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Статті в журналах з теми "Variable Markups"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 березня 2023

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1

Gamber, William L. "Entry, Variable Markups, and Business Cycles." Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2021, no. 077 (December 2, 2021): 1–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/feds.2021.077.

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The creation of new businesses declines in recessions. In this paper, I study the effects of pro-cyclical business formation on aggregate employment in a general equilibrium model of firm dynamics. The key features of the model are that the elasticity of demand faced by firms falls with their market share and that adjustment costs slow the reallocation of employment between firms. In response to a decline in entry, incumbent firms' market shares increase, their elasticity of demand falls, and they increase their markups and reduce employment. To quantify the model, I study the relationship between variable input use and revenue in panel data on large firms. Viewed through the lens of my model, my estimates imply that for large firms, the within-firm elasticity of the markup to relative sales is 25 percent. I use the calibrated model to study shocks to entry, finding that a fall in entry can lead to a significant contraction in employment. A shock to entry that replicates the decline in the number of businesses during the Great Recession generates a prolonged 2.5 percent fall in employment in the model. Finally, I show that the declining correlation between revenue and variable input use over the past 30 years implies that the effect of entry on the business cycle has become stronger over time.

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2

Jiang, Wei, and Miguel León-Ledesma. "Variable markups and capital-labor substitution." Economics Letters 171 (October 2018): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2018.07.011.

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3

Amiti, Mary, Oleg Itskhoki, and Jozef Konings. "International Shocks, Variable Markups, and Domestic Prices." Review of Economic Studies 86, no. 6 (February 2, 2019): 2356–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdz005.

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Abstract How strong are strategic complementarities in price setting across firms? In this article, we provide a direct empirical estimate of firms’ price responses to changes in competitor prices. We develop a general theoretical framework and an empirical identification strategy, taking advantage of a new micro-level dataset for the Belgian manufacturing sector. We find strong evidence of strategic complementarities, with a typical firm adjusting its price with an elasticity of 0.4 in response to its competitors’ price changes and with an elasticity of 0.6 in response to its own cost shocks. Furthermore, we find evidence of substantial heterogeneity in these elasticities across firms. Small firms exhibit no strategic complementarities in price setting and complete cost pass-through. In contrast, large firms exhibit strong strategic complementarities, responding to both competitor price changes and their own cost shocks with roughly equal elasticities of around 0.5. We show that this pattern of heterogeneity in markup variability across firms is important for explaining the aggregate markup response to international shocks and the observed low exchange rate pass-through into domestic prices.

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4

Demidova, Svetlana. "Trade policies, firm heterogeneity, and variable markups." Journal of International Economics 108 (September 2017): 260–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2017.05.011.

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5

Takatsuka, Hajime, and Dao‐Zhi Zeng. "Elastic labor supply, variable markups, and spatial inequalities." Review of International Economics 26, no. 5 (May 8, 2018): 1084–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/roie.12350.

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6

Xi Chen and Bertrand M. Koebel. "Fixed Cost, Variable Cost, Markups and Returns to Scale." Annals of Economics and Statistics, no. 127 (2017): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15609/annaeconstat2009.127.0061.

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7

Caselli, Mauro, Arpita Chatterjee, and Alan Woodland. "Multi‐product exporters, variable markups and exchange rate fluctuations." Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique 50, no. 4 (November 2017): 1130–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/caje.12289.

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8

Loecker, Jan De, and Frederic Warzynski. "Markups and Firm-Level Export Status." American Economic Review 102, no. 6 (October 1, 2012): 2437–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.6.2437.

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In this paper, we develop a method to estimate markups using plant-level production data. Our approach relies on cost-minimizing producers and the existence of at least one variable input of production. The suggested empirical framework relies on the estimation of a production function and provides estimates of plant-level mark-ups without specifying how firms compete in the product market. We rely on our method to explore the relationship between markups and export behavior. We find that markups are estimated significantly higher when controlling for unobserved productivity; that exporters charge, on average, higher markups and that markups increase upon export entry. (JEL D22, D24, F14, L11, L60)

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9

Li, Ningning, and Yongjin Wang. "Estimating resource misallocation: Distinguishing factor market distortions from variable markups." Economics Letters 207 (October 2021): 110027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2021.110027.

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10

Dos Santos Ferreira, Rodolphe, and Teresa Lloyd-Braga. "Non-linear endogenous fluctuations with free entry and variable markups." Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 29, no. 5 (May 2005): 847–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2004.04.003.

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11

Edmond, Chris, Virgiliu Midrigan, and Daniel Yi Xu. "Competition, Markups, and the Gains from International Trade." American Economic Review 105, no. 10 (October 1, 2015): 3183–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20120549.

