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Статті в журналах з теми "Vapor plume":
1
Zhu, Xiaojing, Weihui Xu, Weishu Wang, Xu Shi, Gang Chen, and Shifei Zhao. "The Design of a Vapor-Condensing Plume Abatement System and Devices for Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers." Water 12, no. 4 (April 2, 2020): 1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12041013.
Анотація:
Cooling towers are widely used in many fields, but the generation of visible plumes has a serious impact on the environment. Moreover, the evaporation losses also cause a great waste of water. In this paper, a vapor-condensing plume abatement system was designed for a mechanical-draft cooling tower based on the mechanism of vapor plume generation. An effective method to achieve water-saving and eliminate the water fog generated in the cooling tower was proposed, and its feasibility was verified by using thermodynamic analysis. Next, the vapor-condensing plume abatement device was designed and used for both the confined space cooling tower (CSCT) and the free space cooling tower (FSCT). The surface type heat exchanger was adopted to design the vapor-condensing plume abatement device. Then a basic calculation flow and method were proposed to obtain thermodynamic operating parameters. According to the comparison between the results of theoretical calculation and practical engineering application, it was found that the designed vapor-condensing plume abatement system obviously benefits the water-saving of a mechanical-draft cooling tower and considerable economic benefits can be obtained. The contents presented provide the theoretical basis and technical support for the upgrade of the cooling tower and the design of the new cooling tower.
2
Serra, P., J. Palau, M. Varela, J. Esteve, and J. L. Morenza. "Characterization of hydroxyapatite laser ablation plumes by fast intensified CCD-imaging." Journal of Materials Research 10, no. 2 (February 1995): 473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1995.0473.
Анотація:
ArF excimer laser pulses (193 nm, 20 ns, 150 mJ) have been focused on a hydroxyapatite (HA) target in similar conditions to those normally used for thin film deposition. Fast intensified CCD images of HA laser ablation plumes have been taken in vacuum and under different water vapor pressures ranging from 0.01 mbar to 1 mbar. Images of HA ablation in vacuum have shown a plume freely expanding at a constant velocity of 2.3 × 106 cm/s. HA ablation under a water vapor pressure of 0.01 mbar has revealed an expansion behavior very similar to that of ablation in vacuum. Images taken under a water vapor pressure of 0.1 mbar have shown the formation of a shock structure in the plume. Finally, HA ablation under a water vapor pressure of 1 mbar has revealed the development of some irregularities in the shape of the plume.
3
Fiedler, V., F. Arnold, S. Ludmann, A. Minikin, T. Hamburger, L. Pirjola, A. Dörnbrack, and H. Schlager. "African biomass burning plumes over the Atlantic: aircraft based measurements and implications for H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and HNO<sub>3</sub> mediated smoke particle activation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 7 (April 5, 2011): 3211–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3211-2011.
Анотація:
Abstract. Airborne measurements of trace gases and aerosol particles have been made in two aged biomass burning (BB) plumes over the East Atlantic (Gulf of Guinea). The plumes originated from BB in the Southern-Hemisphere African savanna belt. On the day of our measurements (13 August 2006), the plumes had ages of about 10 days and were respectively located in the middle troposphere (MT) at 3900–5500 m altitude and in the upper troposphere (UT) at 10 800–11 200 m. Probably, the MT plume was lifted by dry convection and the UT plume was lifted by wet convection. In the more polluted MT-plume, numerous measured trace species had markedly elevated abundances, particularly SO2 (up to 1400 pmol mol−1), HNO3 (5000–8000 pmol mol−1) and smoke particles with diameters larger than 270 nm (up to 2000 cm−3). Our MT-plume measurements indicate that SO2 released by BB had not experienced significant loss by deposition and cloud processes but rather had experienced OH-induced conversion to gas-phase sulfuric acid. By contrast, a significant fraction of the released NOy had experienced loss, most likely as HNO3 by deposition. In the UT-plume, loss of NOy and SO2 was more pronounced compared to the MT-plume, probably due to cloud processes. Building on our measurements and accompanying model simulations, we have investigated trace gas transformations in the ageing and diluting plumes and their role in smoke particle processing and activation. Emphasis was placed upon the formation of sulfuric acid and ammonium nitrate, and their influence on the activation potential of smoke particles. Our model simulations reveal that, after 13 August, the lower plume traveled across the Atlantic and descended to 1300 m and hereafter ascended again. During the travel across the Atlantic, the soluble mass fraction of smoke particles and their mean diameter increased sufficiently to allow the processed smoke particles to act as water vapor condensation nuclei already at very low water vapor supersaturations of only about 0.04%. Thereby, aged smoke particles had developed a potential to act as water vapor condensation nuclei in the formation of maritime clouds.
4
Hansen, C. J. "Enceladus' Water Vapor Plume." Science 311, no. 5766 (March 10, 2006): 1422–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1121254.
5
Fiedler, V., F. Arnold, S. Ludmann, A. Minikin, L. Pirjola, A. Dörnbrack, and H. Schlager. "African biomass burning plumes over the Atlantic: aircraft based measurements and implications for H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and HNO<sub>3</sub> mediated smoke particle activation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 3 (March 25, 2010): 7699–743. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-7699-2010.
Анотація:
Abstract. Airborne measurements of trace gases and aerosol particles have been made in two aged biomass burning (BB) plumes over the East Atlantic (Gulf of Guinea). The plumes originated from BB in the Southern Hemisphere African savanna belt. On the day of our measurements (13 August 2006), the plumes had ages of about 10 days and were respectively located in the middle troposphere (MT) at about 3000–5500 m altitude and in the upper troposphere (UT) at about 10 800–11 200 m. In the more polluted MT-plume, numerous measured trace species had markedly elevated abundances, particularly HNO3 (5000–8000 pmol/mol), SO2 (up to 1400 pmol/mol), and smoke particles with diameters larger than 250 nm (up to 2000 cm−3). Our MT-plume measurements indicate that SO2 released by BB had not experienced significant loss by deposition and cloud processes but rather had experienced OH-induced conversion to gas-phase sulfuric acid. By contrast, a large fraction of the released NOx had experienced loss, most likely as HNO3, by cloud processes and deposition. In the UT-plume, loss of NOy and SO2 by cloud processes and deposition was more pronounced compared to the MT-plume. Building on our measurements and accompanying model simulations, we have investigated trace gas transformations in the ageing and diluting plumes and their role in smoke particle processing and activation. Emphasis was placed upon the formation of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and ammonium nitrate, and their influence on the activation potential of smoke particles. Our model simulations reveal that, after 13 August, the lower plume traveled across the Atlantic and descended to 1300 m and hereafter ascended again. During the travel across the Atlantic, the smoke particle mean diameter and sulfuric acid mass fraction increased sufficiently to allow the processed smoke particles to act as water vapor condensation nuclei already at very low water vapor supersaturations of only about 0.04%. Thereby, aged smoke particles had developed a potential to act as water vapor condensation nuclei in the formation of maritime clouds, including not only cumulus but even stratiform clouds.
