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Статті в журналах з теми "Vapor-gas mixture"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022

Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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1

Kryukov, A. P., V. Yu Levashov, and I. N. Shishkova. "Evaporation in mixture of vapor and gas mixture." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 52, no. 23-24 (November 2009): 5585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2009.06.021.

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2

Gorpinyak, M. S., and A. P. Solodov. "Vapor–Gas Mixture Condensation in Tubes." Thermal Engineering 66, no. 6 (May 31, 2019): 388–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s004060151906003x.

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3

Kryukov, A. P., V. Yu Levashov, and N. V. Pavlyukevich. "Condensation from a vapor-gas mixture." Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics 83, no. 4 (September 2010): 679–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10891-010-0390-7.

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4

Hai, Duong Ngoc, and Nguyen Van Tuan. "Shock adiabat analysis for the mixture of liquid and gas of two components." Vietnam Journal of Mechanics 22, no. 2 (June 30, 2000): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7136/9968.

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Анотація:

The liquid and gas mixture is met in many natural and industrial processes. In the paper, the investigation results of shock waves, propagated in the liquid and two-component gas (one component is neutral, the other is condensed) mixture, are presented. The influence of the relative gas ratios, initial gas volume, wave intensity etc. on the main wave characteristics, is analyzed and illustrated as examples for two mixtures. The first is a mixture of water and gas (air and water vapor). The second is a mixture of crude oil and gas (one component is soluble, the other is insoluble).

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5

Kozlyuk, A. I., N. V. Karyagina, and V. L. Makarenko. "Process parameters in vapor-gas mixture generation." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 20, no. 5 (1985): 551–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00782249.

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6

Корценштейн, Н. М. "Охлаждение парогазовой смеси испаряющимися каплями воды". Письма в журнал технической физики 48, № 11 (2022): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2022.11.52613.19199.

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A model of thermal relaxation in the flow of a hot vapor–gas mixture and cold water droplets is presented. Numerical modeling of vapor and gas cooling during heating and evaporation of droplets has been carried out. Approximation expressions are obtained for the cooling time of vapor and gas in a given temperature range depending on the initial radius of droplets, the mass fraction of droplets, and the initial composition of the vapor-gas mixture.

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7

Solovjov, Vladimir P., and Brent W. Webb. "An Efficient Method for Modeling Radiative Transfer in Multicomponent Gas Mixtures With Soot." Journal of Heat Transfer 123, no. 3 (November 3, 2000): 450–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1350824.

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An efficient approach for predicting radiative transfer in high temperature multicomponent gas mixtures with soot particles is presented. The method draws on the previously published multiplication approach for handling gas mixtures in the spectral line weighted-sum-of-gray-gases (SLW) model. In this method, the gas mixture is treated as a single gas whose absorption blackbody distribution function is calculated through the distribution functions of the individual species in the mixture. The soot is, in effect, treated as another gas in the mixture. Validation of the method is performed by comparison with line-by-line solutions for radiative transfer with mixtures of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide with a range of soot loadings (volume fractions). Comparison is performed also with previously published statistical narrow band and classical weighted-sum-of-gray-gases solutions.

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8

Volkov, Roman S., Ivan S. Voytkov, and Pavel A. Strizhak. "Temperature Fields of the Droplets and Gases Mixture." Applied Sciences 10, no. 7 (March 25, 2020): 2212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10072212.

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In this research, we obtain gas–vapor mixture temperature fields generated by blending droplets and high-temperature combustion products. Similar experiments are conducted for droplet injection into heated air flow. This kind of measurement is essential for high-temperature and high-speed processes in contact heat exchangers or in liquid treatment chambers, as well as in firefighting systems. Experiments are conducted using an optical system based on Laser-Induced Phosphorescence as well as two types of thermocouples with a similar measurement range but different response times (0.1–3 s) and accuracy (1–5 °C). In our experiments, we inject droplets into the heated air flow (first scheme) and into the flow of high-temperature combustion products (second scheme). We concentrate on the unsteady inhomogeneous temperature fields of the gas–vapor mixture produced by blending the above-mentioned flows and monitoring the lifetime of the relatively low gas temperature after droplets passes through the observation area. The scientific novelty of this research comes from the first ever comparison of the temperature measurements of a gas–vapor–droplet mixture obtained by contact and non-contact systems. The advantages and limitations of the contact and non-contact techniques are defined for the measurement of gas–vapor mixture temperature.

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9

Bolotnova, R. Kh, U. O. Agisheva, and V. A. Buzina. "Features of spatial shock-wave flows in vapor-gas-liquid mixtures." Proceedings of the Mavlyutov Institute of Mechanics 10 (2014): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21662/uim2014.1.005.

