Книги: "Variable Markups"

1

Landell Mills Commodities Studies Limited. Variable exchange rates and trading on commodity markets. London: Commonwealth Secretariat, 1986.

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2

Engle, R. F. Valuation of variance forecasts with simulated option markets. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1990.

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3

Ang, Andrew. Do macro variables, asset markets, or surveys forecast inflation better? Washington, D.C: Federal Reserve Board, 2006.

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4

Ang, Andrew. Do macro variables, asset markets, or surveys forecast inflation better? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.

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5

Ang, Andrew. Do macro variables, asset markets or surveys forecast inflation better? Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.

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6

Markowitz, H. Mean-variance analysis in portfolio choice and capital markets. New Hope: Frank J. Fabozzi Associates, 1987.

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7

Markowitz, H. Mean-variance analysis in portfolio choice and capital markets. Oxford: Blackwell, 1990.

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8

Markowitz, H. Mean-variance analysis in portfolio choice and capital markets. Oxford, OX, UK: B. Blackwell, 1987.

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9

Markowitz, H. Mean-variance analysis in portfolio choice and capital markets. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987.

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10

Campbell, Sean D. A trend and variance decomposition of the rent-price ratio in housing markets. Washington, D.C: Federal Reserve Board, 2006.

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11

Bishop, Kelly C. Hedonic prices and implicit markets: Estimating marginal willingness to pay for differentiated products without instrumental variables. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2011.

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12

Campbell, John Y. What moves the stock and bond markets?: A variance decomposition for long-term asset returns. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1991.

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13

Fooled by randomness: The hidden role of chance in the markets and in life. New York: Texere, 2001.

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14

Fooled by randomness: The hidden role of chance in life and in the markets. 2nd ed. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2005.

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15

Rees, Graham L. Variable Exchange Rates and Trading on Commodity Markets. Commonwealth, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.14217/9781848594067-en.

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16

Taylor, Sophia B., and Patrick R. Young. Integrating Variable Renewable Energy in Electricity Markets: International Experiences. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2013.

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17

Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets. Penguin Books, Limited, 2007.

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18

Markowitz, H. Mean-Variance Analysis in Portfolio Choice and Capital Markets. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2008.

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19

Markowitz, H. Mean-Variance Analysis in Portfolio Choice and Capital Markets. Blackwell Pub, 1991.

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20

Markowitz, H. Mean-Variance Analysis in Portfolio Choice and Capital Markets. Wiley, 2000.

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21

5040-12: US Motor Controls, Feedback Elements and Variable Speed Drive Markets (US Reports). Frost & Sullivan, 1993.

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22

Back, Kerry E. Continuous-Time Markets. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190241148.003.0013.

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A continuous‐time model of a securities market is introduced. The intertemporal budget constraint is defined. SDF processes and prices of risks are defined and characterized. Many properties of SDF process are analogous to those in a single‐period model, including the relation to the risk‐free rate, orthogonal projections, the Hansen‐Jagannathan bound, and factor pricing. To value future cash flows using an SDF process, we need to assume a local martingale is a martingale. Sufficient conditions including Novikov’s condition are discussed. Use of the martingale representation theorem in a complete market to derive a portfolio that replicates a payoff is explained. A Markovian model is introduced, in which the investment opportunity set depends on state variables that form a Markov process.

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23

Fernández-Villaverde, Jesús, Pablo Guerrón-Quintana, and Juan Rubio-Ramírez. Futures markets, Bayesian forecasting and risk modelling. Edited by Anthony O'Hagan and Mike West. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198703174.013.14.

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This article demonstrates the utility of the Bayesian approach in forecasting and risk modelling regarding speculative trading strategies in financial futures markets. It first provides an overview of subjective expectations that are motivated as fair prices of futures contracts before discussing the futures markets and a portfolio mean-variance efficiency generalization. In particular, it considers the critical role of hedging to ensue attractive risk-adjusted performance. It also describes general Bayesian dynamic models and specific Bayesian dynamic linear models for assessing risk models in terms of their hedging effectiveness in the context of the risk-adjusted performance of trading strategies. The article showcases applied Bayesian thinking in the context of financial investment management, highlighting the corresponding concepts of betting and investing, prices and expectations, and coherence and arbitrage-free pricing in futures markets over the period 1990–2008.

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24

Taleb, Nassim. Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in the Markets and Life. 2nd ed. Texere, 2004.

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25

Taleb, Nassim. Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets. 2nd ed. Texere, 2004.