6
Wen, Qian, and Xiang Dong Gao. "Analysis of Characteristic of Metal Vapor Plume during High-Power Disc Laser Welding." Applied Mechanics and Materials 201-202 (October 2012): 1126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.201-202.1126.
Анотація:
Metal vapor plume which induced during high power disc laser welding contains lots of information that related to the welding quality. Stainless steel 304 was taken as the experiment object for the high power disc laser welding experiment. A high-speed camera was used to capture the ultraviolet band and visible light band metal vapor plume images in the laser welding process. Image processing techniques such as median filtering, Wiener filtering, gray level threshold and image binarization were applied to get the images that only metal vapor plume was included. The ratio of the absolute value of coordinate difference between the centroid of plume and welding point was taken as the characteristic parameter. Welding experimental results and analysis of the changing of the ratio of the absolute value of coordinate difference between the centroid of plume and welding point confirmed that the welding quality could be monitored by the metal vapor plume during high power disc laser welding.
7
Bian, Qijing, Shantanu H. Jathar, John K. Kodros, Kelley C. Barsanti, Lindsay E. Hatch, Andrew A. May, Sonia M. Kreidenweis, and Jeffrey R. Pierce. "Secondary organic aerosol formation in biomass-burning plumes: theoretical analysis of lab studies and ambient plumes." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 8 (April 28, 2017): 5459–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5459-2017.
Анотація:
Abstract. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) has been shown to form in biomass-burning emissions in laboratory and field studies. However, there is significant variability among studies in mass enhancement, which could be due to differences in fuels, fire conditions, dilution, and/or limitations of laboratory experiments and observations. This study focuses on understanding processes affecting biomass-burning SOA formation in laboratory smog-chamber experiments and in ambient plumes. Vapor wall losses have been demonstrated to be an important factor that can suppress SOA formation in laboratory studies of traditional SOA precursors; however, impacts of vapor wall losses on biomass-burning SOA have not yet been investigated. We use an aerosol-microphysical model that includes representations of volatility and oxidation chemistry to estimate the influence of vapor wall loss on SOA formation observed in the FLAME III smog-chamber studies. Our simulations with base-case assumptions for chemistry and wall loss predict a mean OA mass enhancement (the ratio of final to initial OA mass, corrected for particle-phase wall losses) of 1.8 across all experiments when vapor wall losses are modeled, roughly matching the mean observed enhancement during FLAME III. The mean OA enhancement increases to over 3 when vapor wall losses are turned off, implying that vapor wall losses reduce the apparent SOA formation. We find that this decrease in the apparent SOA formation due to vapor wall losses is robust across the ranges of uncertainties in the key model assumptions for wall-loss and mass-transfer coefficients and chemical mechanisms.We then apply similar assumptions regarding SOA formation chemistry and physics to smoke emitted into the atmosphere. In ambient plumes, the plume dilution rate impacts the organic partitioning between the gas and particle phases, which may impact the potential for SOA to form as well as the rate of SOA formation. We add Gaussian dispersion to our aerosol-microphysical model to estimate how SOA formation may vary under different ambient-plume conditions (e.g., fire size, emission mass flux, atmospheric stability). Smoke from small fires, such as typical prescribed burns, dilutes rapidly, which drives evaporation of organic vapor from the particle phase, leading to more effective SOA formation. Emissions from large fires, such as intense wildfires, dilute slowly, suppressing OA evaporation and subsequent SOA formation in the near field. We also demonstrate that different approaches to the calculation of OA enhancement in ambient plumes can lead to different conclusions regarding SOA formation. OA mass enhancement ratios of around 1 calculated using an inert tracer, such as black carbon or CO, have traditionally been interpreted as exhibiting little or no SOA formation; however, we show that SOA formation may have greatly contributed to the mass in these plumes.In comparison of laboratory and plume results, the possible inconsistency of OA enhancement between them could be in part attributed to the effect of chamber walls and plume dilution. Our results highlight that laboratory and field experiments that focus on the fuel and fire conditions also need to consider the effects of plume dilution or vapor losses to walls.
8
Kiefer, Caroline M., Craig B. Clements, and Brian E. Potter. "Application of a Mini Unmanned Aircraft System for In Situ Monitoring of Fire Plume Thermodynamic Properties." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 29, no. 3 (March 1, 2012): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-11-00112.1.
Анотація:
Abstract Direct measurements of wildland fire plume properties are rare because of difficult access to regions near the fire front and plume. Moisture released from combustion, in addition to added heat, can enhance buoyancy and convection, influencing fire behavior. In this study, a mini unmanned aircraft system (miniUAS) was used to obtain in situ measurements of temperature and relative humidity during a prescribed fire. The miniUAS was successfully maneuvered through the plume and its associated turbulence and provided observations of temperature and humidity profiles from near the centerline of the plume. Within the plume, the water vapor mixing ratio increased by 0.5–3.5 g kg−1 above ambient and was caused by the combustion of fuels. Potential temperature perturbations were on the order of 2–5 K. These results indicate that significant moisture and temperature enhancement can occur and may potentially modify convection dynamics of fire plumes.
9
Hamadi, Farida, and El Hachemi Amara. "Effect of Argon Ambient Gas Pressure on Plume Expansion Dynamics." Advanced Materials Research 227 (April 2011): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.227.129.