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The two-phase model of vapor-gas-liquid medium in axisymmetric two-dimensional formulation, taking into account vaporization is constructed. The nonstationary processes of boiling vapor-water mixture outflow from high-pressure vessels as a result of depressurization are studied. The problems of shock waves action on filled by gas-liquid mixture volumes are solved.

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10

Mathis, Hélène. "A thermodynamically consistent model of a liquid-vapor fluid with a gas." ESAIM: Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Analysis 53, no. 1 (January 2019): 63–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/m2an/2018044.

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This work is devoted to the consistent modeling of a three-phase mixture of a gas, a liquid and its vapor. Since the gas and the vapor are miscible, the mixture is subjected to a non-symmetric constraint on the volume. Adopting the Gibbs formalism, the study of the extensive equilibrium entropy of the system allows to recover the Dalton’s law between the two gaseous phases. In addition, we distinguish whether phase transition occurs or not between the liquid and its vapor. The thermodynamical equilibria are described both in extensive and intensive variables. In the latter case, we focus on the geometrical properties of equilibrium entropy. The consistent characterization of the thermodynamics of the three-phase mixture is used to introduce two Homogeneous Equilibrium Models (HEM) depending on mass transfer is taking into account or not. Hyperbolicity is investigated while analyzing the entropy structure of the systems. Finally we propose two Homogeneous Relaxation Models (HRM) for the three-phase mixtures with and without phase transition. Supplementary equations on mass, volume and energy fractions are considered with appropriate source terms which model the relaxation towards the thermodynamical equilibrium, in agreement with entropy growth criterion.

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11

Azarov, S., V. Sydorenko, V. Ievlanov, and M. Havryliuk. "Analysis of Conditions and Mechanisms for Generation of Explosive Mixtures at an Early Stage of Chornobyl Accident." Nuclear and Radiation Safety, no. 4(72) (November 14, 2016): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32918/nrs.2016.4(72).06.

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The paper presents the scenario developed for an early stage of the accident progression to assess impact of highly explosive hydrogen on RBMK-1000 design. It was found out that the ratio between the speed of local generation of gaseous hydrogen and the speed of hydrogen spreading in the vapor-gas medium of the core is the determining factor for the occurrence of conditions of explosive vapor-air mixture in the core. Obtained data can be used in further studies to model the formation of explosive mixtures in the environment, the amount of air and water vapor in the analysis of explosive vapor-air mixture. Practical calculations make it possible to assess fracture energy and predict the impact on structures.

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12

Henry, Reynald, Melaz Tayakout-Fayolle, Pavel Afanasiev, Françoise Couenne, Gregory Lapisardi, Laurent J. Simon, and Vincent Souchon. "Methodology for the Study of Vacuum Gas Oil Hydrocracking Catalysts in a Batch Reactor – Coupling of GC-2D Data with Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium." Advanced Materials Research 560-561 (August 2012): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.560-561.207.

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A new approach for studying complex feedstock conversion with a hydrocracking catalyst is proposed in this work. The reaction was carried out in a batch reactor. Vapor and liquid samples were taken at different reaction times, both at operating conditions and after cooling to room temperature. Two-dimensional gas chromatography was used to characterize in detail the composition of condensed vapor and of liquid phases, while gas samples were analyzed by conventional gas chromatography. From room temperature conditions data, vapor fraction of the hydrocarbon mixture and compositions of each phase at reaction condition were calculated and validated. Following this methodology then allows a simple tracking technique for the study of complex hydrocarbon mixture reactions in liquid and vapor phases.

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13

Delalić, Nijaz, Ejub Džaferović, and Ejub Ganić. "Experimental and Numerical Study on Vapor Condensation of Wet Flue Gas in Chimney." Defect and Diffusion Forum 273-276 (February 2008): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.273-276.119.

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Increase of the emission of CO2, which is mostly the result of the combusted fossil fuels into the atmosphere, exponentially increases. Through increased energy efficiency there is lower CO2 emission. There is a tendency to reduce exhaust gases temperatures down from their original value referred to as “acid dew point”, 115-160°C. A result is vapor condensation of wet flue in chimney. Condensation occurs when the surface temperature is below the dew point of the vapor-gas mixture. Therefore, Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium models are required in order to determine the dew point of the mixture. Wet flue gas is simulated with vapor-air mixture. A numerical model was presented to calculate the velocity and thermal field of turbulent vapor-air mixture flow trough a chimney. The momentum and temperature field were calculated via a finite-volume CFD code, using the k – e turbulence model. The validation of this calculation was conducted employing an experimental set for heat and mass transfer in vertical upward vapor-air mixture. Measurements were done using a stainless steel tube of 13.2 mm I.D. (internal diameter) and 70 I.D. lengths. Flow rates of steam and air were varied as the experimental parameters. The experiment involves two-phase, two-component, heat and mass transfer. Comparisons of wall temperature and condensate rate were made and the model was shown to give an acceptable results.