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26

Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets. Random House NY, 2008.

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27

Taleb, Nassim, and Sean Pratt. Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets. Recorded Books, 2009.

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28

Taleb, Nassim, and Sean Pratt. Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets. Gildan Media, 2008.

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29

Taleb, Nassim. Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets. Penguin, 2007.

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30

Ovodenko, Alexander. Consumers and Intermediate Producers in the Phase-out of Agricultural and Industrial Ozone-Depleting Substances. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190677725.003.0003.

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The chapter analyzes the impact of downstream consumer markets on environmental regime design by explaining why wealthy countries have successfully phased out industrial ozone-depleting substances (ODS) but not an agricultural pesticide known as methyl bromide under the Montreal Protocol, despite the 2005 phase-out deadline for that pesticide. Since the analysis focuses on the regulation of different sectors under the same treaty, it isolates the impact of markets without the threat of major confounding variables interfering with the conclusions. It emphasizes competitive pressures and the structure of intermediate producers in the industrial and agricultural markets employing ODS to explain why methyl bromide has been handled differently from industrial refrigerants. The findings illustrate the impacts of consumer preferences and market competition on the investments of fluoro-product companies and, in turn, on the policies of wealthy countries and rules in the ozone regime.

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31

Siklos, Pierre L. When Finance and the Real Economy Collide. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190228835.003.0002.

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There exist potential conflicts between the processing speed of financial markets and the persistence of macroeconomic variables that dictate the conduct of monetary policy. Maintaining financial stability can require fast thinking, while monetary policy decisions involve slow thinking. A financial stability motive, buttressed by a macroprudential regime, is not enough. Financial stability adds complexity to institutional design that policymakers have yet to face up to. Central banks today are uncomfortable about whether to surprise financial markets. There are more examples of central banks failing unintentionally, surprising the financial markets, than of successful interventions of this kind. Trade-offs between monetary policy and financial stability suggest that conventional pre-crisis responses to economic shocks make it less desirable to resort to changes in central bank policy rates. Are policy rate increases especially too blunt an instrument to deal with a threat to financial instability? Possibly less than we think.

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32

Singer, Mervyn. Pathophysiology and causes of pulmonary embolism. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0170.

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Pulmonary embolus is predominantly due to thrombus breaking off from deep veins or from within the right heart, lodging within large or small vessels within the pulmonary vasculature, causing a variable degree of clinical features ranging from asymptomatic through to shock and cardiac arrest. Non-thrombotic causes include air or fat embolism. Outcome is predicated by the degree of right ventricular dysfunction. There are multiple risk factors including surgery, arrhythmias, prolonged immobility, venous stasis, pregnancy and an underlying pro-thrombotic tendency, either congenital or acquired. Numerous risk stratification scores have been developed derived from clinical features, imaging findings and biochemical markers of right ventricular strain and myocardial damage.

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33

Non-Linear Modeling of the Impact of the Crisis on the Interactions among Financial Markets and Macroeconomic Variables in CEE Countries. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2016.

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34

Feist, Eugen, and Gerd-R. Burmester. Rheumatoid arthritis—clinical features. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0111.

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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) presents with variable clinical features, making this most frequent chronic systemic autoimmune disease with characteristic joint involvement a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. This chapter describes in detail the different clinical, laboratory and imaging findings in patients with RA. In addition to the characteristic arthritic involvement, which can lead to severe joint changes with progressive destruction and loss of function, other systemic disease manifestations as well as an increased risk for cardiovascular events and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with relevance for patients' prognosis are described. Recent approaches to early diagnosis and stratification of patients by predictive factors for a severe course of disease are discussed. These patient profiles include increased inflammatory markers, the presence of autoantibodies, and erosive changes at the time of diagnosis. The novel classification criteria for RA and the significance of autoantibody status, namely seropositivity for antibodies against citrullinated antigens as highly specific diagnostic markers, are highlighted to further promote early differentiation of RA from other arthritic disease entities.

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35

Newman, Abraham L., and Elliot Posner. International Financial Regulation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818380.003.0003.

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Chapter 3 describes the international financial regulatory architecture, providing necessary background for the substantive studies that follow. It gives special attention to the architecture’s two defining aspects: the soft law character of the rules it produces and the fragmentation of rule-making by subsectors. A matrix of forums develops advisory prescriptions for specific financial policy areas. The chapter traces the architecture’s origins and evolution, including how policy-makers and standard-setting organizations dealt with the breakdown of traditional boundaries between markets and subsectors. It provides background on the book’s featured causal variable: international soft law. It also offers an original explanation for the architecture’s key features. The chapter highlights the prominent role of domestic institutional arrangements within the United States and other jurisdictions with important markets for the early development of soft law-creating organizations and establishes the role of contingency, sequence, and endogeneity (with reference to domestic institutions) in the architecture’s evolution.