Анотація:
In this paper we present a numerical modeling of a nanosecond laser pulse interaction with a titanium target. We investigate the vapor plume formation and the influence of the ambient gas pressure on plume expansion dynamics. The vapor plume formation depends on the results of the heat transfer in the solid target modeling. The solid-liquid phase change is modeled by a two dimensional approach using an enthalpy formulation. The resulting plume expansion in the argon background gas is studied using the species transport model. The algebraic equations are discretized by the finite volume method implemented by Fluent CFD software [1]. The calculation results of plume expansion velocity, density, temperature and degree of ionization in the plume are presented.
10
Sahany, Sandeep, J. David Neelin, Katrina Hales, and Richard B. Neale. "Temperature–Moisture Dependence of the Deep Convective Transition as a Constraint on Entrainment in Climate Models." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 69, no. 4 (March 30, 2012): 1340–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-11-0164.1.
Анотація:
Abstract Properties of the transition to strong deep convection, as previously observed in satellite precipitation statistics, are analyzed using parcel stability computations and a convective plume velocity equation. A set of alternative entrainment assumptions yields very different characteristics of the deep convection onset boundary (here measured by conditional instability and plume vertical velocity) in a bulk temperature–water vapor thermodynamic plane. In observations the threshold value of column water vapor above which there is a rapid increase in precipitation, referred to as the critical value, increases with temperature, but not as quickly as column saturation, and this can be matched only for cases with sufficiently strong entrainment. This corroborates the earlier hypothesis that entraining plumes can explain this feature seen in observations, and it places bounds on the lower-tropospheric entrainment. Examination of a simple interactive entrainment scheme in which a minimum turbulent entrainment is enhanced by a dynamic entrainment (associated with buoyancy-induced vertical acceleration) shows that the deep convection onset curve is governed by the prescribed minimum entrainment. Results from a 0.5° resolution version of the Community Climate System Model, whose convective parameterization includes substantial entrainment, yield a reasonable match to satellite observations in several respects. Temperature–water vapor dependence is seen to agree well with the plume calculations and with offline simulations performed using the convection scheme of the model. These findings suggest that the convective transition characteristics, including the onset curve in the temperature–water vapor plane, can provide a substantial constraint for entrainment assumptions used in climate model deep convective parameterizations.
Дисертації з теми "Vapor plume":
1
Raja, Kumar Manoj. "Study of the vapor plume formed during the dissimilar laser welding : the application in the case of titanium/aluminum couple." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UBFCK098.
Анотація:
Le soudage laser des matériaux dissimilaires répond aux nombreux défis actuels : l’allègement de structures et la réduction du cout, la combinaison des propriétés recherchés, l’extension du temps de vie etc. Alors qu’un grand nombre d’études expérimentales et numériques se focalise sur la microstructure des jonctions en vue d’amélioration de ses propriétés mécaniques, la phénoménologie de l’interaction laser/matière lors de soudage dissimilaire n’est pas encore pleinement explorée. La présente étude vise à contribuer dans la compréhension du comportement de la plume de vapeur lors du soudage laser aluminium/titane. Pour cela, l’imagerie rapide de la plume et du capillaire a été utilisée conjointement avec la spectroscopie d’émission et la cartographie X de la zone fondue.La principale originalité de ce travail consiste en exploration des différentes approches au traitement d’image pour la quantification des caractéristiques de la plume : ses dimensions géométriques, son inclinaison par rapport à l’axe vertical, la vitesse d’expansion, la luminosité etc. L’utilisation des filtres passe-bande a permis d’obtenir les images de la plume fortement différentes : une empreinte thermique ou une empreinte d’émissions atomiques. La dynamique du capillaire a été observée à travers d’une lame du quartz fondu et l’analyse des dépôts de la plume condensés sur cette lame a été entreprise.Dans la spectroscopie de la plume, la nature des espèces évaporées a été étudiée dans des nombreuses régions spectrales dont certaines permettent le suivi simultané de l’engagement des deux matériaux dans la plume. En plus, l’évaluation des températures a été réalisée dans les matériaux seuls et dans les jonctions.L’utilisation conjointe des méthodes in-situ et post-mortem a permis de démontrer un fort effet synergique existant dans la jonction aluminium/titane en bord-à-bord. Le titane, étant le vecteur principal de l’accumulation de chaleur grâce à son haut coefficient d’absorption, crée un jet de vapeur puissant ayant une température particulièrement élevée qui entraine l’aluminium voisinant dans l’expansion du capillaire. D’autre part, l’aluminium réduit la température dans la plume par sa réflectivité et par sa grande diffusivité thermique et également accentue les instabilités du capillaire associées avec l’éjection asymétrique du bourrelet fondu et des projections. L’inclinaison variable observée du jet de vapeur vers l’aluminium a été liée avec l’évolution progressive de courbure de la paroi du capillaire coté titane. Dans le soudage pulsé et continu, la stabilité du capillaire et de la plume accroit avec le décalage du faisceau laser coté titane. Inversement, le décalage vers l’aluminium induit l’inclination plus prononcée de la plume et la diminution notable de la température de vapeur éjectée.La dynamique du capillaire devient très différente dans la configuration par transparence, où elle reflète le caractère périodique des fluctuations du capillaire qui surviennent aux grands temps d’impulsion. Quand le titane est placé sur l’aluminium, l’évaporation et le creusement du capillaire sont brusquement freinés quand l’extrémité du capillaire pénètre dans l’aluminium. D’autre part, quand c’est l’aluminium qui se trouve sur le titane, l’initiation du capillaire nécessite la puissance laser plus importante, ce qui induit par la suite le creusement rapide du capillaire dans la plaque du titane. La première configuration freine le malaxage entre les matériaux, alors que la position inverse l’accentue. Les travaux de modélisation numérique initiés démontrent que dans le capillaire de quelques mm de profondeur l’absorption du faisceau par la vapeur métallique réduit la vitesse du perçage, ce qui mérite une étude plus approfondie.La caractérisation de la plume de vapeur par les moyens proposés prépare le terrain pour le développement des méthodes de contrôle in-situ et permet d’accumuler les données nécessaires pour une future étude numériqueLaser welding of dissimilar metals responds to many actual challenges faced by the manufacturing technology: weight and cost reduction, efficient combination of target materials