toward democratic institutions, and political discourse and participation. Particular attention is paid to how the hostile media phenomenon can help explain the public’s eroding trust in the news media and the recent polarization among news audiences. The chapter concludes with several suggestions for future research.

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