Дисертації з теми "Variation temporelles"
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Foureau, Facques Bénédicte. "La variation temporelle entre langue et discours : une étude des récurrences, alternances et ruptures temporelles dans les textes de reportage de la presse quotidienne française." Paris 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA030154.
Повний текст джерелаThis aim of this thesis is to examine which create temporal variation within a text, in other words, those lead to either change or recurrence in tense. The general principle behind this research is that temporal variation -which appears in texts in the form of heterogeneous recurrences, tense changes and switching- is not the result of "free" variation, but rather is regulated partly by the constraints of language and partly by the constraints of discourse. We have used reports from the written press as the basis for our corpus, and discourses linguistics as a framework which takes the linguistic, "enunciative" and cognitive properties of the text into account. .
Chambodut, aude. "Le Champ Magnétique Terrestre : Structures Spatiales et Variations Temporelles vues par les Ondelettes." Phd thesis, Institut de physique du globe de paris - IPGP, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008021.
Повний текст джерелаDans une première partie, nous décrivons et utilisons deux méthodes de modélisation du champ magnétique terrestre.
La première méthode utilisée est le développement en harmoniques sphériques. En utilisant les mesures fournies par les observatoires magnétiques et par les récents satellites, Ørsted et CHAMP, et en leur appliquant des critères de sélection, nous avons calculé des modèles candidats aux DGRFs de 1995 et 2000.
La seconde méthode que nous avons développée est la description du champ géomagnétique à l'aide des frames d'ondelettes de Poisson. Les comparaisons avec les harmoniques sphériques et les représentations de fonctions scalaires sur la sphère, illustrent la flexibilité de la méthode : le développement en frames d'ondelettes s'adapte à la répartition des données sur la sphère. Un même modèle en frames d'ondelettes comporte de petites échelles spatiales dans les zones où les données sont denses et des échelles spatiales plus grandes dans les régions où elles sont plus disparates. Les champs vectoriels dérivant de potentiels harmoniques, tels le champ magnétique et le champ de pesanteur, sont développés à partir des frames d'ondelettes.
Dans la seconde partie, nous étudions la variation temporelle du champ magnétique terrestre principal, la variation séculaire. Sa caractéristique la plus énigmatique est l'occurrence, à intervalles irréguliers, de brusques changements de sa tendance : les secousses géomagnétiques. Ces évènements sont détectables par l'analyse en ondelettes appliquée aux moyennes mensuelles des observatoires. Malheureusement, la distribution des observatoires est très irrégulière à la surface du Globe. Pour contourner ce problème dans l'étude des secousses géomagnétiques, une solution s'est alors imposée : l'utilisation de modèles de champ globaux et continus dans le temps, de type "comprehensive model". Nous avons ainsi étudié, par des méthodes simples, les répartitions temporelles et spatiales des secousses, vues par ces modèles, en tout point du globe sur les quatre dernières décennies. Nous nous sommes focalisé sur les secousses autour de 1971, 1980 et 1991 et avons mis en évidence des zones "aveugles", ou aucune secousse n'a été clairement détectée. Enfin, nous présentons une possible relation entre les secousses géomagnétiques et un paramètre physique à la surface du noyau, la pression dynamique absolue.
L'utilisation des ondelettes, en tant qu'outils de modélisation et d'analyse, permet d'explorer les échelles spatiales et temporelles du champ magnétique terrestre.
Chambodut, Aude. "Le champ magnétique terrestre : structures spatiales et variations temporelles vues par les ondelettes." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2004. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008021.
Повний текст джерелаBoulin, Alexis. "Partitionnement des variables de séries temporelles multivariées selon la dépendance de leurs extrêmes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ5039.
Повний текст джерелаIn a wide range of applications, from climate science to finance, extreme events with a non-negligible probability can occur, leading to disastrous consequences. Extremes in climatic events such as wind, temperature, and precipitation can profoundly impact humans and ecosystems, resulting in events like floods, landslides, or heatwaves. When the focus is on studying variables measured over time at numerous specific locations, such as the previously mentioned variables, partitioning these variables becomes essential to summarize and visualize spatial trends, which is crucial in the study of extreme events. This thesis explores several models and methods for partitioning the variables of a multivariate stationary process, focusing on extreme dependencies.Chapter 1 introduces the concepts of modeling dependence through copulas, which are fundamental for extreme dependence. The notion of regular variation, essential for studying extremes, is introduced, and weakly dependent processes are discussed. Partitioning is examined through the paradigms of separation-proximity and model-based clustering. Non-asymptotic analysis is also addressed to evaluate our methods in fixed dimensions.Chapter 2 study the dependence between maximum values is crucial for risk analysis. Using the extreme value copula function and the madogram, this chapter focuses on non-parametric estimation with missing data. A functional central limit theorem is established, demonstrating the convergence of the madogram to a tight Gaussian process. Formulas for asymptotic variance are presented, illustrated by a numerical study.Chapter 3 proposes asymptotically independent block (AI-block) models for partitioning variables, defining clusters based on the independence of maxima. An algorithm is introduced to recover clusters without specifying their number in advance. Theoretical efficiency of the algorithm is demonstrated, and a data-driven parameter selection method is proposed. The method is applied to neuroscience and environmental data, showcasing its potential.Chapter 4 adapts partitioning techniques to analyze composite extreme events in European climate data. Sub-regions with dependencies in extreme precipitation and wind speed are identified using ERA5 data from 1979 to 2022. The obtained clusters are spatially concentrated, offering a deep understanding of the regional distribution of extremes. The proposed methods efficiently reduce data size while extracting critical information on extreme events.Chapter 5 proposes a new estimation method for matrices in a latent factor linear model, where each component of a random vector is expressed by a linear equation with factors and noise. Unlike classical approaches based on joint normality, we assume factors are distributed according to standard Fréchet distributions, allowing a better description of extreme dependence. An estimation method is proposed, ensuring a unique solution under certain conditions. An adaptive upper bound for the estimator is provided, adaptable to dimension and the number of factors
Alari, Anna. "Variations temporelles et géographiques des méningites à pneumocoque et effet du vaccin conjugué en France." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV070/document.