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14

Close, D. J., M. K. Peck, R. F. White, and K. J. Mahoney. "Buoyancy-Driven Heat Transfer and Flow Between a Wetted Heat Source and an Isothermal Cube." Journal of Heat Transfer 113, no. 2 (May 1, 1991): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910571.

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This paper describes flow visualization and heat transfer experiments conducted with a heat source inside an isothermal cube filled with a saturated or near-saturated gas/vapor mixture. The mixture was formed by vaporizing liquid from the surface of the heat source, and allowing it to condense on the surfaces of the cube, which was initially filled with a noncondensing gas. Visualization studies showed that for air and ethanol below 35°C, and for air and water, the flow patterns were similar with the hot plume rising from the source. For air and ethanol above 35° C the flow pattern reversed with the hot plume flowing downward. For temperatures spanning 35° C, which is the zero buoyancy temperature for the ethanol/water azeotrope and air, no distinct pattern was observed. Using water, liquid droplets fell like rain throughout the cube. Using ethanol, a fog of droplets moved with the fluid flow. Heat transfer experiments were made with water and air, and conductances between plate and cube of around 580 W·m−2·K−1 measured. Agreement between the similarity theory developed for saturated gas/vapor mixtures, and correlations for single component fluids only, was very good. Together with qualitative support from the visualization experiments, the theory developed in a earlier paper deriving a similarity relationship between single fluids and gas/vapor mixtures has been validated.

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15

Surov, V. S. "Calculation of Heat-Conducting Vapor–Gas–Drop Mixture Flows." Numerical Analysis and Applications 13, no. 2 (June 2020): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s199542392002007x.

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16

Bolotnova, R. Kh, V. A. Buzina, and M. N. Galimzianov. "Features of adiabatic flows in a gas-liquid mixture." Proceedings of the Mavlyutov Institute of Mechanics 8, no. 1 (2011): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21662/uim2011.1.003.

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The adiabatic flows of a vapor-gas-liquid compound are investigated. The dependences pressure on density along the Poisson adiabat, adiabatic speed of sound on pressure, density, and initial gas content for mixture are obtained.

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17

LAUTKASKI, RISTO. "Reappraisal of the role of turpentine vapor in noncondensible gas explosions." April 2010 9, no. 4 (May 1, 2010): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj9.4.6.

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Turpentine has been identified as the cause of numerous fires and explosions within the pulp and paper industry. Explosions in the noncondensible gas (NCG) collection systems caused by total reduced sulfur (TRS) compounds have usually been minor and caused minimal damage, but explosions caused by turpentine could be catastrophic. When flammable conditions have been created by insufficient dilution, air leakage into the system, or accumulation and breakthrough of TRS gases or turpentine vapor at a chip bin, it is conceivable that turpentine vapor created near-optimum flammable mixtures more often than TRS gases did. In these cases, the burning velocity would have been close to the maximum. On the other hand, when flammable conditions were created due to insufficient dilution of a stream of high volume, low concentration gases (HVLCs) or due to air leakage into a stream of low volume, high concentration gases (LVHCs), then the flammable mixture formed would be expected to have been off-stoichiometric: lean in the former case and rich in the latter case. In both cases, the burning velocity could have been much lower than in the near-stoichiometric mixture. The violence of explosions caused by turpentine is attributed to its capability to form near-stoichiometric mixtures more easily than the other components of NCGs.

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18

Nurislamov, O. R. "Flow around the wall, accompanied by injection of a hot vapor-gas mixture." Proceedings of the Mavlyutov Institute of Mechanics 6 (2008): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21662//uim2008.1.018.

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The paper deals with the problem of wall boundary flow with the formation of a thin vapor-gas layer near its surface. The possibility of reducing the resistance to liquid motion by means of the injection of a hot vapor-gas mixture from its surface is investigated.

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19

Shlegel, Nikita, and Pavel Strizhak. "Collisions of water drops in a gas-vapor environment at high temperatures and vapor concentrations." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2020): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci191110200s.

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The study of the characteristics of secondary droplet atomization, leading to formation of an aerosol cloud of polydisperse child droplets appears to be promising. It is topical to assess the influence of properties of liquid and gas medium on the position of transition boundaries between the regimes of drop collisions and characteristics of the formed child droplets. This article presents the experimental results for the characteristics of drop collisions at various temperatures of the liquid and gas-vapor mixture and water vapor concentration in the latter with the aim of developing the prospective heat and mass transfer gas-vapor technologies. For this purpose, we have created the experimental setup that allows varying the relative humidity of gas-vapor mixture in the area of drop collisions from 20% to 100%, its temperature from 20?C to 100?C and the temperature of the liquid from 20?C to 90?C. The test fluid is water. The collisions are recorded by a high-speed video camera. The consequences of collision and the boundaries between them on the regime maps are determined in accordance using the approach, distinguishing: bounce, coalescence, separation, and disruption.

