Статті в журналах: "Variative examinations"

1

Reid, Katharine, Ruth Sutherland, Agnes Dodds, Ruth McNair, and David Pierce. "Abdomen and chest examinations in peer physical examination: Variation in participation by gender." Focus on Health Professional Education: A Multi-Professional Journal 16, no. 2 (April 9, 2015): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.11157/fohpe.v16i2.66.

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Vehmas, T., J. S. Lampinen, A. Mertjärvi, and S. Rannikko. "Factors influencing patient radiation doses from barium enema examinations." Acta Radiologica 41, no. 2 (March 2000): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/028418500127344993.

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Purpose: To analyse factors behind the variation of patient doses from barium enema (BE) examinations. Material and Methods: The patients' (n=89) organ and effective doses (E) due to BE examinations were computed with the ODS-60 program. An average risk factor for BE examinations was derived using the BEIR V schema. The correlation of E with several independent variables was analysed. Results: Median Es at five hospitals were 4.4, 6.1, 7.1, 13 and 16 mSv. The E of the female patients (median 9.2 mSv) was higher than that of the males (median 5.4 mSv) ( p<0.001) due to the higher female doses to the gonads, bladder and uterus, resulting from different body structure. An average fatal risk factor of 0.02% per one BE examination was derived. Factors controlled by the radiologist (screening time, number of exposures) explained 40% and patient-related factors explained 16% of the total variation of E. The equipment-related factors are included in the residual 44%. Conclusion: Due to the large contribution of the radiologists' examination technique in the value of E, an optimal examination technique is essential in reducing doses and the stochastic risk to patients.

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McClintock, Joseph C., and Glenn P. Gravlee. "Predicting Success on the Certification Examinations of the American Board of Anesthesiology." Anesthesiology 112, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e3181c62e2f.

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Background Currently, residency programs lack objective predictors for passing the sequenced American Board of Anesthesiology (ABA) certification examinations on the first attempt. Our hypothesis was that performance on the ABA/American Society of Anesthesiologists In-Training Examination (ITE) and other variables can predict combined success on the ABA Part 1 and Part 2 examinations. Method The authors studied 2,458 subjects who took the ITE immediately after completing the first year of clinical anesthesia training and took the ABA Part 1 examination for primary certification immediately after completing residency training 2 yr later. ITE scores and other variables were used to predict which residents would complete the certification process (passing the ABA Part 1 and Part 2 examinations) in the shortest possible time after graduation. Results ITE scores alone accounted for most of the explained variation in the desired outcome of certification in the shortest possible time. In addition, almost half of the observed variation and most of the explained variance in ABA Part 1 scores was accounted for by ITE scores. A combined model using ITE scores, residency program accreditation cycle length, country of medical school, and gender best predicted which residents would complete the certification examinations in the shortest possible time. Conclusions The principal implication of this study is that higher ABA/ American Society of Anesthesiologists ITE scores taken at the end of the first clinical anesthesia year serve as a significant and moderately strong predictor of high performance on the ABA Part 1 (written) examination, and a significant predictor of success in completing both the Part 1 and Part 2 examinations within the calendar year after the year of graduation from residency. Future studies may identify other predictors, and it would be helpful to identify factors that predict clinical performance as well.

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4

Harrison, G. A., P. L. Byth, and C. A. D'Este. "The Third Five-Year Survey of Fellows (by Examination) of the Faculty of Intensive Care, Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 26, no. 4 (August 1998): 401–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x9802600411.

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A questionnaire was sent to 126 Fellows who had passed the Fellowship Examination in Intensive Care up to and including the examination of October, 1995. The major objectives were to assess the continuing involvement of Fellows in Intensive Care and obtain feedback on training and the examinations. Only six Fellows failed to respond. Ninety-six per cent of responders had some involvement in Intensive Care and 89% had a current formal Intensive Care appointment. The median percentage of the week spent in the Intensive Care was high. Forty-seven per cent were practising some anaesthesia. Although there was considerable individual variation, the Fellows had not changed their median amount of Intensive Care practice over time. The responders provided feedback on their work patterns in the public and private systems, and their training and examinations. Overall, the training/examination system appears to satisfy Fellows although some fine tuning is required.

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Gajic-Stevanovic, Milena, Ana Vuksa, Nevenka Teodorovic, and Slavoljub Zivkovic. "Evaluation of utilization of insured rights to preventive dental examinations in primary health care in the Republic of Serbia in the period 2003-2006." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 138, no. 1-2 (2010): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh1002072g.

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Introduction. The dental health sector reform in Serbia has commenced in order to implement health policy changes. Assessment of legally regulated citizens rights to preventive dental examination, revision of those rights and their promotion are one of the dental health reform priorities. Objective. The objective of this study was to assess the utilization of preventive dental examination (PDE) in Serbia in 2006 among different subject groups and different districts and to analyze financial resources spent for those measures. Also, study aims were to compare the utilization of rights to preventive dental examination in Republic of Serbia in period between 2003-2006. Methods. The retrospective analytical study of Public Health Institute and Republican Statistical Office data were conducted. The comparative analytical method was used for assessment of preventive dental examinations within the given time frame from 2003 to 2006. Results. Results achieved in realization of PDE show a broad spectre of district discrepancies. The variation factor depending on preventive examination or population group it is related to varies from 26.73% to 90.88%. Conclusion. Realization of preventive dental examinations in the Republic of Serbia was significantly lower than projected in the period 2003-2006.