Повний текст джерелаStreptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-positive commensal bacterium of the oropharyngeal flora usually colonizing human’s rhino pharynx, of which almost 100 serotypes are known. Infants and young children constitute its main reservoir. Pneumococcus may cause serious infections, such as meningitis, bacteremia and pneumonia, or less serious but more common such as sinusitis and acute otitis media (AOM). Two conjugate pneumococcal vaccines have been introduced in France: PCV7 (covering 7 serotypes) in 2003 and PCV13 (covering 6 additional serotypes) in 2010. The overall objective of this thesis is to assess the impact of vaccination policy on invasive pneumococcal diseases in France, by focusing on temporal and geographical trends of the most serious of them: pneumococcal meningitis (PM). An initial study of PMs temporal dynamics over the 2011-2014 period assessed the impact of conjugate vaccines’ introduction. Statistical modeling techniques were used for time series analysis. The results confirm the effects found in literature: a reduction of vaccine serotypes PMs but at the same time an increase of PMs, due to non-vaccine serotypes (effect of “serotype replacement”). Therefore, the first benefit of vaccine introduction at population scale has been observed no less than 11 years after PCV7 introduction, and then principally after PCV13 was introduced in 2010, with a 25% decrease in PMs in 2014. The geographic component was then implemented to analyze the role of vaccine coverage in annual PM variability between geographic units over the 2001-2016 period. Results confirm the effectiveness of both vaccine compositions on vaccine serotypes PMs and suggest homogeneity of this effect among geographic units. Conversely the serotype replacement has been confirmed only after the first vaccine composition was introduced and presents a variable and heterogeneous geographical repartition. Variability in vaccine coverage among geographic units doesn’t explain the differences in PMs, which could suggest the role of others factors such as demographic density. Finally, a dynamic modeling capable of taking into consideration fundamental aspects of pneumococcus transmission and infection mechanisms not integrated in static modeling has been proposed in order to predict the impacts of different vaccination strategies for 65+ adults and therefore assess their cost-utility ratios
Kong, Heng. "Variations spatio-temporelles de la structure taxonomique et la compétition alimentaire des poissons du lac Tonlé Sap, Cambodge." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30122/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe Tonle Sap Lake (TSL), Cambodia, is a flood-pulse system. It is the largest natural lake in South- East Asia and constitutes one of the largest fisheries over the world, supporting the livelihood 2.5 million peoples. Seasonal change in annual hydrological cycle appears to have influence on fish community structure, both spatial and temporal variation, particularly on feeding behavior of TSL's fishes. Nonetheless, the Mekong River Basin is changing rapidly due to accelerating water infrastructure development (hydropower, irrigation, flood control, and water supply) and climate change, bringing considerable modifications to the annual flood-pulse of the TSL. Such modifications are expected to have strong impacts on fish biodiversity, abundance, reduced habitat and food availability within the lake. To invest how TSL's fish community structure responds to the seasonal change, how they shift their diet across hydrological cycles and feeding competing for food resource: First, we aim to characterize the spatio-temporal variations of fish taxonomic composition and to highlights the underlying determinants of these variations. For this purpose, we estimated beta diversity as the total variance of the site-by-species community matrix and partitioned it into Local Contribution to Beta Diversity (LCBD) and Species Contribution to Beta Diversity (SCBD). We then performed multiple linear regressions to determine whether species richness, species abundances and water level explained the temporal variation in the contribution of site and species to beta diversity. Our results indicate strong temporal variation of beta diversity due to differential contributions of sites and species to the spatial variation of fish taxonomic composition. We further found that the direction, the shape and the relative effect of species richness, abundances and water level on temporal variation in LCBD and SCBD values greatly varied among sites, thus suggesting spatial variation in the processes leading to temporal variation in community composition. Overall, our results suggest that fish taxonomic composition is not homogeneously distributed over space and time and is likely to be impacted in the future if the flood-pulse dynamic of the system is altered by human activities. Second, we aim to investigate the temporal pattern of the most occurrence and abundance species and how their co-occurrence pattern across hydrological cycles. We found that occurrence and abundance patterns were temporally varied at all water level seasons. Strong temporal variation in species occurrence was occurred with visiting species such as Labiobarbus leptocheilus and Poropuntius deauratus while water level starts to fill into the TSL. We further observed that the abundance of 17 species was strongly varied while other 22 species (mainly TSL's residential species) were stable within the year. Positive species co-occurrence pattern was generally higher than negative species co-occurrence at all water level seasons. Highest positive co-occurrence patterns were found during the period of decrease and low water level seasons while fishes are migrating from flooded areas, competing for resource and habitats during low water season. Study on temporal distribution and species co-occurrence of fish and how community responds to the seasonal change in hydrological cycles provides critical information for fisheries management and conservation in the Tonle Sap Lake (TSL) as well as maintaining fish biodiversity in the Mekong system. Third, the implications of seasonality on food web structure have been notoriously understudied in empirical ecology, particularly in TSL's system. The current study, we focus on seasonal changes in one key attribute of a food web, vertical trophic position of consumers
LEFEVRE, MIREILLE. "Variations spatio-temporelles du peuplement zooplanctonique du lagon de l'ile de moorea (archipel de la societe, polynesie francaise)." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066327.