properties, lifetime extension of the products etc. While numerous experimental and numerical studies were focused on the optimization of weld microstructure to have better mechanical properties, the phenomenology of laser/matter interaction in dissimilar welding has not yet been studied thoroughly. The present work aims to contribute to the comprehension of vapor plume behavior during laser welding of aluminum/titanium couple. For this purpose, high-speed imaging of the plume and the keyhole was combined with emission spectroscopy and commonly used post-mortem mapping of the elemental composition of the melted zone.The originality of this work lies in the exploration of existing image treatment approaches for the quantification of the vapor plume characteristics such as geometrical dimensions, inclination from the vertical, expansion rate, brightness etc. The use of different band-pass filters offered a different perspective on the vapor plume: a thermal plume and an atomically excited plume. The dynamics of the keyhole formation was observed through the fused quartz window, and plume condensates formed on this quartz were analyzed.From spectroscopy of the plume, the nature of evaporating species was studied within a set of spectral regions, some of which allow simultaneous observation of the involvement of both materials into the vaporization process. Moreover, temperature evaluation of the plume was performed for standalone materials and for their combination.The simultaneous use of the mentioned in-situ and post-mortem characterization methods allowed the comprehension of a strong synergetic effect in a butt-welded aluminum/titanium combination. Titanium, being a main vector of heat accumulation due to its high absorption coefficient, induces a strong vapor jet having a particularly high temperature, which promoted an intense involvement of the opposite aluminum side into the keyhole expansion. On another hand, the reflective and conductive aluminum cooled down the interaction zone and accentuated the keyhole instability associated with asymmetric melt ejection and strong spattering. The observed evolving inclination of the vapor jet towards aluminum side was attributed to the progressive change in keyhole curvature on titanium side. In both pulsed and continuous welding, the stability of the keyhole and the vapor plume was enhanced by the laser spot offset on titanium side. On another hand, the beam displacement on aluminum side promoted stronger plume inclination and a significant drop in the vapor temperature.The plume dynamics were very different in overlap configuration, caused by the periodic fluctuations of keyhole occurring at high pulse times. When titanium was placed on aluminum, the vaporization and the keyhole digging suddenly slowed down as the keyhole tip entered the bottom aluminum plate. When aluminum plate was placed on the top, higher laser powers were needed for the keyhole initiation, which also promoted rapid keyhole digging in the bottom titanium plate. The first configuration slowed down the mixing of the elements, and vice versa in the second case. The initiated works on numerical modeling showed that in several mm deep keyholes the beam absorption by metallic vapor slows down the keyhole drilling process and thus should be investigated in more detail.The characterization of the vapor plume by high-speed imaging and emission spectroscopy prepares a field for in-situ control methodologies and accumulates the data necessary for further development of numerical modeling of vapor plume behavior
2
Aranzulla, Massimo. "Atmospheric water vapour tomography for DInSAR application and effect of volcanic plume on the microwaves." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/1543.
Анотація:
A particular synergy among GPS and SAR techniques, to improve the precision of the current ground deformation monitoring techniques,is investigated. The study of atmospheric anomalies in the GPS EM waves propagation is useful to extrapolate information about the wet refractivity ?eld. Because of its height and the quite variable weather conditions, the estimation of Mount Etna atmospheric anomalies using GPS measurements have noticeable importance to calibrate the SAR interferograms and to establish the effective ground deformation of the volcanic edifice. In this study we presented a method to obtain a 3D electromagnetic waves velocity tomography, starting from the GPS output data analysis. Thanks to the agreement between the University of Catania and the INGV-OE, the GPS data used in this work come from Etnanet framework. The GPS processing has been carried out by using the GAMIT software, by adopting appropriate processing parameters.
A new software was developed for deriving the tropospheric tomography from the GPS data. The code was validated by using synthetic tests which assume different structure of atmospheric anomalies and with random noise about twice severe than the typical errors of the GPS. The results of the tests proved that the tomography software is able to reconstruct the simulated anomalies faithfully. The code was applied to study the structure of the atmosphere in an actual case: the period of August 12, 2011 at 10.00 am. The results of the tomography indicate clearly important features of the refractivity field of the studied day. In conclusion, the synthetic tests and the application on actual data sets of the new software demonstrate that it is able to reveal the tropospheric anomalies and thus it is an useful tool to improve the results of the SAR interferometry.
An indirect outcome of the use of the GPS for the atmospheric sounding on an active volcanic area is that concerning the detection of volcanic products in the atmosphere. Due to the Mt. Etna persistent activity occurred during the last two years, the capability of GPS to detect the volcanic plume was investigated. The Etna volcano is particularly suited for an in-depth investigation into the aptitude of GPS observations to detect volcanic plumes, owing to both the high frequency of explosive episodes and also the well-developed GPS network. Two di?erent approaches were tested, in order to examine the capability of the GPS network to detect volcanic plumes at Etna. The ?rst approach is applied on the signal strength of the GPS L2 carrier phase data, the second approach, instead, is statistical, and analyzes the single di?erence post ?t residual of elaboration signals to assert the hypothesis that the plume a?ects the GPS data. The proposed method has been tested for the September 4 5, 2007 activity of Mt. Etna. Results from nineteen GPS permanent stations show that during this explosive activity, the GPS residuals definitely include the contribution of the volcanic plume. In the future, data derived from the GPS stations located on Etna's flanks could be used to improve the alerting system of volcanic ash, already operating at the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo.
3
Ganora, Emmanuel, and Sebastián Rivas. "El valor de la pluma: análisis de la evolución del pensamiento económico en Chile a través de la prensa (1812-2012)." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2012. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/134706.
Анотація:
Memoria para optar al título de PeriodistaAutor no autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su documento.