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36

Jaffe, Allan S. The use of biomarkers for acute cardiovascular disease. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0035.

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Understanding the proper use of biomarkers requires clinicians to appreciate some critical pre-analytic and analytic issues, as well as how to use the markers properly. The bene?ts of such an approach will not only facilitate the care of patients today, but will also prepare clinicians to understand and embrace the new generation of markers that is coming and that will continue to make this area transformational for cardiology. Two fundamental concepts underlie the clinical use of biomarkers: First, biomarkers should always be used in conjunction with all other clinical information. Second, in order to maximize their diagnostic and prognostic use, biomarkers should be interpreted as quantitative variables. For example, a cardiac troponin level which is 50 times the upper limit of normal has a much higher positive predictive value for the presence of an acute myocardial infarction, compared to a level just above the upper limit of normal.

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37

Jaffe, Allan S. The use of biomarkers for acute cardiovascular disease. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0035_update_001.

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Understanding the proper use of biomarkers requires clinicians to appreciate some critical pre-analytic and analytic issues, as well as how to use the markers properly. The bene?ts of such an approach will not only facilitate the care of patients today, but will also prepare clinicians to understand and embrace the new generation of markers that is coming and that will continue to make this area transformational for cardiology. Two fundamental concepts underlie the clinical use of biomarkers: First, biomarkers should always be used in conjunction with all other clinical information. Second, in order to maximize their diagnostic and prognostic use, biomarkers should be interpreted as quantitative variables. For example, a cardiac troponin level which is 50 times the upper limit of normal has a much higher positive predictive value for the presence of an acute myocardial infarction, compared to a level just above the upper limit of normal.

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38

Jaffe, Allan S. The use of biomarkers for acute cardiovascular disease. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0035_update_002.

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Understanding the proper use of biomarkers requires clinicians to appreciate some critical pre-analytic and analytic issues, as well as how to use the markers properly. The bene?ts of such an approach will not only facilitate the care of patients today, but will also prepare clinicians to understand and embrace the new generation of markers that is coming and that will continue to make this area transformational for cardiology. Two fundamental concepts underlie the clinical use of biomarkers: First, biomarkers should always be used in conjunction with all other clinical information. Second, in order to maximize their diagnostic and prognostic use, biomarkers should be interpreted as quantitative variables. For example, a cardiac troponin level which is 50 times the upper limit of normal has a much higher positive predictive value for the presence of an acute myocardial infarction, compared to a level just above the upper limit of normal.

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39

Pei, Minxin. The Rise and Fall of the China Model. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190675387.003.0009.

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A critical variable determining the future relationship between China and the United States is the change in the relative balance of power, which depends on the sustainability of China’s economic growth. While China has produced three decades of double-digit growth, this paper argues that China’s rise has peaked. The factors that have contributed to China’s rapid growth, such as efficiency gains produced by market-oriented reforms, practically unlimited access to global markets, and the demographic dividend, are either disappearing or dissipating. Simultaneously, obstacles to future growth, such as systemic corruption, environmental degradation, and demographic ageing, are becoming more salient. Economic slowdown will threaten the survival strategy of the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Since the 1989 Tiananmen crackdown, the CCP has followed a sophisticated strategy to maintain power. An economic slowdown will likely cause an unravelling of this strategy, which depends on revenues generated by growth for its sustainability.

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40

Sahni, Rohini, and V. Kalyan Shankar. The Details Are in the Fine Print. Edited by Scott Cunningham and Manisha Shah. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199915248.013.9.

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This chapter examines some of the existing definitional problems in qualifying and tapping sex workers in India. Drawing on research notes and data from the First Pan-India Survey of Sex Workers, it discusses the diversity of practices under “sex work” and highlights multiple overlaps across the variables both in sites and in occupational identities, which can lead to confounding results. Based on the results, the chapter calls for more nuanced typologies addressing grassroots operational realities, particularly where sex work interacts with other forms of informal labor. It argues that such definitional clarity would be essential for constructing the universe of sex workers during surveys and for more balanced representations. It also looks at the implications of incorporating heterogeneity into analyzing sex markets for social-scientific research both in terms of developing useful models (e.g., monopolistic competition) and in regard to sample selection.