Повний текст джерелаMedina, Arthur. "Décryptage métabolomique de la relation pression chimique agricole / impact sur la photosynthèse au sein de biofilms dulcicoles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. https://theses.hal.science/tel-05000693.
Повний текст джерелаThe increasing chemical contamination of the environment by micropollutants represents a risk to ecosystems and their functions. Aquatic microbial communities in contact with these contaminants, such as periphyton, are increasingly used in ecotoxicology to assess the effects of environmental stress at higher levels of biological organization, which are more representative of ecosystems. Despite growing interest in their study due to the functions and roles they play (e.g., primary production, detoxification), there is still a lack of knowledge about the temporal dynamics of their sensitivity to chemical stress and the molecular mechanisms underlying photosynthesis impairment. This work aims to fill these gaps by investigating the fluctuations in periphyton sensitivity to an herbicide over time, examining both meta-metabolome and photosynthesis responses within periphyton. Additionally, this study also explores the relationship between these responses and community structure, as well as their modulation by environmental factors in both natural conditions and under short- and long-term chemical stress. The results suggest a fluctuation in periphyton sensitivity over time, with higher sensitivity of the meta-metabolome compared to photosynthesis, and significant changes in metabolite classes (such as lipids and amino acids) occurring before physiological modifications. Furthermore, this work identified, through correlation networks and multi-block statistical analyses, seven factors modulating periphyton’s molecular, physiological, and structural dynamics throughout the year in natural conditions. In the second phase, the analyses identified three distinct levels of sensitivity in the meta-metabolome’s response to chemical stress, influenced by specific environmental factors and taxonomic groups. These results highlight the importance of considering the temporal variability and initial state of periphyton when assessing its response to chemical stress
Six, Delphine. "Analyse statistique des distributions spatiales et temporelles des séries de bilans de masse des glaciers alpins et des calottes polaires de l'hémisphère nord." Grenoble 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE10255.
Повний текст джерелаMell, Hugo. "Fast-slow strategies in human populations : applying insights from life history theory to explain patterns of interindividual variation." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEE074.
Повний текст джерелаSocial gradients in behavior have been documented across various domains of people’s lives. In western countries, low SES individuals tend for instance to invest less in their education, to smoke more, are more subject to overweight and are more willing to take risks in financial settings. Being exposed to deprivation therefore seems to elicit a constellation of behaviors that appear to covary in a systematic fashion. This behavioral constellation of deprivation has been mostly interpreted as the product of poor decision making abilities, of a general failure of willpower. In this dissertation we explore a different interpretation that is rooted in adaptive explanations of human behavior. Instead of viewing the behaviors of low SES individuals as suboptimal deviations from a global optimum, they are seen as adjustments of people’s overall life strategies that are, from an evolutionary point of view, adaptive in the particular context of a deprived ecology. Indeed, we will explore the idea that deprived environments select for strategies that put more weight on present outcomes over uncertain future outcomes, and that this present orientation in low SES individuals propagates across a range of decision domains, giving rise to the constellation. To this aim, we first use structural equation models on observational data from a diversity of samples, to analyze the covariation between peoples’ behaviors in several relevant domains (health, reproduction, social trust) and their exposure to deprivation during childhood and/or adulthood. Overall, we find that a lower somatic effort tends to covary with a more short-term reproductive strategy, as well as lower social trust. This pattern is associated with a higher exposure to deprivation, with unique effects of early life conditions. In addition to this empirical work, we further investigate the theoretical underpinnings of our working hypotheses, from an adaptationist perspective. Specifically, we build a formal life history model to predict optimal changes in discounting within and between individuals. This allows us to highlight that the extent to which individuals prefer short-term rewards, should vary depending on two main parameters: 1) the uncertainty around their ability to actually collect delayed rewards, and 2) the opportunity costs of not having the reward during the delay. Finally, we conclude by discussing the promising perspective of further integrating the approach adopted in the present thesis, with more traditional social and behavioural sciences
Nguyen, Thanh Hien. "Structure and functioning of the benthic communities in the extreme dynamic intertidal mudflats along the Guianas coasts : trophic fate of the infauna." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LAROS009/document.
Повний текст джерелаLocating between the Amazon and Orinoco Rivers, the 1500 km-long Atlantic coastline of South America are considered as the muddiest areas in the world due to the large discharge of suspended sediment from the Amazon. Despite the extreme morphodynamics of these ecosystems, the Guianas mudflats are important feeding zones for many shorebirds and fish. However, the state of knowledge on benthic organisms associated with these highly unstable environments is still at an exploratory stage. This study, therefore, aims to describe the structure and dynamics of the intertidal benthic infauna in the Guianas mudflats and to define its functioning in such highly unstable tropical muddy environments. As expected, the high instability of the sediment resulted in very low diversity of both macrofauna and meiofauna assemblages. Nonetheless, the infauna communities of the Guianas mudflats showed remarkably high abundance with the predominance of small-sized opportunistic species. A total of 39 operational taxonomic units of macrofauna was recorded while meiofauna was less diverse with the occurrence of 34 taxa. The tanaid Halmyrapseudes spaansi and the polychaeta Sigambra grubii are the two most abundant macrofauna species, which widely distributed along the Guianas coast. Likewise, the nematodes epistrate feeder Pseudochromadora spp. and non-deposit feeders Halomonhystera sp. 1 were the principal components of meiofauna communities in every station. The distribution patterns of the infauna were both site-specific and seasonal variation. The assemblages in estuarine habitat were more diverse than in the bare mudflat habitat, while infauna abundances in the WS were always higher than in the DS. Both abiotic and biotic factors significantly influenced the benthic communities. Nevertheless, the changes in benthic community structure induced by food source availability (chl a) and predation pressure were more prominent than the assemblage variations imposed by abiotic parameters (mud content, salinity…). Particularly, the tight coupling between meiofauna and MPB was observed in both distribution patterns and trophic structures. The isotopic measurements of different intertidal compartments not only revealed the pivotal role of MPB on structuring meiofaunal coummunities, but also indicated the ecological importance of meiofauna as the main food source for the small shorebirds and coastal fish. Meiofauna and MPB entered the diet of three coastal fish in great proportion, whereas the migrating shorebirds showed a wider diet breadth. The isotopic ratios were perfectly matched with the feeding guilds assigned by morphological features. However, the relative contribution of tanaids to the top epibenthic predators were surprisingly lower than expected. The thesis has increased our understanding of the Guianas infauna communities, and revealed for the first time a conceptual food web model of these unique intertidal mudflats
Mahaut, Lucie. "Dynamiques temporelles de l'assemblage des communautés de plantes adventices : interactions entre pratiques agricoles et processus écologiques au cours des séquences culturales." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCK004/document.