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Ababneh, Zaid Q., Moayed Almusallam, Ibrahim Alfajri, Anas M. Ababneh, Khaled M. Aljarrah, Mark A. Tries, and Nawaf Al Anazi. "ESTIMATION OF THE ORGAN AND EFFECTIVE DOSE TO PATIENTS UNDERGOING MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY EXAMINATIONS IN SAUDI ARABIA." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 194, no. 1 (March 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncab062.

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Abstract Quantifying the radiological risk from diagnostic radiography is essential for patients’ safety. Effective dose is considered the best quantity to determine the stochastic risk associated with the radiological examinations. Therefore, the present work investigated organ and effective dose for adult patients in the most common type of X-ray examinations, such as the chest (PA/LAT), abdomen (AP) and lumbar spine (AP/LAT) projections. The PCXMC version 2 Monte Carlo program was used to estimate the organ and effective dose for 547 patients who underwent a radiographic examination at the King Abdulaziz Hospital, Saudi Arabia. The results showed wide variation in organ doses. The largest organ dose in each X-ray examination were 2.72 mGy for the spleen in the lumbar spine (LAT), 1.98 mGy for the urinary bladder in the lumbar spine (AP), 0.40 mGy for the spleen in the chest (PA), 0.11 mGy for the kidney in the chest (LAT) and 1.78 mGy for the testicles in the abdomen (AP) examinations. Values for the effective dose were estimated for each investigated X-ray examination, and the results were compared with the published values available in the literature. The obtained values for effective dose were relatively lower than those reported by the European Commission and the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation for the same examinations. The results presented here will help establish a database that will be useful for future comparisons and monitoring in radiographic procedures.

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7

Agil, Mangestuti, Idha Kusumawati, and Neny Purwitasari. "Phenotypic Variation Profile of Marsilea crenata Presl. Cultivated in Water and in the Soil." Journal of Botany 2017 (August 6, 2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7232171.

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The aim of this research was to investigate possible phenotypic variation profile of Marsilea crenata Presl. cultivated in water and in the soil, to find alternative cultivation techniques to fulfill the increasing demand for pollutant-free plants. Phenotypic profile was investigated through macroscopic and microscopic examinations of all plant parts, and phytochemical screening on the ethanol extract of the leaves using thin layer chromatography technique was conducted to detect the terpenoid constituents. Results showed a variation of phenotypic profiles in the macroscopic examination caused by different cultivation methods. Phytochemical screening showed spots of terpenoid compounds with different color intensity. No differences were found in the microscopic examination of the leaves, petioles, and stems. Since major profile changes did not occur, M. crenata is recommended to be cultivated in water as its original habitat by providing a better caring and quality of water. Due to its phytoremediation property, it is necessary to grow M. crenata in pollutant-free water.

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8

Kondraciuk, Konrad. "Another view on handwriting samples: „inverted repeatability”." Issues of Forensic Science 307 (2020): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.34836/pk.2020.307.1.

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The article takes up the issue of a different approach to materials being subject to classical document examination and refers to repeatable forms, which have an important function in handwriting analysis. Basing on examinations of writing samples originating from different individuals, an occurrence of a repeatable form departing from the official definition has been observed, i.e. “inverted repeatability”. It constitutes a variation of the traditional repeatable form, i.e. the compared elements are inverted and executed in opposite directions. Below, examples and results of the research work are presented. The very nature of the “inverted repeatability” in classical document examination is emphasized with reference to writing habits and traditional repeatable forms.

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Haque, M., R. Yousuf, SM Abu Baker, and A. Salam. "Assessment in Undergraduate Medical Education: Bangladesh Perspectives." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 12, no. 4 (October 26, 2013): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v12i4.16658.

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Background: Medical education in Bangladesh is totally controlled by the Government and run a unique undergraduate curriculum throughout the country in both public and private sectors. This paper is aimed to briefly describe the medical education reform in Bangladesh and suggests further assessment changes. The present official form of undergraduate medical curriculum has first evolved in 1988 followed by revision in 2002 and 2012. Assessment and teaching are the two sides of the same coin. Assessment drives learning and learning drives practices. Following the curriculum reform since 2002, the assessment in undergraduate medical education has been greatly changed. There are a lot of in-course formative assessments which include item examination, card final and term final, designed to improve the quality of education. Ten percent marks of summative written examinations derive from formative assessment. Traditional oral examination has been changed to structured form to ensure greater reliability. Even then, teachers are not yet building up to conduct oral examination in such a structured way. Examiners differ in their personality, style and level of experience with variation of questioning and scoring from student to students. Weakness of reliability on oral examination still exists. Students also feel very stressful during the oral examinations. Moreover, to conduct such oral examination, three to four months times per year are lost by the faculties which can be efficiently utilised for teaching and research purposes. Worlds' leading medical schools now-a-days used oral examination only for borderline and distinction students. Bangladesh also must consider oral examination only for borderline and distinction students. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v12i4.16658 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 12 No. 04 October 13 Page 357-363

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10

Traverso, Aurélien, Krzysztof Piasecki, Nicolas Gallusser, and Alain Farron. "Agenesis of the long head of the biceps brachii tendon: ignored variations of the anatomy and the next tendon to disappear?" BMJ Case Reports 13, no. 5 (May 2020): e234962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-234962.