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41

Melina, Giovanni, and Rafael Portillo. Economic Fluctuations in Sub-Saharan Africa. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785811.003.0004.

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The chapter compares business cycle fluctuations in sub-Saharan African countries to the rest of the world. Its main results are: (i) African economies stand out by their macroeconomic volatility, which is reflected in the volatility of output and other macro variables; (ii) inflation and output tend to be negatively correlated in SSA countries; (iii) unlike advanced economies and emerging markets (EMs), trade balances and current accounts are acyclical in SSA; (iv) the volatility of consumption and investment relative to GDP is larger than in other countries; (v) the cyclicality of consumption and investment is smaller than in advanced economies and EMs; (vi) there is little comovement between consumption and investment; and (vii) consumption and investment are strongly positively correlated with imports. The chapter provides a tentative interpretation in terms of the main shocks hitting these economies and the nature of the mechanisms amplifying or dampening these shocks.

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42

Peterson, Elizabeth, Turo Hiltunen, and Joseph Kern, eds. Discourse-Pragmatic Variation and Change. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108864183.

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Discourse-pragmatic markers are central to everyday language, yet many aspects of their use and functions remain elusive or under-investigated. Bringing together a global team of leading scholars, this volume presents a representative showcase of work currently being conducted in the field of discourse-pragmatic variation and change, including investigations of features such as uh/um, please, sentence-final is all, and discourse-pragmatic features from a number of languages. The book emphasizes that not only have researchers answered the call to address complex issues such as cross-linguistic reliability, extending research across languages, and expanding and improving on methods and analysis, but that they continue to address perennial questions in the field of language variation and change. With sections on theoretical and methodological issues, innovative variables, and language contact situations, the volume offers a robust overview of best practices for both new and experienced researchers.

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43

Kelanic, Rosemary A. Black Gold and Blackmail. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501748295.001.0001.

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This book seeks to explain why great powers adopt such different strategies to protect their oil access from politically motivated disruptions. In extreme cases, such as Imperial Japan in 1941, great powers fought wars to grab oil territory in anticipation of a potential embargo by the Allies; in other instances, such as Germany in the early Nazi period, states chose relatively subdued measures like, oil alliances or domestic policies, to conserve oil. What accounts for this variation? Fundamentally, it is puzzling that great powers fear oil coercion at all because the global market makes oil sanctions very difficult to enforce. This book argues that two variables determine what strategy a great power will adopt: the petroleum deficit, which measures how much oil the state produces domestically compared to what it needs for its strategic objectives; and disruptibility, which estimates the susceptibility of a state's oil imports to military interdiction—that is, blockade. Because global markets undercut the effectiveness of oil sanctions, blockade is in practice the only true threat to great power oil access. That, combined with the devastating consequences of oil deprivation to a state's military power, explains why states fear oil coercion deeply despite the adaptive functions of the market. Together, these two variables predict a state's coercive vulnerability, which determines how willing the state will be to accept the costs and risks attendant on various potential strategies. Only those great powers with large deficits and highly disruptible imports will adopt the most extreme strategy: direct control of oil through territorial conquest.

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44

Clark, Luke. Epidemiology and Phenomenology of Pathological Gambling. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0035.

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Pathological gambling is an impulse control disorder (ICD) characterized by loss of control over gambling behavior. This chapter will describe the illness profile of pathological gambling. As well as summarizing the epidemiological data on the prevalence of pathological gambling and its associated comorbidities, I will also consider (1) the classificatory overlap between pathological gambling, the substance use disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder; (2) the emerging evidence for dimensional rather than categorical models of disordered gambling; and (3) some of the sources of hererogeneity among pathological gamblers, including the differences between common games. In the second part of the chapter, I will review several sets of psychological and neurobiological factors that are implicated in the etiology of pathological gambling, including the role of physiological arousal (“excitement”), conditioning influences, cognitive distortions, personality trait variables, and neuropsychological and neuroimaging markers. These mechanisms are often complementary, and a biopsychosocial theory of gambling will incorporate multiple levels of explanation.

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45

Fairbrother, Malcolm. Development: Institutional Perspectives. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.146.