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We study the procompetitive gains from international trade in a quantitative model with endogenously variable markups. We find that trade can significantly reduce markup distortions if two conditions are satisfied: (i) there is extensive misallocation, and (ii) opening to trade exposes hitherto dominant producers to greater competitive pressure. We measure the extent to which these two conditions are satisfied in Taiwanese producer-level data. Versions of our model consistent with the Taiwanese data predict that opening up to trade strongly increases competition and reduces markup distortions by up to one-half, thus significantly reducing productivity losses due to misallocation. (JEL D43, F12, F14, L13, L60, O47)

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12

Yilmazkuday, Hakan. "Constant versus variable markups: Implications for the law of one price." International Review of Economics & Finance 44 (July 2016): 154–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2016.04.003.

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13

Tseng, Joshua, Harry C. Sax, and Rodrigo F. Alban. "Variability in Critical Care–Related Charge Markups in Medicare Patients." American Surgeon 84, no. 10 (October 2018): 1622–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481808401017.

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Charge markups for health care are variable and inflated several times beyond cost. Using the 2015 Medicare Provider Fee-For-Service Utilization and Payment Data file, we identified providers who billed for critical care hours and related procedures, including CPR, EKG interpretation, central line placement, arterial line placement, chest tube/thoracentesis, and emergent endotracheal intubation. Markup ratios (MRs), defined as the amount charged divided by the amount allowable, were calculated and compared; 42.1 per cent of physicians billing for critical care–related services were specialized in emergency medicine (EM). EM had the highest overall MR (median 4.99, IQR 3.60–6.88) and provided most of the services. MRs differed between genders in select cases (critical care hours: anesthesiology, EM, internal medicine, pulmonary and critical care medicine; CPR, pulmonary and critical care medicine; chest tube placement/thoracentesis, internal medicine). These differences in MR did not correspond to higher rates of Medicare allowable amounts ( P = NS). In conclusion, charge markups significantly varied by physician specialty. EM physicians had the highest MRs for most critical care–related services, including critical care hours, EKG interpretation, CPR, central venous line placement, and emergent endotracheal intubation. EM physicians also provided most of these services. Charge markups are associated with adverse consequences and represent potential targets for cost containment and consumer protection.

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14

Boucekkine, Raouf, Hélène Latzer, and Mathieu Parenti. "Variable markups in the long-run: A generalization of preferences in growth models." Journal of Mathematical Economics 68 (January 2017): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmateco.2016.11.005.

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15

Fan, Haichao, Yao Amber Li, Sichuang Xu, and Stephen R. Yeaple. "Quality, variable markups, and welfare: A quantitative general equilibrium analysis of export prices." Journal of International Economics 125 (July 2020): 103327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2020.103327.

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16

Hottman, Colin J., Stephen J. Redding, and David E. Weinstein. "Quantifying the Sources of Firm Heterogeneity *." Quarterly Journal of Economics 131, no. 3 (March 3, 2016): 1291–364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjw012.

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Abstract We develop and structurally estimate a model of heterogeneous multiproduct firms that can be used to decompose the firm-size distribution into the contributions of costs, “appeal” (quality or taste), markups, and product scope. Using Nielsen barcode data on prices and sales, we find that variation in firm appeal and product scope explains at least four fifths of the variation in firm sales. We show that the imperfect substitutability of products within firms, and the fact that larger firms supply more products than smaller firms, implies that standard productivity measures are highly dependent on implicit demand system assumptions and probably dramatically understate the relative productivity of the largest firms. Although most firms are well approximated by the monopolistic competition benchmark of constant markups, we find that the largest firms that account for most of aggregate sales depart substantially from this benchmark, and exhibit both variable markups and substantial cannibalization effects.

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17

Amiti, Mary, Oleg Itskhoki, and Jozef Konings. "Importers, Exporters, and Exchange Rate Disconnect." American Economic Review 104, no. 7 (July 1, 2014): 1942–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.7.1942.

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Large exporters are simultaneously large importers. We show that this pattern is key to understanding low aggregate exchange rate pass-through as well as the variation in pass-through across exporters. We develop a theoretical framework with variable markups and imported inputs, which predicts that firms with high import shares and high market shares have low exchange rate pass-through. We test and quantify the theoretical mechanism using Belgian firm-product-level data on imports and exports. Small nonimporting firms have nearly complete pass-through, while large import-intensive exporters have pass-through around 50 percent, with the marginal cost and markup channels contributing roughly equally. (JEL D24, F14, F31, L60)

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18

Saint‐Paul, Gilles. "Distribution and Growth in an Economy with Limited Needs: Variable Markups and ‘The End of Work’." Economic Journal 116, no. 511 (March 31, 2006): 382–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2006.01085.x.

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19

Asturias, Jose, Manuel García-Santana, and Roberto Ramos. "Competition and the Welfare Gains from Transportation Infrastructure: Evidence from the Golden Quadrilateral of India." Journal of the European Economic Association 17, no. 6 (November 20, 2018): 1881–940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvy039.