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Bilateral agenesis of the long head of the biceps brachial tendon (LHB) is a very rare variation of the anatomy. We report a case of an 18-year-old man with bilateral agenesis of the long head of the biceps brachii tendon. We present initial findings, radiographical examinations and the follow-up of an unusual entity. Diagnosis of agenesis of the LHB can be challenging especially in cases of traumatic shoulder pain. It is not a very known entity because of its rareness. However, it could be associated with other congenital anomalies. The absence of the LHB is easily ignored in the diagnostic process. Clinical examination should be a pitfall, radiological examination is helpful to confirm the suspicion of LHB absence. MRI is often the first choice, although ultrasonography is cheaper and much easier to access and it is an excellent tool to visualise this anatomic variation with empty or shallow intertubercular groove.

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Damiano, Peter C., Daniela Shugars, and James R. Freed. "Clinical Board Examinations: Variation Found in Pass Rates." Journal of the American Dental Association 123, no. 6 (June 1992): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1992.0193.

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12

Silber, Tomas J. "False Allegations of Sexual Touching by Physicians in The Practice of Pediatrics." Pediatrics 94, no. 5 (November 1, 1994): 742–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.94.5.742.

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It is normal for adolescents to be concerned about their bodies and harbor thoughts and worries about their sexuality.1 This can be manifested as anxiety during the physical examination, especially when the genital examination is performed.2-4 Because of this and the possibility of misinterpreting medical procedures such as breast and pelvic examinations, it has been suggested that male practitioners examine female adolescent patients in the presence of a chaperone. Studies involving chaperones use in office practice show a wide variation of approaches.5-7 Recently there has been an increasing recognition of sexual contact between physicians and their patients, both in the medical,8 psychiatric,9 and the lay literature,10 raising consciousness among the public about possible inappropriate sexual behavior by professionals.

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Gita Dwi Prasasty, Dwi Handayani, Dalilah, and Desi Oktariana. "Efforts to Prevent Variations of Skin Diseases in Islamic Boarding Schools through Personal Hygiene and Sanitation Education." Conferences of Medical Sciences Dies Natalis Faculty of Medicine Universitas Sriwijaya 2, no. 1 (November 12, 2020): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32539/dies.v2i1.55.

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The condition of residents and environment of the boarding school (pondok pesantren) which is not good has formed several variation of skin diseases that are repeated and almost similiar in every Islamic boarding school in Indonesia. This is a challenge for the pesantren community, health workers and academics to prevent, at least reduce the prevalence of these diseases. This activity was carried out in two stages, examination and education based on the results of the skin disease pattern that has been obtained from previous examinations. Education was performed online about diseases variation and how to cope them from the aspects of personal hygiene and environmental sanitation at the Pondok Pesantren Kampung Tauhiid Sriwijaya. This activity aimed to provide an coping of the variation of skin diseases that will be encountered by santri-santriwati and an accurate understanding of its prevention through personal hygiene and environmental sanitation.

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Roy, Banibrata, Kyle Perry, Ira Ripstein, and Barry Cohen. "Predictive value of grade point average (GPA), Medical College Admission Test (MCAT), internal examinations (Block) and National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) scores on Medical Council of Canada qualifying examination part I (MCCQE-1) scores." Canadian Medical Education Journal 7, no. 1 (April 2, 2016): e47-e56. http://dx.doi.org/10.36834/cmej.36616.

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Background: To determine whether the pre-medical Grade Point Average (GPA), Medical College Admission Test (MCAT), Internal examinations (Block) and National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) scores are correlated with and predict the Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Examination Part I (MCCQE-1) scores.Methods: Data from 392 admitted students in the graduating classes of 2010-2013 at University of Manitoba (UofM), College of Medicine was considered. Pearson’s correlation to assess the strength of the relationship, multiple linear regression to estimate MCCQE-1 score and stepwise linear regression to investigate the amount of variance were employed.Results: Complete data from 367 (94%) students were studied. The MCCQE-1 had a moderate-to-large positive correlation with NBME scores and Block scores but a low correlation with GPA and MCAT scores. The multiple linear regression model gives a good estimate of the MCCQE-1 (R2 =0.604). Stepwise regression analysis demonstrated that 59.2% of the variation in the MCCQE-1 was accounted for by the NBME, but only 1.9% by the Block exams, and negligible variation came from the GPA and the MCAT.Conclusions: Amongst all the examinations used at UofM, the NBME is most closely correlated with MCCQE-1.

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Koh, Bongyeun, Sunggi Hong, Soon-Sim Kim, Jin-Sook Hyun, Milye Baek, Jundong Moon, Hayran Kwon, Gyoungyong Kim, Seonggi Min, and Gu-Hyun Kang. "Varying levels of difficulty index of skills-test items randomly selected by examinees on the Korean emergency medical technician licensing examination." Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions 13 (January 15, 2016): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2016.13.5.

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Purpose: The goal of this study was to characterize the difficulty index of the items in the skills test components of the class I and II Korean emergency medical technician licensing examination (KEMTLE), which requires examinees to select items randomly. Methods: The results of 1,309 class I KEMTLE examinations and 1,801 class II KEMTLE examinations in 2013 were subjected to analysis. Items from the basic and advanced skills test sections of the KEMTLE were compared to determine whether some were significantly more difficult than others. Results: In the class I KEMTLE, all 4 of the items on the basic skills test showed significant variation in difficulty index (P< 0.01), as well as 4 of the 5 items on the advanced skills test (P< 0.05). In the class II KEMTLE, 4 of the 5 items on the basic skills test showed significantly different difficulty index (P< 0.01), as well as all 3 of the advanced skills test items (P< 0.01). Conclusion: In the skills test components of the class I and II KEMTLE, the procedure in which examinees randomly select questions should be revised to require examinees to respond to a set of fixed items in order to improve the reliability of the national licensing examination.