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20

Nikitsin, Vadzim I., Abdrahman Alsabry, Valery A. Kofanov, Beata Backiel-Brzozowska, and Paweł Truszkiewicz. "A Model of Moist Polymer Foam and a Scheme for the Calculation of Its Thermal Conductivity." Energies 13, no. 3 (January 21, 2020): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030520.

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This paper proposes a method for determining an effective value of the thermal conductivity for moist, highly porous rigid polymer foams. The model of moist foam based on an ordered structure with interpenetrating components was developed in accordance with the moisture distribution in the pore space. With small moisture content, isolated water inclusions are formed, and the pore space is considered as a binary system (vapor-gas mixture and water) with isolated inclusions. With an increase in moisture content, isolated water inclusions merge, forming a continuous layer, and pore space is considered as a binary system of interpenetrating components. The thermal conductivity of the vapor-gas mixture is represented as the sum of the thermal conductivity of the dry gas and the thermal conductivity of the vapor caused by the diffusion transfer of vapor in the pore space, taking into account the coefficient of vapor diffusion resistance. Using the proposed scheme of calculation, a computational experiment was performed to establish the influence of the vapor diffusion, moisture content, and average temperature of the foam on its thermal conductivity.

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21

Igoshin, D. Ye. "A similarity problem of a porous material drying." Proceedings of the Mavlyutov Institute of Mechanics 6 (2008): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21662/uim2008.1.010.

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The plano-one-dimensional problem of heat and mass transfer is considered when a porous semi-infinite material layer dries. At the boundary, which is permeable for the gas-vapor mixture, the temperature and composition of the gas are kept constant. Self-similar solutions are set describing the propagation of the temperature field and the moisture content field arising when heat is supplied. The intensity of dry flows is studied, depending on the initial state of the wet-porous medium, as well as the temperature and concentration composition of the vapor-gas mixture at the boundary of the porous medium.

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22

Kholodnaya, G., I. Egorov, R. Sazonov, M. Serebrennikov, A. Poloskov, D. Ponomarev, and I. Zhirkov. "Study of the conditions for the effective initiation of plasma-chemical treatment of flue gas under the influence of a pulsed electron beam." Laser and Particle Beams 38, no. 3 (August 20, 2020): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034620000257.

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AbstractThis paper presents the results of comprehensive studies of the efficiency of a pulsed electron beam transmission through a mixture of gases: nitrogen (83%), carbon dioxide (14%), and oxygen (2.6%) in the presence of ash and water vapor. The studied concentrations correspond to the concentrations of nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide in flue gas. The pressure and concentration of water vapor and ash in the drift chamber varied (375, 560, and 750 Torr; humidity 15 ± 5% and 50 ± 15%). The charge dissipation of a pulsed electron beam in the gas mixture in the presence of ash and water vapor was investigated, as well as the effect of the concentration of water vapor and ash on the geometric profile of the pulsed electron beam.

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23

Volkov, Roman S., Olga V. Vysokomornaya, Genii V. Kuznetsov, and Pavel A. Strizhak. "Investigation of Regularities of Heat and Mass Transfer and Phase Transitions during Water Droplets Motion through High-Temperature Gases." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 6 (January 1, 2014): 865856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/865856.

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The macroscopic regularities of heat and mass transfer and phase transitions during water droplets motion through high-temperature (more than 1000 K) gases have been investigated numerically and experimentally. Water droplet evaporation rates have been established. Gas and water vapors concentrations and also temperature values of gas-vapor mixture in small neighborhood and water droplet trace have been singled out. Possible mechanisms of droplet coagulation in high-temperature gas area have been determined. Experiments have been carried out with the optical methods of two-phase gas-vapor-droplet mixtures diagnostics (“Particle Image Velocimetry” and “Interferometric Particle Imaging”) usage to assess the adequateness of developed heat and mass transfer models and the results of numerical investigations. The good agreement of numerical and experimental investigation results due to integral characteristics of water droplet evaporation has been received.

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24

Вихарев, А. Л., С. А. Богданов, Н. М. Овечкин, О. А. Иванов, Д. Б. Радищев, А. М. Горбачев, М. А. Лобаев та ін. "Исследование нелегированных нанокристаллических алмазных пленок, выращенных из газовой фазы в плазме СВЧ разряда". Физика и техника полупроводников 55, № 1 (2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2021.01.50387.9520.

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Undoped nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films less than 1 μm thick grown on Si (100) silicon by microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition at a frequency of 2.45 GHz are studied. To obtain diamond dielectric films with maximum resistivity the deposition of films in three gas mixtures is investigated: hydrogen-methane mixture, hydrogen-methane mixture with the addition of oxygen and hydrogen-methane mixture with the addition of an inert gas. A relationship has been established between the growth conditions, structural and electrical properties of NCD films. It is shown that for the use of NCD films as effective dielectrics preliminary high-temperature annealing of the films is required, for example, in vacuum at a temperature of 600°C for one hour.