Повний текст джерелаUnderstanding how farming practices affect weed community assembly in arable fields is a core challenge of agro-ecology. Weeds are supposed to share particular ecological characteristics that allow them to colonize arable fields despite environmental constrains exert by farming practices. In addition, interactions between ecological processes operating during a cropping season (eg: abiotic filtering) and at the scale of crop succession (eg: temporal dispersal) are supposed to drive weed community assembly in arable fields. These two hypotheses have been tested in my phD work.First, we compared a pool of weed species to a pool of non-weed herbaceous plants based on several functional traits to identify which functional traits and which strategies best characterized weeds. Our result brought evidences that weeds are a subset of non-weed herbaceous plant principally filtered out in arable fields by disturbances such as tillage. Second, I proposed different expected diversity patterns according to the influence of temporal dispersal and temporal variation of environmental conditions within temporal meta-community dynamics. Then I tested these predictions and quantified the respective contribution of contemporary and past ecological processes on weed community assembly. To do so, I used long term weed monitoring Biovigilance Flore dataset. Results showed that weed community assembly relies on complex interactions between temporal dispersal and contemporary environmental conditions. In addition, weed extinction risk seemed to increase for strong temporal variation of environmental conditions. However weed seed bank analyses are needed to confirm this hypothesis. Finally, my results confirmed that weed community assembly is largely unpredictable. I propose that patch dynamics and priority effects may explain this phenomenon.To conclude, the work presented here shade new lights on how farming practices interact with ecological processes across temporal and spatial scales to drive weed community assembly in arable fields
De, Linage Caroline. "Mesures gravimétriques au sol et satellitaires: étude du rapport entre variation de pesanteur et déplacement vertical et apport de la mission spatiale GRACE à l'étude des surcharges hydrologiques et des très grands séismes." Phd thesis, Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00349160.
Повний текст джерелаAbuoudeh, Mohammad. "De l'impact des variations temporelles sur les transitions formantiques." Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT2008/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this study is to examine the different spectral variations that are impacted by two types of temporal modifications: phonological vowel length contrast (intrinsic variations) and varying speaking rates (extrinsic variations). Three experiments, two on Jordanian Arabic and one on French, were conducted to investigate this phenomenon. We were interested in stop consonants produced in the initial and the final positions in CVC sequences. Vowel duration and the frequency of the first three formants were measured for each vowel length and speaking rate. In addition, locus equations were computed to measure the impact of time variations on CV / VC coarticulation. According to the results, the vowel and consonant qualities are influenced both by vowel duration contrasts and by speaking rate modifications in different ways. Such modifications are evidenced by locus equations and by dispersion analyses as well. These two quantification tools revealed that there is greater coarticulatory overlap when the duration of the vowel is reduced, regardless of the origin of temporal variations in the two languages (intrinsic and extrinsic). On the other hand, temporal variations affect the classification of the stop consonant differently according to their origin
Laadoua, Abdelhak. "Les variations spatio-temporelles des précipitations au Maroc septentrional." Lille 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LIL10162.
Повний текст джерелаPENEL, AMANDINE. "Variations temporelles dans l'interpretation musicale : processus perceptifs et cognitifs." Paris 6, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA066366.
Повний текст джерелаZinger, Lucie. "Variations spatio-temporelles de la microflore des sols alpins." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10122.
Повний текст джерелаMicroorganisms play a crucial role in ecosystem processes. Understanding the spatio-temporal distribution of microbial communities is thus a central issue, especially in a context of global changes. Microorganisms are largely diverse, but given that the great part of them is still uncultured, the use of suitable tools is required to evaluate their huge diversity and the factors responsible for the community assembly. Alpine ecosystems display strong mesotopographical and snow cover regime gradients. These environmental gradients create a strong spatial heterogeneity in plant cover and ecosystem processes at reduced scales. Alpine tundra are also submitted to strong temporal contrasts, due the very low temperatures occurring during winter. These ecosystems are thus well suited to study the dynamic and spatial patterns of soil microbial communities. This work first focused on the improvement of a molecular fingerprint technique, CE-SSCP, but also on the development of statistical tools for the analysis of DNA sequences. Soil bacterial, fungal and crenarchaeal communities were followed up over two years by using CESSCP and cloning/sequencing, in two habitats contrasted by their snow cover regimes. This study was then extended at the landscape scale, under different plant covers. This work shows that microbial communities' assembly in alpine soils varies throughout seasons and that winter conditions constitute a strong selective event. This study also shows that microbial communities are spatially distributed according to snow cover regimes and plant cover. The factors directly involved in such patterns are discussed
Laadoua, Abdelhak. "Les Variations spatio-temporelles des précipitations au Maroc septentrional." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376066621.