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Neapolitan, Jerome L. "An Examination of Cross-National Variation in Punitiveness." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 45, no. 6 (December 2001): 691–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x01456005.

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17

Eckerbom, Mats, Jan-Erik Andersson, and Tomas Magnusson. "Interobserver variation in radiographic examination of endodontic variables." Dental Traumatology 2, no. 6 (December 1986): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-9657.1986.tb00155.x.

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Pandya, Jayashri. "Cystic Variation of Schwannoma in the Neck: A Rare Presentation." International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews 4, no. 3 (November 13, 2020): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-4861/076.

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It is uncommon for schwannomas to present as neck swellings. This case presented as painless, cystic and slow growing neck swelling which was excised. Histopathology proved it to be cystic schwannoma. Cystic change occurs in only 4% of all schwannomas. The cystic change renders the schwannoma to mimic second branchial cyst on clinical and radiological examination. Although modality of treatment remains the same which is extracapsular excision, the follow up differs in terms of recurrence.

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Dickinson, Nathan, and Matthew Dunn. "A comparison of manually populated radiology information system digital radiographic data with electronic dose management systems." British Journal of Radiology 93, no. 1111 (July 2020): 20200055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20200055.

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Objective: To assess the accuracy and agreement of radiology information system (RIS) kerma–area product (KAP) data with respect to automatically populated dose management system (DMS) data for digital radiography (DR). Methods: All adult radiographic examinations over 12 months were exported from the RIS and DMS at three centres. Examinations were matched by unique identifier fields, and grouped by examination type. Each centre’s RIS sample completeness was calculated, as was the percentage of the RIS examination KAP values within 5% of their DMS counterparts (used as an accuracy metric). For each centre, the percentage agreement between the RIS and DMS examination median KAP values was computed using a Bland–Altman analysis. At two centres, up to 42.5% of the RIS KAP units entries were blank or invalid; corrections were attempted to improve data quality in these cases. Results: Statistically significant intersite variation was seen in RIS data accuracy and the agreement between the uncorrected RIS and DMS median KAP data, with a Bland–Altman bias of up to 11.1% (with a −31.7% to 53.9% 95% confidence interval) at one centre. Attempts to correct invalid KAP units increased accuracy but produced worse agreement at one centre, a slight improvement at another and no significant change in the third. Conclusion: The RIS data poorly represented the DMS data. Advances in knowledge: RIS KAP data are a poor surrogate for DMS data in DR. RIS data should only be used in patient dose surveys with an understanding of its limitations and potential inaccuracies.

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Ferrari, A. J. L., A. R. Corrêa Fernandes, R. De Almeida Agustinelli, H. Seike, and E. De Ávila Fernandes. "Tophi reduction: ultrasound imaging and correlation with plasma levels of uric acid in patients undergoing treatment for tophaceous gout." Reumatismo 71, no. 2 (July 9, 2019): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/reumatismo.2019.1058.

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The objective was to determine the reduction of tophi in patients undergoing drug therapy in correlation with urate serum levels through ultrasound examination. A total of 31 male patients, between the ages of 33 to 77 years, with tophaceous gout were evaluated between 2005 and 2009, 11 of which were selected. Ultrasound examinations of visible tophi and evaluations of serum uric acids levels were performed annually on each patient. There was a statistically significant difference between measurements 1, 2, 3 and measurement 4 and between measurements 4 and 5. A strong significant positive association was seen between variation of tophus size and the reduction of serum uric acid levels.

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DE VLAS, S. J., D. ENGELS, A. L. T. RABELLO, B. F. J. OOSTBURG, L. VAN LIESHOUT, A. M. POLDERMAN, G. J. VAN OORTMARSSEN, J. D. F. HABBEMA, and B. GRYSEELS. "Validation of a chart to estimate true Schistosoma mansoni prevalences from simple egg counts." Parasitology 114, no. 2 (February 1997): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182096008207.

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Schistosoma mansoni egg counts by faecal examination vary considerably and are not very sensitive, so prevalences are underestimated. The distribution of egg counts can adequately be described by a stochastic model which distinguishes variation in counts between persons and variation in repeated counts within a person. Based on this model a pocket chart has been developed which predicts the proportion of individuals harbouring at least 1 S. mansoni worm pair – the ‘true prevalence’ – from a simple single survey prevalence and geometric mean egg count (using common duplicate 25 mg Kato–Katz smears). The current paper describes the validation of this chart by comparing predicted true prevalences with prevalences observed after 5–7 repeated Kato–Katz faecal examinations (Burundi), by examination of a large quantity of stool using the Visser filter (Brazil) or a selective sedimentation–filtration method (Surinam). Because 5–7 repeated examinations do not suffice to measure all infections, predictions have been made of the cumulative proportion positives over 5–7 surveys – the ‘approximate true prevalence’ – as well. After dividing the data into age groups, 12 different subsets were considered for validation. In all 12 cases, predicted true prevalences (or approximate true prevalences for the Burundi data) agree well with those observed. The overall agreement depends only slightly on the assumed relationship between worm numbers and mean egg counts, with a good fit for a productivity between 0·8 and 4·4 eggs per gramme faeces (EPG) per worm pair (WP). This interval includes the most plausible value from the literature, i.e. 1·0 EPG/WP, which has been applied in the initial pocket chart. These findings support the validity of the chart to predict true prevalences for a wide range of productivity assumptions, and reinforces the applicability of its underlying stochastic model to describe egg count variation. However, as predictions appear to vary importantly when using only part of the data, it is also concluded that the pocket chart never compensates for limited validity of initial single survey prevalences and geometric means in consequence of small sample sizes.