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25

Bölkény, Ildikó, Domonkos Horváth, and Marianna Vadászi. "Hydration of natural gas hydrogen mixture test equipment." Multidiszciplináris tudományok 11, no. 5 (2021): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35925/j.multi.2021.5.14.

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The use of hydrogen as an energy source is advantageous because its combustion processes only produce water vapor, but not carbon dioxide. This excess energy can be stored in underground gas storage facilities, where it is delivered mixed with natural gas. In gas- and oil industry the formation of hydrate crystals can cause significant damages. A huge amount of hydrate crystal is formed, it can cause hydrate plugs in the pipeline. Like natural gas, hydrate formation occurs in the case of a natural gas-hydrogen mixture. The paper presents a method which can be used to study hydrate formation in natural gas-hydrogen mixture.

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26

Bologa, M. K., F. P. Grosu, A. A. Polikarpov, and O. V. Motorin. "Condensation of a gas-vapor mixture in an electric field." Surface Engineering and Applied Electrochemistry 45, no. 2 (April 2009): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068375509020070.

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27

Kabov, Oleg A., and Evgeny A. Chinnov. "Vapor-Gas Mixture Condensation in a Two-Chamber Vertical Thermosyphon." Journal of Enhanced Heat Transfer 9, no. 2 (2002): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/jenhheattransf.v9.i2.10.

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28

Fisenko, Sergey P., David B. Kane, and M. Samy El-Shall. "Kinetics of ion-induced nucleation in a vapor-gas mixture." Journal of Chemical Physics 123, no. 10 (September 8, 2005): 104704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2018632.

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29

Kabov, Oleg A., and Evgeny A. Chinnov. "Vapor-Gas Mixture Condensation in a Two-Chamber Vertical Thermosyphon." Journal of Enhanced Heat Transfer 9, no. 2 (March 1, 2002): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10655130214155.

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30

Kryukov, A. P., and V. Yu Levashov. "Condensation from a vapor-gas mixture on a plane surface." High Temperature 46, no. 5 (September 23, 2008): 700–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0018151x08050167.

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31

Feng, Xianshe, and Robert Y. M. Huang. "Organic Vapor/Gas Mixture Separation by Membrane–-A Parametric Study." Separation Science and Technology 27, no. 15 (December 1992): 2109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496399208019469.

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32

Dharma Rao, V., V. Murali Krishna, K. V. Sharma, and P. K. Sarma. "A Theoretical Study on Convective Condensation of Water Vapor From Humid Air in Turbulent Flow in a Vertical Duct." Journal of Heat Transfer 129, no. 12 (April 1, 2007): 1627–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2767678.

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The problem of condensation of water vapor from humid air flowing in a duct in turbulent flow is formulated theoretically. Vapor condensing at the dew-point temperature of the vapor-air mixture diffuses to the wall of the duct through an air film. The flow of the condensate is laminar. The condensing vapor releases both convection and latent heats to the wall of the duct. Thus, it is treated as a combined heat and mass transfer problem. The mass, momentum, and energy balance equations for the vapor-air mixture flowing in the duct and the diffusion equation for the vapor species are considered. Ti, the temperature at gas-to-liquid interface, at which condensation takes place, is estimated with the help of the heat balance and mass balance equations at interface. The local and average values of the condensation Nusselt number, condensate Reynolds number, gas-liquid interface temperature, and pressure drop are estimated from the numerical results for different values of the system parameters, such as relative humidity and temperature of air at inlet, gas phase Reynolds number, and total pressure at inlet. The gas phase convection Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are also computed. A comparison of the present work with experimental data, for the case of in-tube condensation of vapor from humid air, shows satisfactory agreement.

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33

Dong, Jing Lan, Wei Ping Yan, and Chao Hui Zhang. "Convective Condensation of Oxy-Coal Combustion Flue Gas of Laminar Fow in a Vertical Pipe." Applied Mechanics and Materials 325-326 (June 2013): 389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.325-326.389.

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The problem of the oxy-fuel combustion flue gas condensation is the condensation of vapor in the presence of high concentration non-condensable gas. The vapor condensing at dew point temperature releases heat and diffuses on to the surface of the pipe through a non-condensable gas film. Thus it is treated as combined heat and mass transfer problem governed by mass, momentum and energy balance equations for the vaporgas mixture and diffusion equation for the vapor species. The flow of the falling condensate film is governed by the momentum and energy balance equations. The temperature at the gas-to-liquid interface, at which the condensation takes place, is estimated with the help of the heat balance and mass balance equations at the interface. The local values of the condensation Nusselt number, condensate Reynolds number, gasliquid interface temperature and pressure drop are estimated from the numerical results for different values of the system parameters at inlet, such as vapor component, temperature of vaporgas mixture, gas phase Reynolds number and total pressure. The thermodynamic calculations were made and analyzed using numerical calculation method under different conditions.