Повний текст джерелаLespérance, Pierre-Luc. "Détection des variations d'attaques à l'aide d'une logique temporelle." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23481/23481.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаHadziioannou, Celine. "Ondes sismiques en milieu complexe : mesure des variations temporelles des vitesses." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00564110.
Повний текст джерелаHadziioannou, Céline. "Ondes sismiques en milieu complexe : mesure des variations temporelles des vitesses." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENU001/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe thesis concentrates on monitoring seismic speeds, especially in active fault zones. By correlating signals generated by background noise, one can estimate the Green's function of a medium. When continuously following these functions, wave speed changes in the medium can be detected. Monitoring methods are applied to data from an active fault zone in Parkfield, California, where two wave speed drops, which coincide with regional seismic events, are detected. The largest corresponds to an event close to the stations. Both speed drops are followed by a gradual postseismic relaxation. In order to understand the reliability of the measurements, we perform laboratory experiments. One interesting result of these experiments shows that an exact reconstruction of the Green's function is not necessary for monitoring, which opens up many possibilities of applications to seismology. Armed with this knowledge, the Parkfield data is analysed again. By improving the temporal resolution to 1 day, we show that the observed speed drop is coseismic with the Parkfield event. We establish that the speed fluctuations are not simply correlated to variations in noise source distribution obtained by beamforming. Finally, the developed methods are applied to an event in Japan. Since the array is spatially much larger than the one used at Parkfield, this data is analyzed to study the dependence between station-event distance and the measured seismic speed drop. STAR
El, Fatnani Fatima Zahra. "Récupération d’énergie issue des variations temporelles de la température par effet pyroélectrique." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI088/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis experimental thesis focuses on the energy harvesting for micro-generators and au- tonomy of electronic devices with low consumption. This work proposes the possibilities of har- vesting thermal energy by pyroelectric effect. The thermal energy to be converted is thermal fluc- tuations. We proposed two main techniques to generate electricity by pyroelectric ceramic. The first one focuses on the harvesting of infrared radiation associated with the SSHI technique. Ori- ginally, the SSHI technique was developed in the case of the piezoelectric energy harvesting, but we applied it in the case of pyroelectricity and which allowed us to maximize the harvested power by a factor of 2. The second proposed technique concerns the harvesting of thermal fluctuations resulting from convective movements originating inside a fluid in the Rayleigh-Bernard configu- ration. We have carried out several studies to increase the convective transfer in order to improve the pyroelectricresponse and maximize the harvested power. In the case of natural convection, the choice of a suitable fluid and the optimization of the control parameters of the Rayleigh-Bernard configuration are essential steps in order to achieve better heat transfer by convection. In the case of forced convection, it has been studied the advantage of dispersing copper nanoparticles in a pure fluid to increase the convective transfer. With this nanofluid, the pyroelectric response was maximized by a factor of 10
Fried, Guillaume. "Variations spatiales et temporelles des communautés adventices des cultures annuelles en France." Dijon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DIJOS085.
Повний текст джерелаRenon, Jean-Pierre. "Le zooplancton des milieux recifo-lagonaires de polynesie : variations temporelles, variations spatiales et bilan de production et d'echanges." Orléans, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ORLE2053.
Повний текст джерелаWatier-Laquay, Laurence. "Etude des variations temporelles des infections à salmonelles non typiques : modélisation et prévision." Paris 11, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA11T015.
Повний текст джерелаOULD-HAMED, AHMEDOU. "Variations spatio-temporelles du vent dans la zone ouest mauritanienne : application a l'energie eolienne." Nice, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NICE5017.
Повний текст джерелаBlot, Romain. "Etude et modélisation des variations spatio-temporelles des distributions d'aérosols en zone côtière méditerranéenne." Phd thesis, Université du Sud Toulon Var, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00651785.
Повний текст джерелаBlot, Romain. "Etude et modélisation des variations spatio-temporelles des distributions d'aérosols en zone côtière méditerranéenne." Phd thesis, Toulon, 2009. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00651785/fr/.
Повний текст джерелаWith 70% of the planet surface covered by seas and oceans, the presence of sea salt particles, produced mainly by the waves breaking, represents a major constituent in the geochemical cycle of the atmosphere and in the earth radiative budget. Ln order to anticipate the possible changes, our knowledge has to progress towards a more precise description and modelling of surface flux. The present study proposes a general framework for a better characterization of particles injected in the atmosphere by the waves breaking. One of the objectives is to study the parametrical and numerical models' validity in order to predict the spatio-temporal sea spray's variation at a local and regional scale. A first part of this work is dedicated to the study of the aerosol concentrations' spatial variation in a Mediterranean coastal zone. To do so, a coupling between a meso-scale meteorological code (RAMS) and an aerosol determinist model (Medex) developed by the LSEET has been operated. The predictions of the coupling are confronted with the data recorded during an experimental campaign led in May 2007 at Porquerolles Island. The second part is focused on the parametrical model improvement : with the help of the data recorded in May 2007, the seasonal influence has been corrected, thus refining the Medex predictions. The third part is dedicated to the parameters influencing the sea spray concentrations during an episode of Mistral. It is shown that other parameters than the wind speed act, such as fetch or the height of the marine boundary layer. The last part proposes the development of a numerical transport model of aerosols. The first results show the influence of the atmospheric stability on the horizontal and vertical profiles of sprays
Pina, Valdes Jesus Vladimir. "Variations temporelles et spatiales des paramètres du mouvement fort du terrain de séismes de subduction." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAU026/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe strong ground motions generated by earthquakes can be related to the characteristics of the earthquakes source (stress drop, rupture velocity etc..), and therefore to the frictional conditions of the faults. These characteristics are usually studied by analyzing the low frequency band (≤ 1Hz) of the strong motion records of large earthquakes. The improvement of strong motion networks has generated large datasets of records of moderate and low magnitude earthquakes (Mw ≤ 6.0). These records contain informations in the high frequency band (1 Hz – 50 Hz), which cannot be exploited using classical seismological methods.In order exploit the strong motion records of low magnitude earthquakes to study the subduction interface’s frictional conditions, we explore two methods for comparing the earthquakes frequency content: the first one based on spectral ratios, and the second one based on the Ground Motion Prediction Equations (GMPEs). These methods have been used to investigate the spatial and temporal variability of the frequency content of subduction interface earthquakes in North Chile and Japan. Their respective benefits and limitations have been analyzed. These methodological comparisons allowed us to cross compare and validate the results, and to propose a new, reliable methodology based on the analysis of GMPEs residuals to compare the earthquakes frequency content.The analysis of the results showed a depth dependency of the frequency content of subduction earthquakes in agreement with the one derived from large megathrust ruptures [Lay et al., 2012]. Additionally, variations of the earthquake frequency content along trench have been detected, which may drive to a lateral segmentation of the subduction interface. This segmentation has been compared to the spatial distribution of the seismicity, the geometry of the subduction interface and its slippage conditions. Finally, before the occurrence of 2014 Iquique Earthquake Mw 8.1 in North Chile, a temporal evolution of the frequency content of the foreshocks has been detected, associated to a precursory slow slip of the subduction interface
Abdellaoui, Abdelkader. "Determination des variations spatio-temporelles du bilan energetique au sol pour teledetection visible et infrarouge." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13214.