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Hoekel, James, Anagha Narayanan, Jerrel Rutlin, Heather Lugar, Amal Al-Lozi, Tamara Hershey, and Lawrence Tychsen. "Visual pathway function and structure in Wolfram syndrome: patient age, variation and progression." BMJ Open Ophthalmology 3, no. 1 (January 2018): e000081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjophth-2017-000081.

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Background/aimsTo report alterations in visual acuity and visual pathway structure over an interval of 1–3 years in a cohort of children, adolescents and young adults who have Wolfram syndrome (WFS) and to describe the range of disease severity evident in patients with WFS whose ages differed by as much as 20 years at first examination.MethodsAnnual, prospective ophthalmological examinations were performed in conjunction with retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) analysis. Diffusion tensor MRI-derived fractional anisotropy was used to assess the microstructural integrity of the optic radiations (OR FA).ResultsMean age of the 23 patients with WFS in the study was 13.8 years (range 5–25 years). Mean log minimum angle resolution visual acuity was 0.66 (20/91). RNFL thickness was subnormal in even the youngest patients with WFS. Average RNFL thickness in patients with WFS was 57±8 µ or ~40% thinner than that measured in normal (94±10 µ) children and adolescents (P<0.01). Lower OR FA correlated with worse visual acuity (P=0.006). Subsequent examinations showed declines (P<0.05) in visual acuity, RNFL thickness and OR FA at follow-up intervals of 12–36 months. However, a wide range of disease severity was evident across ages: some of the youngest patients at their first examination had deficits more severe than the oldest patients.ConclusionThe genetic mutation of WFS causes damage to both pregeniculate and postgeniculate regions of the visual pathway. The damage is progressive. The decline in visual pathway structure is accompanied by declines of visual function. Disease severity differs widely in individual patients and cannot be predicted from their age.

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Bates, A. W. "Variation in Major Pulmonary Fissures: Incidence in Fetal Postmortem Examinations and a Review of Significant Extrapulmonary Structural Abnormalities in Sixty Cases." Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 1, no. 4 (July 1998): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100249900041.

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A retrospective study of 1513 fetal postmortem examination reports from 1967 to 1996 yielded 35 cases with anomalous major pulmonary fissures (2.3%), to which a further 25 cases were added from fetal postmortem examinations performed between 1929 and 1966. Of 60 cases with anomalous fissures, 43 had an absent right horizontal fissure and 8 had a supernumerary left horizontal fissure; the remaining 9 showed various patterns in which one lung lacked major fissures. Histological examination in 29 cases did not reveal any additional pulmonary abnormality and pulmonary maturity was appropriate for gestational age. Additional malformations were present in 40 cases and these were frequently multiple, the most common being central nervous system, cardiovascular, and genitourinary system defects; notable heart malformations (10 cases); hydrocephalus (5 cases); and cystic renal dysplasia (4 cases). Chromosomal abnormalities were demonstrated in six cases although this figure does not reflect their prevalence, as many cases predate the availability of karyotyping. In seven cases, including three with polysplenia syndrome and one with situs inversus totalis, there was evidence of an underlying abnormality of left–right asymmetry, and in 13 cases there was documented pulmonary hypoplasia.

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Mayer, Russell K. "An Experimental Examination of Electoral Expectations." American Review of Politics 23 (April 1, 2002): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-7781.2002.23.0.39-54.

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Research on so-called bandwagon effects convincingly has established that individuals distinctly prefer expected winners to expected losers when they evaluate candidates for office. This article examines variation in the framing of electoral expectations which produce bandwagon effects, and the ways in which this variation matters. In particular, it considers how the media’s affective (positive/negative) and attritional (personal/situational) framing of expectations influences people’s propensity to support an expected winner. The experimental results presented suggest that variations in electoral expectations lead to systematic differences in the magnitude of bandwagon effects, the negative-personal frame exerting the largest influence on vote choice.

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Moritz, Thomas. "Common Anatomical Variation in Patients with Idiopathic Meralgia Paresthetica: A High Resolution Ultrasound Case-Control Study." May 2013 3;16, no. 3;5 (May 14, 2013): E287—E293. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2013/16/e287.

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Background: Meralgia paresthetica (MP) is a mononeuropathy of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) characterized by pain, numbness or paresthesia on the anterolateral aspect of the thigh. Though several contributing factors have been identified, the cause of its idiopathic form still remains unclear. Anatomic and clinical studies have demonstrated a variable course for the LFCN and have suggested a contribution to the pathogenesis of MP. Objective: It was the aim of the present case-control study to assess the anatomical course and compression site of the LFCN using high resolution ultrasound (HRUS) in patients suffering from idiopathic MP, and compare the anatomical course in these patients to an asymptomatic control group. Study Design: Case-control study. Setting: Nerve imaging center at a large university hospital in Austria. Methods: Twenty-eight patients with a diagnosis of MP were included in this study (20 men, 8 women; mean age 54 years). The diagnosis was established by clinical history, physical examination, and diagnostic anesthetic block. Fifteen age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers served as the control group. Standardized HRUS examinations were performed by one experienced radiologist from June 2004 through April 2012. Two experienced radiologists reviewed the patients’ standardized HRUS examinations and performed examinations in the control group to measure the minimal distance between the LFCN and the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS). Outcomes: The minimal distance between the ASIS and the LFCN was measured using HRUS. Results: The LFCN could be seen in all patients and volunteers. In MP patients, the mean distance between the LFCN and the ASIS was 0.52 cm (SD 0.46 cm), compared to a mean distance of 1.79 cm (SD 1.48 cm) in the control group (P < 0.001). Limitations: Limited sample size, retrospective design. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate a significantly different course of the LFCN, closer to the ASIS in patients with idiopathic MP. Key words: Ultrasound, meralgia paresthetica, entrapment neuropathy, assessment