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34

Carey, V. P. "Surface Tension Effects on Post-Nucleation Growth of Water Microdroplets in Supersaturated Gas Mixtures." Journal of Heat Transfer 122, no. 2 (January 13, 2000): 294–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.521467.

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Immediately after nucleation in a superheated gas mixture, the very small size of liquid droplets affects the condensation growth of the droplets in two ways: (1) The droplet size may be comparable to the mean free path of the gas molecules, resulting in noncontinuum transport effects, and (2) surface tension effects may strongly alter the conditions at the interface of the droplet. In the study reported here, a direct simulation Monte Carlo scheme was used to model the molecular transport during quasi-equilibrium condensation growth of water microdroplets in a supersaturated mixture of water vapor and a noncondensable gas. In the simulation, the boundary condition at the droplet surface is treated in a manner that allows us to model surface tension effects on transport. Results of calculations are presented for water vapor and argon mixtures for which some experimental data on droplet growth rates exists. The simulation results indicate that surface tension effects play a significant role in the determination of droplet growth rates during early stages of droplet growth. In particular, the results indicate that the droplet growth rate, droplet temperature, and the temperature slip at the interface pass through maxima as the droplet grows. These trends are a consequence of the shift in equilibrium vapor pressure due to surface tension effects at small droplet radii. [S0022-1481(00)02702-X]

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35

Luo, T., and A. Yu Chirkov. "Thermodynamic Property Calculation in Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium for Multicomponent Mixtures using Highly Accurate Helmholtz Free Energy Equation of State." Herald of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Series Mechanical Engineering, no. 3 (138) (September 2021): 108–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0236-3941-2021-3-108-121.

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Thermodynamic properties of multicomponent mixtures in phase equilibrium were studied. The tangent plane criterion was used for stability analysis, and the Gibbs energy minimization was employed for phase equilibrium calculation when the successive substitution didn't converge. Thermodynamic properties of a 12-component natural gas mixture in vapor-liquid equilibrium were calculated with highly accurate Helmholtz free energy equation of state GERG--2008, simplified GERG--2008 and common cubic Peng --- Robinson (PR) equation of state. Results show that in vapor-liquid equilibrium, GERG--2008 has high accuracy and works better than simplified GERG--2008 and PR-equation of state. Simplified GERG--2008 and PR-equation of state both work unsatisfactorily in vapor-liquid equilibrium calculation, especially near the saturation zone. The deviation function in GERG--2008 can significantly affect the accuracy of GERG--2008 when calculating thermodynamic properties of mixtures in vapor-liquid equilibrium

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36

Yousef, Khaled, Ahmed Hegazy, and Abraham Engeda. "Experimental and CFD Investigation into Using Inverted U-Tube for Gas Entrainment." Applied Sciences 10, no. 24 (December 18, 2020): 9056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10249056.

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An experimental and numerical study is presented in the current work for gas entrainment using an inverted vertical U-tube. Water flows vertically up in an inverted U-tube which creates a low-pressure region in the tube upper portion. This low-pressure region can be used to extract gases by connecting it to a branch pipe. The extracted gases considered in this work are a mixture of air and water vapor. The water vapor from the side branch pipe is mixed with the flowing water under the siphon effect. This results in a progressive water vapor condensation as the mixture proceeds towards the exit due to an increase in vapor partial pressure. The air is drawn by inertia to be released out at the tube lower exit of the inverted U-pipe. The current study deals with these complicated flow behaviors due to the mixing undergoing condensation. A test rig is designed for experimentally studying the behavior of water flow in an inverted U-tube where the air is mixed with the flowing water at the top region of this tube. The CFD computations are accomplished for a side gas mixture with volume fractions up to 0.7 with water vapor mass fractions in this mixture to be 0.1–0.5. The tested water mass flow rates in the main tube are 2, 4, 6, 8 kg/s to account for all possible flow mass ratios. The CFD computations are validated with water and air two phase flow with the measurements of both the experiments of the current research and the literature. The present results reveal that slightly raising the water mass flow rate at a constant side mixture mass ratio produces a reduced generated pressure in the upper tube part. This is attributed to extra water vapor condensation taking place rapidly by increasing the water flow rate in the tube upper part. Furthermore, the turbulence quantities begin to break down at a side mixture volume fraction of 0.55 with water and air mass flow rates of 2 kg/s and 0.002 kg/s, respectively. On the other side, raising the air mass flow rate at the higher values of water vapor and water mass flow rates breaks the generated vacuum pressure and turbulence due to entrainment. Moreover, this proposed framework can produce a lower static pressure, reaching 55.1 kPa, which makes it attractive for gas extraction. This new technique presents innovative usage with less consumable energy for extracting gases in engineering equipment.