Este trabajo es el resumen de una investigación realizada por Emmanuel Ganora y Sebastián Rivas sobre la evolución de la prensa económica en Chile, y que se presenta coincidiendo con los 200 años de la fundación de “La Aurora de Chile”. El proceso metodológico ha incluido revisión de fuentes bibliográficas –tanto periódicos como libros y documentos que ayuden a comprender los procesos en curso- y entrevistas a expertos y personas que han participado en los medios investigados. El texto pretende, a través de hilos temáticos, dar una mirada de la forma en que ha ido cambiando el pensamiento económico en el país, tanto como la manera en que este tema es abordado por parte de los medios. Se ha concentrado fundamentalmente en prensa escrita, sin perjuicio de que en ocasiones aparecen menciones a señales de radio y de televisión. En cuanto a su estructura, el texto está dividido en tres partes, que a su vez contienen diversos capítulos. Las dos primeras partes están a cargo de Sebastián Rivas, y la tercera de Emmanuel Ganora. A su vez, y considerando la factibilidad de fuentes vivas para la investigación, mientras las dos primeras partes recurren constantemente a información bibliográfica y de contexto histórico, la tercera está armada en torno al relato de los protagonistas entrevistados para el trabajo, sin perjuicio de las contextualizaciones pertinentes. Los autores desean agradecer a sus familias, amigos y seres queridos por la paciencia y cariño demostrados durante todo el tiempo en que se realizó este trabajo, así como los consejos del profesor guía, Gustavo González.
4
Bigger, Rory P. Settles G. S. "Chemical vapor plume detection using the Schlieren optical method." 2008. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-3066/index.html.
5
Aranzulla, Massimo. "Atmospheric water vapour tomography for DInSAR application and effect of volcanic plume on the microwaves." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2122/9869.
Анотація:
A particular synergy among GPS and SAR techniques, to improve the precision of the
current ground deformation monitoring techniques, is investigated. The study of atmo-
spheric anomalies in the GPS EM waves propagation is useful to extrapolate information
about the wet refractivity field. Because of its height and the quite variable weather
conditions, the estimation of Mount Etna atmospheric anomalies using GPS measure-
ments have noticeable importance to calibrate the SAR interferograms and to establish
the “effective” ground deformation of the volcanic edifice. In this study we presented
a method to obtain a 3D electromagnetic waves velocity tomography, starting from the
GPS output data analysis. Thanks to the agreement between the University of Catania
and the INGV-OE, the GPS data used in this work come from ”Etn@net” framework.
The GPS processing has been carried out by using the GAMIT software, by adopting
appropriate processing parameters. A new software was developed for deriving the tro-
pospheric tomography from the GPS data. The code was validated by using synthetic
tests which assume different structure of atmospheric anomalies and with random noise
about twice severe than the typical errors of the GPS. The results of the tests proved
that the tomography software is able to reconstruct the simulated anomalies faithfully.
The code was applied to study the structure of the atmosphere in an actual case: the
period of August 12, 2011 at 10.00 am. The results of the tomography indicate clearly
important features of the refractivity field of the studied day. In conclusion, the syn-
thetic tests and the application on actual data sets of the new software demonstrate that
it is able to reveal the tropospheric anomalies and thus it is an useful tool to improve
the results of the SAR interferometry. An indirect outcome of the use of the GPS for the atmospheric sounding on an active
volcanic area is that concerning the detection of volcanic products in the atmosphere.
Due to the Mt. Etna persistent activity occurred during the last two years, the capability
of GPS to detect the volcanic plume was investigated. The Etna volcano is particularly
suited for an in-depth investigation into the aptitude of GPS observations to detect
volcanic plumes, owing to both the high frequency of explosive episodes and also the
well-developed GPS network. Two different approaches were tested, in order to examine
the capability of the GPS network to detect volcanic plumes at Etna. The first approach
is applied on the signal strength of the GPS L2 carrier phase data, the second approach,
instead, is statistical, and analyzes the single difference post fit residual of elaboration
signals to assert the hypothesis that the plume affects the GPS data. The proposed
method has been tested for the September 4–5, 2007 activity of Mt. Etna. Results from
nineteen GPS permanent stations show that during this explosive activity, the GPS
residuals definitely include the contribution of the volcanic plume. In the future, data
derived from the GPS stations located on Etna’s flanks could be used to improve the
alerting system of volcanic ash, already operating at the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica
e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo.Università degli Studi di Catania
Published
3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
4V. Vulcani e ambiente
5IT. Osservazioni satellitari
restricted
Книги з теми "Vapor plume":
1
McNally, Terrence. Love! Valor! Compassion! and A Perfect Ganesh (Drama, Plume). Plume, 1997.
2
Rojas López, Manuel Bernardo. La ciudad y sus formas de representación. Estrategias del desastre. Fondo Editorial Remington, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22209/9789585379725.
Анотація:
Habitar una ciudad, la que sea, es, en últimas, descubrir que es una construcción inacabada y, además, endeble; como si una sombra destructiva estuviese siempre a punto de caer sobre ella, como si el desastre fuera inherente a su condición. ¿Por qué ese vínculo entre ciudad y fin? Indagando por la visión apocalíptica que tras ello se soslaya, este libro busca pensar las representaciones que sustentan dicha relación. Desde relatos fantásticos como los de Lovecraft, pasando por referencias a películas clásicas de terror y hasta obras reconocidas por su valor literario —las que han surgido de la pluma de Alfred Döblin, Georges Perec, Ítalo Calvino o Paul Auster—, La ciudad y sus formas de representación. Estrategias del desastre, es una invitación a pensar cómo la ciudad, en tanto segunda naturaleza, solo puede ser expresión de nuestra condición. La ciudad es la piedra de toque en la que se hacen evidentes nuestros sueños y nuestras pesadillas, es el lugar donde interpelamos nuestra condición con todas sus contradicciones.
3
Investigation of Ba, BaO, Sr and SrO Pulsed Laser-Induced Vapor Plumes in N2, O2, Microwave Discharged O2, and Vacuum at Low Laser Fluence. Storming Media, 1996.
Частини книг з теми "Vapor plume":
1
Malik, Sajid, Farah Khairi, and Sujith Wijerathne. "Surgical Smoke: Risks and Mitigation Strategies." In Mastering Endo-Laparoscopic and Thoracoscopic Surgery, 69–73. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3755-2_11.