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26

Bush, Anita M., Charles R. Geist, and Scott Emery. "Event-Related Brain Potentials and Psychology Course Mean Examination Grades." Perceptual and Motor Skills 76, no. 3_suppl (June 1993): 1387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.76.3c.1387.

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Since 1965 research into the event-related brain potentials of the human electroencephalogram suggests that these EEG components are closely related to human information-processing activities. In this study were tested 21 normal adult university students (12 women, 9 men, ages 19 to 51 years) from the Alaskan subarctic, using both the auditory and visual event-related potential oddball paradigms. The event-related brain potential recordings were analyzed as explanatory variables of academic performance, as measured by the mean of a series of multiple-choice examinations covering lecture and text material. No high association between these brain electrophysiological measures and students' academic performance was observed. At best, one component explained 27.6% of the variation in mean examination grades.

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27

REYNOLDS, T., and E. NICHOLLS. "An examination of phytochemical variation in Aloë elgonica Bullock." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 92, no. 4 (June 1986): 393–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1986.tb01438.x.

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28

HARDCASTLE, P. F., N. HAACKE, and J. A. M. MURRAY. "Observer variation in clinical examination of the nasal airway." Clinical Otolaryngology 10, no. 1 (February 1985): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2273.1985.tb01157.x.

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29

de Souza, Glaucia Verena Sampaio, João Marcos Trindade Duarte, Flávia Viegas, Marcia Simões-Zenari, and Kátia Nemr. "An Acoustic Examination of Pitch Variation in Soprano Singing." Journal of Voice 34, no. 4 (July 2020): 648.e41–648.e49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2018.12.007.

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30

FINLAY, A. Y., E. C. COLES, R. P. R. DAWBER, R. A. C. GRAHAM-BROWN, J. A. A. HUNTER, and J. M. MARKS. "Dermatology examination performance: wide variation between different teaching centres." Medical Education 28, no. 4 (July 1994): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.1994.tb02716.x.

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31

Olson, Janet E., Cynthia X. Ma, Linda L. Pelleymounter, Daniel J. Schaid, V. Shane Pankratz, Robert A. Vierkant, Zachary S. Fredericksen, et al. "A Comprehensive Examination of CYP19 Variation and Breast Density." Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 16, no. 3 (March 2007): 623–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0781.

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32

Dockery, P., T. C. Li, A. W. Rogers, I. D. Cooke, E. A. Lenton, and M. A. Warren. "An examination of the variation in timed endometrial biopsies." Human Reproduction 3, no. 6 (August 1988): 715–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a136771.

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33

Ottenbacher, Kenneth J., and Scott D. Tomchek. "Measurement Variation in Method Comparison Studies: An Empirical Examination." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 75, no. 5 (May 1994): 505–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-9993(21)01611-7.

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34

Pathirathna, Ravindra, Pamila S. Adikari, Chanaka Liyanage, and Pradeep Ratnasekare. "Performance Assessment of Sri Lankan Pre-Hospital Ambulance Service." Recent Advances in Biology and Medicine 6, no. 3 (August 28, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.18639/rabm.2020.1135536.

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Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of mortality that raised the demand for pre-hospital emergency care in Sri Lanka. Understanding the performance of Sri Lanka's 1990 Suwa Seriya ambulance service is essential to improve its quality and to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. This study aims to describe socio-demographic characteristics and evaluate the clinical assessment and management process of patients presenting with acute chest pain of cardiac in origin. A descriptive study was conducted in Gampaha District of the Western Province of Sri Lanka. A total of 154 records of patients with acute chest pain who rang the 1990 call centre over a 3-month period were selected. Composite values for treatment and examinations as a percentage were plotted on run charts to assess the performance and its variations over the study period. About 47.4% of the study group were in 35–65 age group, 53.2% were males, and 81.8% had a typical presentation. The median for composite value for examination as a percentage was 89.5%, indicating substantial control and alignment with the reference package with normal cause variation. The median composite value for treatment as a percentage was 9.96%, a low value with normal cause variation. A good control of the processes of clinical examination and treatment is apparent. A higher median for composite value for examination as a percentage attributed to the formal training process of the ambulance staff. Although a low median was obtained for the composite value for treatment as a percentage, it was stable and pointed room for improvement.

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Owenga, John Timon Odhiambo, Peter J. O. Aloka, and Pamela A. Raburu. "Relationship between Selected Personal Determinants and Examination Cheating among Kenyan Secondary School Students." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ajis-2018-0007.