Повний текст джерелаAbdellaoui, Abdelkader. "Détermination des variations spatio-temporelles du bilan énergétique au sol par télédétection visible et infrarouge." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37595281n.
Повний текст джерелаBouillon, Marie. "Températures atmosphériques homogènes dérivées des observations satellitaires IASI : restitution, variations spatio-temporelles et événements extrêmes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUS317.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThe IASI instruments, launched in 2006, 2012 and 2018, observe radiance spectra from the Earth-atmosphere system, allowing us to retrieve atmospheric temperatures. The EUropean organisation for the exploitation of METeorological SATellites (EUMETSAT) computes surface and atmospheric temperatures from IASI observations since 2007. To improve the quality of the retrieved temperatures, EUMETSAT has performed several updates on the temperature processing algorithm. In this work, we show how the EUMETSAT temperature record is inhomogeneous and therefore not adapted to the study of temperatures on the long term. Therefore, a new atmospheric temperature product was computed from IASI spectra with an artificial neural network, using IASI radiances as input and ERA5 reanalysis temperatures as output. The temperatures retrieved with the neural network were validated against ERA5 temperatures and radiosounding temperatures. The validation showed good agreement between the three datasets from 750 to 7 hPa. At 2 hPa, the quality of the temperature products decreases because of the low amount of information on temperature within the IASI spectra at this altitude. This new homogeneous temperature record was then used to study extreme events, in particular Sudden Stratospheric Warmings (SSW). This work studies several SSWs that have happened since 2007, and shows that IASI is perfectly suited to study both temperature and ozone changes during these events. The temperatures were also used to observe the cold and heat waves that happened in the past few years. Finally, the temperatures were used to compute trends over the 2008-2020 period. The troposphere is warming, especially in the upper equatorial troposphere and in the Arctic. The stratosphere north of 50°S is also warming due to the slow ozone hole recovery. In the rest of the stratosphere, the temperatures are decreasing. This thesis presents an homogenous and independent temperature data record from IASI. The methods developed can and will be applied to the rest of the IASI mission and to its successor, the IASI-New Generation mission, which will launch in 2024
Molinero, Vargas Juan Carlos. "Etude de la variabilité des abondances des copépodes planctoniques en Méditerranée, mécanismes et échelles caractéristiques : le cas de Centropages typicus." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066227.
Повний текст джерелаWu, Zeqin. "SSTA basée sur la propagation des moments." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20133.
Повний текст джерелаLeduc, Guillaume. "Variations temporelles des changements hydrologiques dans la zone du Pacifique Est. Approches géochimiques, isotopiques et micropaléontologiques." Aix-Marseille 3, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00216197.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this thesis is to examine the modes of climatic connections between the low and high latitudes associated with rapid climatic variability of the last glacial period. This study is based on geochemical analysis of two marine sediment cores retrieved in the Eastern tropical Pacific. Eastern Equatorial Pacific sea surface salinities are estimated by combining [delta][18]O measurements performed on planktonic foraminifera and paleothermometers. The regional salinity variations respond to latitudinal migrations of atmospheric convection zones, allowing to track atmospheric moisture transport from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Stable isotopes measured on benthic foraminifera coupled to organic geochemistry measurements permit to interpret these records in terms of intermediate water oceanic circulation, and to deduce modes of oceanic ventilation within the Pacific
Oudin, Brugère Marie-France. "Variations spatiales et temporelles des données Landsat MSS : l'analyse en composantes principales appliquées à leur étude." Paris 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA010501.
Повний текст джерелаStudy of the landsat mss data stability, spatial on images coming from the same view and temporal on images coming from different views of the same area. The processing methodology is principal campanents analysis wich permits to reduce to two channels the basic four channels information without modifying the initial spatial order of the points. It is proposed for application with simplified modalities and criteria allowing the validity check. The study considers the statistical parameters wich appear at each step of the process and the luminance - chrominance visualisations got from the two first transformed channels wich contain the most part of the initial information. The results show that the karhunen - loeve basis remains stable in space and time. Though the proposed methodology appears to be an easy usable tool permitting to establish a final document (the color image) well adapted to a macroscopic interpretation of the images for geographical studies
Laika, Hussam Eddin. "Variations spatio-temporelles du flux de dioxyde de carbone à l’interface air-mer dans l’océan Antarctique." Perpignan, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PERP0857.