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37

Garg, R. K., S. S. Kim, D. B. Hash, J. P. Gore, and T. S. Fisher. "Effects of Feed Gas Composition and Catalyst Thickness on Carbon Nanotube and Nanofiber Synthesis by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 6 (June 1, 2008): 3068–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.082.

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Many engineering applications require carbon nanotubes with specific characteristics such as wall structure, chirality and alignment. However, precise control of nanotube properties grown to application specifications remains a significant challenge. Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) offers a variety of advantages in the synthesis of carbon nanotubes in that several important synthesis parameters can be controlled independently. This paper reports an experimental study of the effects of reacting gas composition (percentage methane in hydrogen) and catalyst film thickness on carbon nanotube (CNT) growth and a computational study of gas-phase composition for the inlet conditions of experimentally observed carbon nanotube growth using different chemical reaction mechanisms. The simulations seek to explain the observed effects of reacting gas composition and to identify the precursors for CNT formation. The experimental results indicate that gas-phase composition significantly affects the synthesized material, which is shown to be randomly aligned nanotube and nanofiber mats for relatively methane-rich inlet gas mixtures and non-tubular carbon for methane-lean incoming mixtures. The simulation results suggest that inlet methane-hydrogen mixture coverts to an acetylene-methane-hydrogen mixture with minor amounts of ethylene, hydrogen atom, and methyl radical. Acetylene appears to be the indicator species for solid carbon formation. The simulations also show that inlet methane-hydrogen mixture does not produce enough gas-phase precursors needed to form quality CNTs below 5% CH4 concentrations in the inlet stream.

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38

Osipova, N. N., and S. G. Kultiaev. "SUBSTANTIATION OF USE OF BUTANE FOR GASIFICATION OF OBJECTS." Russian Journal of Building Construction and Architecture, no. 3(47) (December 16, 2020): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2020.47.3.004.

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Statement of the problem. The variable composition of liquefied petroleum gas has a significant impact on the operation of autonomous gas supply systems. The presence of the butane fraction under conditions of sub-zero temperatures leads to the cessation of the generation of the vapor phase in the tank, moisture condensation and the formation of ice and hydrate plugs.Results. The features of the use of technical butane in gas supply systems are considered. The composition of the gas-air mixture is recommended, taking into account the restrictions on deviations in the Wobbe number, ensuring the completeness of combustion of the mixture in gas-using installations of the consumer. The level of filling underground tanks with technical butane is justified, taking into account the coefficient of volume expansion of gas in the presence of extreme operating temperatures.Conclusions. The composition of butane-based gas-air mixtures for gas supply to consumers was determined that meets the condition for the interchangeability of combustible gases and provides lower dew point temperatures; the level of filling of ground and underground tanks with technical butane is justified.

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39

Liu, Wei Long, Shu Huei Hsieh, and Wen Jauh Chen. "Manufacture and Characterization of TiO₂ Nanowires by CVD." Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (December 2011): 697–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.697.

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Under the catalysis of Co metal, the nanosized titania could be grown on Ti substrate at elevated temperature under a gas mixture of N2, O2, CH4 , and H2O. The nanosized titania was characterized by scanning electron microscope for its morphology, and by an energy dispersion spectrometer for its composition. The results showed that the straight and long titania nanowire could be formed at 900°C under a gas mixture of N2, O2, and CH4. When H2O vapor was added to the gas mixture, the titania nanowire became somewhat curved. The tiania nanowire was oxygen deficient, i.e. TiO2-X.

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40

Pavlenko, Anatoliy, Hanna Koshlak, Andrii Cheilytko, and Maksym Nosov. "Study of the formation of gas-vapor in the liquid mixture." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 4, no. 5(82) (August 30, 2016): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2016.75428.

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41

Shuaibov, A. K., A. J. Minya, Z. T. Gomoki, and G. E. Laslov. "UV emission from capacitive discharge in inert gas-iodine vapor mixture." Technical Physics Letters 34, no. 9 (September 2008): 765–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063785008090149.

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42

Gubaidullin, D. A., and A. A. Nikiforov. "Acoustic disturbances in a mixture of liquid with vapor-gas bubbles." High Temperature 48, no. 2 (April 2010): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0018151x10020057.

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43

Issa, Hayder M. "A new correlation for vapor pressure prediction of natural gas mixture." Petroleum Science and Technology 34, no. 23 (December 2016): 1913–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2016.1236276.

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44

Kutushev, A. G. "Shock wave screening by layers of a vapor-gas-drop mixture." Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics 34, no. 4 (1994): 486–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00851462.

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45

Shang, De-Yi, and Liang-Cai Zhong. "Extensive study on laminar free film condensation from vapor–gas mixture." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 51, no. 17-18 (August 2008): 4300–4314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2008.03.004.