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AbstractThe present study investigated the relationship between selected personal determinants and examination cheating among Kenyan secondary school students. This study used a Sequential Explanatory design. The target population was 51,900 students in Kisumu County within 153 public secondary schools categorized as 2 National secondary schools, 21 extra county schools, and 130 county and sub-county schools. A simple random sampling technique was used to determine sample size which comprised of 380 respondents since the study was confined within specific ecological boundary which was public secondary schools. Data collection instruments included questionnaires, for general data collection from the respondents and in-depth interview schedules for one to one interview of respondents. The finding of the study shows that there was statistically significant positive correlation (r=.592, n=360, p<.05) between Personal determinants and overall perceived level of exams cheating. It is evident from the model that student personal characteristics accounted for 35.1%, as signified by coefficient R2= .351, of the variation in perceived level of examinations cheating among students in secondary schools. it is evident that gender made the highest (Beta=.467) contribution as personal determinant on explaining the dependent variable, when the variance explained by all other variables in the model was controlled for. Student self-esteem had the least effect (Beta=.048) on examinations cheating. However, all the personal determinants had statistically significant influence on examinations cheating among the secondary schools students. The calculated effect size (eta squared=.3514) indicate that there was quite a substantial amount of variance in level of examinations cheating caused by variability in the personal determinants of the students. This suggests that 35.1% of the variance in the perceived exams cheating was accounted for by the personal determinants of the secondary school students, when other variables were controlled. Teacher counselors to assess and identify those students at risk and change their perception on examination cheating due to low self-efficacy.

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36

Fox, Barbara, and Trine Heinemann. "Rethinking format: An examination of requests." Language in Society 45, no. 4 (June 1, 2016): 499–531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404516000385.

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AbstractThis study explores the formulation of requests in an American English-speaking shoe repair shop. Taking prior work on request formats as our starting point, we explore the two primary syntactic moods (declarative and interrogative) in our collection and two of the commonly noted subtypes of these moods,need/want-declaratives andcan-interrogatives. While our findings in very general terms match those of previous studies, we also find significant grammatical variation within each of these formats, and note interactional uses for each variation. Our examination yields insight into facets of requesting that were previously undescribed. We offer an Emergent Grammar perspective on the complexity of lexicosyntax in the social action of requesting. (Requests, formats, Emergent Grammar, Conversation Analysis, American English, service encounters)*

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Jespersgaard, Cathrine, Mette Bertelsen, Farah Arif, Helene Gry Gellert-Kristensen, Mingyan Fang, Hanne Jensen, Thomas Rosenberg, et al. "Bi-Allelic Pathogenic Variations in MERTK Including Deletions Are Associated with an Early Onset Progressive Form of Retinitis Pigmentosa." Genes 11, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 1517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11121517.

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Bi-allelic pathogenic variants in MERTK cause retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Since deletions of more than one exon have been reported repeatedly for MERTK, CNV (copy number variation) analysis of next-generation sequencing (NGS) data has proven important in molecular genetic diagnostics of MERTK. CNV analysis was performed on NGS data of 677 individuals with inherited retinal diseases (IRD) and confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Clinical evaluation was based on retrospective records. Clinical re-examination included visual field examination, dark adaption, scotopic and photopic full-field electroretinograms (ffERG), multifocal ERG (mfERG) and optic coherence tomography (OCT). Fourteen variants were detected in MERTK in six individuals, three of which were deletions of more than one exon. Clinical examinations of five out of six individuals revealed a severe phenotype with early-onset generalized retinal dystrophy with night blindness and progressive visual field loss; however, one individual had a milder phenotype. Three individuals had hearing impairments. We show that deletions represent a substantial part of the causative variants in MERTK and emphasize that CNV analysis should be included in the molecular genetic diagnostics of IRDs.

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38

Thomas, M. Lea, T. Y. K. Chan, and W. L. Wong. "The Phlebographic Diagnosis of Deep Vein Thombosis — A Study in Observer Variation." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 6, no. 2 (June 1991): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026835559100600208.

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Three radiologists with varying experience, on two separate occasions, independently reviewed 161 lower limb phlebograms in 100 patients suspected of having deep vein thrombosis. A standard technique was used. Only two interpretations were made: either that thrombus was present or that it was not. To exclude agreement by chance, data was analysed both by calculation of percentage agreement and using the Kappa statistic. Intraobserver variation was not affected by re-examination of the same phlebogram by the same observer, suggesting that review is not necessary. In general the levels of agreement were similar between the three observers irrespective of their experience. Only in the ilio–femoral segment was there any significant disagreement between the most and the least experienced radiologist, probably because of less than ideal opacification. However, when the leg as a whole was considered there was similar level of agreement between the three observers. When chance agreement was not exluded, observers disagreed about the presence or absence of thrombus at some site in the limb in about 10% of examinations. We conclude from this study that the possibility of observer error in interpretation of a phlebogram should always be considered when managing patients with suspected deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism.

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39

Óskarsson, Guðmundur J., and Christopher T. Taggart. "Fecundity variation in Icelandic summer-spawning herring and implications for reproductive potential." ICES Journal of Marine Science 63, no. 3 (January 1, 2006): 493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.10.002.