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Abstract A significant amount of resources is spent every year on the improvement of transportation infrastructure in developing countries. In this paper, we investigate the effects of one such large project, the Golden Quadrilateral in India. We do so using a model of internal trade with variable markups. In contrast to the previous literature, our model incorporates several channels through which transportation infrastructure affects welfare. In particular, the model accounts for gains stemming from improvements in the allocative efficiency of the economy. We calibrate the model to the Indian manufacturing sector and find real income gains of 2.7%. We also find that allocative efficiency accounts for 7.4% of these gains. The importance of allocative efficiency varies greatly across states, and can account for up to 18% of the overall gains in some states. The remaining welfare gains are accounted for by changes in labor income, productive efficiency, and average markups that affect states’ terms of trade.

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20

Sari, Eko Gumaya. "Fraud Risk Analysis Fraud Prevention Detection with Fraud Triangle and Financial Ratios at PT. Garuda Indonesia (Persero) Tbk." Asia Pacific Fraud Journal 7, no. 2 (December 25, 2022): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.21532/apfjournal.v7i2.269.

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This study aims to detect the risk of fraud in the financial statements and ongoing fraud prevention measures if there are irregularities in the financial statements. The issue of earnings management in the financial statements of PT Garuda Indonesia (Persero) Tbk by significantly increasing profits has raised a lot of suspicion and greatly harmed many parties, especially investors who invested in this company. The analysis was carried out using the fraud triangle variable and by asking for opinions from experts in their respective fields or professions related to fraud, such as auditors, accounting staff and employees who assist in the presentation of financial statements. The sample included 30 respondents. The calculation of financial ratios was done by calculating the ratio of liquidity, profitability, and solvency to detect fraud risk. The results of the analysis of fraud detection during the 2017-2019 period showed that there was an indication of markups on the company’s capital and profits in 2019. During those three years there was a decline in the company’s performance including its effectiveness in paying its short-term debt. This is in line with the opinion of auditors and users of financial statements who have predicted fraud and profit markups in the financial statements.

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21

Atkeson, Andrew, and Ariel Burstein. "Pricing-to-Market, Trade Costs, and International Relative Prices." American Economic Review 98, no. 5 (November 1, 2008): 1998–2031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.5.1998.

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International relative prices across industrialized countries show large and systematic deviations from relative purchasing power parity. We embed a model of imperfect competition and variable markups in a quantitative model of international trade. We find that when our model is parameterized to match salient features of the data on international trade and market structure in the United States, it can reproduce deviations from relative purchasing power parity similar to those observed in the data because firms choose to price-to-market. We then examine how pricing-to-market depends on the presence of international trade costs and various features of market structure. (JEL F12, F14, F31)

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22

Guerrieri, Luca, Christopher Gust, and J. David López-Salido. "International Competition and Inflation: A New Keynesian Perspective." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 2, no. 4 (October 1, 2010): 247–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.2.4.247.

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We develop and estimate an open economy New Keynesian Phillips Curve (NKPC) in which variable demand elasticities give rise to movements in desired markups in response to changes in competitive pressure from abroad. A parametric restriction yields the standard NKPC under constant elasticity and no role for foreign competition to influence domestic inflation. Foreign competition plays an important role in accounting for the behavior of traded goods price inflation. Foreign competition accounted for more than half of a 4 percentage point decline in domestic goods price inflation in the 1990s. Our results also provide evidence against demand curves with a constant elasticity. (JEL E12, E22, E31, F14, F41)

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23

Giri, B. C., C. Mondal, and T. Maiti. "Optimal product quality and pricing strategy for a two-period closed-loop supply chain with retailer variable markup." RAIRO - Operations Research 53, no. 2 (April 2019): 609–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ro/2017061.

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In this paper, we consider a two-period closed-loop supply chain which is comprised of a single manufacturer and a single retailer for trading a single product. At the retailer, the demand in the first period depends on the selling price, product quality and refund price, whereas in the second period, it depends on the selling price and the product quality. The retailer sets the selling prices with variable markups on the wholesale prices of the manufacturer and offers a return policy (immediate return and used product return) limited to the first period only. The immediate return is dependent on the refund price and the product quality, and the amount of returned used items is a fraction of the first period’s demand. The retailer sends the returned items to the manufacturer who reproduces/repairs those items and sells in the second period. We assume that the manufacturer acts as the Stackelberg leader and the retailer as the follower. We study the impacts of return policy, product quality and pricing strategy on the optimal decisions under two decision strategies (I and II). In the decision strategy I, both the players optimize their total profits over the entire selling season, whereas in the decision strategy II, they optimize each period’s profit sequentially. With the help of a numerical example we explore that the decision strategy I gives better result than the decision strategy II in terms of all decision variables except the product quality. We also investigate the effects of key model-parameters on the optimal decisions.