Анотація:
AbstractAs the usage of electrocautery, ultrasonic scalpels, and lasers have become commonplace, operative staff and patients alike are at increased risk of exposure to dangerous surgical smoke emanating from these devices. Terms like “smoke,” “plume,” and less commonly “aerosol” are used to refer to by-products of laser tissue ablation and electrocautery, whereas “plume,” “aerosol,” and “vapor” are associated with ultrasonic dissection. “Smoke,” although not formally accurate in all cases, is a widely accepted term used to describe surgically generated gaseous by-product [1].
2
Stangl, E., B. Luk’ Yanchuk, H. Schieche, K. Piglmayer, S. Anisimov, and D. Bäuerle. "Dynamics of the Vapor Plume in Laser Materials Ablation." In Excimer Lasers, 79–90. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8104-2_6.
3
Gong, Shuili, Shengyong Pang, Hong Wang, and Linjie Zhang. "Dynamic Behaviors of Metal Vapor/Plasma Plume Inside Transient Keyhole." In Weld Pool Dynamics in Deep Penetration Laser Welding, 141–63. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0788-2_5.
4
Schumann, Jan-Erik, Markus Fertig, Volker Hannemann, Thino Eggers, and Klaus Hannemann. "Numerical Investigation of Space Launch Vehicle Base Flows with Hot Plumes." In Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, 179–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53847-7_11.
Анотація:
Abstract The flow field around generic space launch vehicles with hot exhaust plumes is investigated numerically. Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations are thermally coupled to a structure solver to allow determination of heat fluxes into and temperatures in the model structure. The obtained wall temperatures are used to accurately investigate the mechanical and thermal loads using Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulations (IDDES) as well as RANS. The investigated configurations feature cases both with cold air and hot hydrogen/ water vapour plumes as well as cold and hot wall temperatures. It is found that the presence of a hot plume increases the size of the recirculation region and changes the pressure distribution on the nozzle structure and thus the loads experienced by the vehicle. The same effect is observed when increasing the wall temperatures. Both RANS and IDDES approaches predict the qualitative changes between the configurations, but the reattachment location predicted by IDDES is up to 7% further upstream than that predicted by RANS. Additionally, the heat flux distribution along the nozzle and base surface is analysed and shows significant discrepancies between RANS and IDDES, especially on the nozzle surface and in the base corner.
5
Nadeau, Royal J., Joseph P. Lafornara, George S. Klinger, and Timothy Stone. "Measuring Soil Vapors for Defining Subsurface Contaminant Plumes." In Contaminated Soil, 411–14. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5181-5_47.
6
Johannsen, J., O. Klewer, and E. Petzold. "Soil Vapor Investigation and On-Site Analyses to Determine Groundwater Contamination Plumes." In Soil & Environment, 217–18. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0415-9_44.
7
Takiya, Toshio, and Naoaki Fukuda. "Nanoparticle Formation and Deposition by Pulsed Laser Ablation." In Laser Ablation [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95299.
Анотація:
Pulsed Laser Ablation (PLA) in background gas is a good technique to acquire specific nanoparticles under strong non-equilibrium states. Here, after a history of PLA is mentioned, the application of nanoparticles and its deposition films to the several fields will be described. On the target surface heated with PLA, a Knudsen layer is formed around the adjacent region of the surface, and high-pressure and high-temperature vapor atoms are generated. The plume formed by evaporated atoms blasts off with very high-speed and expands rapidly with a shock wave. A supercooling phenomenon occurs during this process, and number of nucleus of nanoparticle forms in vapor-phase. The nuclei grow by the condensation of vapor atoms and deposit on a substrate as nanoparticle film. If the radius of nanoparticle is uniformized, a self-ordering formation can be shown as a result of interactive process between each nanoparticle of the same size on the substrate. In this chapter, the related technology to realize a series of these processes will be expounded.
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"Appendix A: Averaging and Sampling Time Effects on Plume Spread and Velocity and Concentration Fluctuations." In Concentration Fluctuations and Averaging Time in Vapor Clouds, 107–27. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470937976.app1.
9
Whiteman, C. David. "Air Pollution Dispersion." In Mountain Meteorology. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195132717.003.0021.
Анотація:
Air pollutants are harmful airborne substances (solids, liquids, or gases) that, when present in high-enough concentrations, threaten human health or welfare, harm vegetation, animals, or structures, or affect visibility. Visibility alone is not, however, a reliable indicator of the presence of pollutants. A visible plume of condensed water vapor from an industrial cooling tower decreases solar radiation and increases the frequency of fog and icy road conditions near the cooling tower, but it is not an air pollution plume because it is composed entirely of water. In contrast, an industrial pollutant plume may be nearly invisible after the gross particulate matter has been removed by pollution control equipment, but it may still contain large quantities of pollutant gases. Air pollutants can come from either natural or anthropogenic (human) sources. The distinction between the two categories is not always clear. Natural emissions include ash and dust from volcanoes, certain highly volatile chemicals from forests, aeroallergens such as ragweed pollen, wind-entrained dust from natural land surfaces, and smoke and ash from wildfires. Wind-entrained dust can, however, come from roadways or land surfaces that have been disturbed by man, some aeroallergens come from plant species introduced to a new habitat by man, and many fires are prescribed fires —natural or man-made fires (whether accidental or deliberate) that are allowed to burn in order to meet forest or land management objectives. Pollutants can be emitted directly into the atmosphere (primary pollutants] or produced in the atmosphere (secondary pollutants) as a result of chemical or physical transformations of primary pollutants when exposed to other components of air, including other pollutants or water vapor. Examples of transformations include the clumping or coagulation of small particulates into larger particles and the conversion of sulfur dioxide gas emitted from coal-fired power plants to particulate sulfates under humid conditions or to acid rain droplets if clouds are present. Some secondary pollutants, such as photochemical smog or ozone, result from photochemical reactions, that is, chemical reactions that occur only in the presence of solar radiation. Pollutants may come from point, area, or line sources; the emissions may be continuous or intermittent; and the source strength may be variable or constant.