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Abstract An exploration of fish fecundity aimed at estimating the reproductive potential of a stock requires comprehensive and quantitative examinations of the influencing factors. Here, Icelandic summer-spawning herring (Clupea harengus) are used to quantify potential fecundity (FP, number of eggs) and relative fecundity [RFP = FP (body weight − ovary weight)−1] as functions of length (L) and weight (W) in mature prespawning herring. Using a coupled examination of atresia (oocyte degeneration in the ovary) and the maturation stage of oocytes as characterized by size, we show that atresia has no meaningful effect on fecundity estimates if determined near the spawning time. Among prespawning herring, FP is a strong function of L or W (r2 = 0.84 in either case). Fulton's condition factor K (=100WL−3) explains a trivial (1.5%) but significant (p < 0.0001) amount of the residual variation in FP, and appears to have the greatest effect among smaller length classes. RFP is also a function of L (r2 = 0.56), and oocyte diameter explains 36% of the residual variation (p < 0.001). Therefore, stock-specific total egg production in herring can diverge from the assumed proportionality between total egg production and spawning-stock biomass through variations in the length structure of the stock, and to a lesser extent through the condition of prespawning herring.

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40

Christell, H., S. Birch, M. Hedesiu, K. Horner, D. Ivanauskaité, O. Nackaerts, M. Rohlin, and C. Lindh. "Variation in costs of cone beam CT examinations among healthcare systems." Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 41, no. 7 (October 2012): 571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/dmfr/22131776.

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41

Leswick, David A., Nida S. Syed, Chance S. Dumaine, Hyun J. Lim, and Derek A. Fladeland. "Radiation Dose from Diagnostic Computed Tomography in Saskatchewan." Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal 60, no. 2 (April 2009): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carj.2009.02.035.

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Objective To calculate the effective dose from diagnostic computed tomography (CT) scans in Saskatchewan, Canada, and compare with other reported dose levels. Methods Data from CT scans were collected from 12 scanners in 7 cities across Saskatchewan. The patient age, scan type, and selected technique parameters including the dose length product and the volume computed tomography dose index were collected for a 2-week period. This information then was used to calculate effective doses patients are exposed to during CT examinations. Data from 2,061 clinically indicated CT examinations were collected, and of them 1,690 were eligible for analysis. Every examination during a 2-week period was recorded without selection. Results The average provincial estimated patient dose was as follows: head, 2.7 mSv (638 scans; standard deviation [SD], ±1.6); chest, 11.3 mSv (376 scans; SD, ±8.9); abdomen-pelvis, 15.5 mSv (578 scans; SD, ±10.0); abdomen, 11.7 mSv (80 scans; SD, ±11.48), and pelvis, 8.6 mSv (18 scans; SD, ±6.04). Significant variation in dose between the CT scanners was observed ( P = .049 for head, P = .001 for chest, and P = .034 for abdomen-pelvis). Conclusions Overall, the estimated dose from diagnostic CT examinations was similar to other previously published Canadian data from British Columbia. This dose varied slightly from some other published standards, including being higher than those found in a review conducted in the United Kingdom in 2003.

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42

Koya, Yoshiharu, Mitsuyo Ito, and Isao Mizoshiri. "Electrical Lumped Model Examination for Load Variation of Circulation System." IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems 124, no. 9 (2004): 1698–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejeiss.124.1698.

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43

Orlando, E. F. "A re-examination of variation associated with environmentally stressed organisms." Human Reproduction Update 7, no. 3 (May 1, 2001): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humupd/7.3.265.

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44

Orlando, F. Edward, and J. Louis Guillette. "A re-examination of variation associated with environmentally stressed organisms." APMIS 109, S103 (July 2001): S178—S186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0463.2001.tb05765.x.

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45

Pandit, K. "Tertiary Sector Hypertrophy during Development: An Examination of Regional Variation." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 22, no. 10 (October 1990): 1389–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a221389.

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46

Fieder, Martin, Hermann Prossinger, Karoline Iber, Katrin Schaefer, Bernard Wallner, and Susanne Huber. "Season of birth contributes to variation in university examination outcomes." American Journal of Human Biology 18, no. 5 (2006): 714–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.20539.

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47

He, Xin, John Scharer, John Booske, Nishant Sule, and Sean Sengele. "Examination of cathode emission area variation with applied electric field." Journal of Applied Physics 105, no. 9 (May 2009): 096102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3116730.

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48

Clarke, Charles. "A re-examination of geographical variation in Nepenthes food webs." Ecography 21, no. 4 (August 1998): 430–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.1998.tb00408.x.

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49

Sherwood, Jill, and Diane Debinski. "An Examination of Interannual Population Variation in Parnassius Clodius Butterflies." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 34 (January 1, 2011): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2011.3877.

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Examining how population size and structure vary over time is an important part of understanding how environmental factors influence a particular species. Organisms in which multiple generations can be studied in a short period of time are useful when attempting to predict the consequences of such changes. Insects, and in particular butterflies, have a short generation time, which makes them ideal for studying the effects of environmental change on demographics. In this study, we examine the population dynamics of a butterfly common in the Teton area, Clodius Parnassian (Parnassius clodius). This area was initially studied starting in 1998-2000 (Auckland et al. 2004) and surveys were continued in 2009 â 2011. Emergence date varied between years by as much as three weeks. In addition, peak flight and end of flight dates also varied. Preliminary examination of the population data reveals similar patterns across years, where male emergence occurred prior to female emergence. In addition, sex ratios were also fairly consistent between years. Variation among years is observed primarily in the total number of butterflies marked and recaptured. Further data analyses comparing demographic parameters such as survival and population size need to be performed before any additional conclusions can be made. This study will add additional data to an ongoing study of the potential effects of environmental change on a common species of butterfly (Parnassius clodius).

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Frankel, Jennifer, Kjell Hansson Mild, Johan Olsrud, and Jonna Wilén. "EMF exposure variation among MRI sequences from pediatric examination protocols." Bioelectromagnetics 40, no. 1 (November 30, 2018): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.22159.

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