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24

Zheng, Jifeng. "Innovation concentration in knowledge network." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (April 6, 2022): e0266530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266530.

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This paper studies the increase in innovation concentration levels of U.S. industries over the last two decades. I present a model of imperfectly competitive patent market with heterogeneous firms that generate endogenous variable markups. Theoretically and empirically, the price of a firm’s newly invented knowledge, the profit and survival rate of the innovating firm depends on the market share of this firm’s knowledge stock and the position of industry in the knowledge network. In the process of innovating, firm pays a random fixed cost in each period which together with market share largely determines its decision on whether to innovate into different sectors. I find that firms with larger market share not only invest more in R&D but also enter into more sectors. Since innovating firms could create blueprints for new varieties and manufacture the products that have been invented, I bridge the gap between the product and the R&D markets to document the similar concentration trends between them. I prove that large firms in the product market would charge higher price on their product so that they can charge higher profit which is a part of the value of their knowledge. Lastly, the increasing trend of concentration could decrease consumers’ welfare in the industries with high initial concentration levels.

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25

Li, Man, and Michael Dempsey. "The Fama and French three-factor model in developing markets: evidence from the Chinese markets." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 15, no. 1 (January 23, 2018): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.15(1).2018.06.

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The authors study the Fama and French three-factor (FF-3F) model in relation to a developing market. To this end, they consider Chinese stock markets over the period 1995–2008, which is to say, over a period when these markets are recognized as “developing” markets influenced by speculative activity. The authors find that the model appears to be working as a form of “principal component analysis for the determinants of stock price formation with book-to-market (B/M) as the “variable of choice” on account of that it captures the earnings-to-price (E/P), cash-flow-to-price (C/P) and sales-to-price (S/P) variables while remaining largely uncorrelated with firm size (whereas E/P, C/P and S/P are themselves positively correlated with firm size). The variables, however, are unrelated to risk as represented by market exposure, volatility, or leverage.

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26

Li, Jiacheng, and Seong-Min Yoon. "The Influence of the Economic Variables on the Chinese B-Share Markets." Korean-Chinese Social Science Studies 19, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 208–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36527/kcsss.19.1.11.

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27

Bass, Frank, Ernan Haruvy, and Ashutosh Prasad. "Variable Pricing in Oligopoly Markets*." Journal of Business 79, no. 6 (November 2006): 2789–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/507999.

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28

Abdulkadir, Kaya. "The effect of agricultural investments by governments on economic growth and financial markets: An application on developed and developing countries." BH Ekonomski forum 14, no. 1 (2021): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bhekofor2101133a.

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In this study, Bound Test Analysis (ARDL) was applied for the 2001-2016 period in order to examine the effects of the Agricultural Orientation Indices (AOI) representing the agricultural investments of countries on the Stock Exchange Index (SE) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of developed and developing countries. The independent variables of the two ARDL models created are AOI and the dependent variables are SE and GDP. To estimate the relations between the variables, yearly panel date series belonging to the period of 2001 - 2016 are taken into account. According to the results of the analysis of border tests, Agriculture Orientation Index (AOI) and the Stock Exchange Index (SE) and Gross Domestic Products (GDP) variables are cointegrated in both developed and developing countries. AOI variable has no statistically significant effect on SE variable, GDP variable is negatively affected by the AOI variable in the long term both developed countries and developing countries. In developed countries, the AOI variable has a negative relationship with the SE variable. In addition, it was determined that the AOI variable has a negative effect on the GDP variable in the short term. AOI variable does not affect on both SE and GDP variables in the short term.

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29

Takamatsu, Renata Turola, and Luiz Paulo Lopes Fávero. "Financial indicators, informational environment of emerging markets and stock returns." RAUSP Management Journal 54, no. 3 (July 8, 2019): 253–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rausp-10-2018-0102.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the influence of the informational environment on the relevance of accounting information in companies traded in stock exchanges of emerging markets. Design/methodology/approach For this purpose, the authors calculated indicators based on figures derived from the financial statements and variables that sought to capture the influence of the economic and institutional environment. The sample consisted of publicly traded companies from 20 countries classified as emerging by Standard & Poors. Macroeconomic information was obtained through the International Country Risk Guide database. The analysis period ranged from 2004 to 2013, excluding missing data, variables considered as outliers, besides the exclusion of data from companies that presented negative equity. Findings It was observed that the financial variables presented signs consistent with the literature, except for the price-to-book variable and the asset change variable. The inclusion of variables related to the accounting informational environment offered evidence that the more opaque the accounting environment in the country, the lesser the ability of the profits to portray the variations of stock returns. The variable that captured the adoption of international standards was consistent with expectations, i.e. the adoption of international standards would increase the quality of accounting information, showing a positive signal. Moreover, the variable aggressiveness of the earnings was statistically significant and negative, consistent with the literature. Research limitations/implications The variables earnings smoothing and aversion to losses did not show the expected behaviour though, highlighting the possible limitations of these proxies used to capture the opacity of the earnings. Originality/value When institutional moderators were included, it was observed that the adoption of the IFRS standards positively affected the relationship, which is more relevant when the accounting figures were under its aegis. Recently, countless nations’ transition to international accounting standards has been justified by the need to use high-quality reporting standards. The research sought to contribute to strengthen this dimension, presenting evidence that the dummy variable included to capture the adoption of international standards had a positive effect on the relationship.