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There are three key literatures on the political economy of development that all emphasize the importance of institutions, but in different and somewhat contradictory ways. These literatures focus on developmental states, good governance, and political economic pathways. The developmental states literature is based largely on case studies of East Asian countries that have, since about 1950, largely “caught up” to the already developed nations in Europe, North America, and the Antipodes. The central conclusion of this literature has been that successful late development requires a competent, committed state bureaucracy, independent enough to be capable of imposing its will on domestic businesspeople, but also sufficiently connected to them so as to make good decisions about what will to impose. The literature focusing on good governance, based largely in economics, also sees state actions and characteristics as keys to positive development outcomes. But while the developmental states literature argues that states need to play an interventionist role in “governing” markets (including not infrequently restricting them), the good governance literature usually looks more favorably on free markets. Finally, research in the political economic pathways literature tends to examine much longer periods of time than the other two literatures, and typically emphasizes economic and political developmental outcomes as joint products of differences in the historical trajectories followed by different countries. The key explanatory variables for this literature are a country’s circumstances in the colonial period, and levels and types of social inequality.

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46

Posner, Elliot. Financial Regulatory Cooperation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190864576.003.0003.

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This chapter explores the cross-border politics of derivatives regulation. It first shows that negotiations over implementing the agreed G20 principles vary across regulatory areas, with cooperation in derivatives regulation standing out along several dimensions: a greater reliance on US‒EU bilateralism, the duration and difficulty of managing conflicts, and the pervasiveness of misperception. Finding prominent explanations unsatisfactory, this study instead attributes the pattern of observed difference in large part to variance in the pre-crisis development of transnational institutions. Compared to banking, the relatively underdeveloped transnational institutions for the regulation of derivatives markets left public officials with few resources for managing coordination at a moment of rapid domestic regulatory reforms. This chapter’s explanation thus combines scholarly research on the temporal effects of transnational institutions with insights from inter-state approaches. It takes seriously the potential for international institutions over time to condition and structure politics—beyond their creators’ original intent.

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47

Morrison, Charles E. East Asia’s Evolving Regional Order and its Global Implications. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828945.003.0009.

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Many trends in East Asia, such as the consolidation of nation-states and the growth of economic interdependence and regional cooperation, support a more robust “partial order.” However, geo-political issues, especially China’s ambitions and inter-Korean relations remain significant question marks, intensified by uncertainty about the USA. Asian countries generally benchmark rather than challenge many principles of the liberal international order, but there are cultural traditions and modern preferences at variance with Western political liberalism. The weight of Asia suggests that as a truly global system evolves, there will be some compromise between Western and Eastern concepts of order, all the more likely as domestic support for international liberalism has eroded in parts of the West, notably the USA.

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48

Bardin, Thomas, and Tilman Drüeke. Renal osteodystrophy. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0149.

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Renal osteodystrophy (ROD) is a term that encompasses the various consequences of chronic kidney disease (CKD) for the bone. It has been divided into several entities based on bone histomorphometry observations. ROD is accompanied by several abnormalities of mineral metabolism: abnormal levels of serum calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D metabolites, alkaline phosphatases, fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) and klotho, which all have been identified as cardiovascular risk factors in patients with CKD. ROD can presently be schematically divided into three main types by histology: (1) osteitis fibrosa as the bony expression of secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHP), which is a high bone turnover disease developing early in CKD; (2) adynamic bone disease (ABD), the most frequent type of ROD in dialysis patients, which is at present most often observed in the absence of aluminium intoxication and develops mainly as a result of excessive PTH suppression; and (3) mixed ROD, a combination of osteitis fibrosa and osteomalacia whose prevalence has decreased in the last decade. Laboratory features include increased serum levels of PTH and bone turnover markers such as total and bone alkaline phosphatases, osteocalcin, and several products of type I collagen metabolism products. Serum phosphorus is increased only in CKD stages 4-5. Serum calcium levels are variable. They may be low initially, but hypercalcaemia develops in case of severe sHP. Serum 25-OH-vitamin D (25OHD) levels are generally below 30 ng/mL, indicating vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency. The international KDIGO guideline recommends serum PTH levels to be maintained in the range of approximately 2-9 times the upper normal normal limit of the assay and to intervene only in case of significant changes in PTH levels. It is generally recommended that calcium intake should be up to 2 g per day including intake with food and administration of calcium supplements or calcium-containing phosphate binders. Reduction of serum phosphorus towards the normal range in patients with endstage kidney failure is a major objective. Once sHP has developed, active vitamin D derivatives such as alfacalcidol or calcitriol are indicated in order to halt its progression.

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49

Teece, David J., and Sohvi Heaton, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Dynamic Capabilities. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199678914.001.0001.