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Nagorskiy, Petr Mikhailovich, Mikhail Vsevolodovich Kabanov, and Konstantin Nikolaevich Pustovalov. "The Influence of Smoke From Forest Fires on the Meteorological and Electrical Characteristics of the Atmosphere." In Predicting, Monitoring, and Assessing Forest Fire Dangers and Risks, 322–44. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1867-0.ch014.
Анотація:
The impact of smoke from forest fires in western Siberia on meteorological, atmospheric electric, and aerological variables has been analyzed. The anomalous distribution of water vapor in the atmosphere associated with the peculiarities of the evaporation regime and the absence of advective moisture transfer over the southern regions of Western Siberia during the fires. With an increase in the height of the homogeneous surface smoke layer with an unchanged aerosol optical thickness, the cooling of the earth's surface and heating of the atmosphere was weakened. The smoke plume spreads predominantly in the middle of the troposphere, creating aerosol layers elevated above the ground, the lower part of which had a negative volume charge. The effect of diurnal variations in the electrical field in the near-surface layer, differs from the known similar effects.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Vapor plume":
1
Bykov, N. Y., and Yu E. Gorbachev. "Cluster formation process in metal vapor plume." In 31ST INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RAREFIED GAS DYNAMICS: RGD31. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5119530.
2
Yuan, Yonghua, and Changling Liu. "Shearing interference diagnosis of laser-induced vapor plume." In San Diego - DL tentative, edited by Ryszard J. Pryputniewicz. SPIE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.135350.
3
Bennett, Charles L., Michael R. Carter, David J. Fields, and F. Dean Lee. "Infrared hyperspectral imaging results from vapor plume experiments." In SPIE's 1995 Symposium on OE/Aerospace Sensing and Dual Use Photonics, edited by Michael R. Descour, Jonathan M. Mooney, David L. Perry, and Luanna R. Illing. SPIE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.210897.
4
PEEBLES, H. C., J. L. JELLISON, A. J. RUSSO, and G. RONALD HADLEY. "Laser beam-vapor plume interactions during Nd:YAG laser welding." In Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo.1985.fp4.
5
Duffey, T. P., T. G. McNeela, J. Mazumder, and A. L. Schawlow. "Absorption spectroscopic measurement of atomic density in laser-induced vapor plume." In ICALEO® ‘93: Proceedings of the Laser Materials Processing Conference. Laser Institute of America, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.5058563.
6
Zuegner, Mario Andre. "Ice moon research – A phenomenon called plume." In Symposium on Space Educational Activities (SSAE). Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/conference-9788419184405.102.
Анотація:
Based on the observations of the Cassini-Huygens space exploration mission, Saturn's moon Enceladus was found to be a very promising subject in the solar system for further exploration and follow-up research, especially focusing on the potential of extraterrestrial life and its origin.
Near its South Pole, fountains, specified plumes, consisting mostly of water vapor and small salt-rich ice grains with intermittent activity were observed at the surface. With supersonic speed the water vapor is exiting the trenches known as Tiger Stripes. The driving force of these plumes are not completely understood yet. In current models, Enceladus is expected to consist of a rocky core, surrounded by an ocean of liquid water and covered by a layer of ice. The observed phenomenon is assumed to be caused by the tidal forces that act upon Enceladus. However, several models try to describe the underlying physical processes. Various investigations have recognized the astrobiological potential of Enceladus, even proposed a concept for a sample return for further research in relation to the subsurface ocean. Cassini ́s existing analysis already identified CH4, CO, CO2, simple and complex organics at an altitude of approximately 190 km which allow the assumption of supersonic speeds. That said, the goal of our experiment is to gain further indices/evidence to support the current models of the plumes. Our experiment takes place on a sounding rocket which gives access to a stable vacuum and microgravity in addition. The achieved altitude with its physical environment provides almost the conditions at Enceladus related to the gravitation. The rocket module contains a pressurized and heated water reservoir which is connected via an injection system with the evaporation chamber. On the top a convergent-divergent nozzle is welded. Furthermore a nozzle cover system and a locking mechanism are integrated. At apogee, the nozzle shall be opened and the fluid stream (assumingly made up of ice, water droplets and vapor) shall exit the module at about Mach 2. The necessary fluid-dynamic data is gathered by multiple temperature and pressure measurements at different points on the module. So, the vapor stream shall be compared to the expectations based on the models. Finally it is to mention that our project is still running and waiting for its launch. Caused through the Corona crisis and the Ukraine war the launch cycle was canceled two years in succession. With much luck the rocket will launch in March 2023.
7
Kahlen, Franz-Josef, and Aravinda Kar. "Thermal and Dimensional Process Characteristics in Laser-Aided Rapid Manufacturing." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1821.
Анотація:
Abstract Three-dimensional cylindrical and wall-like structures of copper, Ti-6Al-4V, aluminum, and stainless steel 304 were fabricated by melting the powders of these materials with a CO2 laser beam. A vapor-plasma plume is generated at the top of the melt layer. The emission spectra of the plume were recorded using an optical multichannel analyzer, and the plume temperatures are determined to be in the range of 4920 K to 6720 K. A one-dimensional model is developed to calculate the plume temperature, deposition geometry and melt pool characteristics. The model accounts for the transmission of the laser beam through the plume, energy transfer in the molten phase and the phase changes at the solid-liquid and liquid-vapor interfaces. The surface temperature at the molten surface is found to exceed the normal boiling temperature causing the pressure to be higher than one atmospheric pressure. The calculated plume temperatures are in good agreement with the values obtained from the spectral data. Also, the model predictions for remelt layer depth, deposition height and plasma height compare well with experimental data.
8
Agranat, Vladimir M., Sergei V. Zhubrin, and Igor Pioro. "Multi-Group Two-Phase Flow Model of Drift Drop Plume." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30010.