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30

Herman. "Analysis of Factors Affecting Traders' Income on Traditional Markets in Indonesia." ADPEBI International Journal of Business and Social Science 1, no. 1 (October 11, 2021): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54099/aijbs.v1i1.31.

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Анотація:

This study aims to determine the analysis of the factors that influence traders in the Panam-Pekanbaru Traditional Market, Indonesia. The sample in this study were 61 traders. Data collection techniques using a questionnaire. The data analysis method used SPSS version 25. Finding showed that partially the variables that had a significant effect were working hours and capital, while the non-significant variable was length of business. While the results of the research simultaneously that all independent variables have a positive effect on the dependent variable.

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31

Istiqomatin, Tutik, Agus Setiadi, and Titik Ekowati. "Effect of Marketing Mix on Consumer Purchase Decisions to Buy Cavendish Banana at Modern Markets in Semarang." Agriecobis : Journal of Agricultural Socioeconomics and Business 4, no. 2 (October 29, 2021): 120–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/agriecobis.v4i2.16225.

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This study aims at identifying marketing mix of purchase decisions to buy Cavendish banana and analyzing the effect of marketing mix on purchase decisions to buy Cavendish banana at modern market in Semarang. This research was conducted at modern market in Semarang, namely Gelael Supermarket, Ada Swalayan, Superindo and Giant. Survey was employed as research method in this study. 100 respondents were taken for research sampling. The independent variables used were products, prices, places, and promotions, while the dependent variable was decisions. Descriptive analysis having been conducted shows that the variables of product have an average of 4.14; a variable of price is 3.65; a variable of place is 4.32, a variable of promotion is 3.26; and a variable of purchase decision is 3.85. Statistical analysis having been carried out shows that the f-test of product, price, place and promotion variables simultaneously affect the consumer purchase decision to buy Cavendish bananas with an f-count value of 26.378. Besides, the results of the t-test of product, price and promotion variables partially affect the consumer purchase decision to buy Cavendish bananas with t-count value of 1.984. Moreover, the place variable does not partially affect the consumer purchase decision to buy at Modern Market in Semarang.

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32

SEPTIANI, IRNI, and INSIATININGSIH INSIATININGSIH. "ANALISIS DAMPAK PENERAPAN IJIN USAHA TOKO MODERN TERHADAP KEBERADAAN PASAR TRADISIONAL DI KABUPATEN SLEMAN." MANAJEMEN DEWANTARA 3, no. 2 (November 4, 2019): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.26460/md.v3i2.6012.

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The growth of Modern Stores in Indonesia is very rapid, experiencing growth from year to year, this condition is offset by demand from large communities and increasingly enjoys the convenience and comfort of shopping in modern stores. However, Sleman Regency D.I. Yogyakarta provides a number of rules as outlined in Regional Regulation No. 18 of 2012 concerning Licensing of Shopping Centers and Modern Stores, which it is hoped that this regulation will have a significant impact on equitable distribution between modern shops and traditional markets in Sleman Regency, YogyakartaReferring to the Regional Regulation, this research was carried out to see the impact of the application of the Modern Shop business permit to the existence of traditional markets in Sleman Regency D.I. Yogyakarta. In this study 200 samples were taken by distributing 250 questionnaires with a distribution of 125 questionnaires to managers and modern shop owners and 125 questionnaires to traditional shop owners in the traditional market of Sleman Regency D.I. Yogyakarta, which finally received 200 questionnaires. The method used for sampling is a non probability sampling method that is sampling by specifying specific criteria on respondents. Data collection techniques using questionnaires that have been tested for validity and reliability. Data analysis techniques using multiple linear regression analysis and data processed with SPSS software. The variables used in this study are 4 independent variables namely Business Location Aspects, Social Aspects, Partnership Aspects with MSMEs and Use of Local Workers Aspects, and 1 dependent variable namely the Existence of Traditional Markets. From the results of the research analysis it was concluded that the business location aspect variable (X1) had no impact on the existence of traditional markets with negative B1 (- 0.799) and t count was smaller than t table, Variable Social Aspects (X2) had no impact on the existence of Traditional Markets with B2 negative (-1,334) and t count smaller than t table, Variable Aspects of Partnership with MSME (X3) have an impact on the existence of Traditional Markets with positive B3 (9,153) and t count is greater than t table, Variable Aspects of Use of Power Local Work (X4) has an impact on the existence of Traditional Markets with positive B4 (1,646) and t count is greater than t table, and the four Independent Variables together have an impact on the dependent variable The existence of Traditional Market Sleman DIY Regency is allegedly also influenced by variables other variables not examined in this study.Keywords : modern shop, traditional market, Sleman Regency D.I. Yogyakarta, Existence of Traditional Markets