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46

Jijie, Roxana, Alexandre Barras, Teodora Teslaru, Ionut Topala, Valentin Pohoata, Marius Dobromir, Tetiana Dumych, et al. "Aqueous medium-induced micropore formation in plasma polymerized polystyrene: an effective route to inhibit bacteria adhesion." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 6, no. 22 (2018): 3674–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tb02964k.

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47

Sidorov, A. A., and A. K. Yastrebov. "INTEGRATION OF THE NUMERICAL SOLUTION MODULE OF THE KINETIC EQUATION INTO THE CFD PACKAGE FOR THE VOLUME CONDENSATION PROBLEM OF THE VAPOR-GAS MIXTURE FLOW THROUGH A NOZZLE." Herald of Dagestan State Technical University. Technical Sciences 48, no. 1 (April 28, 2021): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21822/2073-6185-2021-48-1-65-75.

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Objective. Integrating the numerical solution module of the kinetic equation for the droplet size distribution function in a CFD package. Application of the module to volumetric condensation at the supersonic flow of a vapor-gas mixture through a nozzle in a two-dimensional formulation, comparison of the results with experimental data of third-party authors.Methods. In this paper, the problem of volume condensation in the supersonic flow of a vapor-gas mixture through a nozzle is solved by finite element methods in a two-dimensional formulation using user-defined functions.Results. A module for the numerical solution of the kinetic equation for the droplet size distribution function is presented as a user-defined function integrated into the calculated CFD package.Conclusion. The module application to volumetric condensation for a vapor-gas mixture flow through the nozzle gave a qualitative agreement in all areas and a quantitative agreement in the area of intense condensation with measurement data. The distributions of temperatures, pressures, and the degree of supersaturation are presented both along the central axis and on the plane bounded by the contour of the computational domain. It is shown that the module does not depend on the solver type (stationary or non-stationary).

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48

Zine-Dine, Kaoutar, Hammami El, Rachid Mir, Touria Mediouni, and Sara Armou. "Effect of the non condensable gas type during condensation of water vapor." Thermal Science 21, no. 6 Part A (2017): 2457–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci160612294z.

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In this paper, a numerical study is performed to investigate the influence of the non?condensable gas type in a vapor mixture of water gas (water vapor?krypton, water vapor?argon, water vapor?air, and water vapor?neon) during the condensation along a vertical pipe with a wall cooled by air-flow. The applied numerical method solves the coupled parabolic governing equations in both gas and liquid phases with the appropriate boundary and interfacial conditions. The equations systems, obtained by using an implicit finite difference method are solved by Thomas algorithm. The numerical results obtained show that the heat and mass transfer is influenced by increasing the molar mass of non?condensable gases. The comparisons of air mass fraction, bulk temperature, local condensate heat transfer coefficient, and average Nusselt number of sensible heat with the literature results and the available experimental data are in good agreement.

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49

Minkov, Leonid, and Kseniya Moiseeva. "Combustion peculiarities of coal-methane-air mixtures in a recuperative burner." MATEC Web of Conferences 243 (2018): 00007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824300007.

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Numerical modeling of the combustion of a lean methane-air mixture containing fine coal particles entering the “Swiss-roll” type recuperative burner is considered. The mathematical model is constructed under the following assumptions: the flow field is two-dimensional; the gas mixture is an ideal incompressible gas consisting of oxygen, methane, coal volatile substances, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water vapor, hydrogen and nitrogen. In the gas phase four oxidation reactions, in which methane, volatile matter of coal, carbon monoxide, hydrogen participate and the reaction of carbon dioxide decomposition take place. On the surface of the coal particle, there are three oxidation reactions involving oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapor, resulting in the formation of carbon monoxide. It is assumed that coal contains 8% of ash, 12.9% of volatile substances and 79.1% of carbon. It is shown that for a two percent methane-air mixture the reaction zone shifts toward the center of the burner as the feed rate of the mixture increases. An increase in the content of coal particles leads to a shift of the reaction zone into the inlet part of the burner, and the heat release in the burner increases.

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50

Nishihara, Kazuki, Masaki Inaba, and Hiroaki Takahashi. "Highly Selective Etching between Different Oxide Films by Vapor Phase Cleaning." Solid State Phenomena 314 (February 2021): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.314.101.

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VPC (Vapor Phase Cleaning) is studied to etch various types oxide film using a mixture of HF gas and H2O vapor. We focused on controlling the amount of gas molecules adsorbed on the oxide surface and investigated the H2O amount included in oxide films, which will contribute to the oxide etching reaction. We have verified that selective etching between different oxide films can be achieved by controlling the gas adhesion amount by varying process parameters and utilizing the different amounts of H2O in the oxide films for several deposition methods.

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