Повний текст джерелаThis study was carried out as part of the program MINERVE in order to observe and to improve our understanding of the spatial and temporal variabilities of CO2 fluxes across the air-sea interface in the Indian Ocean South of Australia. Measurements on board of the various parameters of the CO2 system (total alkalinity, total inorganic carbon, temperature and salinity) were carried out during six cruises over two years (2005/2006 and 2006/2007). In order to confirm the good quality of measurements on board, discrete samples were also collected along the way to make measurements of total alkalinity and total inorganic carbon on shore (LOCEAN, PARIS). The seasonally covered sea-ice zone presents an intense CO2 sink in summer 2006 and 2007 (-14. 9 and -23. 5 mmol. M-2. D-1, respectively) controlled by the development of the phytoplankton biomass. The continental Antarctic zone presents a strong seasonal variation of CO2 fluxes. In spring 2005 and 2006, the ocean was a source of CO2 towards the atmosphere (+14. 9 and +4. 4 mmol. M-2. D-1). On the other hand in summer 2006 and 2007, CO2 flux decreased. This ocean area became a CO2 sink (-12. 3 and -10. 1 mmol. M-2. D-1). Indeed, the seasonal variations spring-summer of CO2 flux are influenced by the thermodynamic, dynamic biologic processes. The various parameters associated with the CO2 system allowed us to parameterizes of total alkalinity, total inorganic carbon and partial pressure of CO2 as a function of temperature, salinity and chlorophyll-a concentrations. This study shows a very significant role of the Indian Ocean south of Australia in the absorption of atmospheric CO2, mainly during summer
Boyez-Canon, Chantal. "Variations d'origines pathologiques et physiologiques temporelles des sous-populations lymphocytaires humaines évaluées à l'aide d'anticorps monoclonaux." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112359.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis shows the changes of pathologic origin and the physiological temporal variations of human lymphoid sub-populations tested with monoclonal antibodies. We have characterized membrane epitopes of lymphoid cells with immunofluorescence methods. Cells analysis is made, either under an epifluorescence microscope or in flow cytometry. The statistical analyses used in chronobiology are: t test, cosinor and analysis of variance (ANOVA). We have demonstrated the expression of CALLA antigen on tumoral cells in several lymphoid proliferations. However, the great variability of physiological values in different lymphoid subpopulations leads us to study circadian and circannual rhythms in healthy subjects and investigate immunoregulatory mechanisms. Some of the numerous circulating human lymphoid subsets demonstrate a circadian rhythm. The peak of total lymphocytes, total T lymphocytes (CD3), T helper/inducer (CD4) and CALLA positive lymphocytes (CD10), occurred in the middle of the rest phase, whereas B lymphocytes had their acrophase at the end of the wake span. Cytotoxic/suppressor T lymphocytes (CD8) exhibited a 12 hour rhythm and acrophases at 08. 30 and 20. 30 hours. The CD4:CD8 ratio varied from 1. 6±0. 1 to 3. 7±0. 4 along the 24 hour scale. Circadian rhythms were also found for plasma cortisol and testosterone. No correlation was validated between time-qualified data of these hormones and the immunological variables investigated. A circannual rhythm was statistically validated for these sub-populations. Moreover, their circadian time structure was modulated along the seasonal time scale. The circadian and annual organisation of the immunological system may reflect the adaptation of living beings to their environment. It appears necessary to take them into account, for any investigation of physiological immunology and its alterations
Oudin, Brugère Marie-France. "Variations spatiales et temporelles des données Landsat MSS l'analyse en composantes principales appliquée à leur étude /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37608614n.
Повний текст джерелаBoyez-Canon, Chantal. "Variations d'origines pathologiques et physiologiques temporelles des sous-populations lymphocytaires humaines évaluées à l'aide d'anticorps monoclonaux." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37612383d.
Повний текст джерелаGhoniem, Mahmoud. "Régularisation spatio-temporelle applications : au débruitage, à l'inpainting et à la classification." Caen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CAEN2061.
Повний текст джерелаThis doctoral dissertation examines the concept of regularization on graphs. First, we present nonlocal algorithms for image and video denoising and simplification based on a generic framework of discrete regularization on graphs. The main advantage of this framework is the unification of local and nonlocal approaches for these processing procedures. We take advantage of temporal and spatial redundancies in order to produce high quality results. To reduce the computational effort, we propose an optimized method that is faster than the nonlocal approach, while producing equally appealing results. In addition, we introduce a new algorithm of ∞-regularization. Thereafter, we present two approaches of interpolation that unify the geometric methods and the ones based on texture synthesis. First, we propose an interpolation-regularization iterative method that is the extension of continuous interpolation techniques to inpainting. Second, we propose a new approach based on p-harmonic functions that constitute a general framework for interpolation, which enables many applications such as inpainting, expansion and semi-supervised segmentation on graphs. Then, we introduce the new case of interpolation using ∞-harmonic functions. Finally, we formulate a spectral regularization approach on graphs based on diffusion maps. We report results for different imaging applications and a real-life project of classification of handwritten letters
Brévière, Emilie. "Variabilités temporelles des flux de CO2 à l'interface air-mer dans l'océan Indien et Austral au sud de la Tasmanie." Paris 6, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00080464.
Повний текст джерелаJolivet, Romain. "Déformation intersismique le long de la faille de Haiyuan, Chine : variations spatio-temporelles contraintes par interférométrie SAR." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00649146.