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33

Cahyaning Pratiwi, Andini, Akhmad Kusuma Wardhana, and Sulistya Rusgianto. "Application of Vector Error Correction Model on Macroeconomic Variables toward Changes in the Composite Stock Price Index." Daengku: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Innovation 2, no. 2 (June 27, 2022): 219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.daengku883.

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Macroeconomic variables are still interesting to study because some studies still find inconsistent results and dependence on the dynamics of the capital market and international financial markets, especially when there is turmoil in the domestic and international stock markets. This study aims to analyze the causality and cointegration relationship of macroeconomic variables, namely: interest rates (BI Rate), inflation and exchange rates to changes in the composite stock price index (CSPI) using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) method with the analysis tool Eviews 10 using secondary time series data based on the period 1990 to 2021. Exogenous variables tested include the BI rate, Inflation and the Logarithm of the Natural Exchange Rate (LnKurs) while the endogenous variables are the Natural Logarithm of the Composite Stock Price Index (LnIHSG). The results showed that the cointegration test results with Johansen's Cointegration Test found that the movement of the LnIHSG, BI Rate, Inflation and Exchange Rates had a relationship of stability/balance and the similarity of movements in the long term. In the causality test with Granger's Causality Test, there is a unidirectional causality relationship between the BI Rate variable and the LnIHSG variable, while there is a two-way causality between the Foreign Exchange variable and the BI Rate variable and vice versa, as well as a two-way causality relationship between the Exchange Rate variable and the Inflation variable, and vice versa.

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El-Ashker, M., M. Salama, M. El-Sebaei, E. Risha, F. Abdelhamid, M. El-Diasty, and E. El-Fadle. "Significance of clinical variables and selected biochemical markers in predicting the outcome of bovine anaplasmosis." Veterinární Medicína 60, No. 6 (July 15, 2016): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/8244-vetmed.

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35

Prasetyo Jatmiko, Dadang, Viktor Manahov, and Nnamdi Obiosa. "Investigating the determinants of dividend policy in emerging markets using a combination of exploratory variables." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 13, no. 2 (June 3, 2016): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.13(2).2016.01.

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s. The authors analyze the factors causing dividend policy by utilizing agency cost theory of dividend and transaction cost of dividend by using blue chips companies stock listed in the Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2004-2013. They also examine the transaction costs of bid-offer spread and commission as the proxies with agency cost factors of insider ownership and shareholder dispersion. The authors observe that the independent variables affected the dividend policy simultaneously. In addition, they find that the bid-offer spread as a new proxy also had significant effects on the dividend policy

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Ledlie, M. C., D. P. Corry, G. S. Finkelstein, A. J. Ritchie, K. Su, and D. C. E. Wilson. "Variable Annuities." British Actuarial Journal 14, no. 2 (July 1, 2008): 327–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357321700001744.

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ABSTRACTThis paper provides a detailed overview of variable annuities. Consideration is given first to the definition of the term variable annuity. Common terminology used in the variable annuity market is introduced. The current state of the United Kingdom and other international markets is described. Then, by reference to a simplified product, an analysis of customer outcomes, pricing, reserving, risk management and hedging is carried out. The paper ends with a description of current U.K. pensions legislation and how it potentially constrains product development.

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von Hinke, Stephanie, George Davey Smith, Debbie A. Lawlor, Carol Propper, and Frank Windmeijer. "Genetic markers as instrumental variables." Journal of Health Economics 45 (January 2016): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2015.10.007.

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38

Fernandes, Renato, and Isabel Soares. "Reviewing Explanatory Methodologies of Electricity Markets: An Application to the Iberian Market." Energies 15, no. 14 (July 9, 2022): 5020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15145020.

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In this paper, for the data set of the Iberian Electricity Market for the period 1 January 2015 to 30 June 2019, 19 different models are considered from econometrics, statistics, and artificial intelligence to explain how electricity markets work. This survey allows us to obtain a more complete, critical view of the most cited models. The machine learning models appear to be very good at selecting the best explanatory variables for the price. They provide an interesting insight into how much the price depends on each variable under a nonlinear perspective. Notwithstanding, it might be necessary to make the results understandable. Both the autoregressive models and the linear regression models can provide clear explanations for each explanatory variable, with special attention given to GARCHX and LASSO regression, which provide a cleaner linear result by removing variables that have a minimal linear impact.