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This handbook is currently in development, with individual articles publishing online in advance of print publication. At this time, we cannot add information about unpublished articles in this handbook, however the table of contents will continue to grow as additional articles pass through the review process and are added to the site. Please note that the online publication date for this handbook is the date that the first article in the title was published online. For more information, please read the site FAQs. In order to make quality strategic decisions, managers need a deep understanding of industry dynamics and enterprise capabilities. In this book, we present a conceptual framework that will help executives lead their organizations in highly competitive global markets. For some, it will change frames of reference and accepted priorities in terms of what’s important for the enterprise to build, own, and manage. Management theory is young and fragmented, and generally not much of a guide for executives, except around certain narrow issues. The framework presented in this volume can be helpful with the big-picture issues. To be useful, a theoretical framework must be flexible enough to provide guidance in a variety of situations. However, the theory must not be so general that it fails to speak to practical management problems. Another useful attribute is parsimony, so that an overwhelming number of variables don’t render analysis an impossible task. This book includes a number of essays about the Dynamic Capabilities Framework (Teece et al., 1990, 1997; Teece, 2007), which increasingly provides an intellectual infrastructure for both theoretical and applied analyses of strategic management and other issues facing business decision makers. Since 2006, articles concerning dynamic capabilities have been published in business and management journals at a rate of more than 100 per year (Di Stefano et al., 2010). And an increasing number of these articles contain new empirical research validating the Dynamic Capabilities approach to competitive advantage. A broad panoply of scholars and executives are contributing to the further development of this framework. This book summarizes and integrates many of these contributions, and this introduction will introduce some of the major themes of the chapters that follow.

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Weede, Erich. The Expansion of Economic Freedom and the Capitalist Peace. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.276.

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On the one hand, the idea of a capitalist peace is a set of loosely integrated, but testable propositions. On the other hand it is part of a wider, libertarian philosophy of life. The spirit of this wider conception is best expressed by a quote from a pioneer of quantitative international politics, in 1981 Rummel wrote, “If you want peace, then minimize the power of government.” Although there has been a proliferation of variables assessing capitalism and economic interdependence—from economic freedom via contract intensity to the avoidance of state ownership or protectionism—the most frequently analyzed proposition about the capitalist peace says that trade makes military conflict and war less likely. By and large, the evidence supports this proposition in dyadic designs as well as in monadic designs. This cross-design validity of the proposition is important, because it distinguishes the peace by trade proposition from the democratic peace proposition. Most researchers agree that war is extremely unlikely in dyads where both nations are democracies. But only a minority contends that democracies are less frequently involved in military conflict than other states. The dyadic and the monadic findings are compatible because military conflict looks even more likely between an autocracy and a democracy than between two autocracies. Whereas the democratic peace is limited in application, the pacifying impact of trade or economic interdependence is more general. Moreover, the democratic peace may be embedded in a wider economic or capitalist peace. There is strong evidence that democracy rests on a foundation of capitalism or economic freedom and the prosperity that has been gained only by capitalism or some degree of economic freedom. Moreover, economic freedom and prosperity contribute to the avoidance of civil war. Better still: Economic freedom does not only promote economic growth and prosperity among those nations where people enjoy economic freedom, but the economic freedom of rich countries provides poor countries with the advantages of backwardness and catch-up opportunities.Capitalist peace theory evolves. It has been suggested that the pacifying impact of trade rests on the expectation that trade, or access to resources and markets, will continue. This suggestion requires a new look at economic sanctions, too. By interfering with trade, sanctions must undermine the expectation of future benefits of trade and globally interconnected markets. Given the rareness of evidence in favor of the effectiveness of economic sanctions in eliminating undesirable policies of other nations, a capitalist peace perspective implies the recommendation to use sanctions much less frequently than politicians do. They are likely to eliminate a pacifying factor when it is most urgently needed.The wider or visionary perspective on the capitalist peace is useful not only in connecting it with the issue of sanctions, but also in demonstrating the inherent limitations of capitalism as a tool to achieve peace. From a static perspective, capitalism, economic freedom, or trade may exert some pacifying impact, as argued above. But capitalism is a dynamic economic order. It is about “creative destruction”. Capitalism is not egalitarian. Nations grow at different speeds. They rise and decline. Capitalism and unequal economic growth upset pecking orders and contribute to power transitions that are related to risks of war, especially great power war. Whether the contribution of capitalism to power transitions—or its pacifying impact prevails—cannot be judged with much confidence.

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