Повний текст джерелаJolivet, Romain. "Déformation intersismique le long de la faille de Haiyuan, Chine: Variations spatio-temporelles contraintes pas interférométrie radar." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00657433.
Повний текст джерелаDENIS, VINCENT. "Variations spatio-temporelles d'abondance des cephalopodes exploites depuis les cotes atlantiques francaises et influence de parametres environnementaux." Caen, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CAEN2074.
Повний текст джерелаGarrelly, Laurent. "La migration des polynucléaires neutrophiles in vivo : effets de différents inducteurs, variations temporelles, rôle des hormones stéroi͏̈des." Aix-Marseille 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX22039.
Повний текст джерелаTournebize, Rémi. "Influence des variations spatio-temporelles de l’environnement sur la distribution actuelle de la diversité génétique des populations." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT140.
Повний текст джерелаThis project aims at understanding how the structure of the intra-specific genetic diversity in emblematic tropical plant species and in the human species was shaped by the spatiotemporal variation of current and past environments. We developed a genetic inference approach based on the coalescent theory to assess the potential impact of past climatic change onto the evolution of the geographic range and of the neutral and/or adaptive genetic diversity in Amborella trichopoda Baill. in New Caledonia (sister-species of all extant angiosperms, NGS and microsatellite datasets), in Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehn in tropical Africa (Robusta coffee, NGS dataset) and in North-Western European and African (Luhya, Kenya) human populations (NGS dataset 1000 Genomes Project). We found that the climatic fluctuations of the Late Pleistocene influenced the evolution of genetic diversity in these species distributed in temperate and tropical environments. The environmental conditions during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21.000 years before present) appear as an important factor. The demographic contraction associated with the last global glaciation influenced the divergence between Amborella genetic lineages and contributed to the accumulation of genetic differences between C. canephora lineages. Our results suggest that global glaciation events likely drove idiosyncratic genetic differentiation in tropical rain forests but the intensity of this response varied between species. We also identified multiple events of selection in the genomes of the European human population which were likely triggered by the environmental conditions during the LGM. The associated phenotypic adaptations probably allowed the paleo-populations to maintain their demographic expansion despite the new kinds of selective pressure they faced during the last glacial age in Europe
Lasbouygues, Benoît. "Analyse statique temporelle des performances en présence de variations de tension d'alimentation et de température." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20027.
Повний текст джерелаIn the nanometer era, the physical verification of CMOS digital circuit becomes a complex task. Designers must account of numerous new factors that impose a drastic change in validation and physical verification methods. One of these major changes in timing verification to handle process variation lies in the progressive development of statistical timing engine. However the statistical approach cannot capture accurately the deterministic variations of both the voltage and temperature variations. Therefore our work proposes a novel method, based on non-linear derating coefficients, to account of these environmental variations. This method allows computing the delay of logical paths considering specifics conditions of each cell. The combined use of reduced supply voltage with high threshold voltage values may reverse the temperature dependence of designs, the worst case timing conditions becomes less predictable and can occur at different temperatures. This effect, called temperature inversion phenomenon is particularly critical for low power applications. The characterization, at each level (from device to critical paths) allowed us to define some techniques to take into account this effect into the design flow
Guekie, Simo Aubin Thibaut. "Effets de la variation spatiale et temporelle des propriétés des terrains sur les défaillances des réseaux enterrés." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14679/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe interactions between shallow groundwater and sewer network are generally complex. The aim of this research is to study the impact of the water table level variation on the damages of the buried pipes. For this purpose, a three-dimensional (3D) numerical groundwater flow model of the shallow multi-aquifer of the Bordeaux urban area, within a 83 km2 area (Mérignac, Pessac, Talence), is developed, calibrated and validated. In order to do this, in a first step, a conceptual model was built based on stratigraphic descriptions of the boreholes. A geostastistical study was carried out to build the limits of the geological layers and the piezometrical maps from the measurement campaigns of water table levels. Then, an original methodology to transform the description of lithological units to local hydraulic conductivity values is proposed and the reconstruction of hydraulic conductivity fields at the urban scale was performed based on geostatistical methods. In a second step, hydrogeological conditions were simulated using the finite-difference groundwater flow model MODFLOW-2005 (Visual Modflow ©). The hydrogeological parameters were then calibrated manually and automatically based on water table elevation data measured in July 2010, October 2010 and March 2010. The model validation covered 6890 days, from June 1993 to may 2012. The results showed that the simulated heads are quite accurate and reproduce the main dynamics of the system at 35 piezometers. The spatial and temporal distribution of the heads of the piezometers simulated permitted to identify the flooding zones of the sewer network by comparing the piezometric head with the altitude of the networks. The sectors where the pipes are damaged were localized in the zone wherein there is low probability of flooding. Additionally, the natural hydrologic environment, taken as a sole factor, cannot explain the pipe breakage phenomena
Renault, Olivier. "Essai sur la théorie de l'actualisation : utilité escomptée subjective et sensibilité à la variation." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1097/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe thesis, entitled “Essay on the Discounting Theory: Subjective Discounted Utility and Variation Sensibility”, gathers a set of theoretical works related to Intertemporal Decision Theory. In particular, two unexploited fields are investigated. On one hand, the thesis explains the great heterogeneity in discounting by a single behavioral pattern called time perception. A general axiomatic model, the Subjective Discounted Utility, generalizes any Discounted Utility model by associating each discount mechanism to a unique time perception (Part I. An Investigation of Discounting). Many applications are dedicated to extreme time horizons. On the other hand, the Subjective Discounted Utility model is applied to a general study of time consistent preferences. Axiomatic conditions are defined on time preferences to characterize time consistent and time inconsistent preferences (Part II. An Investigation of Time Consistency)