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39

Aoki, Hideyuki, and Yoko Ishino. "ESSENCE OF GROWING HEALTH FOOD MARKETS IN ASIAN COUNTRIES." Journal on Innovation and Sustainability. RISUS ISSN 2179-3565 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.24212/2179-3565.2017v8i3p108-117.

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So-called health food has attracted attention for more than two decades, since its market has been steadily expanding. However, there are no world-wide studies on relationships between the health food market and the economic or social situations. This is because the definitions and regulations about health food differ from one country to another, so that it is difficult to compare various countries at once. We focused on Asia, since several Asian countries have established the rules and regulations of health food to date, and this area contains various countries in terms of economic situations. We executed multiple regression analysis, in which the per-capita health food expenditure and other six variables were respectively set as the objective variable and the explanatory variable candidates. As a result, it turned out that we can estimate the per-capita health food expenditure with considerable accuracy by using only two explanatory variables: the per-capita GDP and the population aging rate. The regression function obtained in this research enables us to quantitatively predict the health food market size. This can greatly contribute to making a global marketing strategy of health food.

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40

Bianconi, M. "VARIABLE MARKUP IN A SMALL OPEN ECONOMY WITH INFLATION." Metroeconomica 42, no. 2 (June 1991): 137–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-999x.1991.tb00364.x.

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41

Enders, Zeno. "Heterogeneous Consumers, Segmented Asset Markets and the Real Effects of Monetary Policy." Economic Journal 130, no. 628 (January 25, 2020): 1031–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueaa010.

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Abstract This article proposes a novel mechanism by which changes in the distribution of money holdings have real aggregate effects. I develop a flexible-price model of segmented asset markets in which monetary policy influences the aggregate demand elasticity via heterogenous money holdings. Because varieties of consumption bundles are purchased sequentially, newly injected money disseminates slowly throughout the economy via second-round effects. The model predicts a short-term inflation-output trade-off, a liquidity effect, countercyclical markups, and pro-cyclical wages after monetary shocks. Among other correlations of financial variables, it also reproduces the empirical, negative relationship between changes in the money supply and markups.

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42

Stein, Roberto, and Orlando E. Contreras-Pacheco. "Optimizing the performance of mean-variance portfolios in various markets: an “old-school” approach." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 15, no. 1 (March 2, 2018): 190–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.15(1).2018.17.

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The authors study the performance of mean-variance optimized (MVO) equity portfolios for retail investors in various markets in the U.S. and around the world. Actively managed equity mutual funds have relatively high fees and tend to underperform their benchmark. Index funds such as exchange traded funds still charge appreciable fees, and only deliver the performance of the benchmark. The authors find that MVO portfolios are relatively easy to manage by a retail investor, and that they tend to outperform their benchmark or, at worst, equal its performance, even after adjusting for risk. Moreover, they show that the performance of these funds is not particularly sensitive to the frequency at which they are rebalanced so that, in the limit, an investor might have to rebalance his/her portfolio only once a year. This last finding translates into very low trading costs, even for retail investors. Thus, the authors conclude that MVOs offer an easy, cheap alternative to invest in the world’s equity markets.

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43

Santillán-Salgado, Roberto J., Melissa G. Ulin-Lastra, and Luis Jacob Escobar-Saldivar. "Polls, Prediction Markets, and Financial Variables." Revista Mexicana de Economía y Finanzas 13, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 295–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.21919/remef.v13i3.297.

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44

Santillán-Salgado, Roberto J., Melissa G. Ulin-Lastra, and Luis Jacob Escobar-Saldivar. "Polls, Prediction Markets, and Financial Variables." Revista Mexicana de Economía y Finanzas 13, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 295–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.21919/remef.v13i3.325.

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45

IÓCA, Mariana Pavan, and Daiane Aparecida ZUANETTI. "SELECTION OF SNP MARKERS: ANALYZING GAW17 DATA USING DIFFERENT METHODOLOGIES." REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE BIOMETRIA 39, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.28951/rbb.v39i1.499.

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The quantity and complexity of generated data due to advances in genetic sequencing technologies has made statistical analysis an essential tool for their correct study and interpretation. However, there is still no agreement about which methodologies are more appropriate for those data, especially for the selection of genetic features that influence a specic phenotype. Genetic data are usually characterized by having a number of variables which is much greater than the number of observations. These variables exhibit little variability and high correlation. These characteristics hinder the application of traditional methodologies for variable selection. In this work (i.) we present dierent methodologies for selecting variables - Random Forest, LASSO and the traditional Stepwise method; (ii.) we apply them to genetic data to select SNP markers that characterize the presence or absence of a disease and (iii.) we compare their performances. Random Forest and Lasso show similar prediction performance, however none of them correctly select the relevant SNPs.

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46

Dool, Serena E., Sven Künzel, Martin Haase, Mike D. Picker, and Monika J. B. Eberhard. "Variable Molecular Markers for the Order Mantophasmatodea (Insecta)." Journal of Heredity 109, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esx109.

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47

Zou, Gao Lu, and K. W. Chau. "Housing Development, Energy Consumption and Energy Prices." Advanced Materials Research 853 (December 2013): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.853.367.

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New housing completions constitute a considerable share of the overall housing supply in Chinas current urban housing markets. We argue that large-scale new housing developments significantly increase energy consumption in the long run, thereby increasing energy prices. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of supply-side housing variables rather than demand-side housing variables on energy prices in Beijing. Supply-side housing variables include level variable (floor space) and growth variable (changes in floor space). We investigated their respective effects on energy prices. We tested for cointegration, Granger causality and weak exogeneity. Tests indicated that new housing completions exerted a positive long-term effect on energy prices. Hence, new housing development needs to improve energy efficiency.

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48

Kern, Joseph. "Unpacking the variable context of quotatives." Spanish in Context 14, no. 1 (April 10, 2017): 124–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.14.1.06ker.

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Abstract The present study analyzes the use of quotatives in Spanish among twenty-four Spanish-English bilinguals from Southern Arizona and assesses the possible influence of English contact in their use. Cameron (1998) defines the envelope of variation of quotatives in Spanish as verbs of direct report, bare-noun phrases, and null quotatives. This study identifies a fourth strategy of quotative discourse markers. A detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis of the linguistic conditioning of these four strategies of direct quotation according to content of the quote and grammatical person points to the fact that quotative discourse markers appear to be conditioned differently than the other three strategies, but contact with English does not play a decisive role in their use. These results contribute to our knowledge of Spanish in the United States and variation in quotative systems by expanding on Cameron’s (1998) study to explore the quotative system of the Spanish of the U.S. Southwest and adding an analysis of quotative discourse markers.

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49

Udayana, Ida Bagus Nyoman, and Rejeki Sekar Dwifa. "Pengaruh Service Quality dan Empathy terhadap Purchase Intention di Pasar Tradisional Melalui Word of Mouth:." Reslaj : Religion Education Social Laa Roiba Journal 5, no. 3 (October 6, 2022): 859–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.47467/reslaj.v5i3.1685.

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Purchase intention or purchase intention is something that is directly related to prospective buyers. This cannot be separated from the prospective buyers themselves who will decide to buy what is offered or not. This purchase intention can be influenced by several things, such as service quality, empathy, and word of mouth. All three have their respective roles in influencing a person's purchase intention. Departing from this statement, the author conducted a study with traditional markets as the object of this research, especially traditional markets in the Bantul Regency area. The objectives of this study are (1) whether service quality has an effect on WOM on purchase intention in traditional markets in Bantul Regency, (2) whether empathy has an effect on WOM on purchase intentions in traditional markets in Bantul Regency, (3) whether WOM has an effect on purchase intention in traditional markets in Bantul Regency. In this study service quality and empathy as independent variables, which will affect the dependent variable indirectly through the intervening variable. While word of mouth as an intervening variable that will be influenced by the independent variable and will affect the dependent variable directly. The results of this study indicate that service quality and word of mouth have a positive and significant effect on purchase intention. While empathy has a negative and insignificant effect on purchase intention through word of mouth. Keywords: service quality, empathy, word of mouth, and purchase intention.

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50

Laga, Yulius, and Maria Endang Jamu. "Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi minat beli di pasar tradisional." Jurnal Ekonomi Modernisasi 16, no. 3 (December 16, 2020): 144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21067/jem.v16i3.5037.

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This study aims to analyze the variables that influence purchase interest in traditional markets in terms of location, product diversity, price, and service quality variables. This type of research uses a quantitative approach. The research was carried out by comparing the three traditional markets including Wolowona Market, Potulando Market and Mbongawani Market which are located in Ende Regency. The study will be conducted on 270 respondents who are consumers who carry out activities in the three markets who are selected by using the random sampling technique. The research will be conducted by Confirmatory Factor Analysis using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with AMOS 23 software. The results show that the three traditional markets have certain characteristics that affect buying interest. In Wolowona Market and Potulando Market, the location variable is the dominant factor affecting buying interest, in contrast to the Mbongawani Market, the price variable is the main reason for people to buy. The recommendation of this research is the need for consideration for traditional market managers in Ende Regency in determining the location and placement of traders according to the product variants sold in the traditional market, as well as price control from the government for the community in meeting their needs.

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