Анотація:
A homogeneous two-phase multi-group model of drift drop plumes emerging from natural draft cooling towers has been developed and validated using the experimental data obtained in the 1977 Chalk Point Dye Tracer Experiment (CPDTE). The conservation equations for mass fractions of water droplets having different sizes are solved in addition to the standard conservation equations for mixture mass, momentum, energy, water vapor mass fraction and turbulent quantities (turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate). Extra terms are provided to the conservation equations for mass fractions of liquid water to account for the drift of water drops due to their gravitational settling. Various formulations for drift velocity and terminal velocity have been tested and compared. The phase change effects (condensation, evaporation, solidification and melting) are assumed to be negligible due to specific conditions of the experiment. The droplet-size distribution available at the cooling tower exit and containing the 25 groups of drops is simplified to 11 groups. Also, the 3-group and 1-group options are considered for comparison. The individual drop deposition fluxes and the total deposition flux are calculated and compared with the experimental data available at the sensors located on the 35° arcs at 500 and 1000 m from the cooling tower centerline. The total deposition flux is calculated as a sum of products of individual group mass concentrations of water drops and corresponding terminal velocities. The model has been incorporated into the commercial general-purpose Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code, PHOENICS. The study has demonstrated a good agreement between the CFD predictions and the experimental data on the water vapor plume rise and the total drift deposition fluxes. In particular, the plume rise predictions agree well with experimental values (the errors are from 4% to 34% at different distances from the tower centerline). The predicted deposition fluxes are in agreement with the experimental values within a factor of 1.5, which is well within the industry acceptable error limits (a factor of 3). The model developed is recommended for analyzing the drift drop plumes under the conditions similar to CPDTE conditions of small Stokes numbers. It is easier to use and not less accurate than the multiphase Eulerian-Lagrangian CFD models used recently by various researchers for modeling CPDTE plume. The model has a potential to supplant or complement the latter in the computational analyses of gravitational phenomena in complex two-phase flows in engineering equipment and its environment.
9
Söderlund, Erika, Andrew R. Martin, Per Alvfors, Jonas Forsman, and Laszlo Sarközi. "Heat Recovery Enhancement and Operational Issues of a 200 kWe Fuel Cell Cogeneration Plant." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0839.
Анотація:
Abstract This study presents some of the experiences gained during a two year operational period of a decentralized fuel cell cogeneration plant installed in southern Sweden. Various modifications to the system are described, most notably a plume eliminator for the reduction of an undesirable vapor cloud emitted by the original system. Aside from vapor cloud elimination, the plume eliminator allows for more efficient plant operation, as a larger fraction of the system cooling requirements can be shifted to the district heating system. In-field measurements show a 17 to 26% increase in district heat production with use of the plume eliminator, depending upon the season of operation (winter or summer). The study also presents two options for added heat recovery, which are employed in conjunction with the plume eliminator: an air preheater module; and an air preheater/humidifier module. Calculations show that air preheating has a small but measurable impact on heat recovery (an additional 8% gain), while combined air preheating and humidification allows for nearly a 50% increase in district heat production.
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Luk'yanchuk, Boris S., W. Marine, Sergei I. Anisimov, and G. A. Simakina. "Condensation of vapor and nanoclusters formation within the vapor plume produced by nanosecond laser ablation of Si, Ge, and C." In Optoelectronics '99 - Integrated Optoelectronic Devices, edited by Jan J. Dubowski, Henry Helvajian, Ernst-Wolfgang Kreutz, and Koji Sugioka. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.352703.
Звіти організацій з теми "Vapor plume":
1
Vanderkooy and McAlary. PR-445-133727-R01 Vapor Plume Detection - Report Compilation and Summary. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), April 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010835.
Анотація:
Detecting small leaks of liquid hydrocarbons from underground pipelines is difficult using currently available techniques. Hundreds of thousands of miles of aging pipelines run through North America alone and the incidence of small leaks is expected to increase as time goes on. This research was aimed at evaluating two alternative methods for leak detection: 1) monitoring petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) vapors at or above ground surface over the leaked product, or 2) using plants as visual sensors to indicate the presence of a leak below. Four reports were generated, including: 1) mathematical modeling of subsurface vapor transport and atmospheric dispersion, 2) comparison of the model simulations to empirical data, 3) a review of available portable sensing technologies to detect PHC vapors, and 4) a review of mechanisms and species of plants that could be used as pipeline leak sensors.
2
Masse, William B. The Vapor Plume at Material Disposal Are C in Relation to Pajarito Corridor Facilities. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1038123.
3
Price, Donald. SM-403-148100-R01 Mineral Wells 2012 RAM Gas and Oil Leak Detection Field Study Results. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010851.
Анотація:
In June 2012, the RAM Program conducted a comprehensive field study to evaluate the performance of current off the shelf sensor technologies for detecting gas and oil leaks on pipelines. This study had three key objectives: 1. Evaluate the capabilities of current technologies that are offered commercially for methane leak detection monitoring using standard pipeline patrol aircraft 2. Provide a test location for development of emerging technologies that are not yet commercially available for pipeline leak detection 3. Assess the feasibility of using airborne sensors to detect staged liquid oil leaks The field study was conducted on two of Enbridge�s operating pipelines located near Mineral Wells, Texas. This location provided realistic conditions for assessing the capabilities and limitations of automated sensor systems that are currently available for leak detection. Three airborne leak detection vendors (Lasen, Pergam, and New Era Technology), and one ground vehicle vendor (Picarro), completed the field study. The field study was performed as part of the 2012 PRCI RAM program that is primarily focused on leak detection technologies using aerial platforms. The study tested a range of sensors designed for gas leak detection using systems mounted on helicopters and fixed wing aircraft. Enbridge staged a series of controlled gas releases simulating pipeline gas leaks. Qualified operators released a series of prescribed natural gas leaks from 8 known locations along the pipelines in order to simulate transmission leaks of varying sizes. Additionally, Enbridge placed 8 liquid petroleum targets along the test pipelines. These gas and oil targets allowed for a direct comparison of technology performance against a known set of conditions. Standard leak patrol methods (ground survey with foot patrol) were also used to identify any emission sources other than the controlled releases. The results from the field study show that 3 of the 4 vendor sensor technologies tested are now feasible alternatives for gas leak detection. The findings for liquid leak detection were promising, but inconclusive due to plume overlaps between gas and oil targets. The sensors used by the vendors in this field test were optimized for detecting methane gas and not oil vapors. Therefore, until additional studies are performed on liquid hydrocarbon volatilization, it is premature to conclude that the tested technologies are or are not appropriate for oil